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Refluxul venosRefluxul venos
Alexandru AndritoiuSpitalul Militar Craiova
Anatomia venoasa Anatomia venoasa o noua taxonomieo noua taxonomie
Mozes G, Gloviczki P. New discoveries in anatomy and new terminology of leg veins: clinical implications. Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004; 38:367-74.121
Supra/infrainghinaleSupra/infrageniculare
Jonctiunea S-F Jonctiunea S-F
• Vv pudendale
• V. epigastrica inferioara
• V. iliaca circumflexa
• Vv. safene accesorii
Von Lantz T, Wachsmuth W. Praktische Anatomie, Springer, Berlin, 1959, I
Jonctiunea S-PJonctiunea S-P
Hemodinamica venoasaHemodinamica venoasa
• Aprox. 75% din sangele circulant este distribuit prin sistemul venos
• Intelegerea mecanismelor prin care sangele venos se intoarce spre inima este cruciala in intelegerea fiziologiei sistemului vascular venos
Fiziologia fluxului venosFiziologia fluxului venosIntoarcenea venoasa este guvernata
de• Presiunea arteriala• Pompa musculo-venoasa• Gravitatia• Pompa toraco-abdominala• Valvele venoase (pompa valvo-
musculara)
Distributia anatomica a sistemului Distributia anatomica a sistemului venosvenos
1. Tegument2. Fascia superficiala3. Fascia musculara4. Compartimentul profund5. Compartimentul v. safene (interfascial)6. Compartimentul subcutanat (vv colaterale sau tributare)
R (N) 3- colateraleR (N) 2- vv safene- GiacominiR (N) 1- vv profunde
Directia fluxului normalDirectia fluxului normal(curgere ierarhica)(curgere ierarhica)
R 3R 3 R 2R 2 R1R1
perforantetributare(comunicante)
Directia fluxului Directia fluxului incompetentincompetent
R 3R 3 R 2R 2 R1R1
perforantetributare(comunicante)
Fluxul normal vs Fluxul normal vs IncompetentIncompetent
Fluxul venos normalDirectie cefalicaDinspre superficial spre profund
Fluxul venos incompetentDirectie retrogradaDinspre profund spre superficial
Fiziologia IVCFiziologia IVC
• Afectarea pompei musculare • Obstructie Venoasa• Incompetenta valvulara1. Incompetenta perforantelor2. Incompetenta vv superficiale (safene)3. Incompetenta vv profunde
John BERGAN, MDThe Vein Institute of La JollaDepartment of SurgeryUCSD School of Medicine La Jolla, CA, USA
MEDICOGRAPHIA, VOL 30, No. 2, 2008
Tipuri de valve venoaseTipuri de valve venoase
A). unicuspid B) bicuspid C) tricuspid D) quaricuspid
Classification of valvular lesions• Functional valve lesions (type I)• Traumatic organic valve lesions (type II)• Inflammatory organic lesions (type III)• Valvular vestiges (type IV)
Functionarea normala Functionarea normala vs anormala a valvelor vs anormala a valvelor
venoase venoase
Despre reflux…Despre reflux…
• Refluxul in vv superficiale (safene si tributare)–cea mai frecventa anomalie fiziologica la pacientii cu CVD.
• Flux retrograd-axial/segmentar-multilevel/multisystem-spontan/provocat-descendent/ascendent
Metode de diagnostic non-invaziv Metode de diagnostic non-invaziv in evaluare RVin evaluare RV
1. Fotopletismografia2. Pletismografia cu aer3. Flebografia descendenta4. Duplex scan5. B-flow6. CEUS (in studiu)
Saliba O et al. J Vasc Bras. 2007;6(3):266-75.
