שאלות פתורות בכימיה 2

47196

:

" .

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.9 %09 . . 93.9 ytina nortcele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 014.9 ygrene noitazinoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 011.01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 012.01 REPES V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8161 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8171 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911.71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912.71 )( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9181 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0291 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0322 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3332 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5342 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

1

52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7362 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8372 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9382 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3403 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4413 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

1

30.0g

lm5 ro

g

L

30.0g

lm

lm0001

L

03 =g

L

. 3001

m0101 = 13mc1 = lm1 lmg 1 =

3001(

m0101(3)

mc001

m

(3)g1

lm

)g2201 =

" sm043 = V

= ces0063 = ruoh1

(ces0063

rh1

)

043m

s

(s0063

rh1

()mk1

m0001

)4221 =

mk

h

1.1

301 3.0 + 601 4.0

x = N01gol N = x01

3 = 000101gol

2

0 = 101gol

nl = egol

ygol +xgol = )yx(gol

(golx

yygol )x(gol = )

)x(goly = y)x(gol

2.1 5

gk061.17 gk181.17 gk341.17 gk531.17 gk251.17

, 1.17

, . :

1. 02. 4.3017

3. 301 4.5 = 4500.04. 201 1 gid gis1 001 0.001

0.001 gid gis4.001 gid gis3 .001

s301 050.8 4 hmk 201 5.1 = hmk051 2

, , 4

5 .

311.13 = 310.1 0.81 1.21

1.13

.

301 50.1531.6

401 5117.1 =

3 401 17.1

3

3.1

= F2q1qk2r

2c2mN901 99.8 = k

c9101 6.1 = 1qc9101 6.1 = 2q

51

= F2C12q 2c2mN901 99.82)mc001m1 ( 2mc51

= F 2c2mN801 99.8

2c 2)9101 6.1(2m4011 251

1102.11.01:

2

aXz

x .z: ' +p = z

a: 0n + +p = a

.

3

g4201 45066.1 = uma1+pm 0nm uma1

21mc 6

uma21 = )uma(

lom1 3201 220.6 = aN

4

g1 = 3201 220.6 g3201 45066.1 uma1 ) lomg (wm

5.4 n

660.23 = swmg

lomsn sm

)g(sm

(s1wm

lom

g

))lom(sN =

1 g5.4lomg 660.23

lom41.0 = lom341.0 =

mota# sNsmota#aN lom41.0

lomsmota# =

1 3201 220.6 lom41.0lom

smota2201 4.8 =

lom57.0 ?

uAm uAN791769.691 = uAwm uA 97

g

lom

769.691(lomng

lom)g(m = )

g 769.691 lom57.0lom

g051 = 52527.741 =

iN, ?

396.85 = iNwmg

lomg001 = uAm

g05 = iNm

)g(m

(1wm

lom

g

))lom(n =

= uAng001

lomg 796.691lom5.0 =

= iNng05

lomg 396.85lom9.0 =

459.51 = Hwm2 + owm = o2Hwmg

lomg 800.1 2 +

lom50.81 =

g

lom

5

4 n .

nE

= nEB2n

J8101 971.2 = B:

3 = n?

B = 1E 3E = laitiniE lanifE = E(

1

231

21

)=

8

9J8101 739.1 = B

: J8101 169.1 ?

B = J8101 169.1 = E(

1

2n1 )

J8101 269.1B

=1

2n01 269.1 1 1

J81B

=1

2n161.3 = n 099.9 = 2n 1001.0 =

,

5

1. n: . .

2. l: . 0 ,1 ,...1 n: 0 : s 1 : p 2 : d 3 : f

3. lm: , : l ,1l... ,0 ,... ,1+l,l = lm p = 1 = l zp ,yp ,xp ro 1 ,0 ,1 = lm

4. sm: 21 = sm 3 = n

3 = n

2 ,1 ,0 = l

lm l n0 0 31 1 30 1 31 1 32 2 31 2 30 2 31 2 32 2 3

6

3 = n 81 n

n 2n2

6 ' n

s2 ,yp2 ,xp2 , 2zd3

s2 ,yp2 ,xp2 " l n.

