南台科技大學研究生學位考試論文格式eshare.stust.edu.tw/Etd/2007_7/etd-0407109-183703-150-001.pdf · 1.2 Automatic Solar Tracking System (ASTS) The major problem

南台科技大學機械工程研究所

碩士學位論文

雙軸追日系統的設計與探討

Design and Investigation of

A Two-Axis Automatic Solar Tracking System

指導教授林克默

Advisor Assistant Prof Lin Keh Moh

研究生範越雄

Graduate Student Pham Viet Hung

中華民國九十六年七月

ABSTRACT

English

The purpose of this research is to design and build an automatic solar tracking

system for PV panel so that the efficiency of PV modules can be enhanced and solar

energy can be used effectively

First the most suitable technical solution for the solar tracking system is

proposed Then the proposed solar tracking system was built and the performance of

this system was characterized Finally the affect of using the automatic solar tracking

system on output power was experimentally investigated

The results indicated that our automatic solar tracking system which uses

proposed sensors microcontroller and stepper motors is simple low-cost and

efficient The measured variables of our automatic solar tracking system were

compared with those of a fixed PV panel The output power of our automatic solar

tracking system has an overall increase of about 7

Chinese

本研究之目的為設計並建構一太陽能追日系統以便提高太陽模組的轉換效率有

效率地運用太陽能源首先對多種技術方案進行探討以便找出最適合的方案設

計出一追日系統接著對所提方案建購成實體並對其性能進行測試最後再以

實體探討此自動追日系統對功率輸出之影響結果顯示利用感測器及步進馬

達所建構之追日系統不只簡易低成本且有效率將其測量變數與固定軸的 PV

系統比較發現自動追日系統之 PV 系的功率輸總夹高出 7

Keywords Solar energy Two-axis solar tracking system Open loop control

Microprocessor (AVR) Stepper motor Photo-Sensor

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

There are many people I would like to thank for their help and support over my two

years I may not mention them all here but deserve it thank you very much for all

you have done

Firstly I would like to thank to my advisor Professor Keh Moh Lin and his

wife for all their time and patience in helping me with my Research and Thesis He

has endlessly and tirelessly mentored taught and encouraged me since I was freshman

I appreciate his advice and willingness to discuss any questions or ideas that I have

had I am very grateful for having had such a wonderful supervisor to guide me

through my master studies

I would like to thank my readers Professor Chung-Jen Tseng and Professor

Jang for their helpful comments throughout this process

Many thanks as well for the generous support of Southern Taiwan University

of Technology (STUT) and Hue Nong Lam University both academic and finance aid

Thank you to my friends at STUT that I have made in the two years including

(Taiwanese and International Students) for making my stay and studies here

comfortable and enjoyable

Last but not least I would like to thank my parents my wife and son for all

their love and for always supporting me Their encouragement and willingness help

me to make this work enjoyable

Thank you all for everything I am truly grateful to each and every one of you for

everything you have done for me throughout my life

Pham Viet Hung

STUT July 20th 2007

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACTi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSii

TABLE OF CONTENT iii

LIST OF FIGURES v

LIST OF TABLESvii

1 INTRODUCTION1

11 Solar energy 1

12 Automatic Solar Tracking System (ASTS)4

13 Purpose and main works of Research 5

2 NUMERICAL SIMULATION 6

21 Numerical Model 6

22 Solution of Numerical Module 11

23 Results of Matlab PV module model 13

3 DESIGN OF A TWO-AXIS ASTS 18

31 Requirements of system18

32 The STS overview18

33 System Operation Principle 22

34 Structure of Solar Tracking System29

341 The ME movement mechanism 29

342 The sensors signal processing unit50

343 ASTS Control program Installation 51

35 The control approach 54

36 Guide amp Note for using System56

4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 57

41 Experiments 57

411 Collection Data System57

412 Experimental setup59

42 Result and Discussions 61

5 CONCLUSION 64

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure1 1 Schematic of a simple conventional solar cell [1]2

Figure1 2 Illustration of the concept of drift in a semiconductor [1] 2

Figure2 1 Simple solar cell circuit model7

Figure2 2 Sample I-V curve of a silicon solar cell 7

Figure2 3 Characteristic of PV module model 12

Figure3 1 Illustration of the summer and winter solstices19

Figure3 2 Tilt Angle θ of a PV panel20

Figure3 3 Zenith and Altitude angle of sun 21

Figure3 4 The elevation angle varies throughout the day [5] 21

Figure3 5 The System control Block Diagram 24

Figure3 6 System Control Program Simplified flowchart 25

Figure3 7 The proposed photo-sensor 26

Figure3 8 Photo resistors set-up27

Figure3 9 The proposed Two-Axis ASTS 29

Figure3 10 The metal frame of ASTS 30

Figure3 11 The steel base of ASTS 30

Figure3 12 Dimension of PV panel of ASTS 31

Figure3 13 The worm gear mechanism 32

Figure3 14 The Stepper Motor (57SH-52A9H-Japan) 34

Figure3 15 Stepper and DC Motor Rotation 35

Figure3 16 Cross-section and Wiring diagram of a Unipolar stepper motor37

Figure3 17 The stepper motor driver 41

Figure3 18 Typical Stepper Motor Driver System 42

Figure3 19 Stepper Motor drive elements 42

Figure3 20 The Basic Unipolar Drive Method 44

Figure3 21 Interfacing with Microprocessor (AVR AT 90S8535)46

Figure3 22 AVR AT 90S8535 Pin Configurations48

Figure3 23 Sensor controller circuit 50

Figure3 24 The AVR programmer wiring (AT90Sxxxx)52

Figure3 25 The AVR programmer (connect LPT port)53

Figure3 26 The BASCOM-AVR Interface54

Figure3 27 The detail control program flowchart55

Figure4 1 The Collection Data System58

Figure4 2 The ASTS Control System59

Figure4 3 The output current of tracking and non-tracking PV panel62

LIST OF TABLES

Table1 1 The advantages and disadvantages of PV [1] 3

Table2 1 The characteristic parameters of PV model11

Table2 2 Characteristic of PV module model (Day time) 13

Table2 3 Result of PV parameters calculation17

Table3 1 Illuminations of light source23

Table3 2 Step sequence for a Unipolar stepper motor38

Table3 3 Excitation Methods43

Table3 4 Overview features of AVR AT90S853545

Table3 5 General Package Info ( AT90S8535) 45

Table4 1 The experimental data61

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

1 INTRODUCTION

The energy demands in the world are increasing day by day However the storage

of fossil fuels (coal oil normal gashellip) on the earth is limited Thus renewable energy

sources are needed to satisfy these energy needs One renewable energy source

available everywhere on the earth is the solar energy This is the potential energy

source in the future

11 Solar energy

The electrical methods what can harness the solar energy use semiconductors to

convert the incident photon flux into a current while simultaneously producing a

photo voltage Solar electricity also known as photovoltaic (PV) has existed since

the 1950s

A solar cell is a semiconductor diode that has been carefully designed and

constructed to efficiently absorb and convert light energy from the sun into electrical

energy

Semiconductors have the capacity to absorb light and to deliver a portion of the

energy of the absorbed photons to carriers of electrical current ndash electrons and holes

A semiconductor diode separates and collects the carriers and conducts the generated

electrical current preferentially in a specific direction A simple conventional solar

cell structure is depicted in Figure 11

Sunlight is incident from the top on the front of the solar cell A metallic grid forms

one of the electrical contacts of the diode and allows light to fall on the semiconductor

between the grid lines and thus be absorbed and converted into electrical energy An

antireflective layer between the grid lines increases the amount of light transmitted to

the semiconductor

The semiconductor diode is fashioned when an n-type semiconductor and a p-type

semiconductor are brought together to form a metallurgical junction This is typically

achieved through diffusion or implantation of specific impurities or via a deposition

process The diodersquos other electrical contact is formed by a metallic layer on the back

of the solar cell [1]

Figure1 1 Schematic of a simple conventional solar cell [1]

