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World War II -Pacific Theatre 1

During early part of WWI, Japanese broke every code we

devised. Had plenty of fluent English speakers at their

disposal. They sabotaged messages, sent false messages

and ambushed Allies.

Guadalcanal-first battle code talkers were used.

Commanders using old code complained about excessive

time to encrypt and decrypt messages ( 2-3 hours).

World War II -Pacific Theatre 3

Guadacanal-382nd Platoon, USMC, first battle for CT

“deploying troops without tipping off the enemy was a

challenge” and Japan had “homefield” advantage. Japan

always knew our positions.

Once CT began, we gained ground immediately.

Ingenious Idea 2

1942-Johnston met with Maj Gen Clayton B Vogel, CG or

Amph Corps….he was so impressed, he recommended the

recruitment of 200 code talkers.

3

Two recruiters met with Chee Dodge, Chrmn of the Tribal

Council. He liked the idea and sent word to the tribes by

short wave radio. Response was swift and strong. Some

even lied about their age to be able to serve in the war.

Ingenious Idea 1

Code talkers-young Navajos in WWII

Served in every major battle from 1942-45 “most ingenious

and successful code in military history”.

“played a pivotal role in saving countless lives and hastening

the war’s end”

Ingenious Idea 1

Early 1942, recruited 29 Navajo to be the first CT

They: Conceived code, Excelled at basic training due to

their ruggedness of their tribal upbringing, young

men/boys from 15-35, trained at Camp Elliot and Camp

Pendleton in CA, the code had 200 terms at the start and

eventually grew to 600, they could communicate in 20

seconds what it took code machines 30 mins to do.

World War II-Pacific Theatre 3

By 1941, Japan was invading China anBy 1941, Japan was

invading China and Southeast Asia.US tried to encourage

peaceful negotiation. Japan attacked our Pacific Fleet at its

headquarters, Pearl Harbor, HI on Dec 7, 1941.President

Roosevelt subsequently declared war on Japan. We sent

Marines to fight on Japanese

d Southeast Asia.US tried to encourage peaceful

negotiation. Japan attacked our Pacific Fleet at its

headquarters, Pearl Harbor, HI on Dec 7, 1941.President

Roosevelt subsequently declared war on Japan. We sent

Marines to fight on Japanese

Ingenious Idea 1

Used words in Navajo that resembled their military terms:

Tank turtle chay-da-gahi

Divebomber chickenhawk

Also used Navajo words to represent letters, for ex.

Wo-la-chee=ant=letter A

Navajo POW couldn’t even figure out code…Marine cryptologists couldn’t write or decode it.

Navajos 4

Navajo is the largest reservation in North America. (27,000

sq miles) at four corners.

1300-1600 Navajos came to SW from the NW. Began

raiding Spanish settlers (known by Spanish as Great

Warriors) By 1750, Navajo living in NE Arizona didn’t live in

organized tribes, but as mobile families.

Navajos 4

1848-Americans try to take Navajo lands

1850-60-Fight US for lands…Americans killed and

captured thousands of Navajo and made them take “The

Long Walk”.

1868-Navajo allowed to return to homeland

Language-Navajos 1

No alphabet

Only about 30 outsiders were fluent

Impossible to master w/o early exposure

Ingenious Idea 3

Their upbringing made boot camp easy---hard part was

creation of code (officers worried someone would know

Navajo) later tested on some Navajos and they were

unable to understand.

Ingenious Idea 1

Philip Johnston had solution to code problem. He was son

of a missionary who grew up on Navajo reservation and

was fluent in their difficult language.

He thought it would be

indecipherable. After demonstrating,

he was given permission for Navajo

Code Talker Code Program in 1942.

Navajos 4

Success of code attrib. to fact that Navajo families lived by themselves, remote and not together as a tribe. Kept their language from being known by anyone but themselves.