7 1. .

2. )( .

3. .

P51

7

E

p3

s3

p2

s2s1

3p32s36p22s22s1 : P

3p32s3]eN[ : P

8 1. .

2.

3

6p32s3]eN[ : 3 P

2p32s3]eN[ : +P

1.8 1.

2.

s p . ?

uC92

8

E

d3 s4

p3 s3

p2

s2s1

s4 d3

d3]rA[ : uC921s401

9 n

1.9

Z

)e eroc#( Z = ffeZ

1. .

2.

ffeZ ) (

2.9 %09 , :

1.

2. ) (

F ,eB,aN

1 = ffeZ3 = n : aN

2 = ffeZ2 = n : eB

7 = ffeZ2 = n : F

aN eB F.eB .

9

3.9 ytina nortcele

A e +A

.

1. ffeZ .

2.

4.9 ygrene noitazinoi

e + +A A

. ffeZ

1.

2.

:

F + +O Fdna Oro

+F + O Fdna O

01 1.

2. REPES V

3.

4. .

1.01 NC

1. : 1+5+4 = 01

2. ,

N C

01

3.

4.

C :..

N..

:

5. ,

C :: N

6.

sdnob# egnidnobnon# eecnelav# = CF1 = 3 2 4 = )C(CF0 = 3 2 5 = )N(CF

1

7.

2.01 REPES V1. ,

2 2. ,

) ( pi

ps

C p p2

ps s2

N p p2

ps s2

ps p

11

3.01 1.

C : C : N

C .

2.

C C H +H+ N

N

42OS

1. 23 = 2 + 42 + 6 : elav

2. S 5

3. 1 = 1 6 6 = )O(CF 2 = 4 0 6 = )S(CF

21

, S d

. O

S 4 .

3ps4 , 4 3 3 2ps 3 ) p d

pi( 43ps

:

) ( ?

. .

OOC3HC

42

31

1 = CF

3 2ps3 p .

021 09 ?

.

11

3OS 2O+ 2OS .

1. .

2. , .

3. . ) 2H2O (

4. .

3OS 2O+ 2OS+ 2OS

1

23OS 2O

2etorwew

2 OSsdnob tnelevoc etirw tndid ewsmota ynamwoh

3OS2 2O+

41

4OP3H O2H+ 01O4P4OP3H4 O2H+ 01O4P4OP3H4 O2H6 + 01O4P

3ONaN+ 4OSbP 4OS2aN+ 2)3ON(bP3ONaN2 + 4OSbP 4OS2aN+ 2)3ON(bP

2OS + 3O2eF 2SeF + 2O 42 2SeF 2O, 3O2eF ?

3O2eFlom# 2SeFm2OS8 + 3O2eF2 2SeF4 + 2O11

eFwm+ swm2 = 2SeFwm

2SeFm = 3O2eFlom#

(1

2SeFwm

)2SeF(lom

g

()2

4

)3O2eF(lom

)2SeF(lom

)g0.42 =

1

779.911)2SeF(lom

g1

2)3O2eF(lom )2SeF(lom

)3O2eF(lom001.0 =

2 2O

)g(2Om )3O2eF(lom#)3O2eF(lom# = )g(2Om

(11

2

)2O(lom

)3O2eF(lom

)2Owm

(g

)2O(lom

) ))3O2eF(lom( 001.0 =

(11

2

)2O(lom

)3O2eF(lom

)899.13

(g

)2O(lom

)g6.71 =

3 ?

g6.14 = g6.71 + g0.42

01g gM gM

2O OgM 2F 2FgM 32.6 , 2FgM?

