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אאא J
אאאא
0
אא:
EFאאא
אאאא
אאא
אאא J
אאאא
1
،אאא،א
W، אאאאאאאאא
אא،אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאWאאKאא
א אא א א ،אאאאאאאא،א
א אא א אא ،אאא אאאאא
،אאאאאאאאאאא،אא
Kא א א ?א א א FE ??אאאאאאאא?
Kאאאאאא אאאאאא
א،אאאא،אKאאאאא
אאא؛אKא
אאאא
אאא J
אאאא
2
א א א
١
א ٢ ٣
אאWאא٧ א
אאWאאאא ٩
אאWאא١٠ א
אאWאאא ١٤
אאWאא١٧ א
אאאWאא٢٠ א
אאWאא٢٣ א
אאWאאא٢٤ א
אאWאאאאא ٢٩
אאWאאאא٣٢ א
אאWא٣٥ א
אאWאא٣٧ א
אאWאאא ٣٨
אאWאאא ٤٢
אאWאאא ٤٦
אאWאאאא ٤٩
אאWאא J ٥١ א٥٤א
אאא J
אאאא
3
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא
אא(Routine tests)K אאאאאאא
אאא،אאאאאאאאאאא
،אאאאאאא אא א א אאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאK אאאאאא
JאאאאאאאאKא
JאאאאFKEא
JWא אKאא
אאאKא
אא אאאאאKאא
אאKאא
،אאאאאא.
אאא J
אאאא
4
JWא אאאאאא
א אא א אKא
Kאאא
אKאא
Jאאאאאאאאא،אKא
JKאאא Jאאאא
אKאא אאא:
אאאK אאKאאאא
אאאא א אא א א א
K
אאKאא
א א א א א אאאאאא
אאK אאאאW
א א א א א،אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאK
אאא J
אאאא
5
אא אאאאאאKאאא،אא
א،א ،א א א א א א אא אא א ،
Kאאאא،אאא
אא ،אא،א،א
א،אאאא KאאK
אאאא،אא א Kא
א א א ،א א(Name plate) K א אאאKאא
א א אאא א א א אא،א
،אאאאאאKאאאאKא
אאא Kאא א א א א א Kא א
א א א א א א Kאא
א אאאא אא،אא
EFא אאאא،א
אא،א،א
אאא J
אאאא
6
،אאא،K
אא אא א אא א Kא א אא א
Kא
EF
אאא J
אאאא
7
אאא
אא
אאא J
אאאא
8
Wאאאאא
אאW،אאאאאא
א.
אאאW
١K א א אאKא
٢K א Kאא אא Kא
٣K אאאאאא.
.
אאא J
אאאא
9
אאא
אאאאWאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא
א א א א אאא ، Kא،
א א אאאא
،א א אאאאא K ،אא
אא א א אא K א א אא א ،
Kאא
אאא J
אאאא
10
אאWאאא No-load test of a separately-excited DC generator
אאW
١K אאאאאאא אEo K
٢K אאאאאא א K
٣K אאאאאא אK
٤K אאאאאEoאIfאאK
Wאא
١KK٢KK
٣KKא٤K F voltmeterKE
٤KFאTachometerKE٦K FAmmeterE.
Wא
אאא J
אאאא
11
Wאאא
אאW J
١. Fאא١KE ٢. אאאאK
1000 rpm Kאאאא .٣ ٤. אIfאאא
אF١ J١E،אאאאאאEoאKא
٥. Kאאאא EoאאאאאIfאאא .٦
אnK
Wא
)(AI f
)(vE
0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0 If (A)
Eo (v)
r.p.m 1000n
)١-١جدول (
אאא J
אאאא
12
אאW
١K אאאא0.3 A K ٢K אאאא
אF١ J٢Eאאאאא Eo אK ٣K אאא nאאאא Eo
א. If
Wא
)(rpmn
)(vEo
١٦٠٠ 1200 900 600 300 n (r.p.m)
Eo (v)
F١-٢E
A0.3If
אאא J
אאאא
13
Wאאאאא
١ J אאאאאאKאאאKא
٢ J אאK
٣ J ؟אאאאאאאאא
٤ J ؟אאא
٥ J א א אא א אא؟
٦ J ؟אאאא
٧ J אאאאאא؟
אאא J
אאאא
14
Wאאאאא
Load characteristics of a separately excited DC generator
אאW אאאא،אא
אאאאאK
Wאא ١. K٢KKא ٣KKא٤KKאא ٥K K٦KK ٧ JKאKEF
