View
29
Download
0
Category
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Ubuntu
Citation preview
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 1
CH : UBUNTU SERVER Tm tt l thuyt cc lnh qun tr h thng v mng
----//----
MC LC I. Cc lnh shell c bn............................................................................................... 5
1. Cc lnh lin quan n vic ng nhp, ng xut, qun l tp tin, ngi dng, mt khu...................................................................................................................... 5
a. Cu trc cy th mc trong Ubuntu Linux. ...................................................... 5
b. Cc lnh qun l tp tin v th mc. ................................................................ 7
c. C ch phn quyn trn tp tin v th mc. ..................................................... 8
d. C ch qun l ngi dng v nhm. .............................................................. 9
e. C ch lu tr v qun l mt khu. .............................................................. 10
2. Cc lnh xem thng tin v ci t gi phn mm cho h thng. ....................... 11
a. Cc lnh xem thng tin v qun l cc tin trnh (process) ang chy trn h thng. ..................................................................................................................... 11
b. Ci t, g b v cp nht gi. ....................................................................... 12
c. Xem thng tin v phn cng, ghi nhn cc s kin trn h thng. ................ 13
d. Xem thng tin v dung lng a, dung lng th mc, ........................ 14
e. C ch pipeline trong lc thc thi lnh. ......................................................... 15
II. Cu hnh cc thit t ban u cho card mng v h thng mng trn client. ...... 16
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 2
1. Xem thng tin cu hnh hin ti ca card mng. ............................................... 16
2. Cu hnh IP tnh v ng cho card mng. .......................................................... 17
3. Cu hnh nh tuyn (routing). ........................................................................... 18
4. Gim st v qun l bng thng mng. .............................................................. 19
5. Cu hnh DNS trn client. .................................................................................. 21
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 3
GHI NH 1
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 4
GHI NH 2
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 5
I. Cc lnh shell c bn.
1. Cc lnh lin quan n vic ng nhp, ng xut, qun l tp tin, ngi dng, mt khu.
C rt nhiu l do chng ta tm hiu v c ch dng lnh trong Linux nh tng tc mt cch trc tip vi h thng, qun l cc ngun ti nguyn, g li trong khi pht trin phn mm hoc trin khai h thng mng Ubuntu cng nh cc h iu hnh da trn nhn Linux khc cung cp mt tp hp v cng a dng cc lnh t n gin n phc tp p ng nhu cu t ngi dng thng thng n nhng chuyn gia v h thng.
a. Cu trc cy th mc trong Ubuntu Linux.
Khng ging nh trong Windows, cy th mc trong Ubuntu bt u t mt im gc duy nht gi l th mc root, cc phn vng a cng c gn kt vo
mt th mc nhnh trn cy th mc ny mt cch t ng hoc th cng.
H thng tp tin trong Linux c phn bit ch hoa v ch thng, do cn ch khi t tn th mc, g lnh hoc truy cp vo th mc web trn server Linux.
Ch : Trong Linux, tt c mi ngun ti nguyn, ngoi tr cc tin trnh u c xem l tp tin. V d nh a, chut, bn phm T ta c cc loi tp tin khc nhau: tp thun vn bn, tp tin khi (i din cho cc thit b lu tr, truy xut theo block), tp tin thc thi Pht biu ny khng loi tr th mc, vn cng l mt loi tp tin cha tn v a ch truy xut n cc tp tin bn trong n. Cc loi tp tin khc nhau c vit tt nh bng k hiu sau:
File thng thng
Th mc Lin kt Thit b nhp k t
Socket mng Thit b lu tr
- d l c s b
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 6
/: Th mc gc, cha tt c cc th mc khc.
/home: Th mc nh l ni cha tt c cc thng tin, ti liu ca tng ngi dng, mi ngi dng (ngoi tr ngi dng root-l ngi dng c quyn qun tr ti cao) s c mt th mc con ring nm trong th mc /home ny.
/dev: Cha cc ng dn thit b phn cng nh cc a, phn vng, thit b nhp xut...
/etc: Cha cc file cu hnh cho h thng v cc dch v.
/etc/init.d: Cc script cn thit cho qu trnh khi ng h iu hnh Linux.
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 7
/usr/bin: Cha cc file thc thi thng thng.
/usr/sbin: Cha cc file thc thi dnh cho qun tr h thng.
/usr/share/doc: Cc loi ti liu khc nhau.
/usr/share/man: Hng dn s dng cho cc lnh.
/usr/src: Cha m ngun cho cc ng dng trong h thng (nu c)
/usr/src/linux: Cha m ngun cho nhn (kernel) ca Linux
/bin: Cha cc file thc thi trc v khi khi ng.