)2FgM(lom 2FgMm= )2FgM(lom

2FgMm2FgMwm

(glom

32.6 = )203.26

lom001.0 =

, gM ?

51

OgM 2O+ gMOgM2 2O+ gM22O+ 2FgM 2F + OgM

2O+ 2FgM2 2F2 + OgM2)gM( lom# )2FgM( lom#

)2FgM( lom# = )gM( lom#(

2

2

)OgM( lom

)2FgM( lom

)(

2

2

)gM( lom

)OgM( lom

))gM( lom001.0 =

3, 01 .

= %tw)g(gMm

latotm001

)g(gmm )gM(lom#)gM(lom# = )g(gmm

(gMwm

g

lom

)g34.2 =

= %tw3.42

01%3.42 = 001

21 .

5H2C 01H4C .

31 .

O,H,C , %38.85C

H %8.9 O %73.13 ? 001 .

= C)g(38.85

lomg 110.21894.2 = 169.1/898.4 lom898.4 =

= O)g(73.13

lomg 999.511 = 169.1/169.1 lom169.1 =

= Hg08.9

lomg 800.189.4 = 169.1/27.9 lom27.9 =

: 2O01H5C lomg 662.402 .

celomwmpmewm

=lomg 662.402lomg 331.201

2 =

61

4O02H01C ) 2OC + O2H(

2OC + O2H 2O+ 4O02H01C2OC01 + O2H01 2O31 + 4O02H01C

g8.3 g7.8 , .

ON 2ON O2N 3O2N

= Ng8.3

lomg 700.4172.0 72.0 =

72.01 =

= Og7.8

lomg 999.5145.0 45.0 =

72.02 =

2ON

41 : 8H3C

1. 2. 054 2 .

3.

)g(O2H+ )g(2OC )g(2O+ )g(8H3C)g(O2H4 + )g(2OC3 )g(2O5 + )g(8H3C

1 g054 = ))g(8H3C(lom#1.44

lom

glom2.01 =

5 lom2.01 = )2O(lom#1

lom

lom)2O(lom15 =

15 , 15

1 2 g0002 = 2Olom#4999.51

lom

glom5.26 =

)8H3C(lom# = )g(O2Hm4

1

)O2H( lom

lom= g)O2H(wm

g437 = 0.81 4 g4.01 =

= )2O(wm )lom# lom#( = 2Ormg863 = 0.23 )0.15 5.26( =

71

51 : 808

2OC

= %dleiydleiy laer

dleiy yroeht001

)8H3C(lom# = 2OCm3

1

lom

lom= 0.44 3 2.04 = )2OC(wm

= dleiy%g808

%06 = 001 0.44 3 2.04

61

= M1lom1

L1

c

: lm042 g02.4 ? 11O22H21C

)qa(11O22H21C )s(11O22H21C

= )11O22H21C(cglom wm1 )g(m

)puc( V= l

glom 2.2431 g2.4L042.0

1150.0 =lom

LMm1.15 = M1150.0 =

M73.0 )Lm033(?

= snoops#)puc ragus(m

)noops regus(m=puc regusC

(lomL

)lomg ( raguswm )L(pucV ))noops regus(m

=lomg 2.243 L33.0 Llom73.0

g02.4snoops01 =

niV niC = nifV nifC )lom#(nin = )lom#(nifnL33.0 M73.0 = nifV L33.0 M73.0 = nifV M1150.0

M1150.0L83.2 =

L1.2 = niV nifV = ddaV

81

71 1.71

" .

.

.

