Банковские учреждения в развивающихся странах (том 1)

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РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ

Банковские учрежденияв развивающихся странах

Том 1: Укрепление руководстваи повышение чувствительностик переменам

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Banking Institutions in Developing MarketsVolume 1. Building Strong Management and Responding to Change

Diana McNaughton

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Banking institutions in developing markets.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.Contents: v. 1. Building strong management and responding to change / Diana McNaughton ... [et al.] - v.

2. Interpreting financial statements / Chris J. Barltrop, Diana McNaughton.ISBN 0-8213-2217-6 (v. 1.) - ISBN 0-8213-2218-4 (v. 2.)1. Banks and banking - Developing countries. 2. Bank management - Developing countries. 3. Financial

statements - Developing countries. 1. McNaughton, Diana, 1942- . II. Barltrop, Christopher, 1940-HG3550.b36 1992332.1'09172'4 - dc2O

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aMeHa -Me- mc m cffenoc4xO.grem o6opY4onaHHs ........................................ 3099AeMeiTmI 7w,4epHoJi4oHyMcITadLJ ......................................... 309CTONMOCTb YCTaUHOBJH o6opy4OBaNI N BpeM, onepememw .................................................................... 311

o6yoveme H paBBHTCe YeAoBevecKKx pecypcoBC ....................................................................... 311HexoTophre saMevaHs" no peazaAa_ ....................................................................... 312

OCHOBHOE CinOAb3oBAHME MT ....................................... 314OcAIoBHNe 7poye,4ypbI H 6aHKH 4aHHbX ....................................................................... 314Oueha IOAb9OBaTrW ................................................................. 314

OnpeweJimHe 7pe6owBai'Ho ba.oaa7r .......................................................... 315KoHcTpyHpoBaHe JeCrCTeMbI/ILWeepHau pa3pa6oa ........................................ 31.5

nPOrPAMMHOE OBECnE'EH4E ................................................................. 316RaKemi npoIpaMM HmN mHRaHByaAbHav paspa6o7a nporpaMM ....................................................... 316BoSMOvwocTb mHoA&hBaHH qOH4om Ha6qpa npojpammiiO o6ecnervew,

,A" Bcex THZOB KOM7brO7rJpOB ........................................................................................................ 317CTOHMOCTb 6aHXoBcXoIP npojpammw om o6ecueve ..wg,...........................................................................317

ApXNHXTypa OMlbIO7pHOM o6opy'IOBaH M...........................................................................................317

I7epe4aYa a,aHMNX MeaYfy geHTpaMN o6pa6O7x ,4UaHb. .318

PeCePBHHbe JHTMeH o6pa6OTW HaMHDlX .................................................................................. 318

06qpy4oBaHHe xaMI7bIoT7pHofH s Aa ..................................... 318

AHTEPATYPA ..................................... 321

viii

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ix

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xii

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1 MOpPHC 1990, CTp. 36.2BpaiaN 1988.

2

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6aHra).

7

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o6H3aHHoCTH B COOTBCTCTBHH C nOAHTHKOH H npogeAypaMH 6aHKa, a TaxK2e HaCKOAbKO HX

Ae4CTBHH COOTBeTCTBY3T 3aKOHoAaTeAbCTBy. CHcTeMbI KOHTPOAH MOryT BKAIO'aTb B ce6R

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nporpamMHOrO H TeXHH'iecKoro o6ecnegeHHH, onpeAeARTb nocAeAoBaTeAbHOCTb nporpaMM H HX

cnoco6HocTb yCBaHBaTb TexHOAorHIO. B paSBHBa1oujHxcH CTpaHax AOMHHHpyCT ToqKa SpeHHS,

corAacHo KOTOpOH aBTOMaTH3HagS MoAePHH3HpyeT 6aHKoBcKoe ynpaBAeHHe. Ha caMoM 2Ke

AeAe, TOAbXO 6aHIH C HaAe2KHOH cHcTeMoH ynpaBAeHHH cnoco6Hbl onpeAeAHuTb

TexHOAorH t ecKHe nOTpe6HOCTH. TexHoAorHH - aTO HHCTpyMeHT, XOTfl H O9CHb Ba2KHbIH. aTo

c)aKTOp, 3aAep2KHBMaoJHH HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHOe pa3BHTHe.

SAKAIO'JEHHE

Ct)HHaHCOBbie yCAyrH npHo6peAH Me2AyHapOAHbliH pa3Max. 3 ToMy cnoco6CTBOBaAH

reorpa(pHmecKaR KrcnaHCHH KpynHblX 6aHKoB, KpeAHTOBaHHe HCB3Hpa5H Ha rpaHHUbI H

HHBeCTHUHH B HHCTPYMCHTbi pbIHKa KanrHTaAOB. 3TOMy TaK2Ke cnoco6CTBOBaAo npHHRTHe

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Ha OCHOBe Ba3eAbcKoro corAaiueHHn no yHHq)HKaUHH MeC2AyHapOAHbIX CTaHAapTOB H3MepeHHH

KanrraAa H ero AOCTaTOLHOcTH, Me2KAyHaPOAHoro 6aHKoBcKoro y4eTHoro cTaHAapTa HoMep 30no 6aHKoBcKHm CTaHAapTaM y'eTa H o6HapoAbIBaHHH q)HHaHCOBOH HHcPOpMaUHH; H "AYAHY

KoMMepiecKHx 6aHKOB, BbinyHeHHOMY KoMHTeToM no Me2KAyHapOAHoHi ayAHTopcKoH npaKTHKe

B cpeBpaAe 1990. rAo6aAbHaa nepeAaqa 6aHKOBCKHX TeXHOAorHH 3aTparHBaeT 6aHKH

AaTHHCKOH AMepHKH, BOCTOMHOH EBponbl H 6blBnxero CCCP. Bce 6OAblue H 6oAbuie BTHM

6auxam npHXOAHTCq 60pOTbCH He TOAbKO 3a mH3Hecnoco6HOcTb, HO H 3a COBepI11eHCTBO H

KOHxypeHTocnoco6HOcTb, eCAH OHH XOTfT Bbl2KHTb H npogBeTaTb.

4 TO TaKoe 6aHKoBcKoe COBepiueHCTBO? Onpoc He3aBHCHMbIX cnegHaAHCTOB BbIRBHA 10OCHOBHbIX xapaKTepHcTHK:6

* OTKpblTaR KyAbTypa H aKCTeHCHBHoe BePTHKaAbHoe H ropH3oHTaAbHoe o6geHHe;

* HaAHqHe o6WHX UeHHOCTeH;

* HaCeAeHHOCTb Ha npH6blAb;

* AKqeHT Ha yAoBAeTBopeHHe nOTpe6HOcTeH KAHeHTOB;

6 AeliBnC 1985.

9

Y,penuenwe pJMOBO.gCa = N 1OweEe 'YJC7rBBw.AbHOCIN i epeMeoaa

* 2teAaHHe BKAaAblBaTb CpeACTBa B HOBble npOAyKTb!;

* CHAbHOe H nIOCAeAOBaTeAbHOe PYKOBOACTBO H xopomee -yBCTBO HanpaBAeHHSI;

* CTpeMAeHHe K. Ha6opy HaHAyqlllHX COTPyAHHKOB;

* BAomeHHe B noAroTOBKy nepCOHaAa;

* CHCTeMa HHqOpMaUHH o npoyOKTaX HAH KAHeHTax, nO3BOA.lIOl4aR OCYWUeCTBARTh

oUeHKy HX npH6blAbHocTH;

* Xopomee ynpaBAeHHe KpeAHTHb1M PHCKOM.

B AaHHoH pa6oTe npeAAaralo'rcR HeKoTopb!e KOH4enCHH H HHcTpyMeHTbi, KoTopbie 6yAyT

cnoco6cTBoBaTb npoABHmeHHlo 6aHKoB pa3BHBaIOUjHxcR CTpaH K cOBepuieHCTBY. O HH

OCHOBbiBalOTCH Ha OnbiTe MHOrHX CTpaH. XoTH MHOrHe npHMepbi B39fTbi H3 npaCKTHKH CWI1A,

HHTePHaaHOHaAH&aIHR q)HHaHCOBblX YCAYr nPHBeAa K pacnpoCTPaHeHH TOH TonpaKTHKH no

BCeMy MHpy.