Figure1 2 Illustration of the concept of drift in a semiconductor [1]

Table1 1 The advantages and disadvantages of PV

Advantages Disadvantages

Fuel source is vast and essentially infinite

Fuel source is diffuse (sunlight is a

relatively low-density energy)

No emissions no combustion or radioactive

fuel for disposal (does not contribute

perceptibly to global climate change or

pollution)

Low operating costs (no fuel) High installation costs

No moving parts (no wear)

Ambient temperature operation (no high

temperature corrosion or safety issues)

High reliability in modules (gt20 years) Poorer reliability of auxiliary (balance

of system) elements including storage

Modular (small or large increments)

Quick installation

Can be integrated into new or existing

building structures

Can be installed at nearly any point-of-use

Lack of widespread commercially

available system integration and

installation so far

Daily output peak may match local demand Lack of economical efficient energy

storage

High public acceptance

Excellent safety record

12 Automatic Solar Tracking System (ASTS)

The major problem of solar power systems is the poor efficiencies (approximately

14-16) There are three methods to enhance the efficiency of a PV system as the

following

To enhance the efficiency of solar cell

To use a MPPT system

To use a STS

The cost of a PV system that applies method 1 and 2 is quite high The first

method is not only too easy to enhance the efficiency of solar cell but also of too high

cost The second method is high cost too Many expensive equipments are needed to

assistant its operation Our researches focus on the ASTS A low cost efficient ASTS

is the most exact reason can explain our attention to the third method

ASTS has been widely studied to improve the efficiency of PV modules Many

methods are applied to control ASTS with different types of mechanisms A tracking

mechanism must be reliable and able to follow the sun with a certain degree of

accuracy return the collector to its original position at the end of the day or during the

night and also be able to track during periods of cloudy

Fixed PV panel producing electricity throughout the year are usually installed and

tilted at an angle equal to the latitude of the installation site facing directly to the sun

In this case the solar energy collected during both winter and summer is less due to

the sunrsquos changing altitude The use of a tracking mechanism increases the amount of

solar energy received by the PV panel resulting to a higher output power

There are two types of ASTS one-axis and two-axis ASTS Usually the single-

axis tracker follows the Sunrsquos EastndashWest movement while the two-axis tracker

follows also the Sunrsquos changing altitude angle

In our earlier work some technical solutions of ASTS were investigated with

focus on the following The efficiency of the systems the ability of the ASTS in

tracking the sun and the costs of the ASTS This helps us to choose the suitable

technical solution for our system The results indicated that the two-axis ASTS that is

controlled automatically by using the proposed sensor stepper motors and

microprocessor is inexpensive precisive and efficient

13 Purpose and main works of Research The purpose of this research is to enhance the efficiency of PV modules so that

solar energy can be used effectively

This work is to present the installation of a two-axis ASTS which is based on the

combined use of the conventional photo-resistors and the programming method of

control which works efficiently in all weather conditions regardless of the presence of

clouds for long periods

The main works are as follows

The analysis of a PV numerical model

The design and construction of a Two-axis ASTS

Make a comparison of the operation of the PV panel with the two-axis ASTS

with a fixed PV panel and numerical simulation models

2 NUMERICAL SIMULATION

21 Numerical Model

A numerical model allows the investigator to examine the effects related directly

to changes in one parameter Also the numerical model permits a variable to be

changed over a wide range possibly greater than what can be achieved in a laboratory

setting Again this provides insight into the effects of that one variable even if these

parameters are unrealistic or impractical

Numerical model is the ability to examine exactly what changed between each

case It is easy to find out unexpected result reexamine the input parameters and

deduce the causes of the result based on the changed parameters

However numerical models are the inability to exactly model the semiconductor

device Therefore any results obtained from numerical simulations must be

considered within the constraints of that model

In many cases looking at the relative changes shown by the model may be more

useful and universally applicable than looking at the absolute values obtained

A simplest equivalent circuit of a solar cell is a photo current source in parallel

with a single diode and a series resistance includes temperature dependences The

output of the current source is directly proportional to the light falling on the cell

The diode determines the I-V characteristics of the solar cell In the dark the I-V

output characteristic of a solar cell has an exponential characteristic similar to that of

a diode When exposed to light photons with energy greater than the band gap energy

of the semiconductor are absorbed and create an electron-hole pair These carriers are

swept apart under the influence of the internal electric fields of the p-n junction and

create a current proportional to the incident radiation

A solar cell equivalent circuit as Figure 21

Figure2 1 Simple solar cell circuit model A solar cell can be modeled by an ideal current source (Iph) in parallel with a

diode as shown in Figure 21 The currentndashvoltage (I ndashV curve) characteristic of a

typical silicon solar cell is plotted in Figure 22

Figure2 2 Sample I-V curve of a silicon solar cell [1]

Of particular interest is the point on the IndashV curve where the power produced is at

a maximum This is referred to as the maximum power point with

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

The fill factor FF is a measure of the squares of the IndashV characteristic and is

always less than one It is the ratio of the areas of the two rectangles shown in Figure

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

When the cell is short circuited this current flows in the external circuit when

open circuited this current is shunted internally by the intrinsic p-n junction diode

The characteristics of this diode therefore set the open circuit voltage characteristics

of the cell

An accurate PV module electrical model is presented based on the Shockley diode

equation The equations which describe the I-V characteristics of the solarcell are

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

Solar cell characteristic curve parameterISCUOCMPP(PmaxUPmaxIPmax)

Asks to find RPV UT I0 Iph

Supposes the cell at UpmaxThen may result in the following system of equations

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

Supposes the cell at MThen may result in the following system of equations

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

Using above conditions to substitution in equations (21) ~ (24) we have result

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

I0 The saturation current of the diode

ISC Short-circuit current

UT Temperature voltage

UOC Open-circuit voltage

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

RPV Solar cell resistance

RS Series resistance

Set values Unknowns OCSCPP UIUI maxmax 0 IRUI PVTph

Ipv is the light generated current inside the solar cell and is the correct term to use

in the solar cell equation At short circuit conditions the externally measured current is

Isc Since Isc is appropriately equal to Ipv the two are used interchangeably and for

simplicity and the solar cell equation is written with Isc in place of Ipv In the case of

very high series resistance (gt 10 ohm cm) Isc is less than Ipv and writing the solar cell

equation with Isc is incorrect

Another assumption is that the illumination current Ipv is solely dependent on the

incoming light and is independent of voltage across the cell However Ipv varies with

voltage in the case of drift-field solar cells and where carrier lifetime is a function of

injection level such as defected multi-crystalline materials

At short circuit conditions SCph II asymp

The characteristic parameters (IscUocUpmaxIpmax) of PV model that we

measure at Pmax as below

Table2 1 The characteristic parameters of PV model

The method of parameter extraction and model evaluation are carried out in Matlab

Software

Voc Vpmax Pmax Ipmax Isc

570507 448853 133369 030 033

22 Solution of Numerical Module We use MATLAB software to solve the PV numerical module MATLAB is a

high-performance language for technical computing In university environments it is

a good instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in mathematics

engineering and science

MATLAB features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called

toolboxes Toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology Toolboxes

are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the

MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems

Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing control systems

neural networks fuzzy logic wavelets simulation and many others In this work we

use MATLAB to solve a nonlinear equations system to get the parameters Iph Ut

Rpv Io

A typical 70W PV panel was chosen for modeling The module has 1 panel

connected polycrystalline cells

Figure2 3 Characteristic of PV module model The model was evaluated using Matlabreg Software The model parameters are

evaluated by using the equations 2-5b 2-6 2-7 and 2-8 listed in the previous section

using the above data The current I is then evaluated using these parameters and the

variables Voltage Irradiation and Temperature If one of the input variables is a

vector the output variable (current) is also a vector

The solution of the non-linear equations system may result in the solar cell

parameters RPVUTI0Iph All of the constants in the above equations (ISCUOC

UPmaxIPmax) can be determined by examining the manufacturerrsquos ratings of the PV