)s(lCaN)qa(lC + )qa(+aN )l(O2H

)4OS( 2+3lA

23)4OS(2lA )s(3

)s(3)4OS(2lA42OS3 + +3lA2 )l(O2H

:

1. 3ON

)s(3ONgA+ )s(rBaN)qa(3ON+ )qa(+gA+ )qa(rB+ )qa(+aN )l(O2H

) (

)qa(3ON+ )qa(+aN+ )s(rBgA

2.71 )(

aB+ )s(lCH)s(2)HO(+2

)qa(lC + )qa(+2aB+ )l(O2H lO2HaB+ )s(lCH2

)s(2)HO(+2)qa(lC2 + )qa(+2aB+ )l(O2H2 lO2H

:

)s(3lCeF + )s(HOK)qa(lC3 + +3eF + )qa(HO+ )qa(+K lO2H

)qa(lC3 + )qa(+K3 + 3)HO(eF )s(3lCeF + )s(HOK3

)l(4OP3H+ )s(2)HO( aB43OP + )qa(+2aB+ )l(O2H lO2H

)s(2)4OP( 3aB+ )l(O2H6 )l(4OP3H2 + )s(2)HO( aB3

g412.43 2)4OS(2lA 1 .

2)4OS(2lA)qa(2)4OS(3 + )qa(+3lA2 lO2H

= )M(+3lAClAlom 12 wm1 tlasm

+3

tlaslom

L1M2.0 =

42OSC+3lAC =

(3

2

) 42OS(lom)+3lA(lom

)M3.0 =

91

81

6H2C )s(2H+ )s(4H2C qeK=

= qeKrazot zukir

mivigam zukir

1M99.0 = qeK M533.0

M625.0 ? :

1.

2.

3. Q

4. ECI

5.

)g(6H2C )g(2H+ )g(4H2C

= Q]6H2C[

]2H[]4H2C[0 =

,

0 M625.0 M533.0 Ix+ x x CM890.0 = x M824.0 = x 625.0 M732.0 = x M533.0 E

= qeK]6H2C[

]2H[]4H2C[=

Mx

M99.0 = 2M)x 625.0( )x 533.0(= 1

=Mx

= 2x +x625.0 x533.0 625.0 533.0x

99.0 = 671.0 +x168.0 2x71.0 +x9.1 2x99.0 = 0 M890.0 ,M8.1 = 21x

M890.0 = x 890.0 = 6H2C M824.0 = 2H M732.0 = 4H2C

, 4.13 = qeK 02

02 ?

)g(2H+ )g(2OC )g(O2H+ )g(OC

qeK = Vlom = C

02

= qeK]2OC[]2H[

]O2H[]OC[=

)2H(ntotV

totV)2OC(n )OC(ntotv

totv)O2H(n

)g(2H+ )g(2OC )g(O2H+ )g(OC

= OCn IOCm= O2Hn lom417.0 = OCwm

)O2H(m)O2H(wm

lom011.1 =

x+ x+ x x Clom386.0 == lomx lom386.0 = lomx lom724.0 = lomx 011.1 lom130.0 = lomx 417.0 E

= qek2OCn 2Hn= OCn O2Hn

2x

4.13 = )x 011.1( )x 417.0(

0 = 88.42 +x3.75 2x4.03M386.0 ,M02.1 = 21x

M386.0 = x

g967.0 g600.3 2OC

?

n = 2OC(nqe2OC

+2Ocm2OCwm

lom3860.0 + lom386.0 =

O2H(n+ O2Hqen = )