10

2. nAAHHPOBAHHE

IBaHKOBcKaSI HHAyCTpHR nO3HaKoMHAaCb C nAaHHPOBaHHeM coBCeM HeAaBHO. HAaHHpOBaHHe

llpHUIIAO B 6aHK B 6 0-e rOAbI, nepHoA, xapaKTepHwOBaBUIHHcH MHOrO'IHCAeHHbIMH nepeMeHaMH,

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KopnopagHH. B-TpeTbHX, TaM, rAe BTO AOfyCKaAOCb peryAHpoBaHHeM, 6aHKH HaqaAH

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HaqaAH npeAAaraTb noMHMo 6aHKoB H He6aHKOBCKHe y'pe2KAeHHH, yCHAHBaH KOHKypeHgH10. B-nrTbIX, B 6aHKH HaqaAa npOHHKaTb KOMnbJoTepHaH TCxHHKa.7

TeHAeHUHH, nOATOAKHYBUIHe 6aHKH K nAaHHpoBaHHIo, ceHiac qBAHiOTCSI BeAyUgHMH

xapaKTepHCTHKaMH MHoraHX HHaHCOBbIX pbIHKOB H, BepofTHo, cTaHyT eige 6oAee

HiTeHCHBHbJMH no Mepe (pHHaHCOBOH AH6epaAH3aUHH, KOTOpSa BBOAHTCH BCe 6OAblUHM

KOAH'eCTBOM CTpaH. B3aHKH Ha TaKHX pbIHKaX AOA2KHbi 6yAyT pa3BHBaTb eCTeCTBeHHbIe

KOHKypeHTHbie CTPaTerHH H nAaHbl AAR peaAH3aHHH BTHX CTpaTerHH, eCAH OHH XOTHT OCTaBHTb

3a co6ofi POAb aqXpeKTHBHOrO rOCpeAHHKa H COXpaHHTb HAH AOCTH'b qHHaHCOBoH

2KH3Hecnoco6HOCTH. UCeAbJO AaHHOH rAaBbl qBAHeTCH nO3HaKoMHTb 6aHKu CO CpeACTBaMH

rIAaHHPOBaHHS. B rAaBe PaCCMaTpHBalOTCH KaK coAep2maHHe, TaK H rPOC4eAypbI npogecca

nAaHHPOBaHHH B 6aHKoBcKbX y'pemAeHHIx. HIpH BTOM MbI npHAepmHBaAHCb cKopee

npaKTHt ecKoro, q1eM TeopeTH'IecKOro noAxOAa.

OIPEA4EAEHHIE nUAHHPOBAHHH

OnIepaTHBHbIH rLAaH - 3TO AOKyMeHT, KOTOPbIH MomeT 6blTb HcnOA.b3oBaH Ha Bcex ypOBHHX

ylnpaBAeHHR H Ha ecex ypoBHHx nepcoHaAa B 6aHKe. OH HaUeAeH Ha o6ecne'eHHe o6ulero

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KOAH'IeCTBa, KaMeCTBa H pacripeAeAeHHM peCypcOB, BblAeAReMbIX HAH HMeIOUHXCH B

pacnopCmeHHH AAR BbInIOAHeHHH BTHX SaAaq. 8lpoUecc q3OpMHpOBaHHi H paspa6oTKH nAaHa

He MeHee Ba2meH, vieM caM nAaH. HlpoMecc L&AaHHPOBaHHH npeAcTaBAxeT co6ofi onpeAeAeHHe

rpaHHII AAR paspa6oTKH KOAH'eCTBeHHbIX H Ka'ieCTBeHHbIX 3aAaq, CTORjIHX nepeA 6aHKOM B

MeAOM, H nepeA Ka2KAbiM ero nOApa3AeAeHHeM. rosopR ynpo1geHHO, nAaH cO3AaeT BHAeHHe

6aHKa. IloaTomy nAaH oco6eHHo Bam2eH B yCAOBHSX, KorAa 6aHK CTOHT nepeA HeO6xOAHMOCTbIO

cepbe3Hblx nepemeH B o6AacTH 3aKoHoAaTeAbCTBa HAH B CBHSH C BbIXOAOM B HOByIO, 6oAee

KOHKypeHTHY1O cpeAy, UAH KorAa, npeTepneB nepecTpoHKy, 6aHKH BbIXOART Ha HOBbiH Kypc

7 rIoApo6noe o6cymAeHHe npH'HH, KOTOpbie BbIHYMAalOT 6aHxH 3aHHMaTbCR CTpaTeFHqeCKHMnaaHHpoDaHIeM, npHBOAHTCR y 4 MHHoHa (1986).

8 B TepMHHOAOrHH nAaHHpOBaHHI, OnlepaTHBHbiH lAAaH -9TO ITOApO6HOe paSBepHyToe HBAo2KeHHecTpaTerHH, TaKTHKH H 61ft eTa. B STOM SHa4eHHH TepMHH 'KaCTO HCIIOAbSyeTCR KaK paBHOSHa3HbxA TepMHHyAeAoBOr nAaH, HAH 6HsHec-nAaH".

11

YjWpejl.eHwe pfJyoBownrca m Joa memn v1ycrTBNAbHocTir iAepemeHaA

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peHgHH, pbIHKaX, npoAyKTax H npH6blAbHOCTH, o6ecneIHBaeT rioAAep2rKy noTpe6HOcTefi H ROH-

TpOAA, paspa6aTblBaeT HOBbliH nOAXOA K qeAOBe'eCKHM H TeXHHqecKHM pecypcaM. FlAaH ycTa-

HaBAHBaeT paMKH AAA pa3pa6oTiH CHCTeMbI OnAaTbi TpyAa H MaTepHaAbHOrO H HHOro CTHMy-

AHpOBaHHH TpyAa.

rAaH He TOAbKO xapaKTepH3yeT yqpemKAeHHe - T.e. H3AaraeT ero UeAH, KOHKpeTHble 3aAaH

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H.AaraeT, K a K OpraHH3a1HH pelCHT nocTaBAeHHbie 3aAaqIH H KTO HeCeT 3a BTO OTBeTCTBeH-

HOCTb. HanpHMep, nAaH onpeAeAAeT PbIHKH 6aHKa H OnHCblBaeT, KaK 6aHK MO2eT BbiHTH Ha

BTH pbIHKH. B HeM OTMe'iaeTCA, Kax 6aHK MomeT yKpenHTb A!060H ynpaBAeHqecCKrH npogecc,

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q)HHaHCOBbiX noKa3aTeAeH Ka'ieCTBeHHoro flAaHHpOBaHHH, KoTopbie peaAH3yIOTCR B

npeABapHTeAbHOM 6aAaHcoBoM oTqeTe, a TaK2Ke B oTviTe o npH6blA3ix H y6bITKax.

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4 3aAa'H opraHH3aUHH:

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H TexHoAorHIo;

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AAR Toro, MTo6bI Bb1nOAHHTb aTy MHOrOCeAe"BYO 3aAaqy nAaH AOA2eH OXBaTbiBaTb Bce

acneKTbl 6aHKoBcKHx onepaUHii H 6aHKOBcKoro ynpaiBAeHHH. B npoUecce nAaHHpoBaHHHi, mUecTb

acneKToB ynpaBAeHHH, KoTophbe nepeCHCAeHbl HHme, noABeprarcOTCS cAoKHoMy alHaAH3y C

no3HUHH CerOAHSIUHefH H 6yAyJAeA cpopMbl opraHH3a1UHH:

* YnpaBAeHHe pHCKOBblMH aKTHBaMH - KpeAHTbi, HHBeCTHUHOHHbIH nOpT(PrAb,

3a6aAaHcoBbie pHCKH;

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KAHeHTOB, PHHaHCHpOBaHHe;

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TexHHiqecKHe H KOHCYAbTal1HOHHbie yCAyrH;

* FIpOfSBO4M7CAbJfOCTb - OnepagHOHHaR B(P"KTHBHOCTb, HHq)OpMagHOHHaA TexHOAorHm,

npOHBOAHTeAbHOCTb COTPYAHHKOB, a Tam2Ke qIHHaHcoBbIe pe3yAbTaTbl;

* KoI'TpoAbHmme tyHKgHJ - BHyTpeHHHH ayAHT, CHCTCMra ynpaBAeHHB HHqlOpMaUKHeC, a

TalKe ynpaBAeHHe KpeAHTaMH;

* YnpaameHave KA4paMH - nOArOTOBKa KaApOB, Ha6op H yAepmaHHe, nooigpeHHe,

pOTagHR, Pa3BHTHe KapbepbI H opraHH3aMHOHHaR CTpyKTypa.

12

fJAauEpoBaRe

OCObEHHOCTH rLAAHHPOBAHHR B BAHKAX B YCAOBHRXPA3BHBAIOIIJHIXCH 0HHAHCOBbIX Pb[HKOB

PeBoAJoUHoHHbie npeO6pa3oBaHHU 6aHKOBCKOA HHAYCTpHH B pa3BHTblX CTpaHaX HaYHHalOToKa3biBaTb BAHRHHe Ha 6aHKoBcKHe cHcTeMbI pa3BHBaaiouHxca cTpaH, cTpaH BOCTOqHOiiEBponbl H CCCP. OTpaCAb, KOTOpaA A0 CaMOrO nOCAeAHerO BpeMeHH Ae4CTBOBaAa KaKOTHOCHTeAbHO OAHOpOAHbIH KapTeAb OKa3aAaCb BbJHymAeHHOH H3-3a CHHTHH peryAHpoBaHHH H6AaroAapR TeXHOAorH'iecKoMy nporpeccy AeHCTBOBaTb B yCAOBHqx cpeAbi C BbICOKOHKoHKypeHUHeH. B TaKHX yCAOBHRX nAaHHpoBaHHe CTaHOBHTCR Heo6xoAHMOCTblO.

