- 1. Trn Hong TunH thng kin thc ha hc lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng
cao Luyn thi i hc v Cao ngChng 1 + 2:NGUYN T - BNG TUN HON HA HCA/
KIN THC CN NHI/ THNH PHN NGUYN T 1/ Cu to nguyn t - c tnh cc ht:
Nguyn t c cu to gm: - Ht nhn gia nguyn t, gm cc ht proton (p) (mang
in tch dng) v cc ht ntron (n) (khng mang in). - V nguyn t gm cc ht
electron (e) (mang in tch m) chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn. Ht Proton
Ntron ElectronKhi lng (m) Tht 1,6726.10-27 kg 1,6748.10-27 kg
9,1094.10-31 kgin tch (q) Tht +1,602.10-19C 0 -1,602.10-19CTng i 1u
1u 1 u 1836Tng i 1+ 0 1-* Kt lun. + Khi lng nguyn t bng khi lng ht
nhn nguyn t (v khi lng ca e rt b so vi khi m p 1, 6726.1027 = 1836
). lng cc ht ntron v proton, c th me 9,1094.1031 + Nguyn t trung ha
v in, nn s p = s e. 2/ Kch thc v khi lng nguyn t a/ Kch thc nguyn
t: rt nh, c tnh bng n v nanomet (nm). 1 nm = 10-9m = 10 Nguyn tng
knh 10-1 nmSo snh Dnguyentu Dhatnhan-5=10 1 = 10 4 lan 10 5ht nhn10
nmDnguyentu 10 1 = 8 = 107 lan Delectron 10Electron (hay
proton)10-8 nmDhatnhan 105 = = 103 lan Delectron 10 8V vy electron
chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn trong khng gian rng ca nguyn t. b/ Khi
lng nguyn t: rt nh, c tnh bng u (hoc vC). 1 1 Vi 1u = .m12 C = .
19,9265.10-27 kg 1u = 1,6605.10-27 kg. 12 12II/ HT NHN NGUYN T.
NGUYN T HA HC 1/ in tch ht nhn (Z+). in tch ht nhn chnh l tng in
tch ca proton. Z = s proton = s electron = E (Nguyn t trung ha v
in) 2/ S khi ht nhn (A). S khi ca ht nhn bng tng s proton (Z) vi
tng s ntron (N). A=Z+N 3/ S hiunguyn t (Z). S hiu nguyn t l s n v
in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca mt nguyn t. 4/ K hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t X.
A Z X Trong : A: s khi Z: s hiu nguyn t X: k hiu ha hc ca nguyn
tIII/ NG V. NGUYN T KHI. NGUYN T KHI TRUNG BNH Trn Hong TunTrang
1http://violet.vn/violetq11
2. Trn Hong TunH thng kin thc ha hc lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng
cao Luyn thi i hc v Cao ng1/ ng v: ng v l nhng nguyn t ca cng mt
nguyn t c cng s proton, khc s ntron. 1 2 3 V d. Nguyn t H c 3 ng v
1 H , 1 H , 1 H Ch . Cc ng v bn c Z 82. 2/ Nguyn t khi. Nguyn t khi
trung bnh a/ Nguyn t khi (M). Nguyn t khi l khi lng tng i ca nguyn
t, bng s khi ht nhn M=A b/ Nguyn t khi trung bnh ( M ). Nguyn t khi
trung bnh ca nguyn t c nhiu ng v c tnh bng h thc M=aA + bB + cC
a+b+cVi a, b, c: l s nguyn t (hoc % s nguyn t) ca mi ng v. A, B, C:
l nguyn t khi (hay s khi) ca mi ng v. M rng: kM= ( n .M ) ii =1ikn
i =1iVi: ni : % hay s mol hay th tch ca cht th i ( khi ni l th tch
th ch s dng cho cht kh) Mi : Khi lng mol ca cht th i Nu trong hn hp
ch c hai cht , ta c th gi x l s mol (% hay th tch) ca cht th nht
trong 1 mol hn hp, khi suy ra s mol ca cht th hai l (1 x) mol. M =
x.M 1 + (1 x ).M 2 Lu : Mmin < M < Mmax n1 = n2 V1 = V2 ( th
tch ca kh khng p dng cho th tch dung dch) x = x = 50% 2 1 M1 = M2 M
= M 1 = M 2 , n,V , x M + M2 M= 1 2 M n cht M hp cht S ng cho: V1
(hay n1) M1|M2 M | M V2 (hay n2) M2V1 M 2 M = V2 M M 1| M M1|* Ch :
- Phn bit nguyn t v nguyn t: + Nguyn t l loi ht vi m gm ht nhn v cc
ht electron quanh ht nhn. + Nguyn t l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng in tch
ht nhn. - Tnh cht ha hc nguyn t l tnh cht ha hc cc nguyn t ca nguyn
t . - Mi quan h gia cc ht c bn cu to nn nguyn t: + S ht c bn = 2.Z
+ N (mang in: 2.Z, khng mang in: N). + S ht mang in = s electron +
s proton = 2.Z . + S ht ht nhn = s proton + s ntron = Z + N. + iu