array and then measured I-V curves of the array

Short-circuit current ISC is measured when the two terminals of the device are

connected together through an ideally zero-resistance connection The open-circuit

voltage describes the performance of the illuminated cell with no electrical

connections

23 Results of Matlab PV module model Table2 2 Characteristic of PV module model (Day time)

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

List of I-V curve and Power of PV panel

3 DESIGN OF A TWO-AXIS ASTS

31 Requirements of system

The requirement of the system can be proposed as the following

It must determine when the sunlight intensity is adequate to turn the tracking

circuits to work

It must track the sun while ignoring transient shadow and lights from fast

moving source such as clouds shrubbery birds etc

It must recognize the end of day and the position in anticipation of the next

sunrise

It must protect the system upon command by removing the array from focus

and returning to its home position

It must be adaptable to the user choice of driver motors

It should be capable of operating from and charging a battery if the user

choose this option

32 The STS overview

The position of the sun with respect to that of the earth changes in a cyclic manner

during the course of a calendar year as Figure 31

Tracking the position of the sun in order to expose a PV panel to maximum

radiation at any given time is the main purpose of a solar tracking PV system while

the output of solar cells depends on the intensity of sunlight and the angle of

incidence It means to get maximum efficiency the solar panels must remain in front

of sun during the whole day But due to rotation of earth those panels canrsquot maintain

their position always in front of sun This problem results in decrease of their

efficiency

Thus to get a maximal output an automated system is required which should be

capable to constantly rotate the solar panel

Figure3 1 Illustration of the summer and winter solstices [4] The ASTS was made as a prototype to solve the problem that is mentioned

above It is completely automatic and keeps the panel in front of sun until that is

visible In case the sun gets invisible eg in cloudy weather then without tracking the

sun the ASTS keeps rotating the PV panel in opposite direction to the rotation of earth

But its speed of rotation is same as that of earthrsquos rotation Due to this property when

after some time when the sun again gets visible the solar panel is exactly in front of

A typical ASTS must be equipped with two essential features

a) Azimuth tracking for adjusting the tilt angle of the surface of the PV panel

during changing seasons and

b) Daily solar tracking for maximum solar radiation incidence to the PV array

The Tilt Angle θ of a PV system (Figure 32) required at any given time in the year

can be expressed as a function of the seasonal Sunrsquos Altitude φ as follows

Tilt Angle (31) φ90θ 0 minus=

Figure3 2 Tilt Angle θ of a PV panel The elevation angle (used interchangeably with altitude angle) is the angular

height of the sun in the sky measured from the horizontal Confusingly both altitude

and elevation are also used to describe the height in meters above sea level The

elevation is 0deg at sunrise and 90deg when the sun is directly overhead (which occurs for

example at the equator on the spring and fall equinoxes)

The zenith angle (Figure 33) is similar to the elevation angle but it is measured

from the vertical rather than from the horizontal thus making the zenith angle = 90deg -

elevation

Figure3 3 Zenith and Altitude angle of sun The elevation angle varies throughout the day It also depends on the latitude of a

particular location and the day of the year (Figure 34)

Figure3 4 The elevation angle varies throughout the day [5]

An important parameter in the design of photovoltaic systems is the maximum

elevation angle that is the maximum height of the sun in the sky at a particular time

of year

The elevation angle at solar noon can be determined according to the formula for

locations in the Northern Hemisphere

δφα +minus= 90 (32)

And for the Southern Hemisphere

δφα minus+= 90 (33)

Where φ is the latitude of the location of interest

In the equation for the Northern Hemisphere it is positive for Northern Hemisphere

locations and negative for Southern Hemisphere

In the equation for the Southern Hemisphere δ is positive for Southern Hemisphere

locations and negative for Northern Hemisphere locations

δ is the declination angle which depends on the day of the year

The zenith angle is the angle between the sun and the vertical

zenith = 90deg - elevation (34)

33 System Operation Principle

In this work the programming method of control with Open loop system is used

which works efficiently in all weather conditions regardless of the presence of clouds

To implement this method we need to design the suitable photo-sensor write a

control program base on function of the photo-sensor The microprocessor will

control the work of the actuator so that it will track the sunrsquos position

The STS uses a microprocessor the proposed photo-sensor and two stepper

motors to control the position of PV panel follow the sun One stepper motor rotates

the PV panel in the Left-Right direction The other rotates the PV panel in the Up-

Down direction

A controller program that is written in BASCOM-AVR is installed in the

microprocessor The microprocessor controls the STS base on this program Its

operation depends upon the intensity of light falling on PV panel The main

component of sensor is two pairs of LDRs as Figure 37 LDRs are used as sensors for

generating an electric signal proportional to intensity of light falling on it The LDRs

are mounted at the focus of reflectors which are directly mounted on PV panel

All LDRs have different function These LDRs send the voltage signal to the

microprocessor and then the controller program will control the stepper motor drivers

to drive the two stepper motors to rotate and adjust PV panel so that it can follow the

A photo-resistor is an electronic component whose resistance decreases with

increasing incident light intensity It can also be referred to as a light-dependent

resistor (LDR) photoconductor or photocell

A photo-resistor is made of a high-resistance semiconductor If light falling on the

device is of high enough frequency photons absorbed by the semiconductor give

bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band The resulting free

electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity thereby lowering resistance

Applications include smoke detection automatic light control batch counting and

burglar alarm systemshellip

Table3 1 Illuminations of light source and Characteristics of the LDR

Light source Illuminations (Lux)

Moonlight 01 60W bulb at 01m 50 1W MES bulb at 01m 100 Fluorescent lighting 500 Bright sunlight 30000 Characteristics of the LDR

Module PGM552-MP (TOREN) Photo Resistance (10Lx) 8~20 (KΩ) Dark Resistance 10 (MΩ) Vmax (DC) 150 V Temp (ordmC) -30~+70

Figure3 5 The System control Block Diagram

Figure3 6 System Control Program Simplified flowchart

The proposed photo-sensor is a box consisting of four dark rooms I II III and IV

Each LDR is fixed inside a dark room LDR1 LDR2 LDR3 and LDR4 locate in the

dark room I II III and IV correspondingly (as Figure 37b) A pair of them

controlling the angle of azimuth is positioned East-West direction and the two of

them controlling the angle of tilt are positioned Up-Down direction

Figure3 7 The proposed photo-sensor

For tracking in the Left-Right direction we make holes (three holes for each dark

room) to allow the sun light enter dark room I and II Itrsquos similar to Up-Down

direction

The STS uses two pairs of LDR The each pairs of LDR are set in two opposite

dark room Two resistance values of each pair of LDR are used to compare The

automatic sun tracking is accomplished according to following 3-step diagram as the

follows (Figure38)

Step-1 shows that when the sun is in front of the solar panel both sensors ie LRD-1

and LRD-2 are getting same amount of light

Step-2 the earth rotates the solar panel gets repositioned with respect to sun and

LRD-1 and LDR-2 obtains difference amount of light At this point the LDR sends

signal to the microprocessor The controller program control motor to rotate the PV

panel towards the sun until the LDR-1 and LDR-2 getting the same amount of light

Step-3 shows the reorientation of the solar panel The process continues until the end

of day

Figure3 8 Photo resistors set-up

The microprocessor receive voltage signal from 4 LDRs The controller programs

make a comparison of the resistance values of these LDRs and will decide to rotate

the stepper motors or not We set P1 P2 as two parameters of rotational limits

positions The microprocessor remembers these positions to rotate the PV panel to the

expectant positions (ie for sunrise position and sunset position)

In a cloudy day light intensity is less than a normal day Similarly during night

light intensity is far less than a cloudy day The voltage values of any LDR are

depended on the light intensity So sensor work on this principle to compare the

voltage level of voltage signal which are sent to microprocessor

We divide the value of output voltage of LDRs into 4 levels V1 V2 V3 and V4

V1 Sunshine and LDR is illuminated V2 Sunshine and LDR is shaded V3 Itrsquos

cloud V4 Daynight

With each direction we have two rotational limits positions which are set and

written in the controller program The function of which is to stop the motor from

going beyond the rotational limits which restrict the overall rotation of the PV panel

in both of directions

In case of night event the program stops all operations of the system and

repositions the solar panel towards east to track the sun for next morning When the