BoAee Toro, 6aHKpoTcTBo npHBeAO K (HHaHCOH nepecTpoflKe Bce 6oAbmuero qHcAa4HHaHCOBbIX HHCTHTYTOB no Bcemy MHpy. FlepecTpoeHHble qHHaHCOBbIC yspemAeHHH BPasBHBaIOWHXCH CTpaHaX H CTpaHaX BocToqHoii EBponbm HMelOT oco6yio noTpe6HocTb BOUepaTHBHOM rLAaHHpOBaHHH, eCAH OHH XOTHT OlPCeAeAHTb AAR ce6g pOAb, KOTOpaR onpeAeAHTHX (pHHaHcoByio 2KH3Hecnoco6HOcTb H 3aU HTHT HX OT yXyALueHHH B 6yAy eM. OrnepaTHBHbIenAaHbl O3BOARIOT npOBeCTH Bceo6ibemAeiJyIO H HHTerpHPOBaHHyJo o&eHKy 6aHKa, BIAioqaHCHAbHbie H cAa6bie CTOpOHbI opraHH3agHH, ()HHaHCOByIO CTpyKTYPY H (JHHaHCOBbie pe3yAbTaTbiAefTeAbHOCTH. OHH nepeBoART OgeHKY COCTORHHH AeA B KoppeKTHpyioIHe MepOnpHHTHR HcMeqjalOT aKgeHT nepcoHaAa 6aHKa c AeHTeAbHOCTH Ha pe3yAbTaTbi BTOH AeRTeAbHOCTH.

Io CpaBHeHHIO C KoMMepeCCKHMH 6aHKaMH B CTpaHax C BbICOKHM ypoBHeM AoxoAa, 6aHKHB 6oAbIUHHCTBe CTpaH C HHSKHM H cpeAHHM YPOBHeM AoxoAa B CeAoM qaCTO HMeCOT 6oAeemIHpOKHH Kpyr OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH H HeCyT 6oAbMHe 3aTpaTbl no OTHOLUeHHIO K CBOHM AOBOAbHOOrpaHHqeHHbIM pecypcaM, HMelOT 6oAee orpaHHqeHHbIH AOCTyn K MeCTHOMY H HHOCTPaHHOMYKanHTaAy H AOA2KHbl, B COOTBeTCTBHH C Tpe6oBaHHHMH K HHM, HMeTb 6oAbmyIO CTeneHbAHBepCH(PHKaUHH. 0 Tpex KoHKpeTHbIX orpaHHCeHHHX CTOHT YfOMIHyTb oco6o c caMoroHa'aAa, rIOTOMy 'ITO OHH OnpeAeASioT cnoco 6

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Koppe"mpooaxa #OJWH COBOJ JoAwNT

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13

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14

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15

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16

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17

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cTpaTerHH. H4aCTb rAaBbl OTBeAeHa o6cymAeHHIo BOnPOCOB TaKTHKH H nOArOTOBKH 61oAmeTOB B

paMKaX IluHpOKOrO onepaTHBHoro nAaHHpOBaHHH.

KOHKypeHSHH CHHTaeTCR OTnpaBHbIM MOMeHTOM B pa3pa6OTKe qOpMyAHpOBOK CTpaTerHH

6aHKa. KaK OTMeqaA H3BeCTHbIH (pHHaHCHCT B o6AacTH CTpaTerHMecKoro nAaHHpOBaHHR MafixA

HlopTep, "CMbICA cpOPMYAHPOBKH CTpaTerHH .3aKAio'aeTcH B TOM, -To6bi CnpaBHTbCR C

KOHKypeHuHeH t1 OCHOBOH pa3pa6oTKH CTpaTerHH, TaKHM o6pa.3oM, cAy2HT nOHHMaHHe CHA

KOHKypeHMHH, HX rAy6HHHbIX npH'IHH, a TaKme OCHOBHbIX CHAbHbIX H cAa6bix CTOpOH 6aHKa no

OTHOiIIeHHIO K aTMm rAy6HHHblM npH4HHaM.

B HeKOTOpbIX pa3BHBaiOujHXCM pbiHKaX 6aHKH HMeiOT nIpHBHAerHH, OHH TaK2Ke nOAb3yIOTC

npHeMaMH, KOTOpbIe AalOT HM KOHKypeHTHOe npeHMylJeCTBO: AbrOTHOe (pHHaHCHpOBaHHe,

noAy'IaeMoe HMH H3 rOCyAaPCTBeHHbIX HCTO'IHHKOB, orpaHHXieHHH AAR HX HHOCTPaHHbIX

KoHKypeHTOB B OTHOiIIeHHH BX02tAeHMA Ha pbIHOK H OTKpbITHH HOBbIX OTAeAeHHH, a TaKme

3aKOHoAaTeAbHbie Tpe6oBaHHH K rocyAapCTBeHHbIM KoMnaHHRM BecbTH AenO3HTHbie H

KpeAHTHbie onepaUHH c onpeAeAeHHbIMH, o6brqHO rOCyAapCTBeHHbIMH 6aHKaMH. 3TH q)aKTopbi

CXOART Ha HeT, no Mepe Toro KaK yBeAHqHBaeTCH CTeneHb (PHHaHCOBOH AH6epaAHWaUHH. Ho

t llopTep 1979.

18

flhamrpoBamHe

Mepe Toro, KaK aTH KOHKypeHTHble npeHmyWeCTBa Hc'e3aloT, 6aHKH AOA2KHbI pa3pa6aTblBaTbHOBble.

HCTOKH KOHKypeHTHbIX rpeHMyUeCTB KOMMepqeCKHX 6aHKOB C OAHOH CTOpOHbI OAHHaKOBbIBO BCeM MHpe, a C ApyroH - MOryT 6blTb KOHKpeTHO-Cr1egHq)HqHblMH AAH KamAoro pbIHKa.HHmKe npHBOAHTCB Bam2Hbie HCTOqHHKH KOHKypeHTHOH CHAbl KpynHeHlUHX MemAYHapOAHbIX6aHKoB, KoTopbie no cipaBeAAHBOCTH MoryT 6bITb OTHCeHbI H K 6aHKaM pa3BHBaioIJHXCHCTpaH. 1 2

BaHKOBCKam CTpaTeruHH BKAiOYaeT npHHSTHe pellleHHH B OTHOIUeHHH geAeBoro pbIHKa 6aHKa.AHaAH3 pblHOqHbIH CTpyKTypbI, pa3AHqHbIX aAbTepHaTHBHbIX peUIeHHH nomoraeT 6aHKyOnpeAeAHTb cTpaTerHlO, KOTOpaA H AOCTH2KHMa H nOTeHUHaAbHO npH6blAbHa. KpHTepHHKOHKypeHTHOcnoco6HoHi pbIHOHHOH CTpyKTypbl, pa3pa6oTaHHble M. IlopTepoM, MoryT npHMe-HHTbCH K paBAH4HblM 6aHKOBCKHM pbiHKaM (BCTaBKa 2.2) AAH OnpeACAeHHS gOnOAHHTeAbHbIXXapaKTepHCTHK npH pa3pa6OTKe 6aHKOBCKOfi CTpaTerHH. 1 3

B3 aHKH, npeTeprieBWHe HeAaBHIO1O nepeCTpOHKy, HMeIOT TeH4eHgHIO HaUeAHBaTbCH HanepBoKAaccHbie KOpnopaUHH H 6oraTblX MaCTHbIX KAHeHTOB.14 aTOT peHOMeH M Homm yBHAeTb BTaKHX pa3AHqHbJX cTpaHax KaK FaHa H BeHrpHH. Ho CyljeCTBYIOU4He H nOTeHUHaAbHbIe

pa3Mepbl pbIHKa aToro cermeHTa 6aHKoBcKofi KAHeHTYPbI KaK npaBHAO He cMoryT o6ecneiHTbBCIo 6aHKoBCKyIo HHAYCTPHIO. K TOMY me B HeKOTOpbIX CAy"aqx oTAeAbHble y'pe2KAeHHH ymKeAOMHHHPYIOT Ha pblHKe. CTpaTerHH, pa3pa6oTaHHble 6e3 TIgaTeAbHOrO aHaAH3a 4paKTOpOBKoHKypeHgHH, He MOrYT CAy2KHTb OCHOBOH ycneliHoro, PHHaHCOBO 2KH3HCCnoco6Horo 6aHKa.IlOHHMaHHe CTpYKTypbI PbIHKa 6aHKOBCKHX YCAyr H KOHKypeHUHH Ha BTHX pbIHKax cos3aeTOCHOBY yCrIelUHOH CTpaTerHH.

