...

.

.

:

.

:

-

24 ,

106.000km/h 365 , 5 , 48 46. .

( ) ( ).

, .

( 150.000.000km),

( 0,5).

2 3 .

-

23,45 . , -

( - declination) 90 + 23,45 = 113,45 90 23,45 = 66,55.

s :

21/12 ( ) 21/6 ( ) 21/3 & 23/9 90( & ).

,

&

.

.

:

n

.

( )365

284n360sin23,45 +=

(latitude) ()

.

(North N) (South S) .

.

, 0- 90 0- 90 (

0).

(longitude) ()

.

(East E) (West W) .

.

,

0- 180 0- 180 (

0- Greenwich).

(geographical position) () () . .

: 23,5 23,5.

: 66,5 66,5.

24 0 .

:

() ().

()

.

- .

:

=0

.

.

,

,

,

(z).

Senit .

()

.

=0

15.

:

( ) ( ) osolosol 5121t36024hh21t

=

=

:

.

:ss = -sr

:

( )tantan-cos -1sr =

srsr 3602412t = ssss 360

2412t =

() . ()

.

.

,

' ,

.

, ,

360 365,2564 .

:

t = 2,2918[0,0075 + 0,1868cos() 3,2077sin() 1,4615cos(2) 4,089sin(2)] (min)

n . 365

1-n360 =

tstd (o ) tsol:

:Lloc: Lstd: ( Greenwich )t: .

60/hE

/h15LL

tt to

stdlocstdsol +

+=

,

:sin() = cos()cos()cos() + sin()sin(): .

z :z = 90 .

s :

cos

sincossins

=

: (p)

-.

-180 +180. -180( +180)

,

90 , 0 +90 .

i :

cos(i) = cos()sin(p)cos() + sin()cos(p)

:p:

= s - p :

90

(p) ().

: (p) 10-15 ().

: (p) 10-15 (). (.. ) .

( p) (=0), 20-30 .

.

, , , , .

, , .

, , , , 10 - 15% . , .

.

0,

, 1, .

0,600,30 0,24

0,20

0,15

0,08

0,070,05,

(n ):( )

2

o

Om

W1.373365

3n360cos0,0331I

+=

Iglo ( W/m2): :

0 0,22

0,22 < 0,8

> 0,8

(z )

165,0II

K336,12K638,16K388,4K1604,09511,0II

K90,000,1II

glo

dif

4

3

2

glo

dif

glo

dif

=

++=

=

z

glo

cosII

K

=

:

difglodir III =

:

:

pg: .

grdghorglo,skydifz

idirpglo, FpIFI

cos

cosII ++=

2cos1

F psky+

=

2cos1

F pgrd

=

- :Gc=Asin()+B

- :

- :

ASHRAE 1972:

cdzcbnc

cbncd

cos

B

cbn

GcosGGGCGeAG z

+=

=

=

ASHRAE 1972:

ASHRAE 1972:

:

:

:

-

:

http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/index.htm