kin bn ca ht nhn nguyn t l N 1 1,33 vi Z 20 Z Trn Hong TunTrang
2http://violet.vn/violetq11 3. Trn Hong TunH thng kin thc ha hc lp
10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng cao Luyn thi i hc v Cao ng1 Tng ht = Z + E
+ N = 2.Z + N Nn:m :2.Z + Z 2.Z + N 2.Z + 1,5.Z A ZN 1,5 vi Z 82 Z
Z N 1,5.Z 3.Z Tng ht 3,5.Z hat Z hat3,5 3 X => s p v s n trong
ht nhn cng nh s electron v nguyn t v ngc- T k hiu nguyn t li. - Tt
c cc nguyn t c cng s in tch ht nhn Z u thuc cng mt nguyn t ha hc. -
Cng thc tnh th tch ca mt nguyn t: V =4 R 3 3(R l bn knh nguyn
t)III/ S chuyn ng ca e trong nguyn t. Obitan nguyn t. 1/ S chuyn ng
ca electron trong nguyn t Trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt
nhanh xung quanh ht nhn khng theo qu o xc nh no v to thnh m my
electron. 2/ Obitan nguyn t (AO) a/ nh ngha: Obitan nguyn t l khu
vc m my electron xung quanh ht nhn m xc sut c mt electron khong
90%. b/ Hnh dng obitan nguyn t: Da trn s khc nhau v trng thi
electron trong nguyn t ta c: - Obitan s: dng hnh cu. - Obitan p: gm
3 obitan px, py, pz c hnh dng s 8 ni, nh hng theo 3 trc Ox, Oy, Oz
ca h ta .IV/ Lp v phn lp e: 1/ Lp electron: Lp electron gm cc
electron c mc nng lng gn bng nhau. Cc lp electron xp theo th t mc
nng lng t thp n cao (t gn nhn ra ngoi): Lp th n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tn lp
K L M N O P Q 2 C s obitan l n 1 4 9 16 C s electron ti a l 2n2 2 8
18 32 2/ Phn lp electron - Mi lp electron chia thnh cc phn lp s, p,
d, f gm cc electron c mc nng lng bng nhau: Phn lp s C s obitan 1 C
s electron ti a 2 - Trong 1 lp electron th s phn lp = s th t lp:p 3
6d 5 10Lp th 1 2 3 C phn lp 1s 2s2p 3s3p3d - Phn lp electron cha
electron ti a gi l phn lp electron bo ha.f 7 14 4 4s4p4d4fV/ Nng
lng Cu hnh e trong nguyn t : 1/ Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b electron
trong nguyn t a/ Nguyn l Pauli: Trn 1 obitan c ti a 2e v 2e ny
chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau: 1 obitan c 2e: 2e ghp iTrn Hong
TunTrang 3http://violet.vn/violetq11 4. Trn Hong TunH thng kin thc
ha hc lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng cao Luyn thi i hc v Cao ng1 obitan
c 1e: 1e c thnb/ Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc
electron chim ln lt cc obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao. c/ Quy tc
Hund: Trong 1 phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s
electron c thn l ti a v c chiu t quay ging nhau. V d: 7N 1s2 2s2
2p3 d/ Trt t cc mc nng lng nguyn t: Trong nguyn t, cc electron trn
cc obitan khc nhau, nhng cng 1 phn lp c mc nng lng nh nhau. Cc mc
nng lng nguyn t tng dn theo trnh t: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d
5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p * e nh ta dung quy tac Klechkowsky
1s2s3s4s5s6s7s2p3p4p5p6p7p3d4d5d6d7d4f5f6f7f2/ Cu hnh electron
nguyn t: Cu hnh electron nguyn t biu din s phn b electron trn cc
phn lp ca cc lp electron khc nhau. a/ Cch vit cu hnh electron nguyn
t - Xc nh s electron trong nguyn t. - Phn b cc electron theo trt t
mc nng lng AO tng dn. - Vit cu hnh electron theo th t cc phn lp
electron trong mt lp. V d: 26Fe. Vit theo trt t mc nng lng AO tng
dn: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 - Sau vit li theo th t cc phn lp
electron trong 1 lp: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 - Vit gn: [Ar] 3d6
4s2 * Ch : Khi vit cu hnh electron d nh trt t cc mc nng lng, ta vit
theo th t lp vi 2 phn lp s, p nh sau: 1s 2s2p 3s3p 4s ... 4p 5s ...