B pa3BHBalOlgHXCH CTpaHax PbIHOK 6aHKOBCKHX yCAyr maCTO He HHTerpHpOBaH H

KoHKypeHUHR, KaK npaBHAO, pa36 HTa Me2KAy OTAeAbHb1MH CerMeHTaMH TaKoro pbIHKa.HanpHMep, B HeKOTOPbIX CAY'qa5X OAHO HAH HeCKOAbKo 6aHKoBcKHx y'pe2KAeHHH nO'TH

HcKAjoSHTeAbHO o6cAymHBaloT pblHOK HHAHBHAyaAbHbJX KAHeHToB, ApyrHe - pblHOK

rOCYAaPCTBeHHbIX npeAnPHHTHH HAH 'aCTHbIX KoMnaHHH, TPCTbH COCpeAOTO'HAH yCHAHH Ha

pbIHKe HHOCTpaHHbIX npeanpHHTHH, COBMeCTHbIX npeAnPHHTHH HAH TpaHCHagHoHaAbHblX

KOMnaHHH. Flo mepe AH6epaAH3agHH, pa3BHTHH H yrAy6AeHHH aTHX pbIHKOB no BCeH

BHAHMOCTH YCHAHTCH H KOHKYPeHUHR Me2KAy OTAeAbHbIMH CerMeHTaMH. HCXOAHbIM BOnPOCOM

CTpaTerHH AAA 6aHKOBCKHX y4pe2KAeHHH Ha TaKHX pbIHKaX lBAHeTCA CTeneHb cnegHaAm3agHH,

KOTOPYIO OHH AOA2KHbl coxpaHHTb H noAAep2KHBaTb.

12 MaTepHaA aAa&iTHPOBaH y BaAbTep 1988.13 j

1OpTep 1979.

14 Pa6oTy c 6oraTbIMH AIOAbMH HHOrAa HHoCxa3aTeAbHo Haa3b1BalOT 'iacTHoe RAH HHAHBHAyaAbHOe6aHKOBCxOe Ae4Ao

19

YxpenAemae pJ=OO4o,cBa N IIoBmIIremif qyCTrBeAbHOCTm Kr mepememam

BcTasKa 2.1

H4 CTOqHHKH KOHKypeHTHOa CHAbI mexcAyHaPOAHbIX 6aeKoB

4ocraToYmmocm KaJHTafa - Fo mepe Bo3paCTaHHR Tpe6oBaHHH K xanKHTaAy Ha cpHHaHCOBbiX

pbIHKaX H CO CTOpOHbl peryAHpyioiiHx opraHoB, HeAOCTaTOqHblH KanHTaA HBHTCH cepbC3HbIM

TOPM030M Ha rlyTH 6aHKoB K ycneUwHoH AeHTeAbHOCTH, B nepByio oqepeAb KaCaRCb TaKHX ee

pOpM, KaK pa3meugeHHe geHHbiX 6yMar no noAnHcKe, CAHRHHR H UnoKynKa 6aHKoB.

RaYecTBo aKTHBoB - BaHKH C aKTHBaMH HeBbICOKoro KaqeCTBa He MoryT paccmHTbIBaTb Ha

3aHHTHe CHAbHOrO KOHKypeHTHOrO noAo2KeHHR Ha PbIHKe C no3HUHH HX q,HHaHcoBoH CHAbi.

(I)HHaHCOBbie H AIOACKHe pecypcbi 6yAyT OTBAeKaTbCH Ha CAa6bix 3aeMUJHKOB. TaAaHT

COTPYAHHKOB H aHeprHH tyqpe2KAeHHA 6yAyT HanpaBAeHbl Ha nepeCTPOHKy cBoero nopTq)AS H

ynpaBAeHHe npO6AeMHbIMH KpeAHTaMH.

Aro4cKHe pecypcbJ - HlpeAnpHHHMaTeAbcKHe Ka'IeCTBa H 3ApaBoCTb CymAeHHH no3BOASIOT

6aHKy nOAb3OBaTbcq BO3MO2KHOCTRMH pbIHKa. KaK OTMeCaA H3BeCTHblH HCMeUKHH 6aHKHp

BHApPHA ryT: "B CCrOAHHUIHHX YCAOBHHX H3MeHsioueeHca KOHKypeHTHOH cpeAbi 4eAOBemeCKiHH

KanHTaA CAeAyeT PaCCMaTPHBaTb KaK caMbIH UeHHblH aKTHB (HHaHCOBoro yqpe2KAeHHSI,

cnoco6HocTb K HcnoAb3oBaHHIO Bo3MO2KHOCTeH PbHKa npHRMO 3aBHCHT OT Ka'ieCTBa AIOACKHX

pecypCOB."1 5

IIIpopMaghw - BaHKOBCKOe AeAO - HHOpMpagHOHHO eMKOe IIpOH3BOACTBO. CrIoco6HOCTb K

c6opy H HCnOAb3OBaHHlO HH"pOpMaUHH - B oco6eHHocTH KpeAHTHOH - OAHH H3 Ba2KHeHHIHX

BKAaAOB 6aHKa B aKOHOMHKy. C6op H OieHKa HH(POpMajHH KpaHHe Ba2KHbl AAA TaKHX BHAOB

Ae5!TeAbHOCTH, KaK KpeAHTOBaHHe H CB13aHHbie C HHM onepaUHH, paBHO KaK H AAR Pa3BHTHR

HOBbIX npOAYKTOB H YCAyr, HeKOTOpb1e H3 KOTOpblX (TaKHe KaK npeAocTaBAeHHe ()HHaHcOBbIX

KOHCyAbTagHH) AOA2KHbI o6AaAaTb nepBOKAaCCHO1U HHqpOpMaIHeH AAA TOrO, qTO6bi 6 blTb

nOAe3HbIMH KAHeHTaM.

NHHaHcoBbIe HHHoBgNHH - HHHOBagHR RBAHeTC.R (PyHKUHeH qeAoBeqecKoro KanHTraAa,

TeXHOAorHH, COCTOSIHHH pbIHKa, peryAHpoBaHHS H KOPIIOpaTHBHOH KyAbTypbi 6aHKa. B

paBBHBaioWHxcC (PHHaHCOBblX pbIHKax, HHHOBalUHH 'aCTO oTBepraeTcH OTCyTCTBHeM

KoHKypeH!,HH H 2KeCTKHM peryAHpOBaHHeM (HHaHCOBbIX HHCTpyMeHTOB.

TexHoAo,wz - rHpHeMAeMocTb TeXHOAOrHH H yMeHHe, C KOTOpbIM OHa npMeHHeTCR B

HHTepeCaX 6aHKa, o6yCAasAHBaeT Ka'eCTBO 6aHKOBCKHX ycAyr, KaqeCTBO npHH1THRS pelIeHHH H

BHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAH.

WpaHumNsa - HeMaTepHaAbHblii, HO Ba2KHblH BHA aKTHBOB. JJeHa ero onpeAeAReTCH

BOCnPHHTHeM Ha pbIHKe HCTOPHH pa3BHTHR H co3AaHHR 6aHKoBcKoro y-Ipe2KAeHHHs, Ha6opa

npeAAaraembix ycAyr, KoMneTeHTHOCTH H KoHKypeHTHOcnoco6HOCTH 6aHKa. UeHa ppaHiH.3bi

MO2eT TaK2e onpeAfeARTbcH CeTbIO (pUAHaAOB 6aHKa HAH 6a3oHi KAHCHTOB.

HcroVHHK: BaAbTep 1988.

15 firrHpoBaio no BaAuTep 1988, CTp. 81.

20

!LAaHopoWroe

BcTaBKa 2.2

KPHTepHH IOHwypeHTHOCIOC06nOH pbIHOqHOH CTPYKTypbI

CHAa l7OCTrBaNHKOB Ha phlHme - Cpe4CTBa H COTPYAHHKH - BOT ABa xpaHHe Baf2IHb1X

pecypca 6aHKa. Bo3Harpa2KAeHHe 3a HCTOqHHKH (HHNaHCHOBaHHR H orpaHH'IeHHf B

pHHaHCHPOBaHHH, paBHO KaK H nAaTa 3a TpyAOBbIe pecypcbl H AeCHlUHT Heo6xoAHMbix

HaBbIKOB, CHAbHO BAHHIOT Ha 6aHKoBcKHe onepaJHH.

Ph/NoYHaH CHAa KACeH7VB - OnIpeAeAeHHbie rpynnbi KAHeHTOB HMerOT 3HaqHTeAbHO

6oAbMHii BeC H CHAy B neperoBopax no cpaBHeHHIO C ApyrHMH. K HHM OTHOCHTCH

TpaHCHa,UoHaAbHble KOMnaHHH, 6oraTbie 'iaCTHbie AHUa, BbICOKOKAaCCHbie KopnopagHH. CApyroH CTOpOHbl, aTH PbIHKH KnpeAAaraloT o0eHb saMaH'IHBoe COOTHOIIIeHHe pHCKa H AOXoAa.

