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ISBN: 978-960-603-281-3

Copyright , 2015

Creative Commons - - 3.0. .

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9, 15780

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.........................................................................................................................3

- .................................................................................................11 .............................................................................................................................................12

1. (1670-

1830): ....................................................................................14

1.1 ............................................................ ..................................... 14

1.2 ........................................................... ................................................ 16

1.2.1 ................................................................... .................................... 16

1.2.2 ............................................................................................................................. 19

/ ....................................................................................................................20

2. ( 18 1830): ,

...........................................................................................................................22

2.1 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 22

2.2 : , , ................................ 22

2.2.1 ................................................................................................................... 23

2.2.2 ................................................................. ...................................................................... . 25

2.2.2.1 .............................................................................................................................................. 25

2.2.2.2 .............................................................................................................................................. 262.2.2.3 .......................................................................................................................................... 27

2.2.2.4 ............................................................................................................................................ 27

2.2.2.5 .................................................................................................................... 29

2.2.2.6 ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ............. 29

2.2.3 (1800-1821) ......................................................................................................... 30

2.2.3.1 ............................................................ ..................................................................... ............. 30

2.2.3.2 ............................................................................................................................................ 32

2.2.3.3 (1819-1821).................................................................... .................................... 33

2.3 .................................................................................................................................................... 34

2.3.1 ................................................................................................................................................. 34

2.3.1.1 , ........................................................................................................................... 34

2.3.1.2 ,.......................................................................................................................................... 35

2.3.2 , .................................................................. ............. 35

2.3.3 , ............................................ 36

2.3.4 , ......................... 38

2.3.5 , , , 8, 1789...................... 39

2.3.6 , ................................................................. .. 41

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/ ....................................................................................................................42

.......................................................................................................................44

1................................................................................................................................................... 44

/ ................................................................................................................................................................ 44

3. , , ................................................................................................45

3.1 ................................................................................. 45

3.2 .............................................................. .............. 51

3.3 .................................................................................................................................................... 57

3.3.1 , ...................................................................................................................... 57

3.3.2 . , . ........................................................... 58

/ ....................................................................................................................60

.......................................................................................................................61 1................................................................................................................................................... 61

/ ................................................................................................................................................................ 62

4. (1760-1824) .................................................................................................63

4.1 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 63

4.2 .............................................................. ...................................................................... . 63

4.2.1 ................................................................................................................................................ 63

4.2.2 ............................................................. ..................................................................... ............. 65

4.3 .....................................................................................................

654.3.1 ................................................................................................................................................. 65

4.3.2 ............................................................................................................................................. 66

4.4 .............................................................................................................................................. 67

4.5 .................................................................. 69

4.5.1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 69

4.5.2 : ............................................................................................ 70

4.5.3 ................................................................................................. 71

4.5.4 .............................................................................................................................................. 71

4.5.4.1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 71

4.5.4.2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 71

4.5.5 .................................................................................................................................. 72

4.5.6 ............................................................ ........................................................... 74

4.6 .................................................................................................................................................... 75

4.6.1 , , .......................................................................................... 75

4.6.2 , .......................................................................... 76

4.6.3 , ................................................................ 77

4.6.4 ............................................................................................................................................. 79

4.6.4.1 , ........................................ 79

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4.6.4.2 , .................................................................... .............. 80

4.6.5 , ................................................................................................................................ 80

4.6.6 , , ,

............................................................................................................................................................................................ 83

4.6.7 , ................................................................................................................................. 84

/ ....................................................................................................................86

.......................................................................................................................88

1................................................................................................................................................... 88

/ ................................................................................................................................................................ 88

2................................................................................................................................................... 88

/ ................................................................................................................................................................ 88

5. : ..................................................................................................89

5.1 ............................................................................................................................................... 89

5.2 ....................................................................................................................................................... 89

5.3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 93

5.4 .................................................................................................................................................... 93

5.4.1 , ................................................................ ................................................ 93

5.4.2 ,........................................................................................................................................ 94

5.4.3 , .................................................................................................................................... 97

/ ....................................................................................................................98

.......................................................................................................................99

1................................................................................................................................................... 99

/ ................................................................................................................................................................ 99

2................................................................................................................................................... 99

/ ................................................................................................................................................................ 99

6. : ....................................................................................................100

6.1 ................................................................................................................................................................... 100

