تخطيط وتصميم الدوائر الهيدروليكية النيوماتية

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١٦٠Z١٨٠ ٣١٠ J٤٢٠

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P = AF

אW A =

- ١١ -

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2A = 0.003 m

אאאW

2dπ = 0.003 m2

d = π

003.0.4

d = 0.0618 m

mm8 d = 61.

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- ١٢ -

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Q = A.V אאא2 cm/sאW

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Q = 6.10-5 m3/s W

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- ١٣ -

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- ٤٢ -

א ١E אא

אאאאא

אאWאאW

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D = 5.0105

700045 xx

D = 0.1888 m ≈ 189 mm

אאאאאW

D = 200 mm אא

d = 40 mm

٢E אא

J אאא אאW

P = AF

W A2 = 4

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1.0. 2π m2

A2 = 7,854 . 10-3 m2 א

- ٤٣ -

p = 10 . 7,854

120003- = 1,528 . 106 Pa

p= 15,28 bar

אאW F = p ( A2 –A3 )

W A3 = 4

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A3 = 1,59 . 10-3 m2

א F = 1,528 . 106 (7,854 . 10-3 –1,59 . 10-3 ) N

F = 9571.4 N

V = 2A

א Q = 12 L/min =

60012.0 m3/s = 2.10-4 m3/s

10.854.710.2

V = 0.025m/s

V= 1.5 m/min

V = 1A

- ٤٤ -

10 . 1,59 _10 . 7,85410.2

V = 0.032 m/s

V= 1.9 m/min

J אא אאW

P = p . Q

P = 1,528.106 . 2.10-4 W

P = 305,6 W

٣E אא

pא - أאpW

P = η.A

Q=A . V

P = η.

P = 88,0.10.400

05.0.1000006−

P = 14204545 pa

- ٤٥ -

P = 142,05 Bar

J אאDW אאW

F = p ( A2 –A3 ) . η W

F = p (4. 2Dπ –

4. 2dπ ). η

W D2 =

ηπ ...4p

F + d2

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100000.4π

+ 0.032 = 0.0111 m2

D = 0.105 m

D = 105 mm

٤E אאא

אא٢FאאE אאא(635 mm) x 2 =1270mm

6-2אאא40mm45mm אאW

d = 45mm

אאאא٤٥W D = 63mm

- ٤٦ -

= 14276.5 . 103 pa 310.117.344500

− = P

P = 142.7 bar ٥E אא

J א א

אW Q = n . V

10.9,1210.15

n = 1163 rpm

P = 2 . π . n . T P = 2 . π .

601163 . 1

P = 122 W

J א אאW

- ٤٧ -

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10 . 12,9 . 10 . 140 6-5

T =28.7 Nm

٦E אא אQW

Q = n . V

Q = 600 x 10 cm3/min = 6000 cm3/min

Q = 6 L/min ٧E אא

אא W

T = π2

pT π.2

10.7 . 2 . 81,3 π = 72.97 10-5 m3

V = 0.73 L

0.73 אאא

- ٤٨ -

P = 2 . π . n . T

P = 2 . π . 6010 . 81,3 = 85.1 w

P = 0.085 Kw

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- ٥٤ -

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Cv = 29....

