Wind power by K R THANKI

WIND POWER

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Sub.: ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION and HAZARD MANAGEMENT (3300003)

UNIT -III

Prepared By:

K.R.THANKI (BE Civil)

LECTURER CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTGOVERNMENT POLY TECHNIC ,

JUNAGADH,GUJARAT-INDIA.

Electricity is energy transported by

the motion of electrons

Electricity is energy transported by

the motion of electrons

**We do not make electricity, we CONVERT other energy sources into

electrical energy**

**We do not make electricity, we CONVERT other energy sources into

electrical energy**

What is Electricity?

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Faraday Effect

• Faraday Effect

• Basic Concepts• Voltage – V – Potential to Move Charge (volts)• Current – I – Charge Movement (amperes or amps)• Resistance – R – V = IxR (R in =ohms)• Power – P = IxV = I2xR (watts)

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How Does a Generator Work?

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Where do we get our electricity?

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Sources_of_Electricity_in_the_US_2005_New.png

What is a Fossil Fuel???

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What is “Renewable Energy?”

WIND - What is it?

Air in motion is called wind.

Winds are produced due to convective circulation of air induced by the temperature diffrences in the atmosphere.

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Hot air goes up and creates low pressure region

Cooler air moves from high pressure region

WIND - What is it?The cold air from poles rushes in the

direction of equator to fillup the space left by heated air which we called as wind.

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WIND - What is it?During day time, sea water is at lower

temperature than the temperature on the land.

So during day time surface winds produces from sea to land.

And during night time sea water is at higher temperature than land so surface winds produces from land to sea.

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WIND - What is it?

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WIND - What is it?

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WIND POWER - What is it?All renewable energy (except tidal and

geothermal power), ultimately comes from the sun.

The earth receives 1.74 x 1017 watts of power (per hour) from the sun.

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WIND POWER - What is it?About 1 % or 2 % of this energy is

converted to wind energy (which is about 50-100 times more than the energy converted to biomass by all plants on earth).

Differential heating of the earth’s surface and atmosphere induces vertical and horizontal air currents that are affected by the earth’s rotation and contours of the land WIND.

~ e.g.: Land Sea Breeze Cycle

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Potential of wind power generation in INDIA:

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World wide wind generating capacity is less than 5000 MW in 1995 and is 39000MW in 2003.

Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable energy source in the world. The world wide installed capacity is growing at a rapid pace of over 30% per year.


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Wind Power Density of India:

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0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Gross Potential 8275 9675 6620 875 5500 3650 1700 5400 3050 450

Installed Capacity 120.6 253.53 410.75 2 28.85 456.15 2 284.76 2040.3 1.1

APGujara

tKarnat

akaKerala MP

Maharashtra

OrissaRajast

hanTN WB

MW

State wise potential in India, 2005

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Wind mill:

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The instrument which converts kinetic energy of wind into Mechanical energy is known as Wind mill.

When ever this instrument is used to generate electricity in electric generator then it is known as Wind turbine.

The process of converting wind energy into electrical energy is known as Wind Energy Conservation System (WECS).

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Advantages of Wind mills:

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By using wind mills we can produce renewable energy.

Wind mills produces pollution free energy.

It does not produces green house gases.

It does not produces radioactive waste.

Energy from it is very economical.

The kinetic energy of

a stream of air:

The kinetic energy of the air stream available for the turbine

= Volume of air parcel

available to the rotor

Available Wind Power

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2

2

1mVE

V A

2 2

1VE a

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Wind Power is :

Available Wind Power

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1VDWindpower

V A

Important terminologies:

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Efficiency of wind mill:

It is ratio of Wind energy received by wind mill to the power generated by the wind mill.

mill by wind receivedenergy Wind

mill by wind producesPower

mill windof Efficiency


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Efficiency of wind mill:

Efficiency is reduces by the resistance of bearing and other mechanical parts up to 40 to 45% .

So allover efficiency is up to 30 to 35% only.


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Swept area:

Projected area of wind turbine rotor is known as swept area.


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Swept area:

RWind power is directly proposnal to rotor diameter’s swept area.

Swept Area: A = πR2 Area of the circle swept by the rotor (m2).

Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3


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Cut in wind speed:

Minimum wind speed at which wind mill starts to generating power is known as cut in wind speed.

Cut out wind speed:

Maximum speed of wind at which is dangerous to wind mills is known as cu out wind speed. At this speed rotor is released with the generator.