6.2 , .......................................... 101

6.3 ............................................................. ......................................................... 1066.4 () ...................................................................................................................... 112

6.5 ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................... 115

6.6 ........................................................... .............................................. 116

6.7 ........................................................................................................... 121

6.8 ........................................................................................................................ 125

6.8.1 ................................................................ ......................................................... 125

6.8.2 ................................................................... ...................... 128

6.9 ............................................................................................................................................. 130

6.10 : ........................................... 133

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6.11 1800-1820: , , ..................................................................... 138

6.11.1 .................................................................. .............................................. 138

6.11.2 ................................................................................................................................ 139

6.11.3 ............................................................... 141

6.11.4 1800-1820............................................................................................................. 141

6.12 1821-1830: ............................................................................... 145

6.13 ................................................................................................................................................ 148

6.13.1 , ............................................................................................ 148

6.13.2 , ........................................................................................ 150

6.13.3 , ..................................................................................................... 152

6.13.4 ..................................................................................................................................................... 155

6.13.5 , ,

............................................................. ..................................................................... .............................................. 156

6.13.6 Caspar Ludwig Momartz,

...................................................................................................................................................... 159

6.13.7 ,....................................................................................................... 161

6.13.8 ............................................................................................................................................ 164

6.13.8.1 ................................................................................................................................................... 164

6.13.8.2 .................................................................... ...................... 175

6.13.9 ....................................................................................................... 177

6.13.10 , ................................................................. .............................................. 182

6.13.11 , ..................................................................................................... 184

6.13.12 , ............................................................ ....................... 185

6.13.13 , , ........... 187

6.13.14 , .............. 190

6.13.15 ..................................................................................................................................... 193

6.13.16 .............................................................................................................................................. 193

6.13.17 .................................................................... ..................................................................... 194

6.13.18 .......................................................................................................................................... 196

6.13.19 ............................................................................................................................................... 1976.13.20 ,(. 1811) ................................................................................................ 200

6.13.21 ............................................................................................................................................... 202

6.13.22 , ......................................................................................................... 206

6.13.23 James Thomson , ................................................................... ............. 207

6.13.24 , ............................................................... ................................... 208

6.13.25 , ............................................................................. 209

6.13.26 , ........................................................... ...................... 210

6.13.27 , ............................................................ .............................................. 211

6.13.28 , .................................................................................................... 213

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6.13.29 ,...................................................................... ............................................. 213

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.....................................................................................................................220

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220/ .............................................................................................................................................................. 220

2................................................................................................................................................. 220

/ .............................................................................................................................................................. 220

3................................................................................................................................................. 221

/ .............................................................................................................................................................. 221

7. : .............................................................................................222

7.1 .................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................... 222

7.2 .................................................................................................................................... 223

7.3 ............................................................. 223

7.3.1 ................................................................... ..................................................................... ........... 224

7.3.2 .................................................................................................. 225

7.4 ..................................................................... .................................. 227

7.5 ................................................................................................... 228

7.5.1 ....................................................................................................................................... 228

7.5.2 ................................................................ ..................................................................... 230

7.5.3 ..................................................................................................................................... 231

7.5.3.1 , : , ,........................................................................................................................................................................... 231

7.5.3.2 ................................................................ ..................................................................... ........... 234

7.5.3.3 : ........................................................................ 235

7.5.4 ..................................................................... ......................................................... 237

7.5.5 ...................................................................................................................................................... 238

7.5.6 ........................................................................................... 240

7.5.7 ..................................................................................................... 241

7.6. ...................................................................................................... 241

7.6.1 ........................................................................................................................................ 242

7.6.1.1 .......................................................................................................... 242

7.6.1.2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 242

7.6.1.3.................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................... 243

7.6.2 ............................................................ .................................. 243

7.6.3 ........................................................... .............................................. 245

7.6.4 ................................................................................................ 247

7.6.5 ............................................................ ......................................................... 247

7.6.6 ........................................................... .............................................. 248

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7.7 ................................................................................................................................................................... 249

7.8 .................................................................................................................................................. 250

7.8.1 , ................................................................................................. 250

7.8.2 , ................................................................................................... 252

7.8.3 , ............................................................. 252

7.8.4 , ........................................................................................................................ 254

7.8.5 , ............................................................................................... 256

7.8.6 ............................................................ ..................................................................... ........... 257

7.8.7 , , ......................................................... 260

7.8.8 , ......................................................................................................... 263

7.8.9 , .............................................................................................. 265

7.8.10 , ........................................................................... 266

7.8.11 ....................................................................................................................................................