Wאאאאא VL= IL× RL IL=VL÷ RL
Wא
אF٢E
אאא J
אאאא
15
F٢J١E
Wאאא
١ JFא١אKE ١K Kאאאא ٢K אn ١٥٠٠אאאIf 0.3
A. ٣K אRL אILא
A2 אVL אV1אF٢ J١EK ٤K אא IL אVL
Wא
٢0% 40% 50% 60% 80% 100% RL
IL(A) VL(v)
A0.3If r.p.m 1400n
אאא J
אאאא
16
Wאאאאא
K אאא؟א
K א؟ א אא א א
؟
K ؟אאאאאאאא
K ؟אא
אאא J
אאאא
17
אאאWאא Characteristics of DC shunt generator
אא
אאאאאאאא אאאא،א א אא אאFאאF
Eאאא
אאW ١K K٥ JK ٢K אK٦ JK ٣K ٧ JFKE ٤.אK
א
אF٣E
אאא J
אאאא
18
Wאא
אא Fאא٣EK
W J ١. אnאאאF٣ J١EK ٢. אRLאVL
א אILFאאא٣ J١WE
W J ١K אNאאאF٣ J١EK
٢. אRLאVLא אILאאאF٣ J٢EW
40% 60% 80% 100% RL% IL(A)
VL(v)
40% 60% 80% 100% RL% IL(A)
VL(v)
r.p.m 1200n
LLffLf
aa
RIRIVV
RI
LVE
)١-٣جدول (
r.p.m 1500n
אאא J
אאאא
19
Wא
١ J אאאKEאאאF
٢ J Kאאאאאאא
٣ J אאK
Wאאאאא iK אאאאאא
iiK ؟אאאאא
iiiK ؟אאאא
ivK ؟אאאאא
vK אא אאאאא ؟
אאא J
אאאא
20
Wאאאאאא
Load characteristics of compound generator
אא אאאאאאא
א،אאKא אא
Fאא٤KE
אF٤E
אאא،אאאאRfmא،א
אא(Power supply)KאאאאKאSKא،
אאאRfg אKאא
אאא J
אאאא
21
אאSא،אאא
Kא
אאאF٤ J١E٢٥Kאא٪
אאאאאאאאKא
Kאאא
F٤ J١E
0 IL(A)
VL(v)
١ J אאאאאאא(D1-D2) K ٢ J Fאאא٤ J٢KE
٣ J Kאאאאא
٤ J Kאא
٥ J Kא
F٤ J٢E
0 IL(A)
VL(v)
Wאאאאא K אRfgאאאא
א؟
K אRfgאאאא א؟
K ؟אאאא
K אאאאא אא אא؟
אאא J
אאאא
22
אא
אא
אאא J
אאאא
23
אאWאאא
אאWאאאאאא ،
אאאאK
אאאW ١K אאאאאא
٢K אאאאK
٣K אKאאאאא
٤K אאאאאא
٥K אאאאאKא
٦K אאאא
אאא J
אאאא
24
אאא Wאאאאאא
Speed characteristic of a separately excited DC motor
אא - אאאאK
Jא،אאאאאKאא،א
Jאאאאא.
א אאאאא
אאKאאאא
אא،אאא،Kאאאא،אא
אאא١٠٠אKאא٪אאאאאא
Kאא
אאWא PL=VLIL W
Torque, TL=PL/ω N.m
ω=2π n/60 rad/sec.
nאא אTLKאאא
אאא J
אאאא
25
Wא
אF٥E אאW
W ١. אאאF٥EK
٢. אIf0.3 AאאאאאאT= 0 N.m K
٣. אVinאn
אF٥ J١EW
Vin (v) 60 100 130 150 170 n(r.p.m)
Ia(A)
W ١. אIf0.3 AאVin = 120 vK
N.m 0T A andIf
3.0
)١-٥جدول (
אאא J
אאאא
26
٢. אTאnאF٥ J٢EK
T(N.m) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
n(r.p.m)
Ia(A)
W ١. אVin = 120 vبت ثאאאאא
אT= 0 N.m K
٢. אIf אn אFא٥ J٣EW
א
١ J אאאאאאאKא
If (A) 0.1 0.١٥ 0.٢ 0.25 0.3
n(r.p.m)
Ia(A)
)(rpmn
)(vVin
)(rpmn
)(AIf
V 1Vin and AIf 203.0
V 1Vin and N.m 0T 20
)٣-٥جدول (
)٢-٥جدول (
אאא J
אאאא
27
٢ J א؟Kאאאאא
٣ J א ، א ،א אKא
٤ J אFאאאאאKאאאא،Eא
٥ J K
אאאWאא iK אאאאאאא
א؟
iiK ؟אאאאאאאא
iiiK אאאאאאא؟א
ivK ؟אאאאאאאא
)(rpmn
).( mnT
אאא J
אאאא
28
vK אאאאאא אאא؟
viK א א א א א אאאא،א؟
אאאאאKאא
אאK
Kאאאא
אאא J
אאאא
29
Wאאאאאאא Speed-torque characteristic of a DC shunt motor
אא
-אVin)(FאTאEאאKאא،אא،אא
אאW ١KK٢KK
٣KKא٤KKא
٥KKא٦Kא .