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W AWאאFin2E LWאאאFinE

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4.3אWאא

- ٥٦ -

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א4.3WC = 7.1B = 21.6

א4.4WA = 12.54 IN2

Cv = 29.2.6.211.7.10.57.12

א0.7K

אאאאאW

Cv = QP∆ρ ٣ J٣

ρWאFkg/LE

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א gpm

L/min )E

א psi

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5000 350 )(

3/8 '' 9.5 ) (

4-20 15-76 ) (

3000 207 )(

1/2'' 12.7 ) (

30-80 114-300 ) (

5000 350 )(

3/4'' 19 ) (

35-100 133-379 )(

3000 207 )(

1'' 25.4 )(

80-160 303-606 )(

5000 350 ) (

1-1/4'' 31.8 ) (

80-250 303-948 )(

3000 ٢٠٧ (

- ٥٩ -

٨E אאא

אאאאאFW،אאאאאאאאאE

אאFאE אאאFE אאF،،،،E אא אאא

٤،٦،١٠،١٦،٢٠،٢٢،٢٥،٣٠،٣٢،٤٠،٥٠،٥٢،٦٣،٨٢،١٠٠،١٠٢

אאW 1-1/4 1 3/4 1/2 3/8 1/81-1/2

- ٦٠ -

١ J אאW אא50 mmא300 mmא200 Kg،0.75 s،6 barKא0.7 J אCvא J א

٢ J אאW

א7 inא25 in،10 s،80 PSIGKאאא10 PSIGK

J אCvא J א

- ٦١ -

٦( אא ١ J אאW

אאאאW o א٦אאFE٥}٠ o אאY o אאt=0.75sאx o אFEאא٥٠א٣٠٠

אא٦٠٠٣ o אאxאאא

Kv = 4.8 W

Cv = 0.07 x 4.8 = 0. 33

אCv0. 33K

א1/8'' ٢ J אאW

Cv = 29....

א4.3WC = 6.4B = 28.2

WA = 38.48 IN2

- ٦٢ -

Cv = 29.10.28.26.4.25.38.48

= 0.75

א0.75K

א1/4''

אאאLא

אאאא

א ٢٦٣ אאא אאאאFEאאאא

- ٦٣ -

Wאא אאאאLא

אאאאW J אא J אא J אא J אא J אאא

אאאWאא٩٥٪

אאאאW٦

אאאאW אאאא

אאW אא

אאא

- ٦٤ -

אאאאL

١E א אאאאF

Eאאאא،Kאא،אאאאאאאאK

٢E אא

אW אאאFpositive-displacement pumpsE אאאFnonpositive-displacement pumpsE

אאאאאאא

אאאKאאאא אאאאW

אאא אאא

אאאאW •

- ٦٥ -

אא אאא،א אאאא

٣E א

אאW אא א

J אא

אאאאאKאאאא،אאK

אאאאא،א

אאאnא٤ J١ Q = n . V ٤ J١

- ٦٦ -

QWאFL/minE VWאאFL/revE nWאFr.p.mE

אאא

1200 rpm1800 rpmFא60 HzE1500 rpmFא50 HzE

J אא אאאאאא

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P = T. ω ٤ J٢

PWא[W] TWאא[Nm] ωWאא[rad / s] W= 2π nω

P = T. 2π n ٤ J٣

J אא א،אאאאא

٤ J٤ P= p . Q ٤ J٤

- ٦٧ -

PWא[W] pWא[Pa] QWא[m3/s]