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Cut out wind speed:


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Rated wind speed:

Minimum wind speed at which wind mill can generate designed power is known as Rated wind speed.

Relative speed is defined as velocity of rotor

tip and wind speed as

V

NR2

V

RVrw

N = Rotor rotational speed, rpm

= Angular velocity

Also, it can be shown that power coefficient and torque coefficient is related by relative speed:

V

RV

C

Crw

T

P


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Important terminologies:Anonometer:

Types of wind Turbines:

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According to Position of shaft Axis:

According to Wind incident direction on Rotor:According to Number of blades on Rotor:

According to Design of Rotor Blades:

According to Use of Wind turbine:


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Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical.

So according to rotation about axis Vertical axis wind turbine and Horizontal axis wind turbine


• Horizontal axis - Primarily of the axial flow types

- requires control mechanism to take

account of variation in wind direction

• Vertical axis - Can handle winds from all directions


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Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine



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Vertical Axis Wind TurbineAccording to Position of shaft Axis:

• Types of Horizontal axis:


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Dutch Type

Propeller TypeAmerican Multi-

bladeSail Type

Magnus Type

Fan Type


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Dutch Type

In 17th century Dutch peoples Used this type of wind turbines for irrigation purpose.

It has four wings of wooden made which are known as sails.

Rotor shaft is installed on the tower made of brick masonry.


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Dutch Type

In this type of wind turbine blades are used as airplane propeller so it is known as propeller type wind turbine.

This wind turbine runs on 300 to 400 R.P.M.


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Propeller Type


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Propeller Type

In this type of turbine there are more than three blades.

Speed of rotor is around 60 to 80 R.P.M.

Efficiency of this turbine is only 20% so basically it is used as water pumping equipment.


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American Multi-blade


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American Multi-blade

This kind of wind mill is made up from wood or steel.

Rotor of this kind of wind mill is made up of 4, 8, or 12 sails.

Sail wing is most efficient wing. So that we can rotate it of speed 60 to 80 R.P.M.


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Sail Type


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Sail Type

This turbine consists complex design in which there are cylindrical arrangement instead of blades.

This kind of wind turbines are safe against high velocity of wind.


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Magnus Type


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Magnus Type

This kind of turbine has normal fan type arrangement of blades.

There are two, three or four blades in this kind of turbine.

Normally it is useful for water pumping.


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Fan Type


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Fan Type

• Types of Vertical axis:


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Savonious type

Darious type

Combination of Savonious type

and Darious type


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J. Savonious invented this type of wind turbine at year 1920.

Rotor of this turbine is of “S” shape.

Wind blows from bucket drum and so it works when wind blows from any direction.


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Advantages of savonious wind mills:

There is no need to change turbine in front of wind direction.

It consists good aerodynamics.Shaft of this turbine can be directly

connected to the generator so there is no need of mechanical transmition.


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Advantages of savonious wind mills:

Structure of this turbine is simple so we can construct it economically.

Structure did not include self weight of pump and generator.

It’s operation and maintenance is easy.There is no need to yaw controlling

because of it automatically stops at high wind speed.


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Disadvantages of savonious wind mills:

• This instrument is more heavy.

• It occupies more size.

• It cannot be stable and safe against heavy wind .

• Supports are needed for bearing due to it’s long length of shaft.


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Mr. Darious invented this kind of turbine at year 1925.

After 1979 this turbine becomes more popular due to it’s high rotating speed.

Rotor of this turbine is combination of two or three thin light weighted blades of shape of “egg bitter”.


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Advantages of Darious type wind mills:

It is high speed wind turbine.It consists high aerodynaminc efficiency.It can run whenever wind blows from any

direction.There is no need of mechanical

transmutation for power generation.Economical in design and weight less.Efficiency of this turbine is higher.


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Disadvantages of Darious type wind mills:

• Starting torque is less so not useful for water pumping.

• power output is less compares to other turbines.

• Vibration force produces at fluctuating wind.

Tip-Speed RatioTip-speed ratio is the ratio of the

speed of the rotating blade tip to the speed of the free stream wind.

There is an optimum angle of attack which creates the highest lift to drag ratio.

Because angle of attack is dependant on wind speed, there is an optimum tip-speed ratio

ΩRV

TSR =

ΩR

R

Where,

Ω = rotational speed in radians /sec

R = Rotor Radius

V = Wind “Free Stream” Velocity

ΩR

R


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Tip Speed Ratio

Capacity Factor


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Applications of windmill and wind power:

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For water pumping and smaller irrigation schemes.

