دورة اعداد البحوث 03 Literature Review Cairo University December 2011

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How to conducta literature review

Tamer El Sharnouby, PhD

Faculty of Commerce, Cairo University

December 2011

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؟: ة ب و ع ص ل ا ن م ك ت ن ي أ ه س ف ح ر ط ي ذ ل ا ا ؤ س ل ا !

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Thesis Structure

Characteristics of Good Research

Criteria of Good Literature Review

Literature Review

Why Literature Review

Searching the Literature

Agenda

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Procedures for a systematic LR

What should be included in LR chapter?

Objectives of LR

Referencing

Types of LR

AVOID

Agenda

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Chapter 1: Introduction (Includes, prob.def., objectives, theoretical framework,questions, methodology, thesis strucutre)

Chapter 2: State-of-the-Art ORLiterature Review (Where we stand, wherewe go and theories/models behind)

Chapter 3: Theoretical Framework and

Methodology (research design anddevelopment of data collection instrument)

1- Thesis Structure

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Criteria Poor project Good projectResearch

problem

Unclear and unfocused Sharply focused

Related to academic debateLiteraturereview

A list of itemsRelevance unclearLittle or no evaluationResearch questions missing

Critical evaluation of relevant, up-to-date literatureLinked to focused, feasible questions

Methodology Unclear research designNo justification of choice

Not linked to the literature

Cohesive designExcellent review of research design

optionsLinked to the literature

Analysis anddiscussion

Unclear findingsNo link with the literature

Clear findingsAnalytical manner of discussionGenerate new knowledgeLinked to the literature

Conclusions Not linked to research questionsImplications and limitations of results not addressed

Linked to research questionsAttention given to implications andlimitations

Referencing Plagiarism All sources cited in the text andbibliographic details listed at the end

Communication Difficult to followGrammar and spelling mistakes

Clear follow of ideasAppropriate grammar and spelling

2- Characteristics of goodresearch

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Critical evaluation of relevant literaturereview,

It demonstrates an adequateunderstanding of the relevant literature inthe field,

Citing an appropriate range of literaturesources from accredited scholars andresearchers,

Covering the research variables,

3- Criteria of Good LiteratureReview

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Before starting ....you need to have a researchtopic.

Represents a significant portion of the total

time you will spend on your research SO youneed to start ASAP.

LR starts as soon as you have your first thoughts on

a potential topic and continues until you submityour thesis.

4- Literature Review

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The existing body of knowledge,

All sources of published data on a

particular topic,

A literature search is a systematic process with a view to identifying the

existing body of knowledge on a particulartopic.

Learn more about the subject and themethodologies used in previous research.

Literature Review

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Research gap(s) (research problem)

Understanding the meaning,

underpinnings, and dimensions of theconcept within the literature.

Gap(s) between scholarship and practice.

5- Why literature review

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A literature review is an account of whathas been published on a topic byaccredited scholars and researchersaiming at identifying the existing bodyof knowledge on a particular topic.

This helps the researcher to learn more

about the subject and the gaps anddeficiencies in our knowledge.

- earc ng eliterature

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All sources of secondary data relevant to yourstudy:

Books (topic/methodology)

Research (books, articles, conferencepapers)Business topics in professional journal,

newspapers and broadcast media.

Statistics and industry dataArchivesCorporate reportsInternal documents e-resources (online databases)

The literaturesources

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1- Defining the scope/context of yourresearch which will help limit the material youcollect. Limitations:Time. Find an appropriate cut-off date.Geography.Single or multidisciplinary approach.

2- Decide what sort of information yourequire .....The appropriate source.

7- Procedures for asystematic LR

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3- Identify Key words:

• Extract keywords from your title (remember, youmay decide to change the title later)

• Use some of the words other authors reported inthe literature

• Try academic search engines such as GoogleScholar, websites of national and internationalprofessional bodies (IMP).

• Use e-databases in your field such as Emerald,

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• Finding relevant info is hard, but finding it againlater on can be even harder if you are not careful.

• Create a “filing system” to keep track of whatyou read. Each article you read should besummarized in one page containing

Title (type the title so that you can later copy-pastethis into the References section of your paper)

Source: journal article, book, etc.

Research problemResearch Questions or HypothesesData collection procedureResults or findings of the study

•

Sort these abstracts into groups of related topicsor areas which can then become the different

. rgan ze eLiterature and Recording

references:

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Searching is very time-consuming....so focusyour search at an early stage.

You will need to print relevant documents ....so focus your search at an early stage.

Your research will reflect the quality of

sources you search. Use a combination of digital and hard copy publications.

Continue to search throughout your project

to keep your knowledge up to date.

Bear in mind that:

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- Lecture notes,

- Open sources such as Wikipedia .... Seek theoriginal sources,

- - General surfing of the internet

Do not use these sources:

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What happened and when in the area of theresearch.

With no detailed explanation, the relevanttheories, models that have been used forsimilar cases or studies.

The variables in connection with the modelsor theories stated in the literatures. So, youcan write about the importance of the

variables under study.

8- What should beincluded in LR chapter?

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It shares with the reader the results of otherstudies that are closely related to the studybeing reported

It relates a study to the larger, ongoingdialogue in the literature about a topic,

filling in gaps and extending prior studies

It provides a framework for establishing theimportance of the study as well as a

benchmark for comparing the results of a

9- Objectives of LR

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◦ Use bibliographic software (such asReference Manager)

◦

Or keep a list of your references in anordinary Word document.

◦ Sort these abstracts into groups of relatedtopics or areas which can then become thedifferent sections of your review

10- Manage yourreferences

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You MUST follow one of the standardsystems of referencing.

A citation is an acknowledgment of theoriginal source of information or ideaswhether reproduced exactly , paraphrased orsummarized. Why:

- Evidence of your literature searching,- Support your argument,

Referencing

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References: a list containing thebibliographic details of the sources cited inthe text. Why:

- Provide full bibliographic details that supportthe citations,

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Allow supervisors, examiners, researchers tolocate the source of the works you havecited.

Referencing

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In the text: the surname of the author(s)and the date of publication, plus the pagenumber if a quotation is used or any otherexact reproduction of data (table,diagram)

Citing more than one source...write theoldest first.

If there are two authors, both should benamed in all citations.If there are three or more authors, all their

names should appear first time and then

use the name of the first author followed

The Harvard system(author-date system)

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11- Types of LR

Thematic Review: a theme is identified and studiesfound under this theme are described. Major ideasand findings are reported rather than details. Mainthemes are likely to be broken into varioussubgroups.

Your thematic analysis can be facilitated by recordingkey details of the previous studies.

Study-by-study Review: a detailed summary of eachstudy under a broad theme is provided. Linksummaries (or abstracts) using transitional

sentences. Must be organized and flow coherentlyunder various subheadings.

Authoranddate

Subjectcategories

Methodology

Samplesize

Mainfindings

Location/country

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Select only material that is relevant tothe topic

Identify themes and group of materials

Define key termsCompare results and methods of

previous studiesBe critical and demonstrate relevance to

your researchSet the context for your studyIdentify gaps or deficiencies in the

literature that your study will addressConclude with your research questions

Guide to write a LR(Summary)

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Avoid LONG quotations (i.e., lengthy chunksof text directly quoted from a source,

Avoid shopping list approach,

Avoid plagiarism (the act of takingsomeone’s words, ideas or other information

and passing them off as your own)

AVOID

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Questions?

Tamer El Sharnouby

[email protected]

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mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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دورة اعداد البحوث 03 Literature Review Cairo University December 2011