267

7.8.12 ......................................................................................... 268

7.8.13 , ........................................... 269

7.8.14 , ................................................................... .................................. 272

7.8.15 , .................................................................................................................. 275

7.8.16 ,................................................................................................................... 277

7.8.17 , ................. 278

7.8.18 - . , ........................................ 279

7.8.19 . . , ............................................................ 280

7.8.20 -,............................................................................................ 281

/ ..................................................................................................................282

.....................................................................................................................287

1................................................................................................................................................. 287

/ .............................................................................................................................................................. 288

2................................................................................................................................................. 288

/ .............................................................................................................................................................. 288

3................................................................................................................................................. 288/ .............................................................................................................................................................. 288

8. : ...................................................................................................289

8.1 ................................................................................................................................................................... 289

8.1.1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 290

8.1.2 ..................................................................... ...................... 290

8.1.3 ..................................................................... ......................................................... 291

8.2 18 .................................................................................................. 292

8.2.1 .....................................................................................................

292

8.2.2 ..................................................................................................................................... 294

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8.3 .............................................................. ............................................. 294

8.3.1 ..................................................................... ...................... 294

8.3.1.1 .............................................................................................................................................................. 295

8.3.1.2 ............................................................................................................................................................. 296

8.3.2 ..................................................................................................... 297

8.3.2.1 ..................................................................... ......................................................... 297

8.3.2.2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 297

8.3.2.3 ............................................................................................................................................................. 298

8.4 19 ..................................................................... ........... 299

8.4.1 ..................................................................................................................... 300

8.4.2 ............................................................. ..................................................................... ........... 300

8.4.3 .................................................................................................... 301

8.4.4 .....................................................................................................

303

8.4.5 ........................................................................................................................................................ 303

8.4.6 .......................................................................................................................... 304

8.4.7 ................................................................................................................................... 305

8.5 .................................................................................................................................................. 306

8.5.1 .................................................................... ......................................................... 306

8.5.2 , .................................................................. ....................... 307

8.5.3 , ..................................................................... ......................................................... 308

8.5.4 , ...................................................................................................................................... 311

8.5.5 , ,

...................................................................... ..................................................................... ........... 315

8.5.6 , ............................................................................................... 316

8.5.7 , ................................................................. ....................... 317

/ ..................................................................................................................320

.....................................................................................................................324

1................................................................................................................................................. 324

/ .............................................................................................................................................................. 324

2................................................................................................................................................. 324

/ .............................................................................................................................................................. 324

3................................................................................................................................................. 324

/ .............................................................................................................................................................. 324

9. : .....................................325

9.1 ................................................................................................. 325

9.2 : ..................................................................................... 327

9.3 1810.............................................................. ............ 335

/ ..................................................................................................................336

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.....................................................................................................................337

1................................................................................................................................................. 337

/ .............................................................................................................................................................. 337

2................................................................................................................................................. 338

/ .............................................................................................................................................................. 338

10. : .......................................................................339

10.1 ......................................................................................................................... 339

10.1.1 .......................................................................................... 339

10.2 .................................................................... .............................................. 340

10.2.1 .................................................................................................................................. 340

10.2.2 (1790-1797)..................................................................... ............................................. 340

10.3 ................................................................................................................................... 343

10.3.1 .................................................................................................................................. 34310.3.1.1 (1811)............................................................ .............................................. 343

10.3.1.2 (1812-1836)............................................................................................................. 344

10.3.2 : ..................................................................... .................................. 345

10.3.2.1 (1811-1821) ......................................................................................................................... 345

10.3.2.2 (1819-1821) ................................................................................................................................... 346

10.3.2.3 (1817-1821).......................................................................................................... 347

10.3.2.4 (1819-1821)................................................................ ..................................................................... 347

10.3.2.5 ..................................................................... ..................................................................... 348

10.4 ........................................................................................................................................ 349

10.5 ...................................................................................................................................... 349

/ ..................................................................................................................351

.....................................................................................................................353

1................................................................................................................................................. 353

/ .............................................................................................................................................................. 353

..........................................................................................................................................354

...........................................................................................363

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........................................368

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-

EHESS cole des hautes tudes en sciences sociales

INALCO Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales

K E M N E

PUF Presses Universitaires de France

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, , ,

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, , (1820), (1820-1821) (1821). . .