Sun goes down sensor determines that it is night (lower than V4 voltage level of any

LDR) The controller program rotates the PV panel to the LeftRight (East) rotational

limits positions

At the next sunrise this sensor detects whether the solar panel is ready for

tracking or not As any time there is sun as sensor get different values between two

LDRs of each direction Then controller program compare and control system to

rotate PV panel until two LDRs get the same resistance values

34 Structure of Solar Tracking System

As the sunrsquos position changes hourly the solar power devices should be adjusted

to produce the maximum output power Single-axis-tracking systems are considerably

cheaper and easier to construct but their efficiency is lower than the two axes sun-

tracking systems

The proposed Sun tracking system consists of the following components

bull The Mechanical and Electronic (ME) movement mechanism

bull The sensors signal processing unit

bull The system software

341 The ME movement mechanism a Description of the mechanism system

Figure3 9 The proposed Two-Axis ASTS

ldquoTwo-Axisrdquo means that the system can be able to tracking sun follow two axes

Left-Right (East-West) and Up-Down (Tilt angle) direction

The M-E mechanism consists of two parts aluminum frame and steel base

The first is aluminum frame (Figure 310) It has two movement mechanisms a Y

shaped bar and an aluminum beam The Y shaped bar is connected to beam by two

ball-bearing bases and has the ability to rotate the PV panel in the Left-Right direction

The PV panel is fixed on this Y shaped bar

Figure3 10 The metal frame of ASTS

Figure3 11 The steel base of ASTS

The aluminum beam is connected to the base by two ball-bearing bases and has

the ability to rotate the metal frame in the Up-Down direction

The steel base can move by four wheels (Figure 311) It has to be as stable as

possible Its height is 15m

The size of PV panel is 45cm width and 50cm length The frame has the same size

with PV panel (Figure 312)

Figure3 12 Dimension of PV panel of ASTS

b The worm gear mechanism

The PV panel movement consists of two movement directions Let-Right and Up-

Down The movement mechanism is the worm gear mechanism (Figure 313) A gear

consisting of a spirally threaded shaft and a wheel with marginal teeth those mesh into

The major particularity of this mechanical system is self-lock The worm can

easily turn the gear but the gear cannot turn the worm This is because the angle on

the worm is so shallow that when the gear tries to spin it The friction between the

gear and the worm holds the worm in place This mechanism only works when the

motors are supplied the power A tracking mechanism must be able to rotate the PV

panel following the Sun accurately and return the PV panel to its original position at

the end of the day or during the night and also track during periods of intermittent

cloud cover

Figure3 13 The worm gear mechanism

This mechanism has many advantages as

bull Higher torque capacity with no increase in size or conversely smaller more

reliable speed reducers

bull High shock resistance and the ability to withstand heavy starting and stopping

bull Low backlash due to the inherent precision of the double enveloping design

bull Increased durability and longer gear life

bull Design flexibility resulting from smaller and lighter envelopments

The disadvantages of worm gears are not by the strength of the teeth but by the

heat generated by the low efficiency It is necessary therefore to determine the heat

generated by the gears The worm gear must have lubricant to remove the heat from

the teeth in contact and sufficient area on the external surfaces to distribute the

generated heat to the local environment If the heat lost to the environment is

insufficient then the gears should be adjusted (more starts larger gears) or the box

geometry should be adjusted or the worm shaft could include a fan to induced forced

air flow heat loss

The reduction ratio of a worm gear is worked out through the following formula

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

z 1 = Number of threads (starts) on worm

z 2 = Number of teeth on worm wheel

Efficiency of Worm Gear (η)

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

Peripheral velocity of worm wheel

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

n 2 = Rotational speed of worm wheel (revs min)

d 2 = Ref dia of worm wheel (Pitch dia of worm wheel) =( p xzπ ) = 2a - d 1 (mm)

A worm gear is used when a large speed reduction ratio is required between

crossed axis shafts which do not intersect As the worm is rotated the worm wheel is

caused to rotate due to the screw like action of the worm The size of the worm gear

set is generally based on the centre distance between the worm and the worm wheel

The accuracy of the tracking mechanism depends on the PV panel acceptance angle

This angle is defined as the range of solar incidence angles measured relative to the

normal to the tracking axis over which the efficiency varies by less than 2 from that

associated with normal incidence

c The Stepper motor

We used two stepper motors for the solar tracking system Two stepper motors are

controlled by two motor drivers and a microprocessor base on the sensors They

adjust the PV panel reflecting two directions one is for the up-down direction (tilt

angle tracking) and other is for the left ndash right direction (daily tracking)

Figure3 14 The Stepper Motor (57SH-52A9H-Japan)

There are several factors to take into consideration when choosing a type of motor for

an application Some of these factors are what type of motor to use the torque

requirements of the system the complexity of the controller as well as the physical

characteristics of the motor There are many types of available motors for ASTS as

stepper motor DC motor We select stepper motor because it is very strong when

not rotating and very easy to control rotorrsquos position

Figure3 15 Stepper and DC Motor Rotation [11]

A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical

pulses into discrete mechanical movements The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor

rotates in discrete step increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in

the proper sequence The motors rotation has several direct relationships to these

applied input pulses The sequence of the applied pulses is directly related to the

direction of motor shafts rotation The speed of the motor shafts rotation is directly

related to the frequency of the input pulses and the length of rotation is directly

related to the number of input pulses applied

One of the most significant advantages of a stepper motor is its ability to be

accurately controlled in an open loop system Open loop control means no feedback

information about position is needed This type of control eliminates the need for

expensive sensing and feedback devices such as optical encoders Your position is

known simply by keeping track of the input step pulses

The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse

The motor has full torque at standstill (if the windings are energized)

Precise positioning and repeatability of movement since good stepper motors

have an accuracy of 3 ndash 5 of a step and this error is non cumulative from one step to

the next

Excellent response to startingstoppingreversing

Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor Therefore the life

of the motor is simply dependant on the life of the bearing

The motors response to digital input pulses provides open-loop control

making the motor simpler and less costly to control

It is possible to achieve very low speed synchronous rotation with a load that

is directly coupled to the shaft

A wide range of rotational speeds can be realized as the speed is proportional

to the frequency of the input pulses

The Stepper Motor Disadvantages

1 Resonances can occur if not properly controlled They have high vibration

levels due to stepwise motion Large errors and oscillations can result when a pulse is

missed under open-loop control

2 Not easy to operate at extremely high speeds (limited by torque capacity

and by pulse-missing problems due to faulty switching systems and drive circuits)

There are three basic types of stepping motors permanent magnet (PM) variable

reluctance (VR) and hybrid (HB) The stator or stationary part of the stepping motor

holds multiple windings The arrangement of these windings is the primary factor that

distinguishes different types of stepping motors from an electrical point of view

The selected Stepper Motors for the ASTS is PM stepper motor (a unipolar stepper

motor) Unipolar stepping motors are composed of two windings each with a center

tap 1 2 The center taps are either brought outside the motor as two separate wires

Fig316 or connected to each other internally and brought outside the motor as one

