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Реакции органических веществ
СаССаС22 НН22ОО Х Х11 HgHg2+2+,H,H22OO ХХ2 2 Х Х33 Х Х4 4
СНСН33СНСН22ОНОН
[H][H] CHCH33COOHCOOH
NaOHNaOH
1)1)CaCCaC22 + 2H + 2H22OO
2)2)CC22HH22 + H + H22OO
3)3)CHCH33CHO + HCHO + H22
4)4)CHCH33CH2OH + CCH2OH + CНН33COOH COOH
5)5)CHCH33COOCCOOC22HH55 + NaOH + NaOH
Ca(OH)2+C2H3
CH3-CHOCH3-CH2-OH
CH3COOC2H5+H2O
CH3COONa+CH3-CH2-OH
Hg2
Pt
этан Хэтан Х11 ХХ22 Х Х33 Х Х44 СНСН33СНОСНО
Pt, t Pt, t KMnOKMnO44, H, H22O 2HBr 2KOH, O 2HBr 2KOH, спирт спирт HgHg2+2+, H, H22OO
1)1)CC22HH66
2)2) CC22HH44+ H+ H22O+ KMnOO+ KMnO44
3)3)CC22HH44(OH)(OH)22+ HBr+ HBr
4)4)CHCH22Br—CHBr—CH22Br + KOH Br + KOH (спирт)(спирт)
5)5)CC22HH22 + H + H22O O
H2+C2H4 (катализатор - Рt)
CH2Br-CH2Br2 4 3C2H4(OH)2+2MnO
2+2KOH2
2
2 C2H2+2KBr+2H2O
CH3-CHOHg2+, H+
этан Хэтан Х11 Х Х22 Х Х33 этилбензол этилбензол
ХХ44
Pt, t HPt, t H22O, HO, H+ + HBr AlClHBr AlCl33
KMnOKMnO44
HH22SOSO44
KMnOKMnO44
HH22SOSO44
1)1)CC22HH66
2)2)CC22HH44 + H + H22O O
3)3)CC22HH55OH + HBr OH + HBr
4)4)CHCH33CHCH22Br + CBr + C66HH66
5)5)5C5C66HH55CHCH22CHCH3 3 + KMnO + KMnO44 + H + H22SOSO44
Pt,tPt,t
HH++,t,t˚,˚,pp
AlClAlCl33, , tt˚̊
H2+C2H4
C2H5OH
CH3-CH2BrC6H5-CH2-CH3+HBr
12 18
5C6H5COOH+5CO2+12MnSO4+6K2SO4+28H2O
HH22 HCl AlCl HCl AlCl33 [O] [O] этанолэтанол CC22HH22 X X11 X X22 X X3 3 XX4 4
этилбензоат этилбензоат
1)1)СС22HH22 + H + H22
2)2)CC22HH44 + HCl + HCl
3)3)CHCH33CHCH22Cl + CCl + C66HH66
4)4) CC66HH55CHCH22CHCH33 + KMnO + KMnO44+ H+ H22SOSO44
5)5)CC66HH55COOHCOOH + CH+ CH33CHCH22OHOH
AlClAlCl33,t,t˚̊
H2+C2H4 (катализатор - Рt)
C2H5ClC6H2+2KBr+2H2O
5 18
5C6H5COOH+5CO2+12MnSO4+6K2SO4+28H2O
C6H5COOC2H5+H2O
CC22HH55Cl XCl X11 X X22 бутадиен-1,3бутадиен-1,3 X X3 3
XX44
KOH,KOH, спирт спирт 2С2Сll22
4NaOH4NaOH
1)1)CC22HH55Cl + KOH Cl + KOH (спирт)(спирт)
2)2)CC22HH4 4 + + HH22O O
3)3) CHCH33CHCH22OH OH
4)4)CHCH22=CH—CH=CH=CH—CH=CH2 2 + Cl+ Cl22
5)5)CHCH22Cl—CHCl—CHCl—CHCl—CHCl—CHCl—CH22Cl + NaOHCl + NaOH
HH++,t,t˚,p˚,p
кат.кат.
С2H4+KCL+H2O
CH3-CH2OH
CH2=CH-CH=CH2+2H2O+H2
CH2Cl-CHCl-CHCL-CH2Cl
CH2OH-CHOH-CHOH-CH2OH+4NACL
2
2
4
ацетат натрия Хацетат натрия Х11 СН СН33ССl Xl X22 X X33
XX44
NaOH, tNaOH, t KMnOKMnO44
HH22SOSO44CC22HH55OHOH
ClCl22 светсветAlClAlCl33
сплавлениесплавление
1)1)CHCH33COONa + NaOHCOONa + NaOH
2)2)CHCH44 + Cl + Cl22
3)3)ССHH33Cl + CCl + C66HH66
4)4) CC66HH55CHCH33 + KMnO + KMnO44 + H + H22SOSO44
5)5)CC66HH55COOH + CHCOOH + CH33CHCH22OHOH
AlClAlCl33
HH++
CH4+Na2CO3
CH3Cl+HCl (на свету)
С6H5-CH3+HCl
5C6H5COOH+6MnSO4+3K2SO4+14H2O
C6H5COOC2H5+CH2O
5 6 9
кат, кат, t HBr KOH CuO, t [Ag(NHt HBr KOH CuO, t [Ag(NH33))22]OH]OHCO + HCO + H22 X X11 X X22 X X11 X X44
HCOONHHCOONH44
1)1)COCO22 + H + H22
2)2)CHCH33OHOH + HBr+ HBr
3)3)CHCH33Br + KOHBr + KOH
4)4)CHCH33OHOH + CuO + CuO
5)5)HCHO + HCHO + [Ag(NH[Ag(NH33))22OH] OH]
кат.кат.
2
CH3OH
CH3Br+H2OCH3OH+KBrHCHO+CU+H2O
HCOONH4+2Ag+H2O+3NH3
CC33HH77CHCH22Cl XCl X11 X X22 X X33 2-хлорбутан2-хлорбутан
XX44
KOH,KOH,спирт спирт HH22O HO H22SOSO4 4 HClHCl
t=180t=180˚̊CCNaNa
1)1)CC33HH77CHCH22Cl + KOH Cl + KOH ((спирт)спирт)
2)2)CHCH22=CH—C=CH—C22HH5 5 + H + H22O O
3)3)CHCH33—CH(OH)—C—CH(OH)—C22HH55
4)4)CHCH33—CH=CH—CH—CH=CH—CH3 3 + HCl + HCl
5)5) CHCH33—CH(Cl)—C—CH(Cl)—C22HH5 5 + Na+ Na
HH22SOSO44,t=180,t=180˚̊CC
CH2=CH-C2H5+KCl
CH3-CH(C2H5)-CH(C2H5)-CH3+2NaCl
CH3-CH(Cl)-C2H5
CH3-CH=CH-CH3+H2OCH3-CH(OH)-C2H5
2 2
KOH,KOH,спиртспирт C Cакт.акт. H H22SOSO4 4 [H][H]
HNOHNO33HClHCl
NHNH22
CC22HH44ClCl22 X X11 X X22 X X33
XX44
1)1)CC22HH44Cl + KOHCl + KOH((спирт)спирт)
2)2) СС22HH22
3)3)CC66HH66 + HNO + HNO33
4)4)CC66HH55NONO22 + H + H22
5)5)CC66HH55NHNH22 + HCl + HCl
HH++
PtPt
C2H2+2CCl+2H2O2
C6H6 (катализатор – актив. уголь)3C6H5NO2+H2O
C6H5NH2+2H2O3
C6H5NH3Cl
2HBr 2KOH,2HBr 2KOH,спиртспирт H H22 KMnO KMnO4 4 2HNO2HNO33
HH22OOCC22HH44(OH)(OH)22 X X11 X X22 X X33 X X44
CHCH22—CH—CH22ONOONO22
ONOONO22
1)1)CC22HH44(OH)(OH)22 + HBr + HBr
2)2)CC22HH44BrBr2 2 + KOH+ KOH((спирт)спирт)
3)3)CC22HH22 + H + H22
4)4)CC22HH44 + H + H22O + KMnOO + KMnO44
5)5) CC22HH44(OH) + HNO(OH) + HNO33
PtPt
2
2
2
23
4
C2H4Br2+2H2O
C2H2+2KBr+2H2OC2H4
3C2H4(OH2)+2MnO2+2KOH
CH2(ONO2)-CH2(ONO2)+2H2O
Реакции неорганических Реакции неорганических веществвеществ
SiOSiO22 Si Ca Si Ca22Si SiHSi SiH44 SiO SiO22 Si Si
1)1)SiOSiO22+ + MgMg
2)2)Si + Si + Ca Ca
3)3)CaCa22Si + Si + HH22SOSO44
4)4)SiHSiH44 + + OO22
5)5)SiOSiO22 + + CC
2
2
2
2
2
2MgO2+SiCa2Si
2CaSO4+SiH4
SiO2+2H2OSi+2CO
CaCOCaCO33 CaO Ca(OH) CaO Ca(OH)22 CaCO CaCO33 Ca(HCO Ca(HCO33))2 2 CaCOCaCO33
1)1)CaCOCaCO33
2)2)CaO + HCaO + H22O O
3)3)Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22 + H + H22COCO33
4)4)CaCOCaCO33 + H + H22OO + CO + CO22
5)5)Ca(HCOCa(HCO33))22
CaO+CO2
Ca(OH)2
CaCO3+2H2O
Ca(HCO3)2
CaCO3+H2O+CO2
P MgP Mg33PP22 PH PH33 P P22OO55 H H33POPO44 Ca Ca33(PO(PO44))22
1)1) Mg+ P Mg+ P
2)2)MgMg33PP22 + HCl + HCl
3)3) PHPH33 + O + O22
4)4)PP22OO55 + H + H22OO
5)5) Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22 + H + H33POPO44
3 2
6
2 4
3
23
Mg3P2
3MgCl2+2PH3
P2O5+3H2O2HPO4
Ca3(PO4)2
NN22 NH NH33 (NH (NH44))22HPOHPO44 NH NH44Cl NHCl NH44NONO33
1)1)NN22 + + HH2 2
2)2) NHNH33 + H + H33POPO44
3)3) (NH(NH44))22HPOHPO44 + + HClHCl
4)4)NHNH44Cl + HNOCl + HNO33
3
2
2
2NH3
(NH4)2HPO4
2NH4Cl+H3PO4
NH4NO3+HCl
NN22 NH NH3 3 NO NONO NO22 HNO HNO3 3 KNOKNO33
1)1) HH22 + N + N22
2)2) NHNH33 + O + O2 2
3)3) NO + ONO + O22
4)4) NONO22 + O + O2 2 + H+ H22O O
5)5)HNOHNO33 + KOH + KOH
3
4 5
2
4 2
2NH3
4NO+6H2O2NO2
4HNO3
KNO3+H2O
S SOS SO22 Na Na22SOSO33 SO SO22 SO SO33 H H22SOSO44
1)1)S + OS + O22
2)2) NaOH + SONaOH + SO22
3)3)NaNa22SOSO33
4)4) SOSO22 + O + O22
5)5)SOSO33 + H + H22OO
2
2
SO2
Na2SO3+H2O
Na2O+SO2
2SO3
H2SO4
Fe FeClFe FeCl2 2 Fe(OH)Fe(OH)22 Fe(OH) Fe(OH)33 Fe Fe22OO3 3 FeFe
1)1)Fe + HClFe + HCl
2)2)FeClFeCl22 + NaOH + NaOH
3)3) Fe(OH)Fe(OH)22 + H + H22O + OO + O22
4)4) Fe(OH)Fe(OH)33
5)5) FeFe22OO33
2
2
4 2
2
2
FeCl2+H2
2NaCl+Fe(OH)2
4Fe(OH)3
Fe2O3+3H2O4Fe+3O2
Al AlClAl AlCl33 Al(OH) Al(OH)33 Al Al22OO3 3 AlAl22(SO(SO44))3 3 Al(OH)Al(OH)33
1)1) Al + Al + HClHCl
2)2)AlClAlCl33 + + NaOHNaOH
3)3) Al(OH)Al(OH)33
4)4)AlAl22OO33 + + HH22SOSO44
5)5)AlAl22(SO(SO44))33 + + NaOHNaOH
2 6
3
2
3
6
2AlCl3+3H2
Al(OH)3+3NaClAl2O3+3H2O Al2(SO4)3+3H2
O 2Al(OH)3+3Na2SO4
Ca CaO Ca(OH)Ca CaO Ca(OH)22 CaCO CaCO33 CaO CaCl CaO CaCl22
1)1) Ca + OCa + O22
2)2)CaO + HCaO + H22OO
3)3)Ca(OH)Ca(OH)2 2 + Na+ Na22COCO33
4)4)CaCOCaCO33
5)5)CaO + CaO + HClHCl
2
2
2CaOCa(OH)2
CaCO3+2NaOHCaO+CO2
CaCl2+H2O
Na NaNa Na22OO22 Na Na22O NaOH NaO NaOH Na22SOSO44
1)1) Na + ONa + O22
2)2)NaNa22OO22 + Na + Na
3)3)NaNa22O + KOHO + KOH
4)4) NaOH + HNaOH + H22SOSO44
22
22
Na2O2
2Na2O2NaOH+K2O
Na2SO4+2H2O