אאאא،אאא،אאηאאK

،אאאאא

ηQp. ٤ J٥

אאא،אא٤ J٦W

P = η.600

.Qp ٤ J٦

PWאFkWE pWאFbarE QWאFL/minE ηWא

א1-4אאאא

- ٦٨ -

א1-4Wאאאאא

J אאאא

א١אא،W

p x Q = T x ω

אאω ω = 2 π n א Q = n V

- ٦٩ -

W p . n . V= T . 2 π n

T = π.2.. Vnp

T = π.2

אאאאאאW

T = ηπ ..2

. Vp ٤ J٧

٤E אא

אאאא،אאW א אא אאאאא אאא،א אאאאcavitation)E אאא א

אאא،א

אאKאאאK אאאFKEאאא

- ٧٠ -

2-4אWא

אאאאאאK

- ٧١ -

١K אא אאאWאאאאאK

אאאאאאK

אאא250א bar

٢K אא אאאא

אאאא،אK

K אאאK

٣K אא

אאאW Jאא JאאK

אאאW o אא o אאאK o אאא o אאאא o א

- ٧٢ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

3-4אWWא

٥E אא אאאא،W

אאא אא ،אאאאאאאאאK

- ٧٣ -

٦E אא אאW

א אאאאא אא

אא٣٥אא QF

אE אאW

Vtank = 3 5 x Q אאאאW

4-4אWא

- ٧٤ -

١E אא אאאאאFKE

א،،אאאאאK

٢E אאא

אאאW

אאאאFpositive-displacement compressorE אאאFturbocompressorE

אאאאאאא

אאאאא

אאאאאW

אאא אאא

אאאאW

• אאא • אאא • אאא

- ٧٥ -

٣E אא אאW

א،אאא،אאא،אאאאK

אאאFpiston compressorEא،אא

אF4 bar15` barEאK אאאFsliding vane compressorEא

אאאאKאא٤אא،א٨א،

100 m3/min

אאאFscrew compressorEא،אאא

J א אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאK

- ٧٦ -

אאאאאאאאאאא

K אאא٢٠٪

٥٠K٪אאאאאאאאא

J א אאאאאאא

אאK ،אא،אאא،אא

٤E אא אאW

א אאאאאאאK

אאאא،אאW

א אאא א

אאאאא

- ٧٧ -

5-4אWאאא

J אאא

אאאאאאאאאאW

Q = A . Tc . s . n ٤ J٨ W TcWא AWאא sWאאא nWאאא

אאאFאE Tc =

operatingatm

PPP + ٤ J٩

- ٧٨ -

J אאא אאאאאאא

Q = 4π D2. Tc. s . n ٤ J١٠

Q = QOUT + QIN

Q = 4π D2 .Tc. s . n +

4π ( D2 - d2). Tc. s . n

Q = [ 4π D2 +

4π ( D2 - d2) ]. Tc. s . n

Q = 4π .[ 2 D2 - d2 ] . Tc . s . n ٤ J١١

אאא 6-4אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאא אאאאאאK

- ٧٩ -

6-4אWאאאא

W אאאW125

אאW80 אW6

אWאא8.5א ٥E אאאא

אאאאאאאאא،אW

אא، אאK

٥٪אאאFEK

- ٨٠ -

W ،٨Kאאאא

٢٠٠א١٠٠٠אאא

אW Vtot = VOUT + VIN

Vtot = 4π D2 .Tc. L +

4π ( D2 - d2). Tc. L

Vtot = 4π .[ 2 D2 - d2 ] . Tc . L

Vtot = 4π .[ 2 . 22 – 0.42 ] . 9 . 10

Vtot = 554 dm3

Qaverage = tnVtot .

Qaverage =

1201.554

Qaverage = 4.6 dm3/sec

אאא٦אאא

strokecycle

sec/6sec/120

n = 20 stroke /cycle

Qaverage = t

nVtot.