By end of war:

540 Marine Navajos

420 were Code Talkers

Code Talkers at War 1

Teddy Draper, SR. Iwo Jima, wounded in face and leg by

mortar fire but kept fighting anyway.

Landed with marines on Green Beach and ran thru enemy

fire and back to get lost equip. to fix comm. Lines.

Other Code Talkers 4

Johnston ( a veteran of WWI) “had heard of a WWI battle

in which Choctaw Indians were talking by radio. It

completely fooled the Germans.” It helped the Americans

secure victory.

Post War 1

After war-they were silent heroes who kept code a secret.

1968 the code was declassified

2001 CT finally rec’d recognition.


Once trained-CT to a Marine Unit primary job was to talk

transmitting info on tactics and troop movements, orders

and other battlefield comm. Over phone and radio.

Iwo Jima- Maj Howard Connor(5th Marines) said, “Were it

not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken

Iwo Jima. Connor had 6 talkers-800 message w/o error.

Japanese remained baffled thru war.


After training sent to marine divisions in Pac

Theatre,

Net with skepticism, quickly gained respect. No code ever

written, they were living codes,

Battle of Iwo Jima-coded 800 transmissions perfectly and

was lynchpin this victory.

World War I 5

“Choctaw code talkers were 19 Choctaw Indians from OK who pioneered the used of NA Language as military code” Germans were extremely good at code breaking and US military thought they had broken every code in use.

Col. AW Bloor(142nd Inf in France) saw 2 of his man who were using Choctaw and concocted a plan to use their native language as a code.


Meskwaki---Iowa 27 men (16% of total tribe pop) enlisted

in 1941 in US Army and used their language against the

Germans.

Basque---Capt Frank Carranza got idea of using Basque

code talkers in May 1942 after meeting 60 marines of

Basque ancestry. Wary due to some Basque influence in

China and Philippines, so Basque was only used in HI and

Australia.


8-1-1942---Lts. Aguirre, Bakaicoa and Juanna rec’d Basque

coded messages from San Diego warning Adm. Nimitz of

upcoming Operation Apple, which would remove

Japanese from the Solomon Islands.

There weren’t many Basque speakers, so Navajo became

primary code.

Post War 1

After war-they were silent heroes who kept code a secret.

1968 the code was declassified

2001 CT finally rec’d recognition. 3

Navajo Code Talkers cont’d thru Korean War and ended

toward beginning of Vietnam.(longevity speaks to

effectiveness)


Adolph Hitler knew of code talkers during WWi and sent

several anthrop. To learn native American languages, but

had little luck. Because of this code talkers were not used

much in Europe.

World War I 5

First use: Oct 26, 1918 Bloor ordered a difficult w/d of 2

co of the 2nd battalion from Chufilly to Chardeny. They

used Choctaw to manage the troop movement. “The

enemy’s complete surprise is evidence that it could not

decipher the messages.” (Bloor) “A captured German

officer confirmed that they were completely surprised by

the Indian Language and gained no benefit whatsoever:

from tapping into their conversation. As a result of this

success, Choctaw were p laced in each company to send

and rec. messages by telephone.

One can see that I have these main topics:

• World War I

• World War II Pacific Theater

• Ingenious Idea

• Navajos

• Code Talkers at War

• Other Code Talkers

• After the War

These should be the Basis of our outline:

I. World War IA. German code breakersB. Colonel Bloor discovers Choctaws

1. First Use of Choctawsa. Successful troop removalb. Bloor-complete surprisec. Germans baffled

C. Cherokee1. Battle of the Somme-3oth

Infantry

• World War I 5• “Choctaw code talkers were 19

Choctaw Indians from OK who pioneered the used of NA Language as military code” Germans were extremely good at code breaking and US military thought they had broken every code in use.

• Col. AW Bloor(142nd Inf in France) saw 2 of his man who were using Choctaw and concocted a plan to use their native language as a code.