O2HmO2Hwm

lom7240.0 + lom724.0 =

Q

= Q)2H(n )2OC( n= )O2H(n )OC(n

)lom3860.0 + lom386.0( 386.0= )7240.0 + 724.0( 130.0

)386.0( 1.1 386.0qeK = )724.0( 1.1 130.0

1. Q > qeK

2. Q < qeK

3. Q = qeK

M301 72.1 = qeK

003

)g(O2H )l(O2H

12

M301 72.1 = ])g(O2H[ = qeK

0 = Q

= qeK)g(O2HqentotV

totV qeK = )g(O2Hqen

n = )l(O2Hnlaitini= )g(O2Hqen O2H

O2Hnim)O2H(wm

totV qeKdlroweht fo

0 =

0

gk3 L001

n = )l(O2Hnlaitini= )g(O2Hqen O2H

O2Hnim)O2H(wm

g0003 = totV qeKlomg 0.81

lom35.661 = L001 M301 72.1

)g(2H3 + )g(2H2C )g(4HC2

)g(2H3 + )g(OC )g(2H+ )g(4HC012.1 = qeK

2M52

M201 11.1 = qeK )g(O2H2 + )g(OC4 )g(2O3 + )g(2H2C2+ 2H

1

21M0401 1.1 = qeK O2H 2O

= qeK )g(2H6 + )g(OC2 O)g(2H2 + )g(4HC2(2)2M5201 2.1

1 2 1 2

+ )g(2H2C )g(O2H+ )g(OC23

2= qeK)g(2O

(21 )M201 11.1

3

+ 2H33

2= qeK O2H3 2O

(3)1M0401 1.1

22

+ 2H33

2+ )g(2H2C+ )g(2H6 + )g(OC2 +O2H3 )g(O2H+ )g(OC2 +O)g(2H2 + )g(4HC2 + 2O

3

2)g(2O

2H2C + 2H3 4HC2

K = qeK2K 1

12

33K 2

91 1

3HN 3OCH ? qeK 52.01=aKp 47.4 = bKp

OCH+ )qa(3HNHN )qa(3

+OC + 4

23

.aKp

gol = aKp(OCH(aK

)32OC + +O3H )l(O2H+ )qa(3OCH )

HO+ 4+HN O2H+ 3HN ))3HN(bk(gol = bKp

.

OC O2H2 + )qa(3HN+ )qa(3OCH2HN+ )qa(3

+O3H+ )qa(4

+HO+ )qa(

)qa(

O3H+ )qa(HO )l(O2H2+01 = wK = )qa(

41

w1K

= w1K bK aK = qeKbKaKwK

= qeK47.401 52.0101

410101.0 =

? , 0901

.

2 Hp Mm2 HOOClC2HC

Hp gol +O3H HOp gol HO .

M301 4.1 = )HOOClC2HC(aK

32

O3H+ )qa(OOClC2HC )l(O2H+ )qa(HOOClC2HC+)qa(

ECI

0 701 0 M00200.0 Ix+ x+ x Cx+ x+ x 301 2 E

= aK2x

01 4.1 = )x 301 2(M3

?

. ?

]egnahc[

]dica[50.0

. 301 2

= aK2x

01 4.1 = )301 2(301 76.1 = x 301 2 301 4.1 = 2x M3

301 76.150.0 > 301 2

.

= aK2x

01 4.1 = )x 301 2(0 = 601 8.2 x301 4.1 + 2x M3

M301 1.1 ,M301 5.2 = 21x

M301 1.1 .

69.2 = )301 1.1(gol = Hp

3 Hp M1 )s(aN3OCH M1

)qa(3OC2H Hp 1 M 3OC2H?

701 4.4 = )3OC2H(aK ,

42

)s(aN3OCH)qa(+aN+ )qa(3OCH O2H

+O3H+ 3OCH O2H+ 3OC2H

3OCH 3OC2H .

1 1 .

0 701 M1 M1 Ix x x Cx x + 1 x 1 E

Q

= QM1701

M1aK < Q M701 =

x)x + 1(

01 4.4 = x 17

701

x)1(

1x = 701 4.4 =

701 M1 M1 I

x x x C701 +x x + 1 x 1 E

M701 4.3 = x M701 4.4 = x + 701 701 4.4635.6 = )701 4.4(gol = Hp

Hp ECI 0 ) (

0 701 0 M1 Ix x x Cx x x 1 E

2x

01 4.4 = x 1= x 7

401 6.6 = 701 4.4

31.3 )401 6.6(gol = Hp

4 Hp L1 HOOC7H3C M21 501 5.1 = aK

52

1. 20.0 )s(HOaN ) (

2. 20.0 )g(lCH ) ( I

ECI

HOaN)qa(HO+ +aN O2H

HO+ )qa(HOOC7H3C)qa(O2H+ )qa(OO7H3C )qa(

HO

FCI

0 lom20.0 lom5.0 = L1 M5.0 Ilom20.0+ lom20.0 lom20.0 Clom20.0 0 lom84.0 = 20.0 5.0 F

