一、染色质 chromatin 二、染色体 chromosome 三、人类染色体的正常核型 the normal...

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一、染色质 chromatin

二、染色体 chromosome

三、人类染色体的正常核型 the normal human karyotype

四、染色体的多态性 chromosome polymorphism

第二节 遗传的细胞基础Cellular Basis of Inheritance

( 一 ) 染色质的分子结构 chromatin structure

( 二 ) 常染色质和异染色质 euchromatin and heterochromatin

( 三 ) 性染色质 (sex chromatin)

X chromatin

Y chromatin

Chromatin

一、染色质( 1 )

Chromatin

一、染色质( 2 )

1 Chemical components of chromatin: DNA 、 protein 、 a little of RNA

2 Higher levels of chromatin structure:

Four levels of DNA packing

Chromatin

一、染色质( 3 )

30 nm chromatin fiber of packed nucleosomes.

Section of chromosome in an extended form

Chromatid

“Beads-on-a-string” form of chromatin.

Higher levels of chromatin structure: Four levels of DNA packing

Cell

Histones

DNA

Chromatin

一、染色质( 4 )

核小体 /nucleosome

Chromatin

一、染色质( 5 )

DNA

nucleosome

Chromatid

×7

×6

×40

×5

×8400

Chromatin

一、染色质( 6 )

30 nm chromatin fiber of packed nucleosomes.

Section of chromosome in an extended form

染色质 chromatinInterphase。

染色体 chromosomeM phase

Chromatin

一、染色质( 7 )

常染色质 (heterochromatin) 和异染色质 (euchromatin )

euchromatin: active, less compact 。Heteromatin: repressed, concentrated 。

heterochromatin

euchromatin

Chromatin

一、染色质( 8 )

1949 , Barr

Barr body

X body

Chromatin

一、染色质( 9 )

X 染色质 (X chromatin) : female, interphase, 1μm body, heterochromatin

Chromatin

一、染色质( 10)

1961 年, Lyon X 染色体失活假说 (Lyon hypothesis) :①only one of the two X-chromosomes is genetically active in female cells. The inactive X chromosome is silenced by packaging into transcriptionally inactive heterochromatin ②The choice of which X chromosome will be inactivated is random in placental mammals such as mice and humans, but once an X chromosome is inactivated it will remain inactive throughout the lifetime of the cell.

Chromatin

一、染色质( 11)

Dosage compensation effect

剂量补偿效应

Y 染色质 (Y chromatin):

male

interphase

0.3 μm body,

Q-bright region of Y chromosome

Chromatin

一、染色质( 12)

structure;:• 短臂 p• 长臂 q• 着丝粒 centromere

主缢痕 primary constriction

• 端粒 telomere• 次缢痕 secondary

constriction• 随体 satellite

二、染色体 (1)Chromosome

Structure, type and number

Type

二、染色体 (2)Chromosome

Metacentric chromosome: 1/2 -5/8

Submetacentric chromosome: 5/8 – 7/8

Acrocentric chromosome: 7/8 - telomere

( 一 ) 非显带核型Karyotype without band

核型 karyotype

核型分析 karyotype analysis

三、人类染色体的正常核型( 1)The normal human karyotype

type methods

G banding trypsin, Giemsa

Q banding quinacrine mustard QM

R banding NaCl, Giemsa

T banding Heat, Giemsa

C banding NaOH, Giemsa

N banding AgNO3

三、人类染色体的正常核型( 2)The normal human karyotype

Q banding G banding Model of G- and R-banding

染色体显带Q-; G-; R-; C-;

三、人类染色体的正常核型( 3)The normal human karyotype

• 界标 landmark• 区 region• 带 band

1p35

高分辨显带High resolution banding

三、人类染色体的正常核型( 4)The normal human karyotype

karyotype with band

三、人类染色体的正常核型( 5)The normal human karyotype

三、人类染色体的正常核型( 6)The normal human karyotype

Number and structure

男性染色体46, XY

女性染色体46 , XX

四、染色体的多态性( 1 )chromosome polymorphism

FISH

X 染色体 Y 染色体 13 号染色体 18 号染色体 21 号染色体

四、染色体的多态性( 2 )chromosome polymorphism

四、染色体的多态性( 3 )

Detection of tumor

人类细胞遗传学国际命名体制 (ISCN, 1995)(An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature)

p— 短臂 q— 长臂del— 缺失 dup— 重复i— 等臂 inv— 倒位rob— 罗氏易位 t— 易位der— 衍生染色体 ter— 末端

46,XX,t(1;2)(p21;q23)

染色体总数,性染色体组成, 染色体变化染色体号;臂号;区号;带号; (.亚带)

染色体命名

四、染色体的多态性( 4 )chromosome polymorphism

47, XY, +2145, X46, XX, del(6)(p24)47, XXY45, XY, -14, -21, +rob(14;21)(q11;p11)

染色体表达式举例:

四、染色体的多态性( 5 )chromosome polymorphism

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