Qaverage =

12020.554

Qaverage = 92.4 dm3/sec

- ٨١ -

١K אא אQאא v=4cm3 א

n = 1500 rpmK

٢K אא אאא100א L/min

100 bar

٣K אא אאאאאאאQ=80L/min

p=210 bar J אאאאא J אאאאא J אאאא

٤K אאא

אא10 L/min80 barKא1420א rev/min/rev8 cm3،W

J אא J אא

٥K אא

אאא٥٠אא١٢א١٠٠Kא٦אא١٠

- ٨٢ -

٦K אא אאאאא100 mmא

mm1000 2000 N

- ٨٣ -

٧E א ١K אא

אQאא v=4cm3 אn = 1500 rpmK אQאאא

Q = n . V

Q = 1500 . 4 = 6000 cm3/min

Q = 6 L/min

٢K אא אאא100 =א L /min

Q 100 bar אאא

P = Q x p

P = 100 60

10 3−

x 100 . 105 Watt

P = 16670 Watt = 16,67 Kw

אא16,67 Kwאאא١אאאא

אא20 Kw

٣K אא J אאא

אאאאאW

P = η.600

- ٨٤ -

P = 85,0.600

80.210

P = 32.9 kW

אאא٢}٤

אאא30א kW

J אא אאאW63 cm3

J אא

א،אאW400 L

٤K אאא J אא אאW

Q = n . V

Q = 1420 . 8 cm3 /min

Q = 11360 cm3 / min Q = 11,36 L / min

אאWאאאא η=

36,1110

η= 0.88

η= 88 %

- ٨٥ -

J אא אW

P = p . Q

P = 10 . 60

10 3−

. 80 .105 Watt

P = 13333,3 Watt

P = 13,33 Kw

٥K אא אאאאאW

Q = 4π .[ 2 D2 - d2 ] . Tc . s . n

א Tc Tc =

operatingatm

013.16013.1 +

Tc = 6,9 W

Q = 4π .[ 2 D2 - d2 ] . Tc . s . n

Q = 4π .[ 2 . 52 – 1,22 ] . 6,9 . 10 . 10

Q = 26315,387 cm3/min

Q = 26,3 L/min

Wאאא6-4אאאאאW2.7

10Wאאא Q = 27 L/min

- ٨٦ -

٦K אא אאאאאW

s . Tc .A cm3/s

4π D2

Tc = atm

operatingatm

D s tTcא

4π D2

A = 4π (0.1)2 = 7,85 . 10-3 m2

00785.02800 = 356507 Pa

013.1565.3013.1 + = 4.5

Wא Q =

2 100 . 4,5 . 78,5 = 17662 cm3/s

אאPower matching

אאאא

א ٢٦٣ אא אאאאFE א

- ٨٧ -

Wאא אאאא

אאאאW J אאא J אאא J אאא

אאאWאא٩٥٪

אאאאW٣

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אאW אא

אאא

- ٨٨ -

١E אא אאאאאא

אKאאאFאE،אאא

٢E אFאאE

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،אאאאא،אK

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אאאאאFאאאWE אאאאPV-MF אאאאPF-MV אאאאPV-MV אאאאPF-MF

