LESSON 4 – Disorders of Circulatory System Definition of Wound: A wound is an abnormal break in the skin or other

body tissues that can cause infection.Types of Wound: (1) Gunshot 枪伤 (2) Incised 割伤 (3) Laceration 抓伤 / 撕裂 (4) Abrasion 烧伤 / 擦伤 (5) Contusion 内出血 / 黑青 (6) Puncture 刺伤

When there is a foreign body in a wound, use a ring pad.I. Press edges of wound together(until bleeding stops, DO

NOT REMOVE THE FOREIGN OBJECT) – Place ring pad over gauze encircling foreign body – Bandage the ring pad firmly(Avoid foreign body).

Pressure Points: Carotid Brachial Femoral Radial

The Causes of Internal Bleeding: Broken bone 骨折 Blow 被打 (Contusion) Bullet （子弹）伤 （ Gunshot) Stab wound 刺伤 Certain medical condition 某种药物

Sign and Symptoms of Severe Blood Loss Face and lips become pale. Cold and clammy skin. Rapid pulse rate, weaker strength.Casualty becomes thirsty. Casualty may gasp for air.

Definition of Shock Shock is a condition producing an insufficient supply of blood to the brain and other vital organs.

Types of shock: Cardiogenic Shock 心因性休克 Hypovolemic Shock 低血容量性休克 Anaphylactic Shock 过敏性休克 Neurogenic Shock 神经性休克 Psycogenic Shock 精神性休克 Septic Shock 败血性 / 感染性休克

The Functions of Dressing • Control bleeding• Prevent infection• Absorb discharge• Avoid further injury

Types of dressings Adhesive dressings 粘性 Non-adhesive dressings 无粘性Blood Volume• 0.3-0.5 L• 3-3.3 L• 6-6.6 L

LESSON 5 – Dressings and Bandages 敷料与包扎

The Functions of a Bandage: To maintain direct pressure over a dressing to control bleeding. To retain dressings and splints in position.To prevent swelling. To provide support for a limb or joint. To restrict movement.To assist in lifting and carry casualty.

Sign and symptom indicate that a bandage is too tight• Blue tinge of the finger or toe nails.• Pallor of the extremities.• Tingling or loss of sensation.• Coldness of the extremities.• Inability to move the fingers or toes.

Types of bandageo Arm sling o Elevation sling(St. John sling)o Foot bandageo Hand bandage(Palm, Fist)o Head bandage o Ring pad

LESSON 6 –Respiratory System 人体呼吸系统Heartbeat• 60-80/min – Adults• 80-100/min – Child•100-120/min – Infant

Breathing Rate• 12-18/min – Adults•18-24/min – Child•24-30/min – Infant

Gas 气体 Inhale 吸气 (Inspiration)

Exhale 呼气 (Expiration)

Oxygen 21% 16%

Carbon dioxide

0.03% 4%

Nitrogen 78% 78%

LESSON 7 – Respiratory System Disorder 人体系统受损 Causes of Asphyxia o Obstructiono Suffocation o Fluids, gas or smoke in the air passageso Compression of the windpipe o Compression of the chest o Continuous fit 抽搐

Sign and Symptoms of ASPHYXIAoBreathing : Rapid--noisy with frothing—stopo Congestion: Flushing and cyanosis of the head, neck, lipso Consciousness: Gradually lost (Difficulty in speaking)

Management of ASPHYXIA Remove the casualty from the cause Ensure open airway If not breathing, start artificial ventilation (Artificial ventilator is a

device that replace the function of inspiratory muscles, providing necessary energy to ensure the flow of gas into the alveoli during inspiration.

Breathing restored– Recovery position

LESSON 8 – CPR 心肺复苏术Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

CPR ChainEarly Access– Early CPR– Early Defibrillation – Early Advanced Care

CPR 流程o Dangero Respond o Shout for helpo Airway o Breathingo Circulation o Defibrillation

Depth of ECC Hand Use Breathing Rate Heartbeat Blood Volume

Infant 0.5-1 inch 2 fingers 24-30/min 100-120/min 0.3-0.5L

Children 1-1.5 inch I hand 18-24/min 80-100/min 3-3.3L

Adult 1.5-2 inch 2 hands 12-18/min 60-80/min 6-6.6L

Common Causes of Sudden Death 1. Ventricular fibrillation2. Accidental Electric Shock3. Drowning 4. Drug Overdose 5. Suffocation6. Severe Allergic Reactions7. Trauma 8. Stroke

AED 全名？Ans:………………….

When you may stop CPR?a. The victim recovers.b. An another trained individual takes over.c. When another first aider replace you d. When the ambulance arrivede. When you have AED at the time f. When you have already done six times of the 5 cycles

CPR

LESSON 9 – Injuries to Bone/ Soft Tissue 骨骼及关节受损Definition of Fractureo Fracture is a break and crack in the bone.

Types of fractureo Closed or simple fracture o Open or compound fracture

Sign and Symptom of fracture o Difficulty in moving a limbo Pain near the injuryo Tenderness over a bone o Swelling, bruising, distortiono Sign of SHOCK: if the fracture is to the thigh bone, rib cage

or pelvis

Types of bandageArm slingElevation sling (St John sling)Foot bandageHand bandage (Palm)Hand bandage (Fist)Head bandage Ring pad

LESSON 10-Nervous System 人体神经系统• The purposes of the nervous system Control movement Control the functions of the body Control the levels of responsiveness\

• Definition of unconscious: Unconscious is the result of an interruption of the normal activity of the brain, the casualty may not be aware of its surrounding.

• Causes of unconscious

Fainting Infantile convulsions Shock Head injuries

Stroke Heart attack Asphyxia Poisoning Epilepsy Diabetic emergency ( hypoglycaemia)

• The levels of responsivenessAlert (Eyes, movement)Voice (Speech)Pain Unresponsive

• Sign and symptom of fainting 1. May be some warning before fainting 2. May yawn or sway3. May feel unsteady and become giddy4. becomes pale5. Sweat on face, neck and hands6. consciousness is clouded

• Management Reassure casualty and urge him to breathe deeply Lay him down, lower his head between his knees Loosen tight clothing at neck, chest, waist Sips of water

When to do RECOVERY POSITION? If a person is unconscious but is breathing and has no other life-

threatening conditions.

Why do we need to do RP? Keep the airway clear and open. Ensures that any vomit or fluid won’t cause them to choke.

THE END