5p 6s ... 6p 7s ... 7p - Sau thm 3d vo gia lp 4s ... 4p - Thm 4d vo
gia lp 5s ... 5p - Thm 4f 5d vo gia lp 6s ... 6p - Thm 5f 6d vo gia
lp 7s ... 7p - Ta s c 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p
7s 5f 6d 7p b/ c im ca lp electron ngoi cng - Cc electron lp ngoi
cng quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t. - S electron lp ngoi cng
ti a l 8e + Cc nguyn t kim loi c: 1e, 2e, 3e lp ngoi cng. + Cc
nguyn t phi kim c: 5e, 6e, 7e lp ngoi cng. + Cc nguyn t kh him c:
8e (He c 2e) lp ngoi cng. + Cc nguyn t c 4e lp ngoi cng c th l kim
loi (Ge, Sn, Pb) c th l phi kim (C, Si).VI. Mt s vn b sung: Xc nh v
tr ca nguyn t X trong bng tun hon ha hc: (phn bit e cui cng v e lp
ngoi cng) Trn Hong TunTrang 4http://violet.vn/violetq11 5. H thng
kin thc ha hc lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng cao Luyn thi i hc v Cao
ngTrn Hong Tun1. Phn nhm chnh ( nhm A ) : khi cc e cui cng c in vo
phn lp s hay p, c th: nsa npb (vi iu kin a,b s nguyn v a 1 , 0 b 6)
a + b 3 K .L a + b = 4 K .L / P.K S th t nhm = a + b trong : a + b
5 P.K a + b = 8 Kh.h 2. Phn nhm ph ( nhm B ) : khi cc e cui cng c
in vo phn lp d hay f, c th: (n-1)da nsb (vi iu kin a,b s nguyn v b
= 2 , 1 a 10) Nu a + b < 8 S th t nhm = a + b Nu a + b = 8 hay 9
hay 10 S th t nhm = 8 Nu a + b > 10 S th t nhm = (a + b) 10 Cc
nguyn t nhm B u thuc kim loi chuyn tip. Ngoi tr: b = 2 , a = 4 b =
1 , a = 5 (bn bo ha gp) b = 2 , a = 9 b = 1 , a = 10 (bo ha gp)VII.
S bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ha hc: 1. Bn knh nguyn t:
Trong cng mt chu k: i t tri sang phi theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht
nhn, bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t gim dn. Nguyn nhn l do s lp e
ngoi cng nh nhau, khi i t ny sang sau lin k vi n th e lp ny tng ln
v in tch ht nhn cng tng lm lc ht gia ht nhn v e tng bn knh nguyn t
gim. Trong cng mt phn nhm chnh (nhm A): i t trn xung di theo chiu
tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t tng dn. Nguyn
nhn l do s lp e tng dn khi i t trn xung v e lp ngoi cng ging nhau
lm lc ht gia ht nhn vi e lp ngoi cng gim dn, mc d in tch ht nhn c
tng. Ch : 2. n .e + m. e M n + M M m cation anion Khi mt ngt mt e
to thnh ion dng (cation) th kch thc gim i rt nhiu bn knh ca cation
bao gi cng nh hn bn knh ca nguyn t tng ng. Cng mt nguyn t, nu in
tch ion cng ln th bn knh cng nh. Vd: rFe > rFe2+ > rFe3+Khi
mt ngt nhn thm e to thnh ion m (anion) th kch thc ion tng ln v e
nhn thm vo lm tng tng tc y e e. Bn knh ca anion bao gi cng ln hn bn
knh ca nguyn t tng ng. Vd: rCl > rCl > rCl +Nng lng ion ha:I
Ni mt cch tm tt: nng lng ion ha l nng lng ti thiu cn tiu th tch mt
e ra khi nguyn t th kh v bin thnh ion dng. C th, nng lng ion ha ca