•

Topic 1: World War I

I. World War IA. German code breakersB. Colonel Bloor discovers

Choctaws1. First Use of Choctaws

a. Successful troop removalb. Bloor-complete surprisec. Germans baffled

C. Cherokee1. Battle of the Somme-3oth Infantry

World War I 5First use: Oct 26, 1918 Bloor ordered a difficult w/d of 2 co of the 2nd battalion from Chufilly to Chardeny. They used Choctaw to manage the troop movement. “The enemy’s complete surprise is evidence that it could not decipher the messages.” (Bloor) “A captured German officer confirmed that they were completely surprised by the Indian Language and gained no benefit whatsoever: from tapping into their conversation. As a result of this success, Choctaw were p laced in each company to send and rec. messages by telephone.

Topic 2: Other Code Talkers

II. Other Code TalkersA. WWII-Hitler attempts code breakB. 30 AnthropologistsC. MeskwakiD. Basque

Other Code Talkers 6Adolph Hitler knew of code talkers during WWi and sent several anthrop. To learn native American languages, but had little luck. Because of this code talkers were not used much in Europe.

Other Code Talkers 6Meskwaki---Iowa 27 men (16% of total tribe pop) enlisted in 1941 in US Army and used their language against the Germans.Basque---Capt Frank Carranza got idea of using Basque code talkers in May 1942 after meeting 60 marines of Basque ancestry. Wary due to some Basque influence in China and Philippines, so Basque was only used in HI and Australia.Other Code Talkers 68-1-1942---Lts. Aguirre, Bakaicoa and Juanna rec’d Basque coded messages from San Diego warning Adm. Nimitz of upcoming Operation Apple, which would remove Japanese from the Solomon Islands.There weren’t many Basque speakers, so Navajo became primary code.

Topic 3: Pacific Theater

III. Pacific Theater

A. Japanese Aggression

1. Invasion in the Pacific

2. Pearl Harbor

3. U.S declares war

B. Campaigns Against Japan

1. American efforts

2. Japan’s code breakers-Guadalcanal

3. What can the U.S. do?

World War II-Pacific Theatre 3

By 1941, Japan was invading China and Southeast Asia.US tried to encourage peaceful negotiation. Japan attacked our Pacific Fleet at its headquarters, Pearl Harbor, HI on Dec 7, 1941.President Roosevelt subsequently declared war on Japan. We sent Marines to fight on Japaneseand Southeast Asia.US tried to encourage peaceful

World War II -Pacific Theatre 1During early part of WWI, Japanese broke every code we devised. Had plenty of fluent English speakers at their disposal. They sabotaged messages, sent false messages and ambushed Allies.

Guadalcanal-first battle code talkers were used. Commanders using old code complained about excessive time to encrypt and decrypt messages ( 2-3 hours).

World War II -Pacific Theatre 3Guadacanal-382nd Platoon, USMC, first battle for CT

“deploying troops without tipping off the enemy was a challenge” and Japan had “home field” advantage. Japan always knew our positions.

Once CT began, we gained ground immediately.

Topic 4: Ingenious Idea

Ingenious Idea 1

Used words in Navajo that resembled their military terms:

Tank turtle chay-da-gahi

Divebomber chickenhawk

Also used Navajo words to represent letters, for ex.

Wo-la-chee=ant=letter A

Navajo POW couldn’t even figure out code…Marine cryptologists couldn’t write or decode it.

Ingenious Idea 1

Philip Johnston had solution to code problem. He was son of a missionary who grew up on Navajo reservation and was fluent in their difficult language.

He thought it would be indecipherable. After demonstrating, he was given permission for Navajo Code Talker Code Program in 1942.

Ingenious Idea 3

Their upbringing made boot camp easy---hard part was creation of code (officers worried someone would know Navajo) later tested on some Navajos and they were unable to understand.