Testele sunt complementare
Teste de stress efectuate Teste de stress efectuate ptr evidentierea RVptr evidentierea RV
• Manevra Valsalva (activeaza pompa toraco-abdominal)-variante
• Augmentatia manuala distala• Augmentatia distala cu pompa de presiune
automata (automatic pressure cuff)• Activarea pompei musculare gambiere prin
flexie plantara • Manevra Parana
Pozitia pacientului ptr Pozitia pacientului ptr evaluarea RVevaluarea RV
• Verticala (standing)• Reverse-Trendelemburg (RT)• Decubit dorsal (No!-doar ptr diagn.
trombozei)
Pozitia pacientului in timpul Pozitia pacientului in timpul examinarii sistemului venos examinarii sistemului venos
superficial superficial
(A) Examinarea VSM (B) Examinarea VSm
Augmentation/Compresie Augmentation/Compresie distaladistala
Neil M. Khilnani, Robert J. Min. Seminars in Interv Radiology, 2005;(22):3
VenaPulse Hands-Free Augmentation Device
Cuff measurements were more accurate in diagnosing deep venous reflux than manual
measurements, and more reproducible
Vena competenta vs incompetenta Vena competenta vs incompetenta
A) v. competenta B) V. incompetenta
Duplex sampling sitesDuplex sampling sites
• The patient below demonstrates primary varicose veins in the GSV territory with several tributaries.
• Arrows indicate the few locations which need to be tested.
Necas M. AJUM 2010; 13 (4): 37–45
Diagrama refluxuluiDiagrama refluxului
Mapping venos superficial
J Vasc Surg 2005;41:645-51
RV in VSm (pattern-uri)RV in VSm (pattern-uri)
Engelhorn C et al. J Vasc Surg 2005;41:645-51
RV in VSmRV in VSm
Forma anvelopei RVForma anvelopei RV
Gradele duratei RV si Gradele duratei RV si Peak Reverse Flow VelocityPeak Reverse Flow Velocity
Danielson G et al. J Vasc Surg 2003;38:1336-41
Peak reverse flow velocity seems to reflect venous malfunction more appropriately
590 mm. infer.590 mm. infer. 326F-CEAP 2 326F-CEAP 2
Reflux detectat in 80%• 17% reflux in VSM si VSm, • 60% reflux numai in VSM, • 3% reflux numai in VSm, Prevalenta totala:- 77% in VSM - 20% in VSm
Engelhorn C et al. J Vasc Surg 2005;41:645-51
Unde incepe RV? (escape Unde incepe RV? (escape points)points)
• RV poate apare in oricare dintre vv superficiale sau profunde la pacienti asimptomatici sau cu varice proieminente
• infra-supragenicular • RV local sau multifocal • RV axial sau segmentar
Labropoulos N et al. J Vasc Surg 1997;26:736-42.)
Sursele refluxuluiSursele refluxului
Diametrul v safene scde distal de o tribura incompetenta
(urmareste prezenta v. safene in compartiment)
Axial ultrasound image of great saphenous vein Axial ultrasound image of great saphenous vein ((asterisk)asterisk) in saphenous compartment and adjacent in saphenous compartment and adjacent
tributary (tributary (arrowheadarrowhead) superficial to saphenous ) superficial to saphenous compartmentcompartment
KhilnaniN M. AJR 2014; 202:633–642
Variabilitatea undelor de Variabilitatea undelor de refluxreflux
Progresia refluxuluiProgresia refluxului
Efectul temporal Efectul temporal asupra refluxuluiasupra refluxului
• Tarrant G, Clark, J et al. Differences in Venous Function of the Lower Limb by Time of Day: A Comparison of Chronic Venous Insufficiency Between and Afternoon and Morning Appointment by Duplex Ultrasound. J.Vasc. Ultrasound 2008;32(4):187-192.
• Zamboni, P, Cisno, C et al. Reflux Elimination without and Ablation of Disconnection of the Saphenous Vein. A Haemodynamic Model for Venous Surgery: Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2001; 21: 261-369
• Meissner,M, Moneta, G,et al. The hemodynamics and diagnosis of venous Disease. J Vasc Surg 2007; 46:4S-24S
INVEST STUDY: Reports should include time of day, patient position and reflux provoking maneuver used
J Vasc Surg 2012;55:437-45
• Standardization of duplex ultrasound detection of venous reflux can improve reliability.
• Reports should be standardized to include information on the time of the test, the position of the patient, and the provoking maneuver used.