Figure3 16 Cross-section and Wiring diagram of a Unipolar stepper motor

The characteristics of selected stepper motor as the follows

Motor Model 57SH-52A9H

Voltage 12V

Electric current 06A

Impedance 18 Omega

Precisions the 09DEG

The wiring

Black A Green A Yellow B Orange B White V+

As a result unipolar motors have 5 or 6 wires Regardless of the number of wires

unipolar motors are driven in the same way The center tap wire(s) is tied to a power

supply and the ends of the coils are alternately grounded

Fig316 shows the cross section of a 30 degree per step unipolar motor Motor

winding number 1 is distributed between the top and bottom stator poles while motor

winding number 2 is distributed between the left and right motor poles The rotor is a

permanent magnet with six poles three Northrsquos and three Southrsquos

The direction of this flux is determined by the ldquoRight Hand Rulerdquo which states

ldquoIf the coil is grasped in the right hand with the fingers pointing in the direction of the

current in the winding (the thumb is extended at a 90degangle to the fingers) then the

thumb will point in the direction of the magnetic fieldrdquo

Table3 2 Step sequence for a Unipolar stepper motor W1-a W1-b W2-a W2-b

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

hellip hellip hellip

A stepper motor can be a good choice whenever controlled movement is required

They can be used to advantage in applications where you need to control rotation

angle speed position and synchronism Because of the inherent advantages listed

previously stepper motors have found their place in many different applications

The maximum power dissipation level or thermal limits of the motor are

seldom clearly stated in the motor manufacturerrsquos data To determine this we must

apply the relationship as follow

VxIP = (38)

For example a stepper motor may be rated at 6V and 1A per phase Therefore

with two phases energized the motor has rated power dissipation of 12 watts

It is normal practice to rate a stepper motor at the power dissipation level where the

motor case rises above the ambient in still air Therefore if the motor can be

mounted to a heat sink it is often possible to increase the allowable power dissipation

level This is important as the motor is designed to be and should be used at its

maximum power dissipation to be efficient from a sizeoutput powercost point of

The step angle the rotor turns per step is calculated as follows

phR xNNN360360angle Step

== (39)

NR = Number of rotor poles = Number of equivalent poles per phase

Nph = Number of phases

N = Total number of poles for all phases together

Usually stepper motors have two phases but three and five-phase motors also

exist The stator has three sets of windings Each set has two coils connected in series

A set of windings is called a ldquophaserdquo The motor above using this designation is a

three-phase motor A unipolar motor has one winding with a center tap per phase (Fig

316) Sometimes the unipolar stepper motor is referred to as a ldquofour phase motorrdquo

even though it only has two phases

Torque is a critical consideration when choosing a stepping motor Stepper

motors have different types of rated torque The torque produced by a stepper motor

depends on several factors the step rate the current through the windings the drive

design or type Torque is the sum of the friction torque (Tf) and inertial torque (Ti)

(310) if TTT +=

The frictional torque is the force (F) in ounces or grams required to move a load

multiplied by the length in inches or cm of the lever arm used to drive the load (r)

(311) rFTf =

The inertial torque (Ti) is the torque required to accelerate the load (gram-cm2)

ITi θπω= (312)

I = the inertial load in g-cm2

ω = step rate in stepssecond

t = time in seconds

θ = the step angle in degrees

K = a constant 9773

In Micro-stepping Drive the currents in the windings are continuously varying

to be able to break up one full step into many smaller discrete steps Micro-stepping is

a relatively new stepper motor technology that controls the current in the motor

winding to a degree that further subdivides the number of positions between poles

AMS micro-steppers are capable of rotating at 1256 of a step (per step) or over

50000 steps per revolution

Micro-stepping is typically used in applications that require accurate positioning

and a fine resolution over a wide range of speeds

d The motor driver

The motor driver board works as a programmer board for the microprocessor

This operating voltage is 12V

1 Connect Microprocessor P-1 Power Supply (12V) M-1 Connect Motor 1

Figure3 17 The stepper motor driver d1 Steper motor drive technology overview

Stepper motors require some external electrical components in order to run These

components typically include a Controller Indexer Motor Driver Fig 323 The

Motor Driver accepts step pulses and direction signals and translates these signals into

appropriate phase currents in the motor The Indexer creates step pulses and direction

signals The Controller sends commands to the Indexer to control the Motor Many

commercially available drives have integrated these components into a complete

package

Figure3 18 Typical Stepper Motor Driver System [9] The logic section of the stepper drive is often referred to as the translator Its

function is to translate the step and direction signals into control waveforms for the

switch set Fig 325 The basic translator functions are common to most drive types

although the translator is necessarily more complex in the case of a microstepping

drive However the design of the switch set is the prime factor in determining drive

performance

Figure3 19 Stepper Motor drive elements [9] The operation of a step motor is dependent upon an indexer (pulse source) and

driver The number and rate of pulses determines the speed direction of rotation and

the amount of rotation of the motor output shaft The selection of the proper driver is

critical to the optimum performance of a step motor

The stepper motor drive circuit has two major tasks The first is to change the

current and flux direction in the phase windings The second is to drive a controllable

amount of current through the windings and enabling as short current rise and fall

times as possible for good high speed performance

Table3 3 Excitation Methods

Single Phase 1-2 Phase Dual Phase

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

Torque reduced by 39 High torque

Poor step accuracy Poor step accuracy Good step

accuracy

Increased efficiency Higher pulse rates

To control the torque as well as to limit the power dissipation in the winding

resistance the current must be controlled or limited Furthermore when half stepping

a zero current level is needed while microstepping requires a continuously variable

current Two principles to limit the current are described here the resistance limited

drive and the chopper drive Any of the methods may be realized as a bipolar or

unipolar driver

d2 The stepper motor drive methods UNIPOLAR DRIVE

The name unipolar is derived from the fact that current flow is limited to one

direction As such the switch set of a unipolar drive is fairly simple and inexpensive

The unipolar drive principle requires a winding with a center-tap (T1 T2) or two

separate windings per phase Flux direction is reversed by moving the current from

one half of the winding to the other half This method requires only two switches per

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

The basic control circuit for a unipolar motor shown in Fig 320 The extra

diodes across each of the transistors are necessary These diodes prevent the voltage

fromfalling below ground across the MOSFETs

Figure3 20 The Basic Unipolar Drive Method The drawback to using a unipolar drive however is its limited capability to

energize all the windings at any one time As a result the number of amp turns

(torque) is reduced by nearly 40 compared to other driver technologies Unipolar

drivers are good for applications that operate at relatively low step rates

On the other hand the unipolar drive utilizes only half the available copper

volume of the winding The power loss in the winding is therefore twice the loss of a

bipolar drive at the same output power

e The microprocessor

Based on the AVR AT90S8535-High Performance and Low Power RISC

Architecture is designed as a CPU to control the ASTS illustrated as Figure 321

Table 36 Overview features of AVR AT90S8535

Flash EEPROOM SRAM Speed Volts

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Table3 5 General Package Info ( AT90S8535)

44-pin TQFP 44-pin PLCC 40-pin PDIP

Package Lead Code 44 44 40

Carrier Type TRAY TUBE TUBE

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Thickness 100 381 381

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Units per Carrier 160 27 10

Carriers per Bag 10 40 20

Units per Bag 1600 1080 200

Quantity per Reel 2000 500 0

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

D-1 Connect Motor Driver 1 D-2 Connect Motor Driver 2

PC Connect PC to Transfer the Controller Program

LCD Connect the LCD (14x2) S Connect the Sensor P-2 Power Supply (9V)

Figure3 21 Interfacing with Microprocessor (AVR AT 90S8535)

The AT90S8535 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVRreg

enhanced RISC architecture By executing powerful instructions in a single clock

cycle the AT90S8535 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing

the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed

The AT90S8535 provides the features as 8K bytes of In-System Programmable

Flash 512 bytes EEPROM 512 bytes SRAM 32 general purpose IO lines 32

general purpose working registers RTC three flexible timercounters with compare

modes internal and external interrupts a programmable serial UART 8-channel 10-

bit ADC programmable Watchdog Timer with internal oscillator an SPI serial port

and three software selectable power saving modes The Idle mode stops the CPU

while allowing the SRAM counters SPI port and interrupt system to continue

functioning The Power Down mode saves the register contents but freezes the

oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset

In Power Save mode the timer oscillator continues to run allowing the user to

maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping

The device is manufactured using Atmelrsquos high density non-volatile memory

technology The on-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed

in-system through an SPI serial interface or by a conventional nonvolatile memory

programmer By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Programmable Flash

on a monolithic chip the Atmel AT90S8535 is a powerful microcontroller that

provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control

applications The AT90S8535 AVR is supported with a full suite of program and

system development tools including C compilers macro assemblers program

simulators in-circuit emulators and evaluation kits

Port A (PA7hellipPA0) is an 8-bit bi-directional IO port (Figure 322) Port pins can

provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit) The Port A output buffers can

sink 20mA and can drive LED displays directly When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as

inputs and are externally pulled low they will source current if the internal pull-up

resistors are activated Port A also serves as the analog inputs to the AD Converter