mt nguyn t hay mt phn t l nng lng cn thit tch mt in t t nguyn t hay
phn t trng thi c bn. Mt cch tng qut hn, nng lng ion ha th n l nng
lng cn thit tch in t th n sau khi tch (n-1) in t u tin. Trng thi c
bn chnh l trng thi m ti , nguyn t khng chu nh hng ca bt k mt t trng
ngoiTrn Hong TunTrang 5http://violet.vn/violetq11 6. H thng kin thc
ha hc lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng cao Luyn thi i hc v Cao ngTrn Hong
Tunno c. Tc l mt nguyn t kim loi trng thi c bn s c dng kh, v cu hnh
electron ca n cng l cu hnh c bn: tun theo nguyn l Pauli, Nguyn l
vng bn v qui tc Hund. Theo t in Gio khoa Vt l ca cc tc gi V Thanh
Khit,..., Nh Xut bn Gio dc- nm 2007 th nng lng ion ho c nh ngha nh
sau: nng lng ion ha ca mt nguyn t, phn t hoc ion l nng lng cn thit
tch lectron lin kt yu nht ra khi mt ht trng thi c bn sao cho ion
dng c to thnh cng trng thi c bn. l nng lng ion ho th nht. Cc giai
on ion ho tip theo s ng vi cc nng lng ion ho th hai, th ba,.. Nguyn
t cng d nhng e (tnh kim loi cng mnh) th gi tr I cng nh. Phn bit nng
lng ion ha th nht I1 , th hai I2 , M M+ + 1e , I1 > 0 M+ M2+ +
1e , I2 > I1 Quy tc Koopmans: Nng lng ion ha th nht I 1 ca nguyn
t l bng i ca nng lng ca obitan m e b tch chim. Trong mt chu k, theo
chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, lc lin kt gia ht nhn v e lp ngoi cng
tng, lm cho nng lng ion ha ni chung cng tng theo. Trong cng mt phn
nhm chnh, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn t tng,lc
lin kt gia e lp ngoi cng v ht nhn gim, do nng lng ion ha ni chung
gim. i nt v ion : Ion l mt nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t b mt hay thu nhn
thm c mt hay nhiu in t. Mt ion mang in tch m,khi n thu c mt hay
nhiu in t, c gi l anion, v mt ion mang in tch dng khi n mt mt hay
nhiu in t, c gi l cation. Qu trnh to ra cc ion gi l ion ha. Cc
nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t b ion ha c biu din di dng cc s vit nh ln
trn, bn phi k hiu ca nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t, th hin s lng in t m n
thu c hay mt i (nu ln hn 1) v du + hay ty theo n mt hay thu c (cc)
in t. Trong trng hp mt hay thu c ch mt in t th khng cn ghi gi tr s.
V d H + hay O2-. Cc kim loi c xu hng to ra cc cation (mt i in t)
trong khi cc phi kim li c xu hng to ra anion, v d natri to ra
cation Na+ trong khi clo to ra cc anion Cl-. Cc ion ln u tin c l
thuyt ha bi Michael Faraday khong nm 1830, miu t cc thnh phn ca phn
t m chuyn ng v pha ant hay catt. Tuy nhin, c ch m cc chuyn ng ny c
th din ra khng c miu t cho n tn nm 1884 khi Svante August Arrhenius
trong lun n tin s ca mnh trong trng i hc tng hp Uppsala miu t chng.
L thuyt ca ng ban u khng c chp nhn (ng nhn c hc v tin s vi im thp
nht c vt qua) nhng lun n tin s ca ng ot gii Nobel v ha hc nm 1903.