• The repeated scans can be performed in the same settings, improving reliability.
• Adopting a uniform criterion of 0.5 second for pathologic reflux can significantly improve the reliability of reflux measurement and interpretation.
RV primar superficial asociat cu RV primar superficial asociat cu trunchi safen competent trunchi safen competent
Labropulous N. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1999 (18): 201–206
Originea refluxului inaltOriginea refluxului inalt
• JSF• Tributare ale JSF• VSAA• Originea pelvina• Vv varicoase supra-pubiene• Ileo-femurale
RV Profund vs SuperficialRV Profund vs Superficial
A) Single system/multilevel reflux (only superficial)B) Multisystem/multilevel reflux (deep and superficial)
Neglen P.et al. J Vasc Surg 2004;40:303-310
Semnificatia RV profundSemnificatia RV profund
• Localizarea si gradul RV sunte elemente cruciale in stabilirea managementului clinic al pts. cu CVI.
• Refluxul in sistemul venos profund joaca un rol major in progresia IVC spre ulcer venos.
• Refluxul venos in sistemul profund se asociaza stadiilor avansate CEAP si Sdr post-trombotic.
Welch H et al. J Vase Surg 1996;24:755-62
Refluxul profund (axial) Refluxul profund (axial) un important contributor la aparitia un important contributor la aparitia
tulburarilot trofice cutanate (ulcer) in tulburarilot trofice cutanate (ulcer) in IVCIVC
• Continuous axial deep venous reflux is a major contributor to increased prevalence of skin changes or ulcer in patients with chronic venous disease compared with segmental deep venous reflux above or below the knee only.
• The total peak reverse flow velocity score is significantly higher in patients with skin changes or ulcer.
Danielson G et al. J Vasc Surg 2003;38:1336-41
RV in venele perforanteRV in venele perforante
• Refluxul in VvP apare numai in prezenta unor vv superficiale incomptenete care actioneaza ca un capacitor pentru refluxul provenit din perforante.
• VV P incompetemnte au calibru marit peste 3,5 mm ca o consecinta a cresterii presiunii venoase hidrostatice.
• Fluxul este bidirectional • Prevalenta VvP insuficiente creste odata cu agravarea
clinica a CVD (CEAP 4-6)-2/3 pts
Labropoulos N et al. J Vasc Surg 2006;43:558-62
Locatia VV perforanteLocatia VV perforante
V. perforanta cu refluxV. perforanta cu reflux
Chander RK, Monahan TS. Journal of Vascular Diagnostics 2015:3;25-31
Progresia RVProgresia RV
• Aprox. 1/3 dintre pts cu RV au o evolutie progresiva a CVD–evaluare dupa 6 Mo.
• Pts. supusi unui tratament venos trebuie reevaluati prin CDUS exam.
Labropoulos N et al. J Vasc Surg 2005;41: 291-5
Cauzele de recurenta a varicelor
Refluxul in vv pelviene (ovariene, iliace interne) • 25-30% dintre femeile care au nascut• frecv. neinvestigat inainte de interventie (CDUS TV)
Tratament suboptimal • Reflux in JSF, Vv. Perforante, vv tributare, vv. accesorii • Neovascularizatie in aria tratata
• Refluxul venos rezidual dupa ablatia v. safene nu se asociaza cu riscul de recurenta a ulcerului venos
Whiteley A et al. J Vasc Surg: Venous and Lum Dis 2014;2:411-5.
Kulkarni S et al. Eur J Endovasc Surg 2007;34,107-111
Stonebridge et al. Br J Surg 1995
RV si relatia cu ulcerul RV si relatia cu ulcerul venosvenos
• Ulcerul venos se asociaza mai frecvent cu• refluxul in vv infrageniculare decat
suprageniculare• refluxul multisistemic/multilevel• refluxul in sistemul profund si vv
perforante (sdr post-trombotic)• v. perforanta dilatata si incompetenta
adiacenta ulcerului
Vascular Health and Risk Management 2012:8 59–64
Venous segmental disease score (Based on venous segmental involvement with
reflux)
Rutherford RB, Padberg FT Jr, Comerota AJ, Kistner RL, Meissner MH, Moneta GL. Venous severity scoring: an adjunct to venous outcome assessment. J Vasc Surg 2000;31:1307-12.
• Varicose Vein AblativeProcedures: Thermal ablation, stripping, ligation and excision of the great saphenous vein and small saphenous veins are considered reconstructive and medically necessary when ALL of the following criteria are present (1, 2, 3 and 4): 1. Junctional Refluxa. Ablative therapy for the great or small saphenous veins will be considered reconstructive and therefore medically necessary only
if junctional reflux is demonstrated in these veins;b. Ablative therapy for accessory veins will be considered reconstructive and medically necessary only if anatomically related
persistent junctional reflux is demonstrated after the great or small saphenous veins have been removed or ablated. 2. Member must have one of the following functional impairments: a. Skin ulceration; or b. Documented episode(s) of frank bleeding of the varicose vein due to erosion of/or trauma to the skin; or c. Documented superficial thrombophlebitis or documented venous stasis dermatitis; or d. Moderate to severe pain causing functional/physical impairment. Venous Size:The great saphenous vein must be 5.5 mm or greater when measured at the proximal thigh immediately below the saphenofemoral
junction via duplex ultrasonography b. The small saphenous vein or accessory veins must measure 5 mm or greater in diameter immediately below the appropriate
junction. 4. Duration of reflux, in the standing or reverse Trendelenburg position that meets the following parameters: a. Greater than or equal to 500 milliseconds (ms) for the great saphenous, small saphenous or principle tributaries b. Perforating veins > 350 ms c. Some duplex ultrasound readings will describe this as moderate to severe reflux which will be acceptable.
Duplex US in ghidajul ablatiei Duplex US in ghidajul ablatiei termice a Vv Safene (RFA/EVLA)termice a Vv Safene (RFA/EVLA)
• CDUS-identificarea accesului venos la cel mai decliv nivel de reflux evidentiat in trunchiul safen incompetent.
• Cel mai frecvent, RV al VSM apare in regiunea subinghinala si coboara spre gamba unde fuge spre o tributara din care rezulta segmentul varicos. In acest caz, accesul venos este stabilit la locul abusarii tributarei.
Echipa Sp. Clinic Militar CraiovaDr Silosi CristianDr Alexandru AndritoiuAblatia prin RF a vv safene
The Hemodynamic The Hemodynamic MappingMapping
CHIVA method- identification of Shunts in order to plan their disconnection
Shunturile veno-venoaseShunturile veno-venoaseCircuite venoase anormale intre diferitele compartimente • profund-superfical• safene –tributare
• Shunt inchis• Shunt deschis• Shunt vicarios• Shunt sistolic/diastolic/sistolo-diastolic
• Puncte de scapare• Puncte de reintrare (P)
Shunt tip 1 (30%)Shunt tip 1 (30%)
• RV incepe la JSF avand reintrare printr-o v. perforanta care leaga teritoriul safen de sistemul profund.
• O v. tributara cu reflux poate fi adesea descoperita
• v. perforanta este situata distal de originea tributarei.
• Caracteristic, diametrul v. safene scade sub originea tributarei incompetente in timp ce refluxul persista pana la locul de reintrare.
Shunt tip 3 (60%)Shunt tip 3 (60%)
• RV incepe la JSF si progreseaza spre o v. tributara avand punctul de reintrare in sistemul venos profund via v. perforanta in vena tributara.
• In acest caz, lipseste refluxul distal de v. tributara incompetenta.
90% dintre pts prezinta tipul 1 si 3 de shunt veno-venos
Diferentierea Diferentierea Shunt-ului tip 1 vs 3Shunt-ului tip 1 vs 3
ConcluziiConcluziiDuplex scan venos:• evaluare anatomica• evaluare hemodinamica• mapping venos superficial si profund• RV o componenta cruciala in
stabilirea managementului terapeutic al pts. cu CVD
• RV multilevel/multisystem asociat std. 4-6 CEAP