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  • _____________________________________________________

    1. Kedourie, Elie, Islam and the Orientalists: Some Recent Discussions, The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 7, No. 3, P. 217. 2. Asad. Talal, Europe Against Islam: Islam in Europe, in The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, P306.

    3. 90. 4. 472520.

    5. Watt. W, Montgomery, The Influence of Islam in Medieval Europe, Edinburgh, p. 73. 6. Rippin. Andrew, Western scholarship and the Quran, in McAullife (ed.), p236. 7. Liber de haeresibus. 8. Bobzin. Harmut, Latin Translation of The Koran, in The Quran Critical Concept in Islamic Studies, Vol IV, p237. 9. Moran Cruz. Jo Ann Hoeppner, Popular Attitudes Toward Islam, in Medieval Europe, in Western Views of Islam, in Medieval and Early Modern Europe; Perception of Other, p. 64. 10. Bobzin. Harmut, Pre-1800 Preoccupation of Quranic Studies, in Encyclopedia of The Quran, Vol IV, p. 236. 11 . Muir, William, The Apologo of Al-kindi Written at the court of Mamun (215/830) in defence of christianity against Islam (London: Smith Elder, 1882), pp. 20-30, 40-50. 12. Bobzin. Harmut, Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Liber apologeticus martirum. 15. Bobzin. Harmut, Ibid. 16. Bobzin. Harmut, Ibid, pp. 237-238.

    17. 13. 18. Watt. W, Montgomery, Ibid, pp. 72-73. 19 . Bobzin. Harmut, Latin Translation of The Koran, Vol IV, p. 116.

    .20 xii. 21. Hussain Khan. Mofakhar, English translation of the Holy Quran; A bio-bibliographical study, in The Quran Critical Concept in Islamic Studies, Vol IV, p. 25. 22. Epistula muslim et rescriptum christiani.

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    .24 xii. 25 . Hussain Khan. Mofakhar, Ibid, p. 26. 26. Burman. Thomas E, Tafsr and Translation: Traditional Arabic Qurn Exegesis and the Latin Qurns of Robert of Ketton and Mark of Toledo, Speculum, Vol. 73, No. 3 27. Hussain Khan. Mofakhar, Ibid, p. 25. 28. Summa totius haeresis Sarasenorum. 29. Liber contra sedam sive haeresim Sarasenorum. 30. Watt. W, Montgomery, Ibid, p. 7. 31. Burman. Thomas E, Ibid, p. 705. 32. Bobzin. Harmut, Latin Translation of The Koran, p. 117. 33. Burman. Thomas E, Ibid, p. 706. 34. Speculum historiale. 35. Bobzin. Harmut, Pre-1800 Preoccupation of Quranic Studies, in Encyclopedia of The Quran, Vol IV, p. 236.

    36. 259. 37. Blanks. David R, Western Views of Islam in the Premodern Period: A Brief History of Past pproaches, in Western Views of Islam in Medieval and Early Modern Europe; Perception of Other, p. 6. 38. Kaulbach. Ernest, Islam in the Glossa Ordinaria, in Western Views of Islam in Medieval and Early Modern Europe; Perception of Other, p. 147. 39. Hourani. Albert, Islam in European though, Cambridge university press, 1995, p. 9. 40. Pugio fidei aduersus Mauros et Iudaeos. 41. Explanatio simboli apostolorum.

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    45. xii. 46. Watt. W, Montgomery, The Influence of Islam in Medieval Europe, p. 73. 47. Bobzin. Harmut, Pre-1800 Preoccupation of Quranic Studies, in Encyclopedia of The Quran, Vol IV, pp. 241-242. 48. Ibid, p. 242.

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  • 52. Bobzin. Harmut, Pre-1800 Preoccupation of Quranic Studies, in Encyclopedia of The Quran, Vol IV, p. 242. 53. Hussain Khan. Mofakhar, English translation of the Holy Quran; A bio-bibliographical study, in The Quran Critical Concept in Islamic Studies, ed Colin Turner, Vol IV (Translation and exegesis), p. 25. 54. Rodinson. Maxime, The western image and western studies of Islam, in The Legacy of Islam, 1979, p. 28. 55. Bobzin. Harmut, Latin Translation of The Koran, in The Quran Critical Concept in Islamic Studies, ed Colin Turner, Vol IV (Translation and exegesis), p. 121. 56. Blanks. David R, Western Views of Islam in the Premodern Period: A Brief History of Past pproaches, in Western Views of Islam in Medieval and Early Modern Europe; Perception of Other, p. 21. 57. Rippin. Andrew, Western scholarship and the Quran, in McAullife (ed.), p. 238. 58. Moran Cruz. Jo Ann Hoeppner, Popular Attitudes Toward Islam, in Medieval Europe, in Western Views of Islam, in Medieval and Early Modern Europe; Perception of Other, pp. 65-66.