T ion c t tn bi Michael Faraday, t ting Hy Lp , ng tnh t thi hin ti
ca , "chuyn ng", v th l "ngi i li". Danh php ny da trn xu hng ca cc
anion chuyn ng v pha ant, v ca cc cation chuyn ng v pha catt. V th,
anion () v cation () c ngha l "(mt th) i ln" v "(mt th) i xung", mt
cch tng ng, v ant, , v catt, , c ngha l "i ln" v "i xung", tng ng t
, "ng". 3. i lc e: E i lc e cng l nng lng gii phng khi mt nguyn t
th kh kt hp mt e vo bin thnh ion m. M + 1e M, E 14Si >
13Al7Al(OH)3 < H2SiO3 < H2CO3 < HNO3 V d 11: Cho 25 gam hn
hp X gm hai oxit ca kim loi kim ( hai chu k lin tip ) tc dng va vi
300 gam dung dch HCl 7,3% a) Xc nh tn hai kim loi. b) Tnh nng % ca
cc cht trong dung dch thu c. Gii: a. A2O , B2O ln lt l hai Oxit ca
hai kim loi kim ( A, B hai chu k lin tip nhau v A Mg2+ > F-
> O2-. B. Mg2+ > Na+ > F- > O2-. + 2+ 2C. F > Na
> Mg > O . D. O2-> F- > Na+ > Mg2+. Cu 20: Trong hp
cht ion XY (X l kim loi, Y l phi kim), s electron ca cation bng s
electron ca anion v tng s electron trong XY l 20. Bit trong mi hp
cht, Y ch c mt mc oxi ha duy nht. Cng thc XY l A. LiF. B. NaF. C.
AlN. D. MgO. Cu 21: Hai nguyn t X v Y thuc cng mt nhm A chu k 2 v 3
c s n v in tch ht nhn hn km nhau l A. 8. B. 18. C. 2. D. 10.Trn
Hong TunTrang 19http://violet.vn/violetq11 20. H thng kin thc ha hc
lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng cao Luyn thi i hc v Cao ngTrn Hong TunCu
22: Hai nguyn t A, B 2 nhm A lin tip trong h thng tun han. B thuc
nhm V. trng thi n cht, A v B khng phn ng vi nhau. Tng s proton
trong ht nhn nguyn t A v B l 23. Tn ca A v B l A. cacbon, photpho.
B. oxi, photpho. C. nit, lu hunh. D. nit, oxi. Cu 23: Hai nguyn t
A, B c phn lp electron ngai cng ln lt l 2p, 3s. Tng s electron ca
hai phn lp ny l 5 v hiu s electron ca chng l 1. S th t A, B trong
bng HTTH ln lt l : A. 5, 10 B. 7, 12 C. 6, 11 D. 5, 12 Cu 24: Nguyn
t ca nguyn t X c tng s electron trong cc phn lp p l 7. Nguyn t ca
nguyn t Y c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht mang in ca X l 8. Cu
hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca Y l A. 3s2 3p4. B. 3s2 3p5. C. 3s2 3p3.
D. 2s2 2p4. Cu 25: Mt nguyn t thuc nhm VA c ha tr cao nht vi oxi v
ha tr trong hp cht vi hidro ln lt l A. III v V. B. V v V. C. III v
III. D. V v III. Cu 26: Nguyn t X l phi kim c ho tr cao nht vi oxi
l a; ho tr trong hp cht kh vi hidro l b. Quan h gia a v b l A. a =
b. B. a + b = 8. C. a b. D. a - b = 8. Cu 27: Nguyn t chu k 4, nhm
VIB c cu hnh electron ha tr l A. 4s24p4. B. 6s26p2. C. 3d54s1. D.
3d44s2. 3+ Cu 28: Tng s ht trong ion M l 37. V tr ca M trong bng
tun han l A. chu k 3, nhm IIIA. B. chu k 3, nhm IIA. C. chu k 3,
nhm VIA. D. chu k 4, nhm IA. Cu 29: Nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn (p,
n, e) l 82. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 22. V tr ca X
trong bng tun hon l A. chu k 4, nhm VIB. B. chu k 4, nhm VIIIB. C.
chu k 4, nhm IIA. D. chu k 3, nhm IIB. 2+ Cu 30: Anion X v cation Y
u c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s 23p6. V tr ca cc nguyn t trong
bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc l A. X c s th t 17, chu k 4, nhm VIIA;
Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. B. X c s th t 18, chu k 3, nhm
VIA; Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. C. X c s th t 18, chu k 3,
nhm VIIA; Y c s th t 20, chu k 3, nhm IIA. D. X c s th t 17, chu k
3, nhm VIIA; Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. Cu 31: Tnh phi kim ca
cc nguyn t trong nhm VIA theo th t: 8O, 16S, 34Se, 52Te, bin i theo
chiu A. tng. B. gim. C. khng thay i. D. va tng va gim. Cu 32: Cc
nguyn t thuc nhm IIA trong bng tun hon c tnh cht no sau y? A. D dng
cho 2e t cu hnh bn vng. B. D dng nhn 2e t cu hnh bn vng. C. D dng
nhn 6e t cu hnh bn vng. D. L cc phi kim hot ng mnh. 2 2 6 2 6 Cu
33: Ion Y c cu hnh e: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . V tr ca Y trong bng tun hon
l A. chu k 3, nhm VIIA. B. chu k 3, nhm VIIIA. C. chu k 4, nhm IA.