W PWPump،MWMotor FWFixed،VWVariable

- ٨٩ -

J אאאאא

אאKאא،אאאאאKאאאKא

،אאאאאK אאאאW

אWאאאאאאא

א،אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאKאאאאאאא

1-5Wאאאאאא

- ٩٠ -

אאאאW o א o אאאא o אא

אWאאאא

אאW אאאאא

אאאאאאאFאאE

אאאאא ١٥٪אא

2-5Wאאאאאא

אאאאW

o אאFboostedE o א o אא

- ٩١ -

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Flever controlEאא

J אאאאאFאאE אאאKאאאK

K J אאאאאFאאאE

،אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאא J אאאאא

אאאאאאKאאFאאאאאEא

אאאאאאאאא

- ٩٢ -

א א א א א

٣E אFאאE

אאאאאאא אW

J אאFE

אא،אאאאKאאא

אK אאאאאאא

3-5Wאאאא

- ٩٣ -

J אאFE אאאאא،אאא

FEאאK

4-5Wאאאא

- ٩٤ -

٤E ٩E אא

אאאאאא63 bar

אאאW א٨٠א٣

אא500 rpm אאηvp = 85%

אאηmp = 89%

אאW אא400 rpm

אאηvm = 91% א٩٠א٪ηmm = 90%

- ٩٥ -

א ١K אא

J אא אאW

Qp = n . Vp אאW

Qp = n . V . ηvp W

Qp = 60

500 . 80 . 10-6 . 0,85

Qp = 566 10-6 m3/s

אאWאXאא

Qm = Qp . ηvm

Qm = 566 . 10-6 . 0,91 m3/s

Qm = 515 . 10-6 m3/s W

Qm = n . Vm W

Vm = n

60/40010.515 6−

= 77,25 . 10-6 m3

Vm = 77,25 cm3

- ٩٦ -

J א אאאאW

Pp = p . Q

W Pp = 63 . 105 . 566 10-6 watt

Pp = 3565,8 watt

Pp = 3,56 Kw

אאאW

Pm = Pp . ηvm . ηmm

W Pm = 3565,8 0,91 . 0,90 watt

Pm = 2920,39 watt

Pm = 2,92 Kw

J א אאW

P = 2 . π . n . T

60/4002 2920,39

T = 69.7 N.m

אאאא

אאא ة للتعليم الفني والتدريب المهنيالمؤسسة العام

אאאא

- ٩٧ -

אאWאא

אאW אאאאW

J אאאאאאLא J אאאאאLא

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אאאאW

אאאא

אאW אא

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- ٩٨ -

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אאאLאאאLאאאLאאאאא،אאא

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אאאא

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אא א

- ١٠٠ -

1-6אWאאא

- ١٠١ -

2-6אWאאא

1 m = 3.281 ft 1 L = 0.2642 gallons

- ١٠٢ -

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3-6אWאא

- ١٠٣ -

4-6אWאא

- ١٠٤ -

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5-6אWאאאאא

- ١٠٥ -

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אא אאFconnexionKE

،אאאאאאאאאאW

6-6אWאאא

- ١٠٦ -

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אFdesign factorKEאא٤ A sevice )E

7-6אWאא

- ١٠٧ -

J אא ،אאאא،אאא

אא،אאאאאK אאW

א Flexible hose אFESteel piping( rigid) FESteel tubing ( flexible ) אPlastic tubing

אאאאאאא

אא،אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאFSteel pipingEאאא،א

אאIDאKאאאאW אStandard

אאExtra strong אDouble Extra strong

אאFSteel tubingEאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאא،K

אאODא W18 x 1.5Wא١٨א٥}١

- ١٠٨ -

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אאאאאאK

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א אאאF٥٪אאא٦

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א١٠LE א אאאאא אא

אאאאאאא

- ١٠٩ -

8-6אWאא

א אאאW

P = 7 bar, Q = 10m3/min, L = 200 m, ∆P = 0.1bar

אאאD = 70mm

Wאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאKאאאאK

- ١١٠ -

9-6אWאא

J אא

אאא(Steel piping) Kאאאאא( Plastic piping ) אאFא٦Eא

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- ١١١ -

٤E ١אW

אאאא9.4א mmF (.370 ID 9.4 mm،5.5 m/s

אאאאא4.6א m/sF15 ft/Eאא 45.5 L/sF12 gpmE

אאא19 mm( 3/4" OD )א138 bar( 2000 psi )K

٤אW אאאאאא16m3/minאא

Kא280mאאW٦TF٣E٥אF٥EF

١KEאאא∆P = 0.1barא8bar

- ١١٢ -

א ١אW

א٢}٢א5.5 m/sF18 ft/sEאאאא9.4א mmF (.370 ID

Q = 22.7 L/min

٢אW Wא4.6 m/sF15 ft/Eאאא

45.5א L/sF12 gpmE אאאאא

ID = 14.4 mm ( .569 )