O3H+ )qa(OOC7H3C )l(O2H+ )qa(HOOC7H3C+)qa(

ECI

0 701 20.0 M84.0 Ix+ x+ x Cx x + 20.0 x 84.0 E

Q

= QM20.0 701

84.0aK < 701 1.4 =

= aKx)x + 20.0(

01 5.1 = x 84.05

20.0

= aKx)20.0(

84.0M401 6.3 = x 501 5.1 =

44.3 = )401 6.3(gol = Hp

. Hp

)qa(lC + )qa(+O3H O2H+ lCH 20.0

ECI

01 + lom20.0 0 M21 I20.0 7

x+ x+ x Cx + 20.0 x x 5.0 E

62

= aKx)x + 20.0(

01 5.1 = x 5.0M5

= aKx)20.0(

5.0401 57.3 = x M501 5.1 =

76.1 = )401 57.3 + 20.0(gol = Hp 401 57.3 + 20.0 H.H Hp

.

gol + aKp = Hp

(]A[]AH[

)tini

gol + bKp = HOp

(]+HB[

]B[

)tini

.

< 1.0]A[]HA[

01 H .

.

63

S2gA gA 2O S2H

, ?, " Jk5.595 = H

+ )s(gA1

2+ )g(S2H

1

41 2O

2+ )s(S2gA

1

2)l(O2H

, 5.3 S2gA

.

gA2)+(S 2

)2(H2 + )s(

)+(O 2

)2()g()2(S 2)1+(H2 + )g(2)0(O+ )s(gA4 )l(

,

.

2H 4 = 1H= 2H

5.5954

Jk5.841 =

4 .

. 7

lom5.3 = S2gAlom5.3H2H

lom5.0Jk2401 =

2

6H2C 4H+ 4H2C

Jk7.0141 = 1H O2H2 + 2OC2 2O3 + 4H2CJk4.9113 = 2H O2H6 + 2OC4 2O7 + 6H2C2

Jk6.175 = 3H O2H2 2O+ 2H2

1 1H = rH2

+ 2H1

2Jk731 = 3H

52

)892 1 (

+ )g(2H1

2)l(O2H )g(2O

73

.

8.582 = foHJk

lom

)g(2O )g(2O0 = foH

0

j,f0H jntcaer=j i,f0H insecudorp=i = rH

)g(4OC

8.47 = )g(4HC,f0HJk

lom

5.393 = )g(2OC,f0HJk

lom

8.582 = )l(O2H,f0HJk

lom

)l(O2H2 + )g(2OC )g(2O2 + )g(4HC

Jk3.098 = 4HC,fH O2H,fH2 + 2OCfH = rH

'

J81.4 = lac1

Jk3.098 = rH(

lack1

Jk81.4

)lack8.212 =

62 ] J[ = q .

= Cq

T

[J

oc

]

83

T '.

= SC

m=

q

m T

g4.27 co001 g001 co01

?

944.0 = eFSJgco

81.4 = O2HSJgco

T = feFTO2Hf

O2Hq = eFq0 = O2Hq+ eFq

) iO2HT fT(O2Hm)O2H(S = ) ieFT fT(eFm)eF(S = eFq5.61 = fT

c0

g4851.0 ) (

co45.2 . gJk24.62 = rq

cq = rq

q = olacC T C = qr

T=

g4851.0 gJk24.6245.2

56.1 =Jkco

g312.0 co52.3

' .