D. chu k 4, nhm VIA. Cu 34: Nguyn t cc nguyn t trong mt nhm A ca
bng tun han th c cng A. s ntron. B. s lp electron. C. s proton. D.
s e lp ngoi cng. Cu 35: Trong nguyn t ca nguyn t R c 18 electron. S
th t chu k v nhm ca R ln lt l A. 4 v VIIIB. B. 3 v VIIIA. C. 3 v
VIIIB. D. 4 v IIA. Cu 36: Da vo quy lut bin i tnh cht ca bng tun
hon th kim loi mnh nht (tr nguyn t phng x) v phi kim mnh nht l A.
franxi v iot. B. liti v flo. C. liti v iot. D. xesi v flo. Cu 37:
Trong mt chu k ca bng tun hon, s bin i tnh axitbaz ca cc oxit cao
nht v cc hidroxit tng ng theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn l A. tnh
axit v bazo u tng. B. tnh axit tng dn, tnh bazo gim dn. C. tnh axit
v bazo u gim. D. tnh axit gim dn, tnh bazo tng dn. Cu 38: Cho cc
nguyn t M (Z=11), X (Z=17), Y(Z=9) v R (Z=19). m in ca cc nguyn t
tng dn theo th t A. M Mg > Al. B. Al > Mg > Na. C. Mg >
Al > Na. D. Mg > Na > Al. Cu 41: Nguyn t X khng phi l kh
him, nguyn t c phn lp electron ngoi cng l 3p. Nguyn t ca nguyn t Y
c phn lp electron ngoi cng l 3s. Tng s electron hai phn lp ngoi cng
ca X v Y l 7. in tch ht nhn ca X v Y l A. X (18+) ; Y (10+). B. X
(13+) ; Y (15+). C. X (12+) ; Y (16+). D. X (17+) ; Y (12+). Cu 42:
Cho mt s nguyn t sau 8O, 16S, 6C, 7N, 1H. Bit rng tng s proton
trong phn t kh XY 2 l 18. Kh XY2 l A. SO2. B. CO2. C. NO2. D. H2S.
Cu 43: Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t: 3Li, 8O, 9F, 11Na c xp theo th
t tng dn t tri sang phi l A. Li, Na, O, F. B. F, O, Li, Na. C. F,
Li, O, Na. D. F, Na, O, Li. Cu 44: Dy cc nguyn t sp xp theo chiu
tng dn tnh phi kim t tri sang phi l A. P, N, F, O. B. N, P, F, O.
C. P, N, O, F. D. N, P, O, F. Cu 45: Trong mt nhm A, tr nhm VIIIA,
theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t th A. tnh kim loi tng dn, bn
knh nguyn t gim dn. B. tnh kim loi tng dn, m in tng dn. C. m in gim
dn, tnh phi kim tng dn. D. tnh phi kim gim dn, bn knh nguyn t tng
dn. Cu 46: Trong t nhin nguyn t X c hai ng v : 69X chim 60,10% cn
li l ng v th hai c s ht khng mang in nhiu hn ng v 69X l 2 ht. Khi
lng nguyn t trung bnh ca nguyn t X (vC ) l A. 70,20 B. 68,20 C.
71,20 D. 69,80 63 65 Cu 47: Trong t nhin, nguyn t ng c hai ng v l
29 Cu v 29 Cu . Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca 63 ng l 63,5. Thnh phn phn
trm tng s nguyn t ca ng v 29 Cu l A. 27%. B. 50%. C. 54%. D. 73%.
