, . . , 1 2 . . . . . 8 . 1 . 6 . 2 . 6 2 . 2 . . . .6 8 6 862 . . 752 .2 .

1. 2. 3. 1.() 2., 3. 1. 2. 10 . 1 10 , , . . 101 = 10( ) . . . 3 2 30% . , . , . , . . 1 . , . , , , , , () , , , , ,

. , . . . . . . . .( )(follow) . . . . , . . . ()1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6.7.8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.()14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. , 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. , 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. . .

2 VA VA Value Analysis , . . VA , . .VA VA . (GE) . . . . . ,. . , . . GE . 17 2 . VA GE (L.D.Miles) () 1 2 .VA VA . . .VA VA (worth) . , VA = 1. -, 2. -, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , 3. -, , , 4. -, , , , 5. -6. - 7. -

VA GE 10 . . , , . VA VA . 10 .GE (VA) 10 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) , , (9) (10) VA VA 3 (1) VA , .(2) . . .(3) . VA 2,500 1,200 . .

3 VA () . . 1 90 125 . . 2 . , 500m/m700m/m . .914m/m1,829m/m 1,219m/m2,438m/m 900127005001829914 1 9002=450500700123 1 9003=300 1,60045700500125006324381219 1 1,6006=2671250037005007004567 1 1,6007=229 . (hoop)() . . , , , , , . (1) (2) (3)

300 Y . . . . . VA . 370 120 1,000 300 , . . 150 . ( ) 150 . VA 1 5 1, 2.3m/m 6m/m ( ) 25 2, 2.3m/m 3.2m/m 1 3 4 1 2.3m/m t=2.3m/mt=6.0m/m1 t=2.3m/mt=3.2m/m24 t=6.0m/m

2 ,47 . . . 47 . . () . 8 1 . .4 . 1 . . . . 12 47 (W.F.Taylor). 1898 8 . , 75 92 . 12 , . 75 4 , . . . . . 1.151.85 . , , , . 47 . 47 , 3 . .

3.7 . . . , . . . 2 . ? ? ? 10kg . , . , . , . . , 600 . 2, 1, 600 . 600 .( ) . . 1 1 1 1 400600161.15 (3)140591.881 1 0.0720.033

1,000 2,700 (F.B.Gilbreth) . , . . 3 . . . . . . . 18 . , .

1 18 5 1,000 2,700?

5, , , . . .

, , . , .

, .

. , . . . . . . 1. .2. .

6 , (H.Ford) . . , . , . . .

1 1 . , . T . . . .

. .

. . , , , . ( ) . . . . , . . 5 1 9 . 1 7.5 1 7.560=450 1234599999000001 2 3 4 58.5 9.5 8 10 91.5 0.5 2 0 11 2 3 4 58.5 9.5 8 9.5 91.0 0 1.5 0 0.54 0.5 1 2 3 4 58.5 9 8 9 90.5 0 1.0 0 02,4 0.5 98 7 6 5 4 3 2 11 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 101 2 3 4 5 9.59.51 2 3 4 5 9 1 4509 = 50 = 0 1 = 45010 = 45 =(1.5+0.5+2+1+)45 = 225 1 = 4509.5 = 47 = (1.0+1.5+0.5)47= 141 1 = 4509 = 50 = (0.5+1.0)50= 75

7 3 (Hawthorne) , , . . . .A,B 2 . . . . B A B ( )( )( )6 . 2 . 4 6 . 5 . . . . .6 2,400 48 5 25 65 2, 30 1 ()

8 . , . 2,000 3,000 1 . . (=) . . . . () . , . . . () ?? , . . . . . , , . . 30 . .

9 ZD ZD , . 1961 2 2 2 . 4 1 . 2 . . , 3 2 . . . , . . ZD 2 2( )

1. 2. 3. 1) 2)

ZD Zero Defect() .ZD . . , . . . ZD . ZD 1 300, .ZD , . ZD . ZD

ZD , . . , 3 . . . . ZD . . , . . ZD , , . ZD . ZD ZD . . . . . , . ZD , , 2 ZD , . . . . ,

1. . 2. PR .3. ZD (). , . .4. . .

ZD 010203040(%) : 1 2 (1) 3(2) 4(3) 5(4) 5~10(5) 10~20(6) 20~30(7) 30~50(8) 50~1009.7%9.7%9.7%4.2%37.5%13.9%2.8%6.9%5.5%(1968.5 ) (72 100%)ZD ( ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 1813554125675429325234254241762744119424221517342165193363359244428298132726207

( 0) (ZD ) . 7~8 . . , , , . ZD . . ZD . ZD . 1 5~10 37.5%, 10~20 14%, . , , , PR , , 46, , , , , , , 650 . 1 14 . ZD . ZD .

10 MIC , , . MIC . . MIC . . ZD . MIC , . MIC ZD . MIC 9 5 237 . 1 2 83. . , , , , 1% 7~22% . 15.5%, 73.3%, 11.2%. 6 4(28%). (MIC ). ( , ) . 1. . . 2. . , , , , , . 3. . . 4. . 5. . 6. , .MIC . , . . . . . . , , . .[Management for Innovation and Creation]

MIC MIC , . MIC . .MIC . . . MIC . , , . 13% . 15% 20% 65% 100% 4.5% 6.0% 3.3% 13.8%MIC MIC MIC MIC MIC