Jk56.1 = T C = qcoJk53.5 = co52.3

Jk53.5 = rqg312.0

Jk61.52 =g

72

93

) (e. ) ( e .

.

?

1. \ 2. )

(

:

O2rC + )qa(rB62H41 + )qa(7

+)l(2rB3 + )l(O2H7 + )qa(+3rC2 )qa(

e6 + )l(2rB3 )qa(rB6

.

O2rC2H41 + )qa(7

+e6 + )qa(

)l(O2H7 + )qa(+3rC2

, " tP Tp

rB rB 72O2rC +3rC

82 0E V

0E

e .

04

e2 + +H2 2H : o52 M1.

:

. .

E = llec0E0adona0E adotak

.0EO2rC

27

V033.1 =

V560.1 = 2rB0E

V562.0 = V)560.1 033.1( = llec0E

0E . 0 > llec0E

0 < llec0E .

)s(tP|)qa(+3rC ,)qa(72O2rC||)l(2rB|)qa(rB|)s(tP

, .

.

= llec0Elom V2950.0

)lom(n)qeK(gol

01 = qeKllec0En2950.0

n 6

01 = qeK562.066201 8 = 2950.0

?

E = llecE0 llec

2950.0

nQgol

Q ) ( .

. .

M1.0 = ]+3rC[M4.0 = ] 72O2rC[ M100.0 = ]rB[ 5.4 = Hp

14

O2rC + )qa(rB62H41 + )qa(7

+)l(2rB3 + )l(O2H7 + )qa(+3rC2 )qa(

= Q2]+3rC[

41]+H[] 72O2rC[6]rB[9701 5.2 =

+H Hp qeE > Q . .

2950.0 V562.0 = llecE6

V815.0 = )9701 5.2(gol

.

]+H[ 41

2 .

:

)s(tP|)qa(lC|)g(2lC||)qa(4OlC|)g(2lC|)S(tP

lC + O2H8)0(e41 + )qa(+H61 + 4)2(O)+7(lC2 2

e2 + )g(2lC)qa(lC2

7

)qa(+H61 + 4)2(O)+7(lC2 + )qa(lC41 )g(2lC8 + O2H8 llec0E

V430.0 = llec0EV853.1 = lClc0E

E = llec0E04OlC0E lClc0E = adona0E adotak

E = 4OlC0E0V293.1 = llec0E lClc

. .

= Q] 4OlC[61]+H[41]lC[

2

8]2lC[qeK =

= Q2]1[61]+H[41]1[

8]1[qeK =

24

1 1

01 = qeK = 61]+H[41llec0E901 1.9 = 2950.0

M413.0 = ]+H[

+H M413.0

92 :

M401 0.7 M201 5.2

V5.1 = +2uAuA0E ?

:

e2 + )qa(+2uA )s(uA

:

e2 + )qa(+2uA)s(uA

. .

uA+ )s(NAuATAC+2uA )qa(

TACuA+ )s(

NA+2)qa(

K

= K]ADONA[

]ADOTAC[

, Q . n 2.

E = llecE0 llec

2950.0

20 > Qgol

E = llec0E00 = 5.1 5.1 = adotac0E adona

llecE 0 Qgol

= QM401 0.7M201 5.2

Qgol M401 0.7 = ]+2uA[

M201 5.2 = ]+2uA[ llecE V130.0

34

lA +2lAllecE .

. V5.1?

2950.02x (gol

V5.1 = ) M201 5.201 = x

V5.12M3501 3.5 = M201 5.2 2950.0

) V1(

.

03 :

: .

: :

: . .

44

)4HN(+

)OOC6H5C(

:

. :

. D

8H3C

) ( : .

: ) ? (

: B

CiS

: ) (

E

oC

. )

( A

3HCOC3HC

: : )

( ) (

) ( F

HOOC3HC

: :

54

) ( ) (

C

13 ' .

.

C

A B .

D ) (

E

64