/tmp, /var/tmp: Cha cc file tm.
/var: Cha cc file cu hnh v d liu ca cc dch v.
/var/log: Cc file log ghi nhn li cc s kin v li trn h thng.
/lib: Th vin lin kt ng (th vin chia s).
/proc: Cha cc thng tin v cc vng b nh phc v cho cc tin trnh ang thc thi.
b. Cc lnh qun l tp tin v th mc. - To th mc:
mkdirTnthmccnto
- Xa th mc:
rmdirTnthmccnxa
- Di chuyn, i tn th mc hoc file:
mvNgunch
- Sao chp file hay th mc:
cpNgunch
- To file text:
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 8
cat > Tnfilecnto Sau g ni dung ca file vo, n Ctrl+D kt thc.
- Xem ni dung file text:
catTnfilecnxem
- Xa file:
rmTnfilecnxa
- Lit k danh sch file v th mc:
lsTnthmc
Dng vi tham s l hin th chi tit hn: ls----llllTnthmc
- c x dng u ca file text:
headnxTnfilecnc
- c x dng cui file text:
tailnx Tnfilecnc
c. C ch phn quyn trn tp tin v th mc.
Xt trn bt k h iu hnh no th vic phn quyn c ghi file quyt nh tnh an ton trong thao tc lu tr. Do , quyn hn khi thao tc trn file v th mc
rt c Linux ch trng.
C 3 ch th trong c ch phn quyn: User-dng cp quyn cho ngi dng s hu file, Group-cp quyn cho nhm s hu file, Other-cp quyn cho nhng ngi cn li.
Mi ch th s c 3 quyn hn khc nhau l: Read (r: quyn c), Write (w: quyn ghi) v Execute (x: Quyn thc thi file).
Quy c v quyn hn: Read=4, Write=2, Execute=1. Quyn hn tng hp cho mt i tng (User, Group hay Other) c tnh l tng ca 3 s trn. Nh vy c th thy Linux biu din quyn hn bng mt con s nguyn 3 bits.
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 9
V d: 755 c ngha l: User: 7=4+2+1(Read, Write, Execute), Group: 5=4+1 (Read+Execute), Other: 5=4+1 (Read+Execute).
- Lnh dng thay i quyn hn p dng cho file hay th mc:
chmodxyzTnFileCnCpQuyn
Vi x: Quyn cho User, y: Quyn cho Group, z: Quyn cho Other
V d: chmod755/home/john/mydata.txt
d. C ch qun l ngi dng v nhm.
Mi ngi dng s c th thuc v mt hay nhiu nhm, trong c mt nhm
chnh (Initial Group).
Ngi dng c quyn hn ti cao trong h thng l ngi dng root, tng t
ta c nhm root. Trong ch dng lnh ta c th bit c ngi dng hin ti c phi l root hay khng bng cch quan st du nhc lnh: Du nhc l $: ngi dng thng thng; du nhc l #: ngi dng l root.
Nhm chnh l nhm bt buc phi c ca mi ngi dng.
Khi mt ngi dng to ra mt file th mc nh ngi dng y s s hu file
, nhm chnh ca ngi dng s l nhm s hu file y.
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 10
Mt nhm c th cha nhiu ngi dng khc nhau, nhm c dng n gin ha vic cp quyn. V d: Nu mun cho php ngi dng s dng mt ti
nguyn no , ta ch vic thm ngi dng vo nhm tng ng c cp quyn.
Mi ngi dng v mi nhm u c mt s nh danh gi l UserID v
GroupID.
- Lnh to Group:
groupaddTnNhm
- Lnh xa Group:
groupdelTnNhm
- Lnh to User:
useradd[-cch thch][-dthmchome] [-gNhmchnh][-Gnhm[,...]]TnUser
- Lnh xa User:
userdelTnUser
Ch : Trong linux ta c th xem phn hng dn s dng ca hu ht cc lnh bng cch g mantnlnh, hay infotnlnh
e. C ch lu tr v qun l mt khu. Mt khu ca user c lu dng m ha, mc nh mt khu c lu trong
file /etc/shadow
Thng tin v ti khon ca cc user c lu trong cc file: /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow
Thng tin v nhm c lu trong cc file: /etc/group, /etc/gshadow
- Lnh dng thay i password cho mt user no :
passwdTnUser
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 11
H thng s yu cu nhp password mi cho user ny, cn c quyn root
thc hin thao tc ny.
2. Cc lnh xem thng tin v ci t gi phn mm cho h thng.
a. Cc lnh xem thng tin v qun l cc tin trnh (process) ang chy trn
h thng.
Mi tin trnh ang chy trong h thng c nh danh bng mt ProcessID,
tin trnh c mt u tin, gi l Process Priority.
