HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

Section 3: Methods of Observation

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METHODS OF OBSERVATION Testing Method – several types of tests

measure various elements of human behavior such as abilities, interests, and personality

Case-study Method – researchers conduct in-depth investigations of individuals or small groups

Section 3: Methods of Observation

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

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Longitudinal Method – a group of participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time

Cross-Sectional Method – researchers compare the differences and similarities among people in different age groups at a given time

Section 3: Methods of Observation

METHODS OF OBSERVATION (continued)

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

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Naturalistic-Observation Method – researchers observe the behavior of people or animals in their natural habitats

Laboratory-Observation Method – participants are observed in a laboratory setting

Section 3: Methods of Observation

METHODS OF OBSERVATION (continued)

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

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Chapter 2Chapter 2

CORRELATION Correlation measures how closely one thing is

related to another

Section 3: Methods of Observation

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

Examples: Correlations

1. Positive Correlation= one variable increases as the other variable increases

As height goes up, weight goes up.

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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

Examples: Correlations

1. Negative Correlation= one variable increases as the other variable decreases

The older the car, the lower the price.

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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

Section 4 & 5: The Experimental Method &Ethical Issues

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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

1. Preliminary screeningof participants

3. Treatment phase 4. Post-treatmentphase

2. Random assignmentto conditions

Participants areinterviewed bythe researcher,and their baselineanxiety isestablished.

Experimentalgroup

Receivestreatment

Reports on anxiety

Reports on anxietyControl groupDoes not receive the treatment

Example: Testing for Anxiety

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

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Chapter 2Chapter 2

Question: What are the purposes and elements of experiments?

PURPOSES AND ELEMENTS OF EXPERIMENTS Researchers conduct experiments to learn

about cause and effect. Elements of experiments include: independent

and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and the placebo effect.

Section 4: The Experimental Method

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

The Placebo Effect https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_feOG94IAs

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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

Experiments Direct way to test a hypothesis about a

cause-effect relationship between factors Factors are called variables One variable is controlled by the

experimenter Ex, democratic vs. authoritarian classroom

The other is observed and measured Ex, cooperative behavior among students

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

Experimental Variables Independent variable

the controlled factor in an experiment hypothesized to cause an effect on another

variable Dependent variable

the measured facts hypothesized to be affected

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

Experimental Variables

Study predicting that pedestrians will walk faster on hot days versus cold days.

IV: temperature (hot vs. cold) DV: speed of pedestrian walking

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

Try it on your own Identify the Independent & Dependent Variables

Are younger siblings treated better by their parents than older siblings?

IV: Sibling status (younger/older) DV: treatment by parents

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Psychologists also have certain rules and codes they must follow in regards to the protection of the public as well as the protection of their clients.

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ETHICAL ISSUES AND RESEARCH

Protect study participants from harm Maintain the scientific integrity of the study Promote the dignity of the individual Foster human welfare Confidentiality Informed Consent

Section 5: Ethical Issues

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

Ethical Issues in Psychological Research

Right to privacy Animal rights

Is there justification for discomfort or harm a research procedure may produce?

APA publishes ethical guidelinesAmerican Psychological Association (APA)

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

Animal Rights Harlow Monkey Study

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrNBEhzjg8I

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

Ethical Issues How far is too far?

The Milgram Experiment Aim: Milgram (1963) was interested in researching how

far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person. Stanley Milgram was interested in how easily ordinary people could be influenced into committing atrocities for example, Germans in WWII.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8olVHKgIBXc

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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

Ethical Issues https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W147ybOdgpE