HaAnYHe npo,4yrKToB-aHaAoroB - Ho mepe npOHHKHOBeHHR HHHOBaUHOHHbIX MaTepHaAOB Ha

pblHOK, KAaCCHu1eCKHe npOAYKTbl TpaAHUHOHHOrO 6aHKOBCKoro AeAa BbITCCHRHOTC1 He6aHKoB-

CKHMH nlpOAyKTaMH. AOCTyIHHOCTb 3aMeHHTeAeC BAHReT Ha CTpYKTypy KOHKypeHTocnoco6HoCTb

pbIHKa.

CTpyxrypa KOHKypeHNHH - CyujeCTBy1OgHe H nOTeCHHaAbHb1e KOHKypeHTbi.

1jesoBbe TeH4eHgNH - 3aTpaTbi H AOXOAbl, CBS3aHHbie C HOBbIMH pbIHKaMH H HOBblMH

BHAaMH npOAYKTOB H CpaBHeHHe C 3anAaHHpOBaHHbIMH Ha AaHHbiU nepHOA nOKaS3aTeAnMH

nPH6blAH.

H1CToVHHK: C HMmeHeHHRMH IopTep 1979.

MHorHe pa3BHBaolgHeCC PbIHKH HMeIOT TeHAeHUH10 pa3BHBaTbCR B 6oAbillHe rIAIopaAHCTH-

'iCcKHe qJHHaHCOBbJe CHCTeMbi, BKAIO'aIOUJHe KpynHbIe AHBepCH(pHjHPOBaHHbie 6aHKH1 6, a

TaKl2Ke MaAbie, YSKO CnegHaAH3HPOBaHHbie 6aHKH.1 7 Y camAoro THna 6aHKoB eCTb CBOH pOAb.

Mx ycnex 3aBHCHT He OT oco6o0i opraH3aIaH0HHOHi CTpyKTypbi, a OT OnpeAeAeHHR KAio-]eBb1X

paaKTOPOB ycnexa, npoAyMaHHOCTH Bbi6opa aAbTepHaTHB H BbinOAHeHHS noCTaBAeHHbIX 3aAaq.

MHorHe ycieiulHbie 6aHKH HMeAH O4eHb y3KO CqpoKyCHpoBaHHYIO cTpaTerHIO, KOHNeNTpHpySHCCb,

HanpHMep, Ha o6CAy2fHBaHHH KopnOpaTHBHb1X xAHeHTOB H npeAoCTaBAeHHH AoporHX yCAyr. HHao6opoT, MHOrHe ycneWI1Hb1e 6aHKH o6cAy2HBaAH 6 OAee UIHpOKHH CneKTp PbIHKOB H

co3AaBaAH ce6e HMHA2Il npOHSBOAHTeAeH AeCIIeBbIX ycAyr.1 8OAHHM H3 OCHOBHblX orpaUHHieHH

npH HIHpOKOU AHBepCH(pHKaUHH IBAHieTcCR CKYAHOCTb TeXHHqeCKHX H ynpaEAeH'ecKHX HaBbiKOB.

HIOaToMy cTpaTerHIo Heo6xoAHMo yB3biBaTb C BOSMO2KHOCTHMH y'pe2KAeHHR.

16 TeHAeHWRu B BocTo9HoH EBpone BbipamaeTCn B ABHmeHHH K YHHBepcaAbHbiM 6aHXaM, KOTopblM nosBOAs

eTcs npRMoe HAH HenpAmoe y4acTHe (B macTHOCTH, 'epes CBOH Ao'epHHe npeAnpHRTHR) B onepagjRx CKanmTaAOM KoMnaHHi H geHHbIMH 6ymaraMH. BcKope HeKoTOpblM HS BTHX CTpaH npHAeTCS BrLAoTHylio 3aHuTbchHHTerpaij|Hef 6aHKoBcKorO AeAa H cTpaxoBaIHI, noATBepmAan yCTOH9HBsYO TeHAeHWHlO, cyuecTByiojyio B

3anaAHo8H EBpone.

17 MaAeHbKHe, y3Ko-geAeBble 6aHKH HHOrAa HaBbIBa*OT 6aHKaMH-HmIUaMH HAH KHocKaMH".

18 Co6AioAeHHe paBHoBecHa HHTepecoB ys3oro pbIHKa H CneUHaAsHHpoBaHHoro npOAyKTa H OTpacAeBoH HAH

reorpaH'MecKofi AHBePcHcqHKaUHH fopTqCA Tpe6yeT OCTOPOMHOCTH H MyApocTH, nocKoAbKy Heo6xoAHMaSHaqHTeAbHaR CTerieHb AHBePCH(HKaUHH AAR H3OAgUHH 6aHKa OT pHCKoB, cBJsIHHbLx C 'peaMepHoH

KoHIeHTpagJHeH nopT" KpeAHTOB.

21

YJrpeinAeHNe pJwOBOmxCTrm N irOBIIJeHNwr IyBCTBNTeAbNoCTN Ar HepemeHam

Pa3pa6oTKa CTpaTerHH B TaKHX yCAOBHSX BKAioqaeT pa3pa6oTKy H onpeAeAeHHe HHTepecHbix

H npHBAeKaTeAbHbIX pbIHKOB, KAHeHTOB H ogeHKy KOHKypeHUHH, KaK o6 3TOM roBOpHAOCb

BbILue. BaHKH B pa3BHBaloWHxcsl (pHHaHCOBbIX pbIHKax, pa6oTaloT B CAO2KHbIX yCAOBHRX H

CTaAKHBaHoTCH CO MHorHMH orpaHHmeHH9MH. CAa6ocTb KpeAHTHoro riopTe, HexBaTKa KBaAH-

(pHjHPOBaHHOro nepcoHaAa, riepeMeH'IHBaR SKOHOMH'ieCKas CHTyaUHH, HeXBaTKa HHq)OpMaUHH H

BMeCI1aTeAbCTBo rocyAapcTBa B q)HHaHCOBbiH CeKTOp - BCe STO OrpaHHqHBaeT BO3MO2KHOCTb

Bbi6opa cTpaTerHH. YqHTbIBasi MHoroqcHAeHHoe AaBAeHHe, KOTOpoe HCrIbITbIBalOT 6 aHKH, OHH

cKopee Bcero He 6 yAyT 3aoCTPHTb cBoe BHHMaHHe Ha KOHKYpCHUHH KaK eAHHCTBeHHOH OCHOBe

Am1 pa3pa6oTKH CBoeH CTpaTerHH. TeM He MeHee, Heo6xoAHMo yAeAHTb BHHMaHHe aTHM

BAeMeHTaM npH PaSBHTHH CTpaTerHH 6aHKOB H cAeAaTb HX, rio Mepe pa3BHTHH pbIHKOB, TOqKOH

q)OKYCHPOBKH CTpaTerHH 6aHKa.

B3 aHKH B pa3BHBaIO1JHXCM (pHHaHCOBbIX pbIHKaX AOA2KHbi nOHHMaTb npOHCXOAH4 UHe paAH-

KaAbHbie H3MeHeHHH B HaCTOHigeM H B 6yAyi.eM, eCAH OHH KacaIoTcH HX OCHOBHOH KAHeHTypbi.

B BeHrPHH, HanpHMep, npHMCpHO TpeTb H3 43 TbICS1M 3aperHCTPHPOBaHHb1X npeAnlpHiTHH B

cTpaHe Ha KoHeg 1990 roAa 6blAa 3aperHCTPHPOBaHa B 1990 roAy. Co3AaHHe H pa3BHTHe

MeToAoAorHH H CTPaTerHH Bq)4eKTHBHoro o6cAy2HBaI-IHH HOBbIX KoMnaHHH RBAHeTcC KpaHHe

BamKHbMM AA.H noAAep2aHH. 6aHKoBcKoro POCTa H npH6bIAbHOCTH, paBHO KaK H AAR cTa6HAb-

HOCTH nepexoAa BKOHOMHKH. rIOMHMO KpeAHTOBaHHR HOBbIX KoMnaHHH, MTO HecoMHeHHO

npHBeAeT K BO3HHKHOBeHHio npHBAeKaTeAbHOrO H AHHaMH'ieCKOrO pbiHKa 3aBTpauHero AH1,

6aHKH - oco6eHHo rOCyAapCTBeHHbie 6aHKH B CTpaHax nepexoAHoro nepHoAa - AoA2rHbi

OnpeAeAHTb CBOIO POAb B peqJopMe npeAnpHHTHH H B ()HHaHCHpOBaHHH nAoxo pa6oTaioiHx

pecny6AHKaHCKHX npeAnpHTHTHA. AO CHX nop, OMHb HeMHOrHe 6aHKH HAH npaBHTeAbCTBa 'eTKO

onpeAeAHAH CBOIO nO3HUHiO no aTOMy Bonpocy.