For running flour mills.

They are used as stand by energy sources.

To run farm machineries and equipments.

Applications of windmill and wind power:

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They can be used for running hybrid power plants running on renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy.

They can be used for battery charging.

They are used in fishing and salt industries.

They are used for rural forestry projects.

Criteria for site selections for setting up wind turbines:

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Where annual average velocity of is around 15 Km or more.

Wind should be steady, reliable and blowing almost year round at the selected places.

There should not be big trees, buildings and hills near the wind mills to block the wind flow winds.

Criteria for site selections for setting up wind turbines:

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The wind mill site should be facing sea shore or it should be on the island where there are large flat areas available and annually 2000 Kw/hrs energy can be available.

Wind mills can be set up on the gentle slopes of mountains.

The climate should not be such that there are very high speed winds or thunder storms.

Components of Horizontal axis wind turbines:

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Wind turbine rotor

Gear Box

Electric Generator

Control System

Tower

Blades


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Rotor Blades


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Rotor Blades

Shaft


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Rotor Blades

Shaft


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Rotor Blades

Shaft


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Rotor Blades

Generator

Shaft


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Rotor Blades

Generator

Components of H. A. W. T.:

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Wind Turbine Rotor

Wind turbine rotor is designed aerodynamically for two or three blades on the hub.


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Wind Turbine Rotor

They freely rotate with incoming winds. The diameter of rotor is about 1 to 5 m and rotor starts moving when winds of 9 to 10 km /hour strike on it.

However it produces optimum power at the rated wind speed of 40 to 45 km per hour.


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Gear box is provided in between rotor shaft and generator shaft.

The revolutions produced by the wind mill rotor is as low as while generator speeds is higher to about 1000 to 3000 R.P.M.

Hence step up gear box is required to increase the RPM before the mechanical power is transmitted to generator.

Gear Box


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The generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

The capacity of generator is measured in kilowatts.

The small size generators may be 10 to 50 kw while larger size can be above 100 kw.

Gear BoxElectric Generator


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There are following types of generators :

D.C. currentsD.C. – A.C. generators

Variable frequency constant voltage A.C. generator.

Variable frequency constant voltage D.C. generator.



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There are following types of generators According to Electrical Power:


Variable Speed Constant Frequency System

Constant Speed Constant Frequency System


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In this system out put is of variable frequency.

Then after this out put is convert in to constant frequency by using rectifier and inverter.

This power system is not economical due to use of rectifier and inverter.


V S C F S


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In this system out put is obtained of constant frequency.

This output power can directly transmitted.


C S C F S

Anemometer on nacelle tells controller which way to point rotor into the wind

Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor into wind.


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Gear BoxElectric GeneratorControl System


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The height of tower depends on the type of wind blowing in the specific area.

It is about 50 to 80 feet.

There are various types of tower used like; R.C.C. tower made up of cement, sand and

coarse aggregates. Metallic tube type towers. Truss type towers made up of angles.

Gear BoxTower

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Design of blades is aerodynamically by whom we can generate maximum power with minimum air resistance.

The air foil design requirements need smaller cross section of blades while structural strength requirements need larger cross section .

So, practically blades are made from plastic epoxy bonded fiber glass materials which are very strong as well as light weight.

BladesComponents of H. A. W. T.:

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When wind passes through the blades, two aerodynamic forces are at work.


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Engineering/Design

Lift & Drag Forces• The Lift Force is

perpendicular to the direction of motion. We want to make this force BIG.

• The Drag Force is parallel to the direction of motion. We want to make this force small.

α = low

α = medium<10 degrees

α = HighStall!!

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Wind Farm:

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Wind Farm is a group of wind turbines setup in the same location and used for production of electric Power.

Costal areas with high wind power density are suitable for setting up wind farms.

Wind farm of about 1 megawatt capacity with 24 wind turbines has been setup in Mandvi-Kutch.

Wind Farm:

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Advantages of Wind Farms:

Wind farms converts wind energy into electrical energy.

Maintenance and Operations are easy and less expensive.

There is no need of many Staff to run and operate the plant.

Wind farm produces Green, Clean and Cheap Power.

Wind Farm:

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http://fsv.homestead.com/PonnequinPhotos.html

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K.R.

THAN

KI

(BE

Civi

l)

THANK YOU………FOR ANY OTHER INFORMATION CONTECT ME TO

Email : [email protected]

Education

Wind power by K R THANKI