Trong ng cnh tin trnh th nht gi thc thi tin trnh th hai, ta gi tin
trnh th nht l tin trnh cha, tin trnh th hai l tin trnh con.
xem thng tin v cc tin trnh ang chy, dung lng b nh v ti nguyn
x l ang cp cho tin trnh ta c th dng lnh top
xem c cy cc tin trnh ta dng lnh pstree
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 12
kt thc mt tin trnh ang thc thi ta c th dng lnh kill hoc killall
killIdcaprocesscntt
killallTncaprocesscntt
Trong v d v lnh top trn, ta c th kt thc tin trnh top bng 2 cch: kill
5763 hoc killall top
b. Ci t, g b v cp nht gi.
Bn cnh cng c trong giao din ha (GNOME, KDE...) ci t phn mm cho Linux, cc lnh ci t bng dng lnh l khng th thiu i vi ngi
qun tr h thng.
Mi bn phn phi linux c h thng qun l gi khc nhau. Trong Ubuntu
Server l b cng c apt-get.
Lnh apt-get dng mt kho lu tr trn mng internet hoc trn a ly cc
gi ng dng v v ci t.
Danh sch a ch cc kho lu tr phn mm c t trong file
/etc/apt/sources.list
Bn cnh , b apt-get cn lm cc cng vic qun l ci t trn my cc b.
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 13
- cp nht danh sch gi phn mm trn my cc b vi kho lu tr ta
dng lnh
apt-getupdate
- nng cp tt c cc gi phn mm ang chy trn h thng theo phin
bn mi nht c trn kho lu tr ta dng lnh:
apt-getupgrade
- ci t mt gi phn mm no ta dng lnh:
apt-getinstalltngicnci
Tn gi cn ci phi tn ti trong danh sch gi.
- g b mt gi phn mm khi h thng ta duung lnh:
apt-getremovetngicng
c. Xem thng tin v phn cng, ghi nhn cc s kin trn h thng.
Xem thng tin chi tit v phn cng ta c th dng lnh lspci
Xem thng tin v cc thit b kt ni thng qua cng usb: lsusb
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 14
Lnh lshw dng xem thng tin chi tit v cc thit b, ngt, cc tuyn bus
ca h thng.
Cc file log trong h thng c lu tr trong /var/log, trong c cc file chnh l syslog: ghi nhn li cc s kin ca h thng, dmesg: cc thng tin v qu
trnh khi ng ca h thng. Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu file log ng vi cc dch v ang
chy nh apache, mysql
Ta c th dng lnh tail xem phn cui ca file log, v d: xem 15 dng
cui trong file syslog: tailn15/var/log/syslog
d. Xem thng tin v dung lng a, dung lng th mc,
Xem thng tin v dung lng cc phn vng ang c s dng: dfh
- Xem thng tin v tng dung lng ca tng th mc con trong mt th
mc no :
dushngdn
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 15
e. C ch pipeline trong lc thc thi lnh. C cu pipeline trong linux p ng cho nhu cu ly kt qu ca mt lnh
truyn vo lnh khc, v trong thc t ngi qun tr vin c th phi thc hin nhiu
thao tc phc tp lin quan n nhiu yu cu nh: thng k cc t tn cng t bn ngoi, qun l ti nguyn lu tr trn mt lng ln ngi dng, sn lc cc nguyn nhn gy li cc cng vic ny i hi phi kt hp nhiu lnh li vi nhau v cc
lnh c th ly kt qu ln nhau thc thi.
Cu trc tng qut:
Lnh_1 | Lnh_2 ...
Khi s dng nh trn, Lnh 2 s ly tham s u vo l kt qu ca lnh 1,
tng qut ta s c lnh sau ly tham s u vo t kt qu ca lnh trc.
V d: ls /etc/init.d | tail n 5 Lnh ls /etc/init.d s tr v kt qu l danh sch cc file hay th mc c trong
/etc/init.d, tuy nhin kt qu ny khng hin ra mn hnh, m c dn vo cho lnh tail hin ra 5 dng cui. Kt qu ca lnh nh sau:
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 16
II. Cu hnh cc thit t ban u cho card mng v h thng
mng trn client.
1. Xem thng tin cu hnh hin ti ca card mng.
Tng t nh trong Windows, Ubuntu Linux cng c cc lnh xem v cu
hnh cho cc card mng trong h thng.
- Lnh xem thng tin ca cc card mng ang hot ng:
ifconfig[tncardmng]
Tn ca cc card mng c t ng t theo quy c ca Linux, vi card
mng Ethernet: eth0, eth1...