Ingenious Idea 2

1942-Johnston met with Maj Gen Clayton B Vogel, CG or

Amph Corps….he was so impressed, he recommended the

recruitment of 200 code talkers. 3

Two recruiters met with Chee Dodge, Chrmn of the Tribal

Council. He liked the idea and sent word to the tribes by

short wave radio. Response was swift and strong. Some even

lied about their age to be able to serve in the war

Ingenious Idea 1

Early 1942, recruited 29 Navajo to be the first CT

They: Conceived code, Excelled at basic training due to their

ruggedness of their tribal upbringing, young men/boys from

15-35, trained at Camp Elliot and Camp Pendleton in CA, the

code had 200 terms at the start and eventually grew to 600,

they could communicate in 20 seconds what it took code

machines 30 mins to do.

Served in every major battle from 1942-45 “most ingenious

and successful code in military history”.

“played a pivotal role in saving countless lives and hastening

the war’s end”

Topic 4 Outline

IV. Ingenious Idea

A. Philip Johnston

1. Parents were missionaries

2. Fluent in Navajo

3. Presents idea to military

B. Codetalkers in Training

1. Original 29

2. Trained at Camp Elliot

3. Ages 15-35, lied about age

E. The Code

1 Terms

2. Military terms

3. Alphabet “spelling”

4. Unwritten

Topic 5: Navajos

V. NavajosA. Origins of the Navajo1. came from NW to SW2. Raiders-Great Warriors3. Not tribalB. US. Takes their landC. Language

Navajos 4Navajo is the largest reservation in North America. (27,000 sq miles) at four corners.1300-1600 Navajos came to SW from the NW. Began raiding Spanish settlers (known by Spanish as Great Warriors) By 1750, Navajo living in NE Arizona didn’t live in organized tribes, but as mobile families.Navajos 41848-Americans try to take Navajo lands1850-60-Fight US for lands…Americans killed and captured thousands of Navajo and made them take “The Long Walk”.1868-Navajo allowed to return to homelandLanguage-Navajos 1No alphabetOnly about 30 outsiders were fluentImpossible to master w/o early exposure

Topic 6: Codetalkers at WarVI. Codetalkers at War

Code Talkers at War 1After training sent to marine divisions in Pac Theatre,Net with skepticism, quickly gained respect. No code ever written, they were living codes,Battle of Iwo Jima-coded 800 transmissions perfectly and was lynchpin this victory.Code Talkers at War 2Once trained-CT to a Marine Unit primary job was to talk transmitting info on tactics and troop movements, orders and other battlefield comm. Over phone and radio.Iwo Jima- Maj Howard Connor(5th Marines) said, “Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima. Connor had 6 talkers-800 message w/o error. Japanese remained baffled thru war.Code Talkers at War 1Teddy Draper, SR. Iwo Jima, wounded in face and leg by mortar fire but kept fighting anyway.Landed with marines on Green Beach and ran thru enemy fire and back to get lost equip. to fix comm. Lines.

Topic 7: After the War/ Conclusion

VII. After the War Post War 1After war-they were silent heroes who kept code a secret. 1968 the code was declassified2001 CT finally rec’d recognition.Post War 1After war-they were silent heroes who kept code a secret. 1968 the code was declassified2001 CT finally rec’d recognition. Post War 3Navajo Code Talkers cont’d thru Korean War and ended toward beginning of Vietnam.(longevity speaks to effectiveness)

Preliminary Outline

I. World War IA. German code breakersB. Colonel Bloor discovers Choctaws

1. First Use of Choctawsa. Successful troop removalb. Bloor-complete surprisec. Germans baffled

C. Cherokee1. Battle of the Somme-3oth Infantry

II. Other Code TalkersA. WWII-Hitler attempts code breakB. 30 AnthropologistsC. MeskwakiD. Basque

III. Pacific TheaterA. Japanese Aggression

1. Invasion in the Pacific2. Pearl Harbor3. U.S declares war

B. Campaigns Against Japan1. American efforts2. Japan’s code breakers- Guadalcanal3. What can the U.S. do?

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