XapaKTep KpeAHTHbIX pHCKOB, xapaKTepH3yIolo4HH 6yAyujHx 3aeMUJHKOB, AOAMeH 6bMTb BHH-

MaTeAbHO H3y-ieH 6aHKaMH, B oco6eHHocTH, eCAH BTH 6aHKH HeAaBHO npOIUAH nepeCTpOHKy H

noToMy MoryT c'HTaTb Heo6xoAHMbIM H3MeHHTb CBOIO KpeAHTHylo cTpaTerHIO AAA noAAepma-

HHH CBoeCH nAaTe2Kecnoco6HoCTH. KaK oTMe'iaeTCSI B rAaBe 3 "YnpaBAeHHe KpeAwTHbiM

pHCKOM, OT6op KpeAHTocnoco6HbIx pblHKOB RBAReTcR BamHbIM HCXOAHbIM YCAOBHeM coxpaHe-

HHH 3AOpOBOro KpeAHTHOro nOpT H.

nPOUECC OnEPATHBHOrO nAAHHPOBAHHH

K nAaHHPOBaHHIO MO02HO nOAOHTH no pamHoMy. Hpoa,ecc, onHCaHHbIH B BTOH rAaBe, npeA-

noAaraeT yqacTHe COTPYAHHKOB B pa3pa6oTKe nAaHOB H HCXOAHT H3 HaAHqHR HecKOAbKO

Ae eHTpaAHwBaHHOH CHCTCMbI ynpaBAeHHH, npH KOTOpOH OCHOBHOH o6beM onepagHH, cBn3aH-

HbIX C FlAaHHpOBaHHeM, BbIrIOAHHeTcR AHHeHHbIMH PYKOBOAHTeAHMH Ha YPOBHe noAoTAeAoB H

6oAee MeAKHX noApa3AeAeHHH. 19 HpH TaKoM npogecce PYKOBOAHTeAb 6aHKa Bbipa6aTbiBaeT

19 KaK oTMeiaAocb Bbimle, 6aHK MOmeT OCy1eCTBHTb 6oAee npOCTOH igeHTpaAm3oBaHHbxH npogecc Ha

KOpnOpaTHBHOM ypoBHe, HCnO.Ab3yR Te Me CaMbIe COCTaBAJuOi1He H MeToAoAorFHo. [IpHMep cxeMaTHiecKoH

opraHmsawiH (CO) BO BCTyrIHTeAbHOH iMaCTH KHHrH npeAcTasBAAeT co6o0 CHAbHO ynpoiUemyio cTpyKTypy

KoMMepmeCKOro 6aHKa, KOTOpblH BaHHMaeTCR OnTOBbIMH 6aHKOBCKHMH onepagRMH C KpynHb1MH KoMrHuHRMH,

yqaaCTByeT B MemAyHapoAHoHi 6aHKOBCKOi AeJTeAbHOCTH, a TaKme SaHHMaeTCI 6aHKOBCKHMH onepaxHRMm C

22

I7 AaHNpommme

BHAeHHe KoMnaHHH, KopnopaTHBHbIX 3aAaq H IeAeH, OTCAe2KHBaeT BbInOAHeHHe ILAaHa. FBe3aKTHBHOrO y'IaCTHSI pyKOBOAHTeAR B npogecce nAaHHpOBaHHSI, nAaHb fipeBpaalIOTCJH BaAMHHHCTPaTHBHYIO pyTHHy.

KaKHM 6bi MeTOAOM HH noAb3oBaAHCb AAfl pa3pa6oTmH KOpnOpaTHBHOH CTpaTerHH H (pHHaH-COBbIX 3aAaq, npeAnOAaraeTcfl, tTO PYKOBOAHTeAH noAoTAeAOB nepeBeAyT HX Ha H3biK pbIHOt-HbIX npHOPHTeTOB, CBH3aHHbIX C HX KOHKpeTHbIM HanpaBAeHHeM AefrTeAbHoCTH. Ha YPOBHeKoMnaHHH B geAOM, npogecc ntAaHHPOBaHHH HaYHHaeTcHi C onpeAcAeHHS cBepxsaAax HnOCTaHOBKH KOHKPeTHbIX saAaq. OHH AOA2Hbi 6blTb o6R3aTeAbHo yBH3aHbI C HMelOJ1HMHCRBO3MOKHOCTHMH H AOCTYnHbIMH pecypcaMH. Ha YPOBHe cTpyKTypHbIX rioApa3AeAeHHH saAa-H,geAH, CTpaTerHH H PbIHOYHbie npHOpHTeTbI OgeHHBalOTCH H cpaBHHBalOTCR C KOpriOpaTHBHOHcTpaTerHeH. 06uge6aHKoBCKHfi nAaH H riAaHbl OTAeAOB noCAe aToro YBR3blBafOTCH B OAHHo6uJHfi onepaTHBHblIH rAaH 6aHKa.

OTAeA nAaHHpOBaHHH H KOHCYAbTaHTbi 6aHKa HMelOT CBOIO pOAb B BTOM npo5ecce: nepBblHAOA2teH o6ecneqHTb aHaAHTH'eCKHH nOAxOA, npOCTPYKTYPHPOBaTb nAaH H opraHH3OBaTbynpaBAeHHe npOgecCOM riAaHHpoBaHHH. KoHcyAbTaHTbi AOA2KHbI nOMO'Tb npH pa3pa6oTKenepBoro nraHa ytpe2KAeHHH, npH nepecMOTpe npogecca riAaHHPOBaHHH HAH B TOM CAy-Iae, ecAH6aHK co6HpaeTcH 3Ha4HTeAbHO H3MeHHTb CBO1O CTpaTerHIO. OAHaKo, OpraHH3aUHff MO2KeT OCy-HgeCTBARTb rlAaHHpOBaHHC H TOrAa, KOrAa B ee COCTaBe HeT CFlCeHaAbHOrO nraHoBoro OTAeAa HHeT KoHcyAbTaHTOB. HHKaKHe nAaHbl He 6yAyT HMeTb CMbICAa, eCAH B npogecce nAaHHpoBaHHBHe mrpaiOT aKTHBHOH POAH pyKOBOAHTeAH 6aHKa. Heo6xoAHMo nOMHHTb KaTerOpHqHOCTbyTBep2KAeHHH: nAaHHPOBaHHe - aTO o6H3iaHHOCTb PYKOBOAHTeAeH AHHeHHOrO ypOBHR.

Fpogecc nAaHHPOBaHHH COCTOHT H3 5 (pas:

* BBO, 4,aHHbX H aHaHN3 - c6op H omeHKa HHqPOpMagHH;

* PeLUeHhf - onpeAcAeHHe HpHOpHTeTOB KOpnOpaUHH, q)OpMYAHpOBaHHe nporpaMM

nOApa3AeAeHHH;

* 4OAyMiemHpOBaHNe - nepeHeceHHe nAaHa Ha 6yMary, pa3pa6oTKa nAaHOB, cTpaTerHH

OTAeAOB, CTpYKTypHblx noApa3AeAeHHH, riAaHOB MeponpHHTHH, 6ioAmeToB;

* 063op - o6UjHii o63op nAaHOB, neperoBopbl H KOOPAHHHPOBaHHe rLAaHOB CpyKOBOACTBOM, Bbipa6OTKa o6u4ero MHeHHN no nAaHy C PYKOBOARJJHMH pa6oTHHKaMH

6aHKa. HlpeACTaBAeHHe KpaTKoro coAep2KaHHH nAaHa Ha COBeT AHpeKTopoB 6aHKa;* 0630p BZd7OAHeHHH H.4aHa - ynpaBAeHHe HCnOAHeHHeM nAaHa.

2 tIH3HeCnIOCo6HOCTb HAaHa 3aBHCHT OT Ba2HOrO BHYTPeHHerO npogecca - gnHAa pa6oTbl,qepe3 KOTOpbli Ka2KAbiH OTAeA, noApa3AeAeHHC HAH BCHI KoMnaHHH B UeAOM, npHHHMalOTyqaCTHe B OnePaTHBHOM nAaHHPOBaHHH. XOTH CTpYKTyPa npoMecca nAaHHPOBaHHJl npeAno-AaraeT, MTO BTOT npoUecc HOCHT AHHeHHbliH xapaKTep, Ha caMoM AeAe ero Mo2HHo onHcaTb KaKHTepaTHBHbIH, C MHOrO'IHCAeHHbIMH BoS3BpaleHHRMH, nOBTOpeHHS1MH onepagHHH, nepeCMOTpompemleHHH H T.A. (CM. BCTaBKy 2.3).

IHsHmeCKHMmH AHUaMH. [IPH TaKOH CO nAaHHpoBaHHe ocyIecTBASeTcR Ha KKa4oM YPOBHe, npeACTaBAeHHOM BtpOpMe lpAMOyrOAbHHKa.