    59. xiii. 60. xii. 61. 27. 62. 151.

    63. Bobzin. Harmut, Latin Translation of The Koran, in The Quran Critical Concept in Islamic Studies, ed Colin Turner, Vol IV (Translation and exegesis), p. 118. 64. Rippin. Andrew, Western scholarship and the Quran, in McAullife (ed.), p. 239. 65. Hussain Khan. Mofakhar, English translation of the Holy Quran; A bio-bibliographical study, in The Quran Critical Concept in Islamic Studies, ed Colin Turner, Vol IV, p. 25. 66. Bobzin. Harmut, Latin Translation of The Koran, in The Quran Critical Concept in Islamic Studies, ed Colin Turner, Vol IV, p. 118.

    67. xii. 68. 260.

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    86. 22. 87. Rippin. Andrew, Western scholarship and the Quran, in McAullife (ed.), p. 240. 88. Geschichte des Qorans. 89. Mohammed der Prophet. 90. Life of Mahomet. 91. The Quran: translated from the Arabic, the Suras arranged in chronological order with notes and index. 92. Hussain Khan. Mofakhar, English translation of the Holy Quran; A bio-bibliographical study, Vol IV, p. 28. 93. Rubin. Uri, Muhammad, in Encyclopedia of the Quran, General Editor Jane Dammen McAuliffe, vol III, p.457.

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    .121 .: Blois. Franois, Nasrn () and Hanf (): Studies on the Religious Vocabulary of Christianity and of Islam, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 65, No. 1 (2002), pp. 27-30. 122. Khalifa. Mohammad, The Authorship of The Quran, Vol I, p. 128.

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    134. . 135. 310311.

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    137. 272280. 138. Noldeke. Theodor, The Quran, in The Quran Critical Concept in Islamic Studies, ed Colin Turner, Vol I, pp. 72-95. 139. Ibid, p. 45.

    140 . 92. 141. Watt. W, Montgomery, Muhammad's Mecca: History in the Qur'an., pp. 100-109. 142. Muir, William, Life of Mahomet from original sources, pp78-84; Muir. William, Life of Mahomet, with introductory chapters on the original sources fot the biography of the Maohmet, and on the pre-Islamic history of Arabia, pp. 149-159.

    143. 8993. 144 . 34. 145. 1 203. 146. 6. 147. 3 244246.

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  • 176. Wansbrough, John, The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition Of Islamic Salvation History, Pp. x-xi. 177. Salvation History. 178. Wansbrough. John, Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation, Pp. 49-50. 179. Michael Lecker, Zayd B. Thbit, "A Jew with Two Sidelocks": Judaism and Literacy in Pre-Islamic Medina (Yathrib), Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 56, No. 4, (Oct., 1997), pp. 259-273. 180. Escovitz. Joseph H, Orientalists and Orientalism in the Writings of Muhammad Kurd Ali, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Feb., 1983), p. 100.

    181. 124. 182. Luxenberg. Christoph, The syrio-Aramic reding of the Quran; a contribution of decoding of the language of the Quran, p. 66. 183. Gokkir. Bilal, origin, organization and influences on yhe Qur'an, in The Quran: an Encyclopedia, p. 475. 184. Koranische Untersuchungen. 185. The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur'an. 186. Mahomet le problem.

    187. 264265. 188. The Koran Interpreted. 189. Hussain Khan. Mofakhar, English translation of the Holy Quran; A bio-bibliographical study, in The Quran Critical Concept in Islamic Studies, ed Colin Turner, Volum IV (Translation and exegesis), London and Newyork, Routledgecurzon, 2004, p. 30.

    190 . 407408. 191. Gokkir. Bilal, origin, organization and influences on yhe Qur'an, in The Quran: an Encyclopedia, Edited by Oliver Leaman, 2006, pp 478-479.

    192. 9194.

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