2

environmental pollution

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1.2.

3.()

4.5.

1. 2. 1984(CH2NCO)3. 1986 4.

123455000

20540

93 []

()()

1 ,

2 COPD

3 7213.7

700195719951957(1995)

205590

IARC1987

1. IARC(2002)87841Carcinogenic to humans87

2A: (Probably carcinogenic to humans)632B: (Possibly carcinogenic to humans)234

3: (Unclassifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans) 4934(Probably not carcinogenic to humans)1

2 1(direct carcinogen) 2(procarcinogen)(indirect carcinogen)(ultimate carcinogen)

(cocarcinogen)

1

21973-1975

()25()1065

(embryotoxicity)(teratogenesis)

1234

14KalterWarkany31986.91989.91.312.06101

1 1152,27.52

2 19824158

1971 []

3 245-T13(21)6931

4 ,

environmental endocrine disrupting chemicalsEDCs

1123

2123

1 exposure

(1)

(2) (3)

2

(1)

(2)

3. : -()

(biological marker)

1. 1989(NAS):(biomarkers of exposure) (biomarkers of effect) (biomarkers of susceptibility)

2. 123

(health risk assessment, HRA)

()(hazard identification)()()

()(exposure assessment)

()-(dose-response assessment)-

()(risk characterization)

1()2. 3

1COPD234

2 56. 78. 9. 10.