23

YKpemueHHe pyKoBo4cTBra o nloBhiImme qyBcTaDTAbNocrHN x IepemreHa

Pasa BBoA'a xaHHMrX H aHaAzua

IepBaH "j3a HaqHHaeTCH c alHaAH3a BKOHOMHKH H PbIHKa H nOCTaHOBKH BHyrpeHHemO

AHarHo3a. AaHHbie co6paHbi H npoaHaAH3HPoBaHbl C TeM, mTO6bi BbiAeAHTb qaxTopbl,

onpeAeAHROUJHe 6yAyugee H KoHKypeHToCnoCo6HOCTb opraHHmagHH. HAeHTHqHHaMHR

AOAFOCpOqHbIX H KpaTKOCPO4HbiX nIepCneKTHB nIOAyqeHHH llpH6blAH H HCTO'qHHKOB pHCKa B xoAe

aHaAH3a o6ecne4HBaeT OCHOBY AAR pa3pa6OTKH OnepaTHBHOrO nAaHa. AHaAH.3 o6blqHo

npOBOAHTcM OTAeAOM nAaHHPOBaHHA 6aHKa HAH nopy'iaeTcfl aKcnepTaM. OH AOA2KeH BKAJoqaTm

CAeAyiolJHe o6AaCTH:

* BKoHoMHqeCKHe, npaBoBbie, nOAHTH4eCKHe H COUHaAbHbie qaKTopbl;

* nepCneKTHBbi pocTa Ha cyUgeCTBYIOUgHx H fOTCHgHAbHbIX pblHKax;

* nepcneKTHBbl KOHKypeHUHH Ha CyLeCTBylIMHX H nepcneKTHBHbIX pbIHKax;

* HHaHCOBbie nepcnCKTHBbl B OCHOBHbIX ceKTopax BKOHOMHKH H npoMblIAeHHoCTH;

* CHAbHbIe H CAa6bie CTOpOHbl onepagHH 6aHKa. 2 0

cOpKyAHpOBICa cBepxBaAaqU. OnepaTHBHbIe nAaHbI o6bImHO HaqHHaiOTCR C H3AO2KeHHR

HAH qopMyAHpoBaHHH OCHOBHOH geAH AeHTeAbHOCTH yqpemAeHHR, ero cBepx3aAaqH".

CAHLUKOM qaCTO, K co2KaAeHHIO, TaKoe H3Ao2KeHHe CBepX3aAaqH HOCHT 'HCTO qIopMaAbHblH

xapaKTep H He OTpamaeT HHqero, KpoMe o64esJH3BecTHbIx HCTHH. HIPH aToM ynycKaeTcH

BO3M02IHOCTb HCnOAb3OBaHHH aTOrO MoMeHTa AA.1 COBMeCTHOrO onpeAeAeHHH PYKOBOACTBOM H

COTpyAHHKaMH xapaKTepa H eAeCH 6aHKoBcKoro yqpe2KAeHHH. Taiasi BO3MO2KHOCTb oco6eHHo

Ba2KHa Ami ynpaBAeHHH 6aHKaMH, TOAbKO BCTynaiOHgHMH B HOBbIe o6AaCTH AeHTeAbHOCTH,

AHBePCHPHUHPY1OIMHMH CBOH onepagHH, BbIXOAHJIHMH Ha HeTpaAHUHOHHbie qopMbi yCAyr,

TaKHe KaK npeAoCTaBAeHHe BeHMypHoro KanHTaAa, HHBeCTHPOBaHHe co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa,

npeAocTaBAeHHe AOAroCpO t HbIX 3aHMoB, KopnopaTHBHbie pHHaHcbi, pa3meqjeHHe EeHHbIx 6yMar

Ha nepBHt IHOM pbIHKe, nepeCTpOlKa KopnopagHHt, (HHaHcHpoBaHHe ToproBAH H T.A. BaHKH,

noWBeprumecm nepecTpoiKe, AoA2KHbI CKOHUeHTPHPOBaTbCR Ha cBoeH 6yAyu4 eA POAH H MeAH.

4aAA 6aHKoB B pa3BHBaiojHxcH (HHaHCOBbIX pbIHKax, nAaH AOA2KeH COAep2KaTb xpaTKOe

OnHcaHHe CyU4eCTByioHgeH inpaBHTeAbCTBeHHOH aKOHOMHqeCKOH H (pmamomfi [ nOAHTHKN,

KOTOpaH 3aTparHBaeT 6aHr H KaK 6aHK o0eHHBaeT CBOK) pOAb Ha (PHHaHcoBoM pbIHKe. IAaH

AOA2KeH qeTKO 3aAaBaTb orpaHHqeHHR Ha KpeAHTOBaHHe H 3aHMCTBOBaHHX, paBHO KaK H npaBO

6aHKa Ha npOBeAeHHe onepagHH.

OpKYAHpOBnEca aaAajq KopnopauHH. BCAeA 3a qOpMyAHpOBaHHeM cBepx3aAaqH KOMnaHHH

o6blqHO Bbipa6aTbIBaeTCH q)OpMyAHpOBKa KOHKpeTHbIX 3aAaq KOMnaHHH, pa3pa6oTKa CepHH

PYKOBOAHI11HX yKa3aHHH, AHpeKTHB OT PYKOBOACTBa KOMnIaHHH BHH3 Ha BCe ypOBHH cAyme6HoA

HepapXHH B opraHH3agHH.

20 Taxoii anaAms HHorAa HasbrsaloT aHaAHsoM CBOT (no HaqaAbHbiM 6yKBam aHrAHHCKHX CAOB strengtis(CHAbHbie CTopoHbi), "weaknesses (cAa6ocTH), "opportunities" (BOSMO2KHOCTM) H "threats"(yrposbb).

24

BcTaDiCa 2.3 MoAeAb IAa8HPOaBaHH H 6io4A2eT8POBaHH2CHCTellka IlaaHUpOBRaHE 6iomeTHpOBaenn UeAeBble Pe3YAbTaTbl

HOCTaHT KOpUOpaTHBHaI KHCCEH - -- 4 eAoBoi ,oIyc BbihlOAHHTb AeAOBble

3aaH

3 qp4)eKT4BH40 paCnpe~~i

pCYPCbi IAAR BbIrHoAH-eHHRAHaAH.3 cpeb AeAOBOA H BHyTpeHHHe BbrIHoAHeHi zaax

cpHHaHcOBblii OljCHKH

MdnipaagiT

I H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FpeoAoAeBa

4C oDH KopnopaTHBHasI T3AOTH/ HicrioAb3oBaTbBO3MOMiilOCTH

Co-3AaB3aTrIocToSIHHoe

KH(~HTHoe

nIpeHmyIIJecTBo

flHPHUHnbI BojAmeTbI CBOAKa H CBepK7a OTCAe2mHBaHHe OTAeKHBaHHS1, H3MPHRH6ioAmeTa oTAeAOB 6IoAMeTOB H o6HoBAeHHe oeK e3A

YicpenJuemme pYwOBOaCT7ra o lORmIN5 YBCTBeAHOC7N Kr HepeMeHam

CqiopMyAHpoBaHHble 3aAaqH OXBaTbiBalOT BCio KopnopaILHio H TeM CaMbIM o6ecneqHBaioT

o6uMHe HanpaBAeHHH, co3AaBaU OCHOBy AAR npHHRTHH pellleHHH, B paMKaX KOTOpbiX ocy%eCT-

BASeTCSI onepaTHBHoe nAaHHpOBaHHe. B (,OpMyAHpOBKe oTpa2a2i(oTcS o6u He (PHHaHcoBble

3aAaqH, OnIpeAeARHOTC.I OCHOBHbie pblHKH 6aHKa, yKa3biBalOTcA onepaUHH, KOTOpbie 6aHK 6yAeT

BeCTH Ha BTHX pbIHKax.

KopnopaTHBHble qHHaHcoBbie 3aAaH Ha AaHHblH rOA AOA2KHbl coAepm2aTb no KpaHHeH Mepe

CAeAyLoJ14He nOKa3aTeAH H YCTaHaBAHBaTb CTeneHb TOMHOCTH HX BbIlnOAHeHHH.R (KoHKpeTHbie

UH(ppbl B Ta6AHUe AaHbl TOAbKO KaK npHMepbl):

r lpHpOCT npH6bIAH - 10%

* AoXOA Ha aKTHBbl - 1%

* AOXOA Ha Co6CTBeHHblH KanHTaA - 15%

* IPHPOCT OCHOBHblX AenO3HTOB _ 15%21

I IPHPOCT aKTHBOB - 4%

* FPHpOCT AOXOAOB OT KOMHCCHOHHbIX ycAyr - 15 0%HHCTHTyUHOHaAbHaR cTpaTerHR, HaMe-AeHHaf Ha Bb1nOAHeHHe BTHX 3aAa9, MO?KeT OTpaKaTm

HeKOTOpbIH nepeHoc BHHMaHHH C Me2KAyHapoAHoH KpeAHTHOH AeHTeAbHOCTH Ha

noTpe6HTeAbCKOe qpHHaHCHpOBaHHe, paciuHpeHHe AOAH TOprOBbiX q)HHaHCOB, npe4OCTaBAeHHe

CCyA MaAbIM H CpeAHHM npeAnpHaTHHM, COBepiueHCTBOBaHHe xawecTBa aKTHBOB, nOBbIlHeHHe

BHHMaHHH K KaMeCTay yCAyr, paCllHpeHHe fAaTHbIX ycAyr, HOBbIe BHAbI 4pHHaHCOBbIX yCAyr H

qpHHaHCOBOH npoAyKIHH.

