Actinopterygian Relationships II - umich fishes | Biology

Actinopterygian Relationships II Biology of Fishes

10.2.2012

Group Projects

Exam I (10.9.2012)

Review (Actinopterygian Relationships I)

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Overview

Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

Actinopterygii (ray fins)

- Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish)

- Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes)

-Holostei (gars, bowfins)

-Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)

Actinopterygian Relationships

Neopterygii

Chondrichthyes

Osteichthyes

Sarcopterygii

Actinopterygii

Vertebrates

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Actinopterygian Relationships II

Teleostei (“modern fishes”)

Caudal fin symmetrical – homocercal

Uroneural bones in tail support upper lobe – both lobes

Scales reduced – more flexible body

Mobile premaxilla – suction feeding capabilities

Advanced modes of locomotion and feeding, and therefore success (~24,000 species)

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Sarcopterygii (lobe fins)

Actinopterygii (ray fins)

- Cladistia (bichirs, reedfish)

- Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes)

-Holostei (gars, bowfins)

-Teleostei (teleosts, “modern fishes”)

Actinopterygian Relationships

Neopterygii

Holostei (gars, bowfins)

Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)

- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)

- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)

-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)

Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

-Protacanthopterygii

Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships II Te

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Holostei (gars, bowfins)

Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)

- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)

- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)

-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)

Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

-Protacanthopterygii

Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)

Most “primitive” teleosts (sister group to all other teleosts)

Leptocephalus larvae

Primarily marine

Includes Tarpon, bonefish, ladyfish, morays, freshwater eels, gulper eels, swallower eels

Actinopterygian Relationships

Elopomorpha

Holostei (gars, bowfins)

Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)

- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)

- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)

-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)

Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

-Protacanthopterygii

Neoteleostei

Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

Formerly most “primitive” teleosts

Asia, Australia, North & South America, Africa

Freshwater lakes and rivers; primarily tropical (2 N.American species)

Bony tongues – well-developed teeth on tongue, bite against teeth on roof

Arowana, arapaima, African butterflyfish, mooneyes, knifefishes, elephant fishes, gymnarchids

Actinopterygian Relationships

Osteoglossomorpha

Holostei (gars, bowfins)

Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)

- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)

- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)

-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)

Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

-Protacanthopterygii

Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Clupeomorpha (herrings, shads, sardines, relatives)

Mostly open water (pelagic), schooling, filter feeders

80% marine, large distribution

Important commercial group

Populations exhibit large fluctuations in abundance

Otophysic – special connection between gas bladder and inner ear (increases hearing sensitivity)

Herring, sardines, anchovies, shad, alewife, menhaden, pilchards, sprats

Actinopterygian Relationships

Clupeomorpha

Holostei (gars, bowfins)

Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)

- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)

- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)

-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)

Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

-Protacanthopterygii

Neoteleostei

Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Ostariophysi

64% of all freshwater fishes

Swim bladder divided into two parts – anterior for sound, posterior for buoyancy

Produce and respond to alarm substance

Includes Gonorynchiformes and Otophysi

Actinopterygian Relationships

Otophysi

Weberian apparatus – series of bones transmits vibrations from swim bladder to inner ear; amplifies sound

Cypriniformes (minnows, carps, relatives)

Characiformes (characins, relatives)

Siluriformes (catfishes)

Gymnotiformes (“New World” knife fishes)

Actinopterygian Relationships

Otophysi Cypriniformes

Otophysi Characiformes

Otophysi Siluriformes

Otophysi Gymnotiformes

Holostei (gars, bowfins)

Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)

- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)

- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)

-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)

Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

-Protacanthopterygii

Neoteleostei

Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships II

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Actinopterygian Relationships II

Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

95% of all teleosts

Stegural bones – uroneural with ossified outgrowth

Protacanthopterygii

Salmoniformes (salmon, trout, coregonids)

Osmeriformes (smelt, galaxiids, salamanderfish)

Esociformes (pikes, pickerels, mudminnows)

Neoteleosts

Actinopterygian Relationships

Protacanthopterygii Salmoniformes & Osmeriformes

Protacanthopterygii Esociformes

Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

Protacanthopterygii

Neoteleosts

Rostral cartilage – lies between skull and upper jaws

Retractor dorsalis – connects vertebral column to pharyngeal jaws

Trend of pelvics moving forward and pectorals upward

Stenopterygii, Aulopiformes, Scopelomorpha

Primarily deep-sea marine fishes

Actinopterygian Relationships

Holostei (gars, bowfins)

Teleostei (teleosts “modern fishes”)

- Elopomorpha (eels, tarpons, relatives)

- Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

-Clupeomorpha (herrings, shad, relatives)

-Ostariophysi (minnows, catfishes, characins, relatives)

Euteleostei (“true teleosts”)

-Protacanthopterygii

Neoteleostei

Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Acanthomorpha

Spiny-rayed teleosts

Spines in dorsal and anal fins

Lampridioformes

Opahs and oarfish (up to 55 feet)

marine

Paracanthopterygii

Actinopterygian Relationships

Acanthomorpha

Spiny-rayed teleosts

Spines in dorsal and anal fins

Lampridioformes

Opahs and oarfish (up to 55 feet)

marine

Paracanthopterygii

Actinopterygian Relationships

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Paracanthopterygii

Mostly benthic marine fishes

20 freshwater species

Cods, cavefishes, anglerfishes

Actinopterygian Relationships

Neoteleostei

Acanthomorpha (teleosts “modern fishes”)

- Paracanthopterygii (cods, anglers, cavefishes)

- Acanthopterygii

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Acanthomorpha

Actinopterygian Relationships II

Acanthopterygii

Actinopterygian Relationships