Wא
אF٦E Wאא J
W J ١ J Fא٦KE
٢ J אאאאאא T= 0 N.m .
אאא J
אאאא
30
٣ J אVin אnאIaFא٦ J١WE J
W ١- אVin=120 V ٢- אTא nאIa
אF٦ J٢EW
١ J אאאאאא
Kאא
140 120 100 80 60 Vin(V) n(r.p.m)
Ia(A)
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 T(N.m) n(r.p.m)
Ia(A)
)(rpmn
)(vVin
)(rpmn
).( mnT
N.m 0 T
V 120Vin
)٣-٥جدول (
)١-٦جدول (
אאא J
אאאא
31
٢ J אאאEאFK
אאאWאא K אאאאאא
אא؟
K ؟אאאאא
K ؟אאאא
K ؟אאאאאא
K אא א ٥אא٪؟٢٠٪
אאא J
אאאא
32
Wאאאאאאא Speed-torque characteristic of a DC series motor
אא -אVin)(FאTאE
Kאא،אא،אאאא אאW
١KK٢KK
٣KKא٤KKא
٥KKא٦Kא .
Wא
אF٧E
אאא J
אאאא
33
אאW W
١ J אF٧KE ٢ J Kאא
٣ J אאאאאא
T= 0 N.m
٤ J אא Vinאn
אF٧ J١EW
: -
١ - ثبت جھد المصدر بVin=100 V .
وفي كل مرة سجل قيمة الواقع على المحرك من خالل جھاز العزم Tالعزم قيم قم بتغييرثم - ٢ :)٢-٧(وذلك حسب الجدول Nالسرعة
Wא אאT)EאFIaEאא(n)K
100 80 60 40 20 Vin(V) n(r.p.m)
Ia(A)
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 T(N.m) n(r.p.m)
Ia(A)
N.m 0T
V inV 100
)٢-٧جدول (
)١-٧جدول (
אאא J
אאאא
34
١ J אאKא
٢ J אאאאאאאא א ، א (Dead load) K؟
אאאאK
Wאאאאא K א א א א א
؟אא
אאא؟
)(rpmn
AIa
)(rpmn
).( mnT
אאא J
אאאא
35
אא
אא
אאא J
אאאא
36
Wאאאא
אאWאאאאא،אאא
Kאאאאאאא
אאאW ١K אKאאאאא
٢K אKאאא
٣K אKא
٤K אKאא
٥K אאאא
٦K אאא–
אאא J
אאאא
37
אא אאWאאא
Testing of Transformers
אא אא אאא אאאאאא،א א
א א Kא א א ،א אא א א ،אא א א ،
אאK א א א K
(Step-up) (Step-down)א א א א ،،אאאא،אא
Kאא ،אאא
אא א Kאאאא א א א א
א א Kא א א א K א א
אאאאאאאאאאKאאא
א אא א א KאK
אאא J
אאאא
38
אאאאאW
Open-circuit test of single-phase transformer
אאW
אאאא(Ro ,Xo)אאאא،אאא،K
אאא.
אאW ١KK٢אKK
٣אKFאwattmeterEK٤KKא
٥KKא٦Kא .
אאWא W
P10KאאאאW V10אאאאW I10KאאאאW
10θKאאאאW IcKאאW ImKאאW RcKאאW
XmKאאW WאRcXmאאא
mm
cc
m
c
I
VX
I
VR
II
II
IV
P
10
10
1010
1010
1010
10110
sin
cos
cos
אאא J
אאאא
39
Wאאאא
אF٨E אאW
١ J Kא ٢ J אאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
٣ J אאאאאF٨ J١EK
٤ J Kאא
٥ J אRo, XoKאא
٦ J א א א א P1oא ، I1o א א ،V2o،אcosoאאאV10K
Wא -
אאא J
אאאא
40
)(AI1o
)(10 vV
٧ J Kאאא
٨- Kאאא
100% 80% 60% 40% 20%
V10 rated (V)
P1o(W) I1o(A) V2o(V) cosφo=P1o/V10I1o Ia=I1o cosφo Im=I1o sinφo Ro=V10/Ia Xo=V10/Im
a=V10/V20
)(1 wP O
vV10
)١-٨جدول (
אאא J
אאאא
41
OC
os
)(10 AIL
אאWאאא K Wאאאאא
١E אאא
٢E א
٣E א
K ؟אאאא
אאא J
אאאא
42
אאWאאא
Short-circuit test of single-phase transformer אא
א אא א (Req,Xeq) א אאא،אאא،K
אאאو.אאא ، א אא א א א
אאאאא،אאא.