Cc thng tin hin ra bao gm: IP, broadcast, netmask, MAC, dung lng gi,
dung lng nhn...
Lnh ifconfig khng c tham s s xut ra thng tin cu hnh cu tt c cc
card mng.
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 17
2. Cu hnh IP tnh v ng cho card mng.
Cc thng tin cu hnh cho card mng c lu trong file
/etc/network/interfaces
Cu hnh IP ng da trn giao thc DHCP, ta thm vo file cu hnh trn cc
dng sau (gi s ang cu hnh cho card mng eth1):
auto eth1
iface eth1 inet dhcp
Dng u tin dng t ng bt card mng eth1 khi khi ng Linux hoc
khi c tn hiu. Dng th 2 cho h thng bit dng a ch ng vi giao thc
DHCP.
Cu hnh IP tnh: Xt v d cu hnh tnh cho card mng eth0 vi cc thng
tin: IP 192.168.1.2, subnetmask 255.255.255.0, a ch default gateway 192.168.1.1 ta
thm vo file /etc/network/interface nhng dng sau
auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.1.1
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 18
Ch : sau khi cu hnh thng qua cc file cu hnh, p dng thit t mi ta
chy lnh /etc/init.d/networking restart khi ng li dch v mng theo cu hnh mi.
3. Cu hnh nh tuyn (routing). Cc ty chn v routing gip cho mng hot ng n nh hn, linux cung cp
lnh thao tc trn bng nh tuyn (routing table). Thao tc nh tuyn c bit hu dng khi my c nhiu card mng ni vi nhiu mng khc nhau. Cc thao tc bao
gm: xem thng tin nh tuyn, thm mt default gateway, thm mt dng nh tuyn
mi, xa mt dng nh tuyn...
xem thng tin ta dng lnh route, lnh ny s hin th thng tin v bng
nh tuyn, dng c destination l default chnh l dng m t v default gateway.
- thm mt default gateway ta dng lnh route vi c php:
routeadddefaultgwachIPgateway
V d thm mt default gateway c a ch 192.168.100.2 vo bng nh
tuyn ta chy lnh routeadddefaultgw192.168.100.2, sau khi thm ta c
th gi lnh route kim tra.
- xa mt default gateway ta dng lnh:
routedeldefaultgwachIPgatewaycnxa
Thm mt mu tin nh tuyn: Xt 2 v d sau
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 19
routeadd192.168.1.8gw192.168.10.1
routeaddnet192.168.100.0
netmask255.255.255.0gw192.168.10.1
Lnh th nht dng thm mt ng nh tuyn n host c IP 192.168.1.8 thng qua gateway l 192.168.10.1
Lnh th hai dng thm mt ng nh tuyn n mng c ip
192.168.100.0/24 thng qua gateway l 192.168.10.1
Xa mt mu tin nh tuyn: Tng t nh lnh route add nhng thay th bng
route del
Ch : Khi nh tuyn cho ng i n mng ta cn ch nh netmask. C th thm ty chn dev ch ra tn card mng no c dng cho mu tin nh tuyn
c thm.
4. Gim st v qun l bng thng mng. Linux cung cp rt nhiu cng c, gip cho vic qun l mng t hiu nng
cao. Cc cng c ny c thit k giao tip vi nhn linux v gim st/can thip
vo qu trnh x l gi tin.
Mt s cng c gim st v qun l bng thng mng: iftop, bwm-ng, bwm, wondershaper
Cng c iftop: dng gim st bng thng mng theo tng kt ni trn mt card mng nht nh. Cch dng:
iftopiTnCardMng
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 20
Cng c bwm-ng, bwm: Dng gim st bng thng gi (Tx) v nhn (Rx) trn tt c cc card mng, n v hin th l Kilobyte/s. Cch dng:
Gi lnh bwm-ng
Cng c wondershaper: l cng c dng gii hn bng thng trn mt card mng no , cch s dng:
wondershapertncardmng tcdowntcup
Tc down v up tnh bng Kilobit/giy
Ch : khi va ci t h thng, mc nh mt s gi cng c trn cha c
ci. ci ta dng lnh apt-getinstalltn_gi.
Ver 2.0 [QUN TR MNG LINUX: TM TT LNH LINUX SERVER]
Bin son: ThS u Bu Long-Khoa CNTT-Trng H S Phm TP. HCM Trang 21
5. Cu hnh DNS trn client.
Vic cu hnh DNS trn my client n gin ch l vic ch ra IP ca DNS
server cn dng khi truy vn.
Tp tin cha thng tin DNS trn client l /etc/resolv.conf
thm mt DNS server vo danh sch ta thm mt dng c dng
nameserverIPDNSserver vo file trn.
Recommended