109 Cu 48: Trong t nhin bc c 2 ng v, trong ng v Ag chim 44%, bit
nguyn t khi trung bnh ca bc l 107,88. ng v th hai ca bc c s khi l
A. 108. B. 107. C. 109. D. 106. Cu 49: Mt nguyn t gm hai ng v c s
nguyn t t l vi nhau l 27: 23. Ht nhn ng v th nht cha 35 proton v 44
ntron. Ht nhn ng v hai hn 2 ntron. Vy khi lng nguyn t trung bnh v
tn nguyn t l A. 80,08 vC, brom. B. 79,92 vC, brom. C. 78,08 vC,
selen. D. 39, 96 vC, canxi. Cu 50: Hp cht kh vi hidro c dng RH 2,
trong oxit cao nht cha 60% oxi theo khi lng. Nguyn t R l A. lu
hunh. B. clo. C. selen. D. photpho.E. Bi tp v bng tun hon: Bi 1 Ho
tan hon ton 1,2 gam mt kim loi thuc nhm IIA trong bng h thng tun
hon, bng dd axit HCl. Sau p thu c 1,12 lt kh H2 (ktc). Kim loi l :
A. Be B. Mg C. Ca D. Ba Bi 2 Ho tan hon ton 2,4 gam mt kim loi R
thuc nhm IIA vo 100 ml dd axit HCl 1,5 M. Sau p thy vn cn mt phn R
cha tan ht. Cng 2,4 gam R trn nu cho tc dng vi 125 ml dd axit HCl 2
M. Sau p thy vn cn d axit. R l A. Be B. Mg C. Ca D. Ba Bi 3 Cho
0,425 gam hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip p vi mt lng nc
c d. Sau p thu c dd A v 168 cm3 kh H2 (ktc). trung ho ht dd A cn
phi dng va ht V ml dd H2SO4 1M. Hai kim kim v gi tr V l : A. Li, Na
v V = 60 ml B. Na, K v V = 30 ml C. Mt kt qu khc. Trn Hong TunTrang
21http://violet.vn/violetq11 22. H thng kin thc ha hc lp 10 Chng
trnh C bn v Nng cao Luyn thi i hc v Cao ngTrn Hong TunBi 4 Hp cht
kh vi hiro ca mt nguyn t c dng RH 3. Oxit cao nht ca nguyn t ny cha
25,92 % R. a)Nguyn t R l : A. N B. P C. As D. Sb b) So snh tnh phi
kim ca R vi O, F, P. Bi 5 Cho 13,7 gam hn hp gm Ba v Ca tc dng ht
vi nc th thot ra V lt kh H2 (ktc) Xc nh V. Bi 6 Oxit cao nht ca
nguyn t R c khi lng phn t l 108. Hy bin lun xc nh nguyn t R. A. Si
B. N C. P D. Mt kt qu khc. Bi 7 Oxit cao nht ca nguyn t R c khi lng
phn t l 80. Hy bin lun xc nh nguyn t R. A. Si B. N C. P D. Mt kt qu
khc. Bi 8 T l gia khi lng phn t hp cht kh vi hiro ca nguyn t R so
vi oxit cao nht ca n l 17 : 40. Hy bin lun xc nh nguyn t R. Bi 9 T
l gia khi lng phn t hp cht kh vi hiro ca nguyn t R so vi oxit cao
nht ca n l 1 : 2,75. Hy bin lun xc nh nguyn t R. Bi 10 Cho 6,2 gam
hn hp Na v mt kim loi kim X tc dng ht vi 104 gam nc thu c 110 gam
dd. Xc nh kim loi X bit MX < 40. Bi 11 Cho 2,74 gam mt kim loi
thuc nhm IIA vo cc cha nc. Kt thc p thy khi lng dung dch thu c tng
2,7 gam. Kim loi l A. Ca B. Sr C. Ba D. Ra Bi 12 Cho 3,6 gam hai
kim loi thuc nhm IIA v thuc hai chu k k tip vo cc cha dd axit HCl.
Kt thc p thy khi lng dung dch thu c tng 3,2 gam. Hai kim loi l A.
Be v Mg B. Mg v Ca C. Ca v Ba D. Ra v Ba Bi 13 Cho 20 gam kim loi
Ca tc dng ht vi nc th sinh ra V lt kh H2 o 27 0 C v 1 atm. Tnh V A.
V = 8,96 lt B. V = 12,3 lt C. V = 17,44 lt D. Mt kt qu khc. Bi 14
Cho 0,56 gam kim loi kim tc dng ht vi nc th sinh ra 0,873 lt kh H 2
o 0 0 C v 780 mm Hg. Kim loi kim l A. Li B. Na C. K D. Cs Bi 15 Ho
tan ht mu hp kim Ba Na vo nc c dd A v c 6,72 lt kh H 2 bay ra
(ktc). Cn dng bao nhiu ml dd HCl 1M trung ha hon ton 1/10 dd A. A.
60 ml B. 40 ml C. 600 ml D. 750 ml Bi 16 Ho tan 46 gam mt hn hp gm
Ba v 2 kim loi kim A v B thuc hai chu k lin tip vo nc th c dd D v
11,2 lt kh o ktc. Nu thm 0,18 mol Na2SO4 vo dd D th sau p th vn cha
kt ta ht ion Ba. Nu thm 0,21 mol Na2SO4 vo dd D th sau p cn d
Na2SO4. Xc nh 2 kim loi kim A, B. Bi 17 Mt nguyn t X c cu hnh e phn
lp ngoi cng l 4s 1. a) Vit cu hnh e y v suy ra s hiu nguyn t v tn
nguyn t. b) xc nh ng X, ngi ta ly 2,8 gam oxit ca X cho tc dng va
vi 50 ml dd axit HCl 1,4 M. Gi tn ng X. Bi 18 Ho tan ht 4 gam mt
kim loi vo 96,2 gam nc, c dd baz c nng 7,4 % v V lt kh H 2 (ktc).
Tm kim loi v th tch V.Trn Hong TunTrang
22http://violet.vn/violetq11 23. H thng kin thc ha hc lp 10 Chng
trnh C bn v Nng cao Luyn thi i hc v Cao ngTrn Hong TunA. Na v V =
11,2 lt B. Ca v 2,24 lt C. K v V = 3,3 6 lt D. mt kt qu khc Bi 19
Khi cho 3,1 gam hn hp 2 kim loi kim A, B tc dng vi 47 gam nc thy c
x lt kh thot ra (ktc). Dung dch thu c c tng nng phn trm ca cht tan
l 9,6 %. a) Tnh gi tr x : A. 1,12 B. 2,24 C. 3,36 D. mt kt qu khc.
b) Nu A, B l 2 kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip, hy xc nh 2 kim
loi trn. Bi 20 A, B l hai nguyn t cng nm trong mt nhm A v thuc hai
chu k lin tip trong bng HTTH. Tng cc ht mang in ca A v B l 160. Vit
cu hnh e ca A v B. Bi 21 Hp cht Z c to bi 2 nguyn t M v R c cng thc
M aRb, trong R chim 6,667 % v kki lng. Trong ht nhn nguyn t M c n =
p + 4, cn trong ht nhn ca R c n = p. Bit rng tng s ht proton trong
phn t Z bng 84 v a + b = 4. Tm CTPT ca Z.CC CNG THC TNH TON m m =
n.M M1.n=2.Vkh = n . 22,4 => n =3.CM =Vkh 22, 4n n => n = C M
.V => V = V CMmct .100% C %.mdd mct = mdd 100% m %mA = A .100%
mhh C% =4. 5.6. Tnh theo sn phm: H =H.mli thuyet m thuc te m *100%
=> m = => m = thuc te *100% thuc te li thuyet ml thuyt 100%
HTnh theo cht tham gia: H =mm H.m li thuyet li thuyet thuc te = m
*100% = m > = > = *100% li thuyet thuc te m 100% H thuc te7.
S mol A o t0C, P atm. nA =p.V R.TP: p sut kh A o t0C (tnh bng atm)
V: th tch kh A o t0C (tnh bng lt) n: s mol cht kh A T: nhit tuyt i
(tnh bng 0K) T = t + 273 (T tnh bng 0K) R = 22,4/273 = 0,082 8. T
khi hi ca cht kh A.Trn Hong TunTrang 23http://violet.vn/violetq11
24. Trn Hong TunH thng kin thc ha hc lp 10 Chng trnh C bn v Nng cao
Luyn thi i hc v Cao ngd ABM = A MBd A kk =MA 29Mkk = 299. Khi lng
ring: D=mdd ( g ) Vdd ( ml ) mdd = Vdd . D10. Mi lin quan gia nng
phn trm v nng mol/l 10C % D C = M MD: khi lng ring; M: khi lngmol
cht tan 11. Tnh nhit phn ng H: H= H > 0 : Phn ng thu nhitH <
0 : Phn ng to nhitKhi trng thi cc cht thay i th H thay iTrn Hong
TunTrang 24http://violet.vn/violetq11