Wאאאאא138 bar( 2000 psi )אserviceB

אאאאאא19 mm) 3/4" ODE אאאאK.083F2.1 mmE.095F2.4 mmE

אאFאאאE

٤אW Wאאאאאאא8-6W

אאW90 mm

- ١١٣ -

Wאאאא9-6W ٦TF90 mmWE6 x 10.5 m = 63 m ٥אאF٥FE90 mmWE5 * 1m = 5 m F١FE90 mmWE32 m

אאאW

63 + 5 + 32 m = 100 m

אאW 280 + 100 m = 380 m

Wאאאאאא380 mא

8-6אW אאW

D = 94 mm

אאאא

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

Wאא אאאLא

אאאאW J אאאאLא J אאאאא

אאאW

אא٩٥٪

אאאאW٣

אאאאW אאאא

אאא

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

אאWאאLא

١ J אא

אא 30000 N70 cm٦،אאאאאא١٠٠

٢ J אא

500א NאאW א5 bar א500א mm אא1.5 s

W J אא J אאא J א J אאאא

٣ J אא

אאאא 2000 NK 300 mm30א8א5א50אKאא

٦Kאא١אK W

J אא J א J א؟א

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

٤ J אאא א 80 kN3 m/sKאא100 bar

אאא

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

١E א ١E אא

J אאW אאאאW

D = ηπP

אη٨٥}٠א

D = 85.010.100

3000045 xx

D = 0.067 m = 67mm

Kאאאאא

אאאη אאאηK

אאאאאאK א

D = 80 mm

J אאאW אאאאאאאKא

אא٧٠א אאאאאאK

L = 800 mm J אאW

אאD = 80 mmאאא

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

אאאאא אאL = 800 mmאאd = 30 mm

אא d = 36 mm

אאאאKאאאאאFאאאEא

F٣L٤EאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאא

،אאאאאאאאאW

Q = A.v

אאא70٧א

V= 770 cm/s

V= 0.1 m/s

A=4π D2

A=4π 0.082 m2

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

A= 0.005 m2

Q = 0.005 x 0.1 m3/s

Q = 0.00005 m3/s W

Q = 30 L/min J אWאאאאאK

P = ηx

8.060030.100

P = 0.62 Kw

J אאW אא3 x 30 L

אאא

Vtank=90 L

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

٢E אא J אא

אאאאW

D = ηπP

אη٥}٠א

D = 5.010.5

50045 xx

m = 00255.0 m

D = 0.050 m = 50 mm

אאאאאW

D = 50 mm

אאא 18 mm =d

J אאאא

א٣}٢אאאא L = 2000 mm

אאאאא٥٠٠

J א אאא4.5،KvאW

Kv = 7.5

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

W Cv = 0.07 * 7.5 = 0. 52

אCv0. 52K

אאא

א 1/4''

J א אאאאאW

s . Tc .A cm3/s

4π D2

Tc = atm

operatingatm

4π D2

A = 4π 52 19.6 cm2

013.15013.1 + = 5.9

5,1 50 . 5,9 . 19,6 = 3854,6 cm3/s

Q = 231 L/min

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

٣E אא J אא

אאאאW

D = ηπP

אη٥}٠א

D = 5.010.6

200045 xx

π m = 00848.0 m

D = 0.092 m = 92 mm

D = 100 mm

d = 30 mm

א Tc =

operatingatm

Tc = 013,1

6013,1 + = 6,9

אא Vtot = VOUT + VIN

Vtot = 4π D2 .Tc. L +

4π ( D2 - d2). Tc. L

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

Vtot = 4π .[ 2 D2 - d2 ] . Tc . L

Vtot = 4π .[ 2 . 12 – 0,32 ] . 6,9 . 3

Vtot = 31 dm3

אאא

Qaverage = 31 x n

Qaverage = 31 x 30 = 930 dm3/min

אWאא

Qaverage = 930 dm3/min * 60 ( minutes) * 8 ( hours) * 5( days) * 50 ( weeks)

Qaverage = 1116 . 105 dm3

J א אאא4.5،KvאW

Kv = 14

W Cv = 0.07 x 14 = 0. 98

אCv0. 98K

אאא

א 1/4''