HloKa3aTeAH (PHHaHCOBOH AemTeAbHOCTH 6aHKa 3aCAy2KHBaKOT CnegHaAbHOrO

npeAoCTepe2KeHHa. PbJIHu KanHTaAa B npOMblUIAeHHbXX CTpaHaX c CHAbHOH KOHKypeHUHeCH,

TaKHx KaK CLLIA CTpeMHTCx OKa3aTb AaBAeHHe Ha yqaCTHHKOB pbIHKa, BbiHy2tAaA HX

COOTBeTCTBOBaTb (HHaHCOBbIM KpHTrepHRM ycneUIHOCTH Ha pbIHKe. BIaHKH B pa3BHBaiojgHxCR

pHHaHCOBblX PbIHKaX Tome HaqHHalOT H3MeprTb CBOIO AefTeAbHOCTb, HcnOAb3yH aHaAH3

KpaTKOCPOsHbIX qHHaHCOBbIX nOKa3aTeAeH. CZ)HHaHCOBbie 3aAaq]H o6ecne'eHHR pocTa npH6bLAH,

nPH6blAH Ha aKTHBbl H Ha co6CTBeHHbIfi KanHTaA, BHyTpeHHHe o6ecnemeHHe HCTO4HHKOB

CpeACTB, H T.A. n1peACTaBARIOT co6oil yAo6Hblfi HHCTpyMeHT y11paBAeHHH, HO HX Heo6xoAHMo

HcnOAb3oBaTb H36HpaTeAbHo H OCTOpOmHO. ITOnbITKH AOCTHqb BbICOKHX noKaBaTeAefi B cambie

KOpOTKHe CpOKH, npeHe6peraA OCHOBHbIMH npHHUHnaMH 6aHKoBCKHx onepagHHi - HanpHMep,

OCAa6AeHHe KpHTepHeB AOnYCTHMoro pHCKa - IBAReTCR KpaiiHe He2KeAaTeAbHbiM. 3 qxpeKT

TaKoro AaBAeHHR Ha npOMblIwlAeHHOCTb CLIUA noApo6HO OCBseiaAcC B MHoroIHCAeHHb[X

ny6AHKamHax, rAe noARepKHBaeTcH yrpo3a AOArocpoiHoi 2KH3Hecnoco6HOCTH H

KoHKypeHTHOcnoco6HOCTH 6aHKa, BbI3BaHHan H3AHUIHHM BHHMaHHeM K KpaTKOCpOMHb1M

(pHHaHCOBbIM pe3yAbTaTaM. 4AM 6aHKoB, TaK 2Ke KaK H AAR npOMbiIuAeHHOCTH, Ba2KHO

nOAAep2IHBaTb paBHOBeCHe Me2KAY CTpeMAeHHeM AOCTH4b 3ariAaHHpOBaHHbIX qHHaHCOBbIX

noKa3aTeAefi H AOArocpoqHofi MH3Hecnoco6HOCTb1O Bcero yipe2KAeHHH. CaMa no ce6e

21 AeHemHble CpeAcTca 6aHKa pOpmHpyiaTc HS pasHbIX HcToaiHKoB H o6briHO ripeACTaBAeHbi TeKxyHMN

CneTaMH, C6&peraTeAbHbxMH cqeTaMH H CpOIHbIMU BKAAaMH.

26

FIbairnpoawe

AOArOCPOsHaHA HHaHCOBsa 2rH3Hecnoco6HOCTb MomeT H AOA2mHa 6blTb 'IeTKO nOCTaBAeHHoH

3aAaqei 6aHKa.2 2

napaAeAbHWbIi upomecc: Paspa6oTKa AoArocpoIHoro n.aHa. CTpaTerHH 6aHKa,

OTpamKeHHaH B cBepx3aAa4e 6aHKa H 3aAa9iax 6aHKa KaK KOpnOpagHH, sacTo "OpMyAHpyIoTCH

Ha OCHOBe pa3AHqHbIX OAHOpa3OBbIX HAH MHoropa3OBbIX cnef5HaAbHO pa3pa6aTbxIaeMbix

cTpaTerH'eCKHx nAaHOB. HpOBOAHMbie He3aBHCHMO OT e2KerOAHOrO OnlepaTHBHOrO

nAaHHPOBaHHH HCCAeAOBaHHH CTpaTerHH 6aHKa maCTO HBAHIOTCH OTBeToM Ha Heo6xoAHMocTb

BamHbIX H cepbe3HbIx nepeMeH B 6aHKe HAH peaKUHeH Ha H3MeHeHHe B TeKyqEeH HAH

AoAroCpOnHOfi OpHeHTaUHH, nepcneKTHBe pa3BHTHA BHeUIHeH, rio OTHOuieHHIO K 6aHKy, cpeAbi.

HpH cyugeCTByiOlIeH rOBbilueHHOH HCyCTOWiHBOCTH pbIHKa, nOCTOHHHbIX HSMeHeHHHX Ha

(PHHaHCOBbIX pbIHKax, MeAbliH iPA (PHHaHCOBbIX yqpe2KAeHHH CXIHTaeT, sTO npogecc

cTpaTerHsiecKOro /AOArocpOsHoro/ nAaHHPOBaHHH AOA2KeH HBAHTbcH o6biqHbIM, ecTeCTBeHHbJM

KoMnoHeHToM ynpaBAeHMecKoH npaKTHKH 6aHKa. -IaCTb H3 HHX pa3pa6aTbiBaeT H nOCTORHHO

o6HoBAwueT nfiTH- H Aa2Ke AecHTHAeTHHe riepcneKTHBHbie nAaHbI.

KorAa cTpaTerHseCKHe flAaHbI pa3pa6aTbIBalOTCH OTAeAbHO OT OnlepaTHBHbIX nAaHOB,

Heo6xoAHMo npHHHTb Mepbl, MTo6bi o6ecneqHTb CBH3b Mem2AY HHMH. HHorAa AOArocpO'iHbie

HAaHbl HBAHIOTCH BcerO AHllUb aKCTpanOARgHeH KpaTKOCpOiHbiX HAH TeKYUHHX onepaiHHs, a

HHorAa B HHX 3aAo2KeH 6oAee paAHKaAbHbIH nOAxOA. B Aio6om CAy9ae, B HeM AOAmHbJ

COAep2IaTbCH CAeAYIOIHe KOMnOHeHTbi:

* CqOpMyAHpoBaHHaH CBepx3aAama;

* 3 acJHKCHpOBaHHbie AOAroCpO'IHbie (pHHaHCOBbie 3aAa'IH;

* XapaKTepHbue oco6eHHocTH PbIHKa - npeAnoAaraeMbze TeHAeHUHH pa3BHTHX CerMeHTOB

cTpaTerHmecKoro pbIHKa; tpaKTOpbI, KOTOPbIC moryT OKa3biBaTb BAHSIHHe Ha BTH

TeHAeHUHH; npo6AeMbi, cBM3aHHbie C 3aKOHOAaTeAbCTBOM H peryAHpoBaHHeM

6aHKOBCKOrO AeAa;

* KOHKypeHTHa5i cHAa 6aHKa Ha Ka2KAOM pbIHKe - AOAH pbIHKa, KaseCTBO YCAyr H

OTHOCHTeAbHbie 3aTpaTbi;

* OnacHOCTH H BO3MO2KHOCTH Ha Ka2KOM pbIHKe - HCXO4H H3 XapaKTepHCTHKH BHeCHeiH

cpeAbI H OTHOCHTeAbHOH KOHKYpCHTHOH CHAbN;

* CDaKTOpbi, onpeAeAHioU4He ycnex Ha Ka2tAOM pbIHKe - KaqeCTBO yCAyr,

pa3BeTBAeHHOCTb CeTH, Kpe4HTHbie B03MO2IHOCTH, HHHOBagHOHHOCTb, HaBbIKH,

Heo6xOAHMbie AAA pa6OTbI Ha PbIHKe H T.A.

0Pasa jINHHTLw peiremiii

PetueHH3i no nAaHHPOBaHHIO MOryT npHHHMaTbCR Ha YPOBHe noApa3AeAeHHR (qpHAHaAa)23 Ha

OCHOBe CTPaTerHXeCKHx AHpeKTHB KOpnopa!HH, KoTopbie nocTynaloT cBepxy. Ha nepBoA

22 OnmcaHHe npHMepOB Toro, KaK 6aHKoBcKoe pyKoBoAcTUo riOApblBaeT ()HHaHcoByio 2HsUHecrioco6HocTh6aHKa B nIoroHe 3a npH6bLbio H pacnAaiHBaRCb KaqeCTBOM nOpT3 KpeAHTOB M02KUO HaHTH y Ae XyaHa(1987).

23 B HeKOTOpbiX cTpaHax OTAeAeHHH 6aHKOB lpeACTaBmilOT co6o0 KpyllHbie H BamHbie opraraLx,KOTOpbIe 3aHHMaiOTCJ H o6CAy2KHBaHHeM 'iaCTHbIx AHU H KOpnOpaUