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UNMANNED VESSELS A DISCUSSION TOKYO, OCTOBER 2014 HELEN TUNG ヘレン桐 BARRISTER 法廷弁護

Regulation of Unmanned Vessels

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Presentation on regulation of Unmanned Vessels A discussion on the latest situation with regards to technology. The MUNIN project and research group SARUMS. Where will unmanned vessels take us? What governs unmanned vessels? What potential liabilities may occur?

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Page 1: Regulation of Unmanned Vessels

UNMANNED VESSELSA DISCUSSION

TOKYO, OCTOBER 2014

HELEN TUNG ヘレン桐 BARRISTER 法廷弁護⼠士

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INTRODUCTION 導⼊入

1. What is an unmanned vessel? 無⼈人の容器は何ですか

!2. What developments are there ? 開発のどのような種類がありますか?

!3. What laws govern them? どのような法律が彼らを⽀支配する?

!4. What are the potential scenarios? 潜在的なシナリオは何ですか?

!5. Why does it matter?なぜ重要か

!6. The future? 将来

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What do they have in common? 彼らの共通点は何がありますか?

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Machines and vehicles controlled from a distance ! 距離から制御機械と⾞車両

‘Eliminate or reduce the need for people, and vessels could be radically simplified. Attitudes and ways of working will need to change, but safe operation is possible, particularly for vessels running between two or three fixed points.’ !Oskar Levander, Rolls-Royce VP of Innovation

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2. WHAT DEVELOPMENTS ARE THERE ? 開発のどのような種類がありますか?○ UMS 1 of 22 priority areas

○ European Defence Research & Technology (EDRT) Strategy 戦略 ○ National & International国⽴立&インターナショナル ○ Regulation of unmanned maritime systems 無⼈人海洋システムの規制

!○ Common understanding of minimum safety procedures 最低限の安全⼿手順の共通理解 ○ collision avoidance behaviours 衝突回避⾏行動

!○ Would a UMS control algorithm have the same level of awareness and be able to

treat the situation appropriately? (J.Hoddinott, BMT ISIS)

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2. WHAT DEVELOPMENTS ARE THERE ? 開発のどのような種類がありますか

!○ MUNIN (Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence in

Networks) Safe, sustainable and efficient 安全、持続可能かつ効率的な !

○ Growth in transport volumes and changes in trade patterns 輸送量の成⾧長と貿易パターンの変化 !

- Salvage 救助 Scientific research 科学研究 - Search and Rescue 捜索救助 - Maritime Law Enforcement 海事法施⾏行 - Counter Pollution Operations カウンター汚染オペレーション - Hydrography ⽔水路学

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2. WHAT DEVELOPMENTS ARE THERE ? 開発のどのような種類がありますか

http://www.unmanned-ship.org

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2. WHAT DEVELOPMENTS ARE THERE ? 開発のどのような種類がありますか?European Defence Agency (EDA) 欧州防衛庁 Safety and Regulations for European Unmanned Maritime Systems (SARUMS) programme, Brussels Naval Ship code 海軍船コード !UMS Autonomy Level 1 – Human Operated⼈人間のオペ Level 2 – Human Directed⼈人間のディレク Level 3 – Human Delegated⼈人間の委任 Level 4 – Human Monitored⼈人間は、監視対象 Level 5 – Autonomous⾃自主的な !Marine Autonomous Robotic Systems (MARS) Working Group (UK) マリン⾃自律ロボットシステム(MARS)ワーキンググループ(英国) ! "8

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3. WHAT LAWS GOVERN THEM? どのような法律が彼らを⽀支配する?

○ International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea - COLREGS

海上衝突予防のための国際規則

!International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea- SOLAS

United Nations Convention of Law of the Sea – UNCLOS

Salvage Convention

Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims – LLMC

Convention on Ocean Data Acquisition Systems – ODAS

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships – MARPOL

Standards for Training, Certification and Watch-Keeping - STCW

International Ship Management Code – ISM Code

Regional and National Merchant Shipping Rules "9

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3. WHAT LAWS GOVERN THEM? どのような法律が彼らを⽀支配する

○ International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, COLREGS

海上衝突予防のための国際規則

Autonomous collision avoidance

⾃自律衝突回避

!!

○ Not easily described through mathematical or logical formulas

簡単に数学的または論理的な数式によって記述されていない

!○ if no constraints, then system = ‘intelligent’

制約のない場合には、システム= 'インテリジェント’

! system = full freedom (Waterborne TP)

システム=完全な⾃自由

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3. WHAT LAWS GOVERN THEM? どのような法律が彼らを⽀支配する

• Rule 1(a) Difficult to argue it is not applicable to UMVs

それを主張することは困難ではUMVsには適⽤用されません (Andy Norris)

!• Rule 3(a): ‘vessel’ – it can be used or is capable of being used as means of

transportation on the water

⽔水での輸送の⼿手段として、使⽤用または使⽤用されることが可能であることができる

!• Rule 3(g): vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre

容器は操縦する彼⼥女の能⼒力で制限

!• Rule 5: ‘Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper lookout by sight and

hearing..’

すべての容器はすべての回で視覚と聴覚による適切⾒見張りを維持しなければなら ない.. '

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3. WHAT LAWS GOVERN THEM? どのような法律が彼らを⽀支配する

!Rule 8 Action to Avoid Collision 衝突を回避するためのアクション

!Rule 14 Head on Situation情勢に関するヘッド

!Rule 15 Crossing Situationクロッシング状況

!Rule 16 Action by Give-way Vessel

!Every vessel …[to take] early and substantial action to keep well clear

すべての容器が...早く[取る]実質的な⾏行動はよく明確保つために

(M. Benjamin, J. Curcio, J. Leonard) "12

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4. WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL SCENARIOS? 潜在的なシナリオは何ですか

○ What if UMV causes an accident?

何UMVが事故の原因となる場合はどうなりますか

!○ Accident causing pollution 事故の汚染の原因となる

!○ Civil liability 民事責任

!○ Criminal liability 刑事責任

!○ Owner 所有者

○ Operator 演算⼦子

○ Designer デザイナー

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4. WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL SCENARIOS? 潜在的なシナリオは何ですか

Who has jurisdiction? 誰が管轄権を持って !What law governs? どのような法律が⽀支配する !Who is liable? 誰が責任を負うのですか !

Expectations of seafarers 船員の期待 (Andy Morris) !Insurance 保険 !

National law 国内法令 International law 国際法 Best practice ベストプラクティス International regulation? 国際規制

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5. WHY DOES IT MATTER? なぜ重要か

‘Is it better to have a crew of 20 sailing in a gale in the North Sea, or say five in a control room on shore?’ (Levander)

それが良い北海の強⾵風で20セーリングの乗組員を持っている、あるいは海岸に制御室に5を⾔言ってますか?“

!!Can computers can replace people?

コンピュータが⼈人を置き換えることができますことはできますか?

!!‘..The dangers posed to the environment by unmanned vessels are too easily imagined.’ (David Heindel, ITWF)

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5. WHY DOES IT MATTER? なぜ重要Which candidate? どの候補者 Dry bulker ドライバルカー !- Rather slow むしろ遅い Long distances ⾧長距離 - Only one loading 唯⼀一のロード - Transports cargo that does not require much human

supervision or intervention during voyage多くの⼈人の監督を必要としない貨物

を輸送 または航海中介⼊入

Increase efficiency of ship operation船舶の運航の効率を⾼高める Enhance sustainability of maritime transport 海上輸送の持続可能

性を強化

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5. WHY DOES IT MATTER? なぜ重要

!Sustainable development 持続可能な開発- !3 dimension三次元: !1. Economic 経済の: Efficiency & cost effectiveness 効率&コスト効果 !

2. Ecologic ⽣生態: Environmentally friendly 環境に優しい !3. Social ソーシャル: work safely and family friendliness 安全と家族の友情働く

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5. WHY DOES IT MATTER? なぜ重要かEU Regulation EUの規制

!Technology advancement 技術進歩

!Ship-recycling regulation 船舶リサイクル規制

!International Maritime Organisation 国際海事機関:

Hong Kong’s Convention on Ship recycling 船舶リサイクルに関する⾹香港のコンベンション

!January 1, 2015 sulphur content lower than 0.1 % down from 1% 0.1%未満ダウン1%から硫黄含量 !Rest of the world世界のその他の地域: fuels of 3.5% until 2020 or 2024 !Green Climate Fund raise $100b by 2020 グリーン気候基⾦金は、2020年までに$100Bを調達

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6. THE FUTURE? 将来○ Technology is developing faster than the law テクノロジーは、より速く、法律よりも開発しています !○ Industry demand 産業の需要 !

○ Uncertainty 不確実性 !

○ IMO- International consensus IMO-国際合意 !

○ Governments and shipping industry need time to react and change 政府と海運業界が反応し、変更するには時間が必要 !

○ Coast States preparation沿岸国の準備"19

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  6. THE FUTURE? 将来

古池

蛙⾶飛び込む

⽔水の⾳音

!松尾芭蕉

Matsuo Basho !

An old pond a frog jumps into

the sound of water                        (tr. Jane Reichhold)

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  6. THE FUTURE? 将来!!An old pond a frog jumps into the sound of water                        (tr. Jane Reichhold)

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Old dark sleepy pool…. quick unexpected frog goes plop! Water splash ! (tr. Peter Pauper)

!Pond frog plop ! (tr. James Kirkup)

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Thank you ありがとうございました。

!!!!!

○ http://helentung.blogspot.com

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