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

٤E אאא א 80 kN3 m/sKאא100 bar

אאא J אא

אאאאW

D = ηπP

אη٩٥}٠א

D = 95.010.100

8000045 xx

π m = 0701.0 m

D = 0.103 m = 103 mm

D = 100 mm

אאW Q = A2 . V

W A2 = 4

. 2Dπ = 4

1.0. 2π m

A = 7,85 . 10-3

Q = 7,85 . 10-3 . 3 . 10-3 = 23,55 . 10-6 m3/s

Q = 1.4 L/min

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

planning

design

אא displacement step diagram

אאא Hydraulic circuit

א selection

אא Directional Control Valves

אא Pressure Control Valves

אא Flow Control Valves

Safety Valve

א actuator

אא cylinder

Hydraulic motor

אא Hydraulic power unit

א Tank

א resistanceBackling

א cavitation

א torque

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

א starting torque

אא running torque

א stalling torque

א power

אא matching power

אא hydrostatic Transmission

אאא piston compressor

אאא vane compressor

אאא screw compressor

אאא ID

אא OD

א Tube

א Pipe

אא wall thickness

א ٢٦٣ אא

אאאאFE

1. אא،אK

2. Planning and design of hydraulic power systems, hydraulic trainer, volume 3, Rexroth Hydraulics

3. Design Engeneers Handbook, volume 1 hydraulics, Parker Training

4. Industrial Hydraulics Manual, Eaton Training

5. Fluid Power with application, A Esposito, Printice Hall editions

6. Fluid Power Theory and application, A Sullivan, Printice Hall editions

7. Hydraulics and Pneumatics, E.A Parr, Butterworth-Heinmann

8. fluid power systems and circuit design, Russ Henke

9. Hydraulics, basic level, D.Merkle, Festo didactic

10. Pneumatics, basic level, P.Croser, Festo didactic

11. Pneumatic Control an introduction to the principle, W.Depper, Vogel-Verlag

12. Industrial Automation circuit design and component, D.Pessen, Wiley

13. Conception des circuits Hydraulique une approche energetique, R.Labonville

14. Helpful Engineering Information, www.norgren.com/usa/techtips/HelpfulEngineeringInfo.pdf

15. Facts worth knowing about hydraulics,

ttp://www.haave.no/pdf/FactsWorthKnowingAboutHydraulics.pdf

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

א א א١W אאאא ١

١E אאא ٢ ٢E אאאא ٤ ٣E אאאאא ٥ ٤E אאLא ٥ ٥E אאאLא ٦ ٦E א ٧ ٧E א ١٠ ٨E ١١

א٢W אא ١٤ אאא ١٥ ١E אא ١٥ ٢E אא ١٥ ٣E אאא ١٥ ٤E אא ١٧

J א ١٧ J א ١٩ J אאא ٢١ J א ٢١

٥E אא ٢٦ ٦E אאא ٢٦ אא ٣١

١E א ٣١

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

٢E אא ٣١ ٣E א ٣١

J אא ٣٢ J א ٣٢ J א ٣٢ J אא ٣٣

٤E אא ٣٤ J אאאאאLא ٣٤ J אא ٣٥ J אא ٣٧ J ٣٨

א٣W אאא ٤٩ ١E אאא ٥٠ ٢E אא ٥٠

J אאא ٥٠ J אא ٥٠ J אא ٥١

١ J ٥١ ٢ J אCv ٥٣ ٣ J אאאא ٥٧

٣E אאא ٥٨ ٤E ٥٨

א٤W : אאאLא ٦٢

א ٦٣

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

١E א ٦٣ ٢E אא ٦٣ ٣E א ٦٣ J אא ٦٤ J אא ٦٥ J אא ٦٥ J א ٦٦ J אאאא ٦٧ ٤E אא ٦٧ ٥E אא ٧١ ٦E אא ٧٢

אא ٧٣ ١E אא ٧٣

٢E אאא ٧٣

٣E אא ٧٤ J א ٧٤ J א ٧٤ J א ٧٥

٤E אא ٧٥ J אאא ٧٦ J אאא ٧٧ J אאאא ٧٨

٥E ٨٠ א٥W Wאא ٨٦

١E אא ٨٧

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

٢E אFאאE ٨٧ J אאאאא ٨٧ J אאאאא ٩٠ J אאאאא ٩٠ J אאאאא ٩٠

٣E אFאאE ٩١ J אאFE J אאFE

٤E ٩٣

א٦W א ٩٦ ١E ٩٧ ٢E אא ١٠٣

J אאא ٩٧ J אא ١٠٤ J א ١٠٤ J אא ١٠٦

٣E אא ١٠٧ J אאא ١٠٧ J אא ١٠٩ ٤E ١١٠

א ٢٦٣ א

אאאאFE

א٧W ١١٣ ١E א ١١٤ ٢E א ١١٦

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