SURVEILLANCE FOR

FMD IN WILD BOAR

IN 2011-2012

Sergei Khomenko

Tsviatko Alexandrov

Naci Bulut

Sinan Aktas

Keith Sumption

RESULTS FROM BULGARIA

AND TURKEY

Triggered by FMD incursion to the EU

Jan-April 2011 Serotype “O”

Follow-up activities:

• Wildlife surveillance in Thrace (TR+BG) – govt authorities / EU-FMD/FAO-EMPRES

• Anatolian wild boar survey for FMD (TR) – EU-FMD/FAO-EMPRES

• Wild boar ecology telemetry project (BG) - EU-FMD/FAO-EMPRES

• Development of non-invasive wildlife surveillance methodology (BG) - EU-FMD/FAO-EMPRES

• Wild boar population mapping (N Eurasia) – FAO-EMPRES

Scope of the surveys

THRACE (BG+TR)

Jan 2011 – Jan 2012

N=1004

ANATOLIA (TR)

Dec 2011 – Feb 2012

N=252

AGE

GROUP THRACE ANATOLIA

P n NSP+ (95 % CI), % n NSP+ (95 % CI), %

ADULT 628 9.1 (6.9 – 11.6) 185 24.9 (18.3 - 32.4) <0.05

JUVENILE 358 5.6 (3.4 – 8.5) 67 7.5 (2.5 - 16.6) ns

ALL 1004 7.8 (6.2-9.6) 252 20.2 (15.5 - 25.7) <0.05

NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEXES FOUND, ONLY BETWEEN AGES

Sero-positivity to FMDV: Thrace (epidemic O) versus

Anatolia (endemic O, A, Asia)

NSP + in Wild Boar in Thrace

Prevalence by zones

around outbreaks

To outbreaks TOTAL, n % Ab+ (95 % CI), %

0 – 5 km 168 10.1 (6.0 - 15.7)

6 – 10 km 179 17.9 (12.6 - 24.3)

11 – 20 km 223 8.5 (5.2 – 13.0)

21 – 30 km 113 -

31 – 50 km 186 5.4 (2.6 - 9.7)

> 50 km 134 -

Prevalence in time (quarter yearly 2011)

Spatio-temporal

variation in sero-

prevalence in

Thrace

Conclusions on FMD epidemic in Thrace

• Spread was spatially and temporary limited;

• Transmission between livestock and wildlife was both ways (facilitated by humans?);

• Disease event in wildlife developed in winter and died away end of spring

• However, serology fails to identify sequence of the different stages of this particular disease event …

EFSA, 2012; Alexandrov et al (in prep.), Dhollander et al (in prep.)

Anatolia: NSP+ in livestock v WB

• Distinctly different from LR (P=0.1), but not SR (P=0.001);

• Except for Samsun prevalence in WB does not differ from SR (P=0.6-0.8);

• Prevalence in WB correlates best with that in SR (r=0.9, R² = 0,8), but not LR (ns).

5.9

17.4

20.2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

LR SR WB

lower 95 %

upper 95 %

Prevalence

Sero-prevalence in

5 provinces of concern

Regional variation in sero-prevalence:

UNITS n % NSP+ (95 % CI) % ASIA + % O + ERZURUM 17 52,9 (27,8 - 77,0) 11,8 41,2 SAMSUN 73 28,8 (18,8 - 40,6) 28,8 GÜMÜŞHANE 58 17,2 (8,6 - 29,4) 12,1* 5,2 KASTAMONU 76 13,2 (6,5 - 22,9) 13,2 RİZE 21 4,8 (0,1 - 23,8) 4,8 TOTAL 252 20,2 (15,5 - 25,7) 3,6 16,7

ERZURUM is distinctly different from all other provinces (P<0.05) SAMSUN has higher prevalence than KASTAMONU (P=0.05) All other regional differences are NS * One virus positive animal in GÜMÜŞHANE

60,000 infected with

FMD all over

Turkey !

Most closely related FMD Asia-1 viruses were found to co-circulate in this region in cattle

TURKEY

Isolate from wild boar Closely related isolates from cattle

Serotypes in livestock and wild boar mismatch !

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

A Asia-1 O

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

FMD outbreaks in livestock (5 provinces)

% outbreaks by serotype

NO SEROTYPE “A” FOUND !

Does age matter?

AGE GROUP ASIA + (%) O + (%) Total +

ADULT (>21 month) 5 (13) 34 (87) 39

SUB-ADULT (<21 and > 12 months) 3 (43) 4 (57) 7

JUVENILE (<12 months) 1 (20) 4 (80) 5

ALL 9 (18) 42 (82) 51

3 adult (3-5 yrs)

wild boar might

have been exposed

to two serotypes

during their life

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2010 2011 2012

Livestock

Wild Boar

Farrowing

KURBAN

THRACE: virus O + ANATOLIA: virus Asia-1 +

BG:

TR: Serotype O

O

Serotypes A, Asia, O

KURBAN

Rut Farrowing Rut Farrowing Rut Rut

Dec 2010 Feb 2012

?

??? Hypothesis outline: ???

• FMD easily spills over to WB from SR (Kurban in 2010-2011?) and develops into epidemics in Nov – March;

• Some serotypes (e.g. O, Asia) are better transmitted by WB, than the others (e.g. A) ?..

• Livestock (summer) and WB (winter) epidemics are in a seasonal antiphase (“old serotypes” detected);

• Hunters can play important role in disease transmission from WB to livestock;

• Mostly adult animals are involved (rut?);

• Many piglets born thereafter have maternal Ab protection (low prevalence in juveniles);

• This + low population density in early spring + higher temperatures bring R0 below 1.

Experimental infection

• Clinical signs on the 4 DPI (domestic 2 DPI) – e.g. incubation 4 days;

• Most severe and evident lesions – 7 DPI;

• Viraemia: 1 DPI through at least 9 DPI;

• NSP antibodies detected 7-8 DPI;

• RNA in saliva normally found up to 14 DPI and up to DPI 24 DPI intermittently.

CREDITS: A. Breithaupt, K. Depner, B. Haas, M. Beer (FLI – Federal Research

Institute for Animal Health Institute of Diagnostic Virology)

Non-invasive surveillance

• Ropes (validated on farms and in wild boar for ASF (Chichikin et al, 2012).

• CSF vaccine baits with swabs;

• Swabs incorporated into food baits (e.g. maize cobs).

• Aims at detecting virus by PCR;

• Targets epi-unit (all animals attending a feeding site);

• As frequent as needed;

• Cost effective;

• Logistically simple.

Chichikin et al, 2012

NEEDS: SOLUTIONS:

7

1

2

3

4

5

6

8

9

10

EXPERIMENT WITH A TAME WILD BOAR

SUITS FOR COMMERCIAL FEEDERS

EASY TO INCORPORATE

ANY SWABS INTO

Telemetry project

• Movements and habitat use of wild boar;

• 20 GPS/GSM Tellus collars (1 year – 24 fixes a day);

• Adult females (group leaders) targeted;

• All adults and piglets ear-tagged.

Strandzha (10)

Tutrakan (10)

BULGARIA

http://www.followit.se/wildliferesearch.html

STRANDZHA

>500 positions by now

Trapped …

… and collared

A male’s home range - 23.09 – 10.10.2012

~ 4 km

Progress and challenges with telemetry project

• 90 animals trapped, but most juveniles + trap failures, poor GSM coverage, heat, lack of Zoletil …

• 4 collars put into operation (two consistently give signal: a male in Strandzha and female in Tutrakan);

• Field labor input underestimated – need more time and personnel;

• Local collaborators were found and involved;

• Potential cooperation with ASFORCE (+ 20 transmitters) is considered

Marek & Hutÿra, 1931; Sludskiy, 1956; Danilkin, 2002

5. Europe

1. Caucasus

2. Kazakh-

stan

1902

1908

1911

1917

1919

1925

1920s?

2011

1927

1931

1941

2011 ?

4. Israel 1987-

1999

2007

2011 ?

FMD in

wild boar:

5

1

4

2

Historical range of Sus scrofa

3

3. Kyrgyz-

stan 1953

+ 1*1 km

resolution

density data

product

=

504 spatial objects

48 countries

(NUTs 1)

Population and/or

harvest data

(2005-2010)

3,600,000 –

post harvest

2-2,500,000 -

harvested Khomenko, Robinson, Gilbert (in prep.)

THANKS TO ALL