Wאא Fאאא١١א،E
א ، אKאאאאא
Wאא
W
ZeqאWאאK ReqאאWKא XeqKאאאW
Wאאאא
)(
)(
22
2.
.
.
.
eqeqeq
cs
cseq
cs
cseq
RZX
I
PR
I
VZ
אאא J
אאאא
43
Wא
אF٩E
אא ١ J Kא ٢ J אאאאאאא
K
٣ J א،אאאאאאFאאאא٩ J١،Eא
אא
٤ J Kאאאאאא
٥ J Kאאאאאא،אאאא
٦ J Kאאא
٧ J Kאאא
٨- אאאאKאאא
אאא J
אאאא
44
100% 80% 60% 40% 20%
Isc(A)
Vsc(V)
Psc(W)
Req=Psc/I2sc(Ω)
Zeq=Vsc/Isc(Ω)
Xeq=√Z2sc-R
2sc(Ω)
cosφsc=Psc/(VscIsc)
)(AIsc
)(vscV
scC
os
)(vscV
)(wPsc
vVsc
)١-٩جدول (
אאא J
אאאא
45
Wאאאאא K ؟אאאאא
K א؟אאא
K אKאאאא
אאא J
אאאא
46
אאWאאא
Load test of single-phase transformer
אא
אאאא،אאKאא
Wאא Fא א ١٢אא،E
،אאאאאאאאKא
Wאאא
Wא
100
cos
1
2
21
.
2222
P
P
PPPP
PP
PP
IVP
cucor
cscu
ocor
אF١٠E
אאא J
אאאא
47
אא
١ J Kאאא
٢ J אאאאKאאא
٣ J Kאאאא،אא
٤ J א א א ،א א אא0.8אK
٥ J אאאאKא
٦ J Kא
)(AIL
)(vVL
40% 50% 60% 80% 100% RL % 220 220 220 220 220 V1(V)
I1(A) P1(W) V2(V) I2(A) P2=V2I2(W) Cosφ1=P1/(P2/P1) η=P2/P1
1
Cos
)١-١٠جدول (
אאא J
אאאא
48
)(AIL
Wאאאאא
K ؟אאאא
K ؟אא
K אא؟
אאא J
אאאא
49
אא :אאאא
Parallel operation of single-phase transformers
אאW
אאאאא.
Wאא אאאא
Fאא١٣אE.
אF١١E Wאא
١ J Kאאאאאא
٢ J Fאא١٣אאאES1 אS2FKE
٣ J אאאאV1, V2, VK
אאא J
אאאא
50
٤ J אאאאאV1
אV2K
٥ J אאVאאV1אאV2אאאS1
אאאאאS2K
٦ J אאVאאV1אאV2 א א א א א
אאab’אba’K
٧ J א אV אאV1אאV2א
א S1 א אא אאS2K
٨ J אאאאאאאאA1, A2, AאאאאאאKK
٩ J Kאאאאאאא
١٠ J א٩אאאאKא
١١ J Kא
אאא J
אאאא
51
P10אאאאWPLK
V10אאאאWVLK
I10KאאאאW
I20KאאאW
:aא
IphאW
ILאW
VLאW
VphאW
ηאW
RVאW
Cosφ2אאW
אאWאא J Three-phase transformer connection Y-Δ Open-circuit test of
אאW
אא JאאאאאאאאאאאK
Wאא
١ J א .٣ JFאWattmeter E
٢ J )Voltmeter( ٤ Jאא )Ammeter(
אאWא
phphpht cosIV3P
OR phLLt cosIV3P
Cosφ2=P2 /√3VL2IL2
intPPout
1002
220
%
V
VVVR
Δ Connection VL = Vph and phL II 3 .
Υ Connection phL VV 3 and IL = Iph.
אאא J
אאאא
52
אF١٢E אאW
١K Kא ٢K אאאאאאא
אאאאאאK
٣K אאאאאF١٢ J١EK
٤K אאא
٥. Kאא
Wאא
אאא J
אאאא
53
F١٢ J١E
100% 80% 60% V1rated (V) P10 (W) I10 (A) VL10 (V) Vph10 (V) VL20 (V) a=V1/V2
VR%
אאא J
אאאא
54
אא
אא א אאאאK KאאLL
D.c. Machines and Synchronous Machines U.a.bakshi M.V.Bakshi
DC Machines and Transformers K.M. Kumar Electrical Machines and Transformers –
Principles and Applications.Peter F Ryff
Electric Power Transformer Engineering, Second Edition James H . Harlow