Figure3 22 AVR AT 90S8535 Pin Configurations Port B (PB7hellipPB0) is an 8-bit bi-directional IO pins with internal pull-up

resistors The Port B output buffers can sink 20 mA As inputs Port B pins that are

externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated Port B

also serves the functions of various special features of the AT90S8535

Port C (PC7PC0) is an 8-bit bi-directional IO port with internal pullup resistors

The Port C output buffers can sink 20 mA As inputs Port C pins that are externally

pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated Two Port C pins

can al ternat ively be used as oscil l a tor f or TimerCounter2

Port D (PD7hellipPD0) is an 8-bit bidirectional IO port with internal pull-up

resistors The Port D output buffers can sink 20 mA As inputs Port D pins that are

externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated Port D

VCC Digital supply voltage

GND Digital ground

RESET Reset input A low on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator

is running resets the device

XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock

operating circuit

XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier

AVCC This is the supply voltage pin for the AD Converter It should be

externally connected to VCC via a low-pass filter

AREF This is the analog reference input for the AD Converter For ADC

operations a voltage in the range AGND to AVCC must be applied to this pin

AGNDAnalog ground If the board has a separate analog ground plane this pin

should be connected to this ground plane Otherwise connect to GND

342 The sensors signal processing unit The Sensor connection circuit as Figure 323

P-3 Power Supply A-3 Connect Microprocessor

Figure3 23 Sensor controller circuit The sensors system consists of four photo-resistors (LDR1 LDR2 LDR3 LDR4)

connected in an electronic circuit Fig 323 We set the LDR-1 LDR-2 to control

system in the Left-Right direction and LDR-3 LDR-4 to control system in the Up-

Down direction

Each LDR (LDR1 LDR2 LDR3 LDR4) are connected in series with a varies

resistor Their rolls are adjusting the resistance values of LDR1 LDR2 LDR3 LDR4

so that each pair of them will get the same value (LDR1 is equal LDR1 and LDR3 is

equal LDR4)

The difference signals of each pair of LDRs representing the angular error of the

PV panel are employed to re-position the panel in such a way that the angular errors

are minimized A microcontroller system with AVR AT90S8535 is used as a

controller of position The signals taken from voltage divider consisting of LDRs

(LDR1~LDR4) are applied to IO port lines of AVR (PA0 PA1 PA2 RA3)

respectively These analog signals are converted to digital signals and compared with

each others (LDR1-LDR2 LDR3-LDR4) If the difference between LDR1 and LDR2

(or LDR3 and LDR4) error signal is bigger than a certain value (tolerance) the

micro-controller generates driving signals for stepper motors If the error signals are

smaller than or equal to the value of tolerance the micro-controller generates no

signal which means that the solar panel is facing the sun and the light intensities

falling on the four LDRs are equal or slightly different

343 ASTS Control program Installation The system control program is written in BASCOM-AVR (of MCS Electronics)

programming language for AVR (AT90S8535) BASCOM-AVR is the original

Windows BASIC COMPLIER for the AVR family It is designed to run on

W95W98NTW2000XPVISTA

To program some AVR Micro-Controller Unit (MCU) we will need an AVR

programmer To better way to do this is using some Development Kit like STK-500

This have a lot of advantages as serial port LCD connector SRAM socket 8 switches

controllers for all types of MCU But the solution for a low-cost AVR programmer is

able to making a suitable AVR programmer circuit for own system

The AVR programmer that is a programming cable connects AVR and LPT port

for writing the system control program on AVR

The hardware consist 1 male connector for PLT port (25pins) some resistors 1

header with 8 pins as Fig 324

1 Connect the VCC pin from Pins 234 of PLT port to Pin 10 of AT90S8535

2 Connect the RESET pin from Pin 6 of PLT port to Pin 9 of AT90S8535

3 Connect the MOSI pin from Pin 7 of PLT port to Pin 6 of AT90S8535

4 Connect the SCK pin from Pin 8 of PLT port to Pin 8 of AT90S8535

5 Connect the MISO pin from Pin 10 of PLT port to Pin 7 of AT90S8535

6 Connect the GND pin from Pin 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 of PLT port to Pin 11

of AT90S8535

Figure3 24 The AVR programmer wiring (AT90Sxxxx)

Figure3 25 The AVR programmer (connect LPT port) Steps transfer the ASTS control program from PC to Microprocessor Be sure to

switch on the power supply before running BASCOM-AVR

Step1 Start BASCOM-AVR software and create the Program in BASIC

Step2 Compile the Program (F7) The program will be saving

automatically before being compiled

Step3 Run Programmer (Send to Chip F4)

Step4 Write the system control program to Chip

After step 3 the following window will be shown as Fig 326 The program will

be sent to chip as

+Select Chip (AT90S8535)

+Erase Chip (Chip must be erased before it can be programmed)

+Write the program to Chip

Figure3 26 The BASCOM-AVR Interface

35 The control approach The ASTS has two types of control approach automatic control and manual

control This can make the system to work successfully

System operates with the help of the system controller program in the

microprocessor used to manage the automatic operation of ASTS The system

controller program is written in MCS Electronics Bascom-AVR programming

language This controller has following functions

Senses the proposed photo-sensor

Drives stepper motor

The central driving component of automatic control is the proposed photo-sensor

Their operation has been explained on the previous page The controller program will

be written in PC and then it will be installed in the microprocessor via LPT port The

program transfer cable is shown in Fig 343

The stepper motor controller has been powered by ATMEL AVR AT90S8535

Figure3 27 The detail control program flowchart

A manual control option was also kept in this system Two objectives were kept in

mind The manual control should work efficiently and should be as user friendly as

possible

Manual operation of the reflector movement can be carried out activating the

ldquoLeftrdquo ldquoRightrdquo ldquoUprdquo and ldquoDownrdquo Using the ldquoLeft Endrdquo ldquoRight Endrdquo ldquoDown Endrdquo

and ldquoUp Endrdquo buttons to set the movement limit forward 2 directions Left-Right Up-

Down and also to pre-set the initial position of the reflector during the beginning of

the operation

The user has the ability to select a manual control option or not When there is an

interruption of power supply the tracking system is switched off and when the

system restarts the reflector orientation procedure begins automatically

36 Guide amp Note for using System About the ASTS mechanism To keep rotation of the Y shaped bar be status of

stable position by adding a weight When the centre of gravity of movement

component is out of vertical direction the weight can generate a moment to keep

system be stable position This is very useful for operation of the stepper motor

Motors just have to working for skin friction between worm and gear

The proposed photo-sensor is always to be checked for quality and positions of

LDRs inside sensor

Power supply is 9V for Microprocessor and 12V for stepper motor and stepper

motor driver

4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments The experiments are carried out to investigate the performance and efficiency of

the two-axis ASTS For evaluating the STS operation the maximum amount of output

(power I-V curvehellip) in PV modules is investigated How changes in solar radiation

temperature during the testing dayhellip affect the output of PV modules also they

examined the most important seasonal changes of PV module output These are

showed up in the next part

411 Collection Data System The most important characteristics of individual solar cell technologies are their

current-voltage (I-V) curve This curve is obtained by varying the load in incremental

steps constantly logging voltage and current values from open-circuit to short-circuit

conditions as described in earlier sections Results will present significant differences

in efficiencies of the solar energy system

The I-V curves reflect the performance of the PV panel during a particular instant

of the day I-V curves vary significantly during the day mainly because of variations

in the sun radiation angle (cosine effect) influence of the atmosphere (changes in the

relative position of the earth respect to the sun) and variations in solar cell

temperature Varying curves during the testing day for the horizontal position are

almost stationary along the day

This system consist two main components GPIB and PC with LabVIEW program

The output data of PV panel (voltage) throughout GPIB is used to read in PC The

LabVEW program will store analysis and show up data (I-V curve)

Figure4 1 The Collection Data System

412 Experimental setup In this work the Microcontroller-controlled system for the STS was designed and

constructed The system consists of an electro-mechanical setup having low cost and

easily installed and assembled The programming was based on the comparison of

voltage signal of LDRs which works as a sensor

Figure4 2 The ASTS Control System Two PV panels (Figure 41) one of which is Non-Tracking and the other is two-

axis automatic tracking are employed in the experiments The non-tracking PV panel

is tilted at a fixed elevation angle and is oriented in some azimuth angle The

proposed photo-sensor is mounted on the tracking panel

Data is collected from both of the non-tracking and tracking panel at the same

time The stored data was recorded every 10 minutes The collected data was

averaged to obtain the hourly data Data is measured in the period 900 AM to

1500PM So a total of measurement time is 6 hours The data that was captured from

the stationary panel and the rotary panel will be analyzed

b Process of Experiments

Step 01 The Experimental Design

- The experiment in case sunshine day

- The experiment on two type of PV panel Non-tracking and tracking PV panel

- Experimental condition The input data of both tracking and non-tracking PV

panel are collected at the same time

- Position of Non-tracking PV panel vertical and tilt at zero degree

Step 02 Experimental Preparation

The Experimental Equipments

- Solar Equipments Two PV panel (similar characteristic)

- Data Collection Load (DC electronic Load) 2000 Multi-Meter LabVIEW

USB card PC with LabVIEW Program Power Supply (110V)

- ME Control Equipments ASTS (Mechanical and Electronic Equipments)

Program using in Experiments

- LabView program for solar data collection

- BASCOM-AVR program to control the ASTS

- Excel program for analyzing the solar data

Step 03 Experiments (The results are showed in next part)

42 Result and Discussions The experimental study is realized at Southern Taiwan University The experiments

took place on 28th June 2007 from 085147 to 150040 PM The results are shown in

Table 41 and Figure 43 During the experiments the weather conditions were very

good and there were no clouds in the sky

Table4 1 The experimental data

Date Time E I-track I-fixed I-out V P-out 6282007 85147 660 038 027 065 2396 15626282007 90147 667 038 028 066 2396 15836282007 91147 674 037 029 066 2396 15926282007 92147 677 038 031 069 2396 16646282007 93147 760 039 032 071 2396 17136282007 94147 766 039 034 073 2396 17516282007 95147 788 039 034 074 2396 17686282007 95414 783 039 034 073 2396 1756282007 100414 039 035 075 2396 17866282007 101414 04 036 076 2396 18236282007 102414 786 04 037 077 2396 18516282007 103414 04 038 078 2396 18696282007 104414 04 039 079 2396 18976282007 104609 041 039 08 2396 1916282007 105609 808 041 04 082 2396 19566282007 110330 043 042 085 2396 2046282007 111329 043 042 084 2396 20236282007 112330 041 041 082 2396 1976282007 113330 039 039 078 2396 18686282007 114329 788 04 04 08 2396 19276282007 115329 041 042 083 2396 19866282007 115627 041 042 084 2396 20126282007 120627 042 043 084 2396 20196282007 121627 041 042 084 2396 20146282007 122627 042 043 085 2396 20256282007 123627 027 027 055 2396 13066282007 124627 042 043 085 2396 20316282007 125126 041 041 082 2396 19576282007 130126 754 039 039 079 2396 18836282007 131126 04 039 079 2396 18946282007 132126 039 039 078 2396 1878

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

I-track output current of PV panel using ASTS

I-fixed output current of PV panel with non-tracking

I-out output current of two PV panels tracking and non-tracking PV panel

V output voltage of PV panel

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

Figure4 3 The output current of tracking and non-tracking PV panel

This result shows and verifies that the tracking PV panel containing ASTS

(tracking PV panel) takes more light density than the non-tracking PV panel

In the Figure 43 the current curve of tracking PV panel (green colour) is above

the other of non-tracking PV panel (red colour) Thus we can specify that there is an

increased efficiency of the PV panel using two-axis ASTS to compare with non-

tracking PV panel

The efficiency of the PV panel using ASTS compared to non-tracking PV panel is

given in Table 41 From this data it was found that there was an overall increase of

about 7 in the output power for the tracking system compared to the non-tracking

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

In this study an experimental study is performed to investigate the effect of two-

axis tracking on the PV panel under normal weather conditions The result and

discussions based conclusion as the follows

M-E movement mechanism is flexible (180 deg in the east-west direction and

90 deg In the up-down direction)

The proposed photo-sensor is not expensive but also efficient operation

A new solar tracking technique based on microcontroller was implemented

and tested successfully in this study

By using the proposed ASTS PV panels is aligned orthogonally to the sun

The result shows that there was an overall increase of about 7 in the output power

for the tracking system compared to the non-tracking PV panel

The Two-axis ASTS is low cost system

The tracking system presented has the following advantages

The tracking system is not constrained by the geographical location of

installation of the PV panel

The solar tracking system is designed for automatically searching the

maximum solar irradiance in the whole azimuth (Left ndash Right direction) and tilt angle

(Up ndash Down direction) during any time

The operator interference is minimal because of not needing to be adjusted

periodically

The system control program is rewritten and installed in microprocessor easily

by LPT port

The system can operate individually as an intelligent completed machine may

not be employed Any time there is sun the solar tracking system operate

automatically

Experimental results based on different modes of system operation are presented

It is concluded that The gain of the proposed two-axis tracking system is

considerable compared with the fixed surface for operation under normal weather

conditions

REFERENCES

[1] Antonio Luque Steven Hegedus (2003) ldquoHandbook of Photovoltaic Science and

Engineeringrdquo John Wiley amp Sons Ltd

[2] A Fahrenbruch R Bube (1983) ldquoFundamentals of Solar Cellsrdquo Academic Press

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

[3] D Lillington H Cotal J Ermer D Friedman T Moriarty A Duda ldquo323

efficient triple junction GaInP2GaAsGe concentrator solar cellsrdquo 35th Energy

Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit pp 516-521 2000

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

[4] Samuel Lakeou Esther Ososanya ldquoDesign of a low-cost solar tracking photo-

voltaic (pv) module and wind turbine combination systemrdquo

httpwwwudceducere2006Full1992pdf

[5] Konar A Mandal AK (2005) ldquoMicroprocessor based automatic Sun trackerrdquo

IEE Proceedings-A Vol 138 No 4 July 1991

JOURNAL

[6] George C Bakos (2006) ldquoDesign and construction of a two-axis Sun tracking

system for parabolic trough collector (PTC) efficiency improvementrdquo Renewable

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

[7] Mazen M Abu-Khadera_ Omar O Badranb Salah Abdallah (2006)

ldquoEvaluating multi-axes sun-tracking system at different modes of operation in

Jordanrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

E- SOURCES

[8] Haydon switch amp Instrument motors ldquoHSI Stepper Motor Theoryrdquo

httpeceserv0ecewiscedu~morrowECE315HSI_Stepper_Motor_Theorypdf

[9] AMS INC (2005) Step Motors Reference Guide ldquoStepper Motor System

Basicsrdquo httpwwwams2000comstepping101html

[10] Dr Douglas W Jones (2004) ldquoStepping Motors Fundamentalsrdquo Reston Condit

Microchip Technology Inc

[11] Matthew Grant ( 2005) Application NoterdquoQuick Start for Beginners to Drive a

Stepper Motorrdquo Freescale Semiconductor AN2974

指導教授林克默

研究生範越雄

02Abstract-Acknowledgements22pdf

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

03 Thesis_VietHung Phampdf

1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy


13 Purpose and main works of Research


21 Numerical Model

22 Solution of Numerical Module

23 Results of Matlab PV module model



32 The STS overview



341 The ME movement mechanism

342 The sensors signal processing unit

343 ASTS Control program Installation

35 The control approach

36 Guide amp Note for using System


AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments

411 Collection Data System

412 Experimental setup

42 Result and Discussions

5 CONCLUSIONS

ABSTRACT

English

The purpose of this research is to design and build an automatic solar tracking

system for PV panel so that the efficiency of PV modules can be enhanced and solar

energy can be used effectively

First the most suitable technical solution for the solar tracking system is

proposed Then the proposed solar tracking system was built and the performance of

this system was characterized Finally the affect of using the automatic solar tracking

system on output power was experimentally investigated

The results indicated that our automatic solar tracking system which uses

proposed sensors microcontroller and stepper motors is simple low-cost and

efficient The measured variables of our automatic solar tracking system were

compared with those of a fixed PV panel The output power of our automatic solar

tracking system has an overall increase of about 7

Chinese

本研究之目的為設計並建構一太陽能追日系統以便提高太陽模組的轉換效率有

效率地運用太陽能源首先對多種技術方案進行探討以便找出最適合的方案設

計出一追日系統接著對所提方案建購成實體並對其性能進行測試最後再以

實體探討此自動追日系統對功率輸出之影響結果顯示利用感測器及步進馬

達所建構之追日系統不只簡易低成本且有效率將其測量變數與固定軸的 PV

系統比較發現自動追日系統之 PV 系的功率輸總夹高出 7

Keywords Solar energy Two-axis solar tracking system Open loop control

Microprocessor (AVR) Stepper motor Photo-Sensor

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

you have done

Pham Viet Hung

STUT July 20th 2007

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACTi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSii

LIST OF FIGURES v

LIST OF TABLESvii

1 INTRODUCTION1

11 Solar energy 1

41 Experiments 57

5 CONCLUSION 64

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy

the 1950s

energy

the semiconductor

pollution)

Quick installation

building structures

installation so far

storage

following

To use a STS

21 Numerical Model

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

you have done

Pham Viet Hung

STUT July 20th 2007

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACTi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSii

LIST OF FIGURES v

LIST OF TABLESvii

1 INTRODUCTION1

11 Solar energy 1

41 Experiments 57

5 CONCLUSION 64

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy

the 1950s

energy

the semiconductor

pollution)

Quick installation

building structures

installation so far

storage

following

To use a STS

21 Numerical Model

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACTi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSii

LIST OF FIGURES v

LIST OF TABLESvii

1 INTRODUCTION1

11 Solar energy 1

41 Experiments 57

5 CONCLUSION 64

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy

the 1950s

energy

the semiconductor

pollution)

Quick installation

building structures

installation so far

storage

following

To use a STS

21 Numerical Model

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

41 Experiments 57

5 CONCLUSION 64

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy

the 1950s

energy

the semiconductor

pollution)

Quick installation

building structures

installation so far

storage

following

To use a STS

21 Numerical Model

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy

the 1950s

energy

the semiconductor

pollution)

Quick installation

building structures

installation so far

storage

following

To use a STS

21 Numerical Model

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

LIST OF TABLES

1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy

the 1950s

energy

the semiconductor

pollution)

Quick installation

building structures

installation so far

storage

following

To use a STS

21 Numerical Model

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

LIST OF TABLES

1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy

the 1950s

energy

the semiconductor

pollution)

Quick installation

building structures

installation so far

storage

following

To use a STS

21 Numerical Model

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy

the 1950s

energy

the semiconductor

pollution)

Quick installation

building structures

installation so far

storage

following

To use a STS

21 Numerical Model

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy

the 1950s

energy

the semiconductor

pollution)

Quick installation

building structures

installation so far

storage

following

To use a STS

21 Numerical Model

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

pollution)

Quick installation

building structures

installation so far

storage

following

To use a STS

21 Numerical Model

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

pollution)

Quick installation

building structures

installation so far

storage

following

To use a STS

21 Numerical Model

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

following

To use a STS

21 Numerical Model

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

21 Numerical Model

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

21 Numerical Model

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

PmaxUU =

PmaxII =

maxmax

IUIUPFF PP IU

== (20)

of the cell

)1(0 minusminus=+

ph eIII or (21a)

IIIUU minus

+minus= )ln(

T RIII

++minus

minus= (22)

IIIIUIUP 2

0 )ln( minus+minus

== (23)

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

)2()ln(00

TphT R

++minus

minus+minus

= (24)

OCIUU =

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

maxmax

UU ==0

== pIIdI

dP 0== SCII

( )( ) 00 =+++ IIRMU phPVT ⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

01 max

maxmax

=+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus

IIeI T

(25b) ⎩⎨⎧

01 max

=+minus⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛minus

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

+minusPph

IIeIPV

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

PIIdIdP

010 =minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus ph

(27) ⎩⎨⎧

0IUU OC

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

0 =+minus⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛minus SCph

IIeI T

⎩⎨⎧

SCIIU 0

Iph Photo current

MPP PmaxUpmaxIpmax

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

Software

570507 448853 133369 030 033

Rpv Io

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

connections

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

585907 498973 33549 007 008

590587 499107 69591 014 016

578767 448647 104041 023 025

573813 448747 123616 028 030

570507 448853 133369 030 033

56702 44884 123207 027 032

569713 44886 108833 024 027

573007 448853 76518 017 018

56154 44872 28883 006 007

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

circuits to work

sunrise

choose this option

32 The STS overview

efficiency

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

elevation

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

of year

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

Down direction

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

direction

follows (Figure38)

of day

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

cloud V4 Daynight

limits positions

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

tracking systems

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

cloud cover

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

air flow heat loss

n = (35)

n = Reduction Ratio

γμαγμα

ηcot costancos

n +minus

= n (36)

22 000052360)( ndsmVp = (37)

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

c The Stepper motor

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

the next

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

Voltage 12V

Impedance 18 Omega

The wiring

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

otation

0 0 0 1

VxIP = (38)

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

== (39)

(310) if TTT +=

(311) rFTf =

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

ITi θπω= (312)

t = time in seconds

K = a constant 9773

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

d The motor driver

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

package

performance

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

Phase A

Phase B

Phase Arsquo

Phase Brsquo

accuracy

unipolar driver

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

phase (Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4)

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

8kB 512B 512B 0-8MHz 4-6V

Max Package

Height 12 457

Body Width 1000 1656 1524

Body Length 1000 1656 5232

JEDEC MSL 3 2

Tape Pitch 16 24

Tape Width 24 32

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

GND Digital ground

operating circuit

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

Down direction

equal LDR4)

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

of AT90S8535

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

be sent to chip as

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

possible

the operation

LDRs inside sensor

motor driver

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

AND DISCUSSION

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

6282007 133126 758 039 038 077 2396 18536282007 134126 039 037 077 2396 1846282007 134506 039 037 076 2396 18326282007 135506 786 039 036 075 2396 18096282007 140506 039 036 074 2396 17846282007 142506 038 034 072 2396 17316282007 143506 038 033 071 2396 17056282007 144040 038 032 07 2396 16846282007 145040 038 031 069 2396 16576282007 150040 673 038 03 067 2396 1613

830 930 1030 1129 1229 1329 1429 1529

Day time

I-tracking

I-non tracking

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

tracking PV panel

PV panel

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

5 CONCLUSIONS

periodically

by LPT port

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

automatically

conditions

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

ELECTRONICS ARTICLE

JOURNAL

Energy 31 (2006) 2411ndash2421

E- SOURCES

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

研究生範越雄

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1 INTRODUCTION

11 Solar energy




21 Numerical Model





32 The STS overview









AND DISCUSSION

41 Experiments




5 CONCLUSIONS

Documents

南台科技大學 研究生學位考試 論文格式eshare.stust.edu.tw/Etd/2007_7/etd-0407109-183703-150-001.pdf · 1.2 Automatic Solar Tracking System (ASTS) The major problem

南台科技大學研究生學位考試論文格式eshare.stust.edu.tw/Etd/2007_7/etd-0407109-183703-150-001.pdf · 1.2 Automatic Solar Tracking System (ASTS) The major problem