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. , . , . , , . . , ( ) . , , , .

, (1672-1725) 18 , . 1770, . -

(1774), , , , . , 1821 .

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, , 19 , . 1821 , ( /) , , . 1821 . , , ,

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/

, . . (1973). ..4: 1669-1812. ..

Clogg, R. (1992). A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (ISBN9781107612037).

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, (2001). . [ 6].: .

Hobsbawm, E. J. (2002). 1789-1848. . . 4.: (ISBN 960-250-006-9).

. : .

(1975). . 11: ( 1669-1821):, . : (ISBN 960-213-106-3, ISBN-13 978-960-213-106-0).

-Hering, . (1986). , 1750-1830. . 1-2. : , ( . , . 52).

-Hering, ., , . & , . (.) (2006). (15-21.).: (ISBN 960-560-087-0, ISBN-13 978-960-560-087-7).

, . (2001). .: (ISBN 960-8041-54-6,ISBN-13 978-960-8041-54-7).

, . (.) (2003). 1770-2000. . 1: 1770-1821. . . 2: 1770-1821. .: (ISBN 960-406-540-8, ISBN-13 978-960-406-540-0).

, . (2011). (18 19 ).: (ISBN 978-960-485-009-9).

http://www.ert-archives.gr/V3/public/main/d--index-archive-search.aspx?q=%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82http://www.ert-archives.gr/V3/public/main/d--index-archive-search.aspx?q=%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82http://www.ime.gr/chronos/11/gr.htmlhttp://www.ime.gr/chronos/11/gr.htmlhttp://www.ime.gr/chronos/11/gr.htmlhttp://www.ime.gr/chronos/11/gr.htmlhttp://www.ime.gr/chronos/11/gr.htmlhttp://www.ert-archives.gr/V3/public/main/d--index-archive-search.aspx?q=%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82

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2. ( 18 1830):

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, , , , . , , . , . , , . 18 . , . .

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1945 . . ,

. 19 , (,1989,. ). 18 19 , (, 2004). 1945 , , , , , , , , . 1945-1995 ( &, 1998), 2.112 , . () 1962 . . . , 1963 2011 28 , .

2.2 : , ,

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, , ,

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, .

, , , , , , . (,2003).

, (1989), : (. 1770-1800) (1800-1821). , (, 1999) (, 2003 Bouchard, 2006 , 2004). , , 1821-1830, , 1850, . .

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17 . (Bouchard,2005) (Bouchard,2006, 2004). , , , , , (1641-1709). , (1699), , . ( ), ( 1664 1682, 2 . 1765, 3., 1870, 4 .), ,

. , , , (, 1980-1983).

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( , ). , , . , , (Macchiavelli) (La Rochefoucauld) (, 1980-1983 Bouchard, 1995 , 1992, . 139-142).

2.1 .

(1670-1730), () , ,

, , . , . , (1698-709), , ,, . (Bouchard,1971). . (Papacostea-Danielopolu,1974 ,2004) (Fr. Bacon), , (Montaigne), .., 17 , (Gassendi) (Saint-vremond). JournaldesSavants oLeSpectateurouSocratemoderne,

TheSpectator JosephAddison(Athini,2004). H - (, 1963), , (Bouchard,1994), ( 1719) (,2014) . . , (1711-1769), , .

, , , , , ,

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18 , . (, 1685-1762) (John Locke). , , , ( , , , ), ( 1988,.1-22 1999,.48-50). , , (1700-1754). , , ( ), , , . , . , , , , (-,1998).

2.2.2

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. , , .

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, : .

2.2 (:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Voltaire3.jpg).

2.2.2.2

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, -, -, .

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2.2.2.3

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. . , , . . , , , , (Sciencedugouvernement,1751-1764) (RaldeCurban, 1682-1752), . , , 1784, (,2010,.369-371,2004,.113-125).

2.2.2.4

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sciences, des arts et des mtiers, 1751-1772) (Diderot) (DAlembert) , .

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NA5.jpg).

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. , , . , , , , , 1786 (Bacon), (Descartes), (Gassendi) (,1988,2005,.363-369).

