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The Old TestamentThe Old Testament

TThe he BBibleible

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The Old Testament is a The Old Testament is a Christian term for a collection of Christian term for a collection of

religious writings of ancient Israelreligious writings of ancient Israel that that form the major and first section of form the major and first section of Christian Bibles, in contrast to the Christian Bibles, in contrast to the

Christian New Testament which deals Christian New Testament which deals explicitly with the 1st century explicitly with the 1st century

Christianity.Christianity.

Introduction

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Content

The Bible of Judaism is the same as The Old Testament of Christianity and so totals 39 books and falls into three parts, namely Pentateuch( 《摩西五书 》), Prophets( 《先知书 》 ), and Hagiographa （《圣录》） and Apocrypha （伪经） .

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Pentateuch: 5 books

Prophets: 21 books

Hagiographa and Apocrypha

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PentateuchPentateuchGenesis: God’s creation of the world and traces the history of the Hebrews from Abraham to Joseph. 《创世纪 》Exodus: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses; God gave them the Ten Commandments and the rest of Mosaic law on Mount Sinai during the Exodus in the 13th or 14th centuries BC. 《出埃及记》

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Leviticus: carefully composed book of laws and proprieties. 《利未记 》

Numbers: relates the exodus from Mt Sinai as far as Moab (a kingdom to the east of the Dead Sea). 《民数记 》

Deuteronomy: the final teachings of Moses, and was doubtless inspired by the 8th century BC prophetic movement in Israel, which was usually identified with the book that inspired Josiah’s reform in 621 BC.《申命记 》

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GenesisMichelangelo Buonarroti GenesisMichelangelo Buonarroti 1475–1564, The Creation of Adam 1475–1564, The Creation of Adam

(Genesis 1:27)(Genesis 1:27)

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The first five books - Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, book of Numbers and Deuteronomy - make up the Torah, the story of Israel from the Genesis creation narrative to the death of Moses. Few scholars today doubt that it reached its present form in the Persian period (538-332 BC), and that its authors were the elite of exilic returnees who controlled the Temple at that time.

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Moses and the Ten Commandment

Water from the rock

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ProphetsProphets

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The contentThe content

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The Former Prophets: six books continue to tell the Jewish story from the conquest of Canaan to their captivity in Babylon.Josue 约书亚： a book in the Old Testament describing how Joshua led the Israelites into Canaan (the Promised Land) after the death of Moses Judges 士师记： a book of the Old Testament that tells the history of Israel under the leaders known as judges Samuel 塞缪尔： (Old Testament) Hebrew prophet and judge who anointed Saul as king 1. 2. The Kings 1. David’s death; Solomon’s achievements 2. Elias

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Latter Prophets: consists of the three Major Prophets and the 12 Minor Prophets.

Amos 阿摩司书： an Old Testament book telling Amos's prophecies

Hosea 何西阿书 ： an Old Testament book telling Hosea's prophecies

Isaias 以赛亚书 Jeremiah 耶利米书 ： (Old Testament) an Israelite

prophet who is remembered for his angry lamentations (jeremiads) about the wickedness of his people (circa 626-587 BC)

Ezekiel ： an Old Testament book containing Ezekiel's prophecies of the downfall of Jerusalem and Judah and their subsequent restoration

Esdras ：圣经经外典的最初二书之一

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The books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings follow, forming a history of Israel from the Conquest of Canaan to the Siege of Jerusalem c.587 BC: there is a broad consensus among scholars that these originated as a single work (the so-called "Deuteronomistic history") during the Babylonian exile of the 6th century BC

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Hagiographa and Hagiographa and ApocryphaApocrypha

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SummaryProvides the story of the Jew of that

name whose job as the so-called cupbearer was to pour wine for the Persian king Artaxerxes. It describes how he went to Jerusalem to rebuild the city wall, indicating his difficulties and achievements and his cooperation with Esadras after his appointment as governor of Jerusalem.

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Ruth ： a book of the Old Testament that tells the story of Ruth who was not an Israelite but who married an Israelite and who stayed with her mother-in-law Naomi after her husband died Jonah 约拿书 : is a fable ：Old Testament) Jonah did not wish to become a prophet so God caused a great storm to throw him overboard from a ship; he was saved by being swallowed by a whale that vomited him out onto dry land

Content

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Job 约伯书 : is a philosophical play by an unknown writer ： book in the Old Testament containing Job's pleas to God about his afflictions and God's reply

Apocrypha ： 14 books of the Old Testament included in the Vulgate (except for II Esdras) but omitted in Jewish and Protestant versions of the Bible; eastern Christian churches (except the Coptic church) accept all these books as canonical; the Russian Orthodox church accepts these texts as divinely inspired but does not grant them the same status

Maccabees 马卡比书 Tobias 托拜厄斯书 Solomon’s Wisdom 所罗门 ( 古以色列国王大卫之子 , 以智慧

著称 );

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The two Books of Chronicles cover much tThe two Books of Chronicles cover much the same material as the Pentateuch and he same material as the Pentateuch and

Deuteronomistic history and probably date Deuteronomistic history and probably date from the 4th century BC. Chronicles links from the 4th century BC. Chronicles links with the books of Ezra and Nehemiah, whiwith the books of Ezra and Nehemiah, which were probably finished during the 3rd cch were probably finished during the 3rd century BC.Catholic and Orthodox Old Testentury BC.Catholic and Orthodox Old Testaments contain two (Catholic Old Testameaments contain two (Catholic Old Testament) to four (Orthodox) Books of Maccabeent) to four (Orthodox) Books of Maccabees, written in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.s, written in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.

Time line

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ThemesThemes of of The Old The Old TestamentTestament

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God is consistently depicted as the one who created the world and guides its history. He is not, however, consistently presented as the only god who exists. Nevertheless, he is always depicted as the only God whom Israel is to worship, and both Jews and Christians have always interpreted the bible as an affirmation of the oneness of God.

The Old Testament stresses the special relationship between God and his chosen people, Israel, but includes instructions for proselytes as well. This relationship is expressed in the biblical covenant (contract) between the two, received by Moses. The law codes in books such as Exodus and especially Deuteronomy are the terms of the contract: Israel swears faithfulness to Yahweh, and God swears to be Israel's special protector and supporter.

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The End The End