2.2.2.5

18 .. , , . .

( ) , , . (Charles

Rollin) (Histoire ancienne) 1750 . , , , (,2004). , . 18 . , . , , , (1757 ..), (1770) .. ( ) (,1999,.83-124).

. ( , , ). , . : (1760) , (1781) , (1791) , (, 1988). , , , , (,1999,.125-164).

2.2.2.6

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. , , , , ( 1793) (, 2013). , , , . (1793), . , , , (,1985 ,1999,.368-372).

2.2.3 (1800-1821)

. . . , , , . ,

. , . , , . , , ( 1988,1977). FirminDidot(1826) , 1817: .

2.5 .

. , , .

2.2.3.1

1748 , , . 1772-1778 .

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: , , . , 1782 (, 2002). 1787 . (,1989 ,1999).

1788 , . . 1798 (,1983). (MmoiresurltatactueldelacivilisationdanslaGrce, , 1853), 1803 (Socit desObservateursdelHomme, 1799-1804 ). (1805) . (1833)

: , , . ( ), , (, 1985).

2.6 1803.

(1799) , , ( 1800) , (1802), (1804) . 1805 , ( ), . , : , , (). , , .. , , .

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,1984). , , . (,,& ,1984-1995).

, . . , , (,1999). : , , , , . (,, ) . .

, , ,

, , . (, , , & ,1964-1984).

. (1762 -1827) (. 1760-1845), , .

2.2.3.2

19 , , (,1999,.338, 343-366). , .

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, , , , .

:

, , , ( ). (. , 1999, . 576-577). . . , , , . , , , , , .

5 . , . , , . ( ) . . ( ) , , . : , , , . . ( ) . .

. , , . : ) , ) , (Machiavelli) (Alfieri) (Risorgimento), ) (Montesquieu) (Rousseau) (, ), ) (,2005,.453-465).

, . , , . (

).

2.2.3.3 (1819-1821)

1819 . , , . , . , (. ).

, . 1820

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. 1821, , . (, 1988).

2.3

2.3.1

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, , , , . . , . , , . , . , ,

.[] ,

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2.3.1.2 ,

, , , . , , , ,

, , . , , , , : , [] , , , , , , . , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , . , , :

, , . , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , . , , . , , , , , ,

, . , , , 82 83, , . , , , : , .

, , , , , ,, , , , . , , , , . ,

, . , . , .

[,1992,.3-5].

2.3.2 ,

,

, , ,

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, . , . , , , , , , , , , , .

( ) , , , , , , , .

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, : ) ) , ) , . , ; , ; , ;

, , , , : , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , ; , , ,

, . , , , , , , . .

[,1999,.314-317].

2.3.3 ,

, . , , ,

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, , , , . , , , .

, . , ,

. , . , , , . , , . , . , (, , ) , , ., , . , . , . , . , , , , , , , . , ,

. , , , . , , . , . , , , , , , . . , . . , . , , , . .

, , ,, . , ,

, . , , . , , . , , . , , , , , , , , . ,

, . . , , , , , , , , , , . , , . . . ; , . . , . , .

[,2013,.96-102]

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2.3.4 ,

, , , , , . , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , .

, . , , , ; , , , , , , ; , , , , , , , , , , . [...]

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, , , . , , , , , , , , , , .. , , , , , ,

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, , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, .. , , . , , . , , , , , . , , , , .

[,2013,.130-133, 134-139]

2.3.5 , , , 8, 1789

, , , , , , , . . . ,, , , , ; , , , , , , , .

, . , , . , , , , . . , , . , , , , , , . , , , . ,

, , . .

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, , , , . , , , .

2.7 (:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AAnonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg).

( ) ;

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, , ,

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, , , , , . , .

[ ..,1964-1984, .1,.113-115]

2.3.6 ,

, , , . , , . , , , , , , . , , , , (

) . , , ! , , , (1): , , . , , , . , , , , , .

, , , , , , , ,, , . , , ! , , , . , , , , ,

; , ; , ; , ; (2) ; ; (3) ; ; , , (4) , , ; ; (5) ; , , , , , . ,

, , , , , , . ,

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, , , , . , .

(1) , , , . , .(2) , .(3) , , , , .(4) , , .(5) , , ,

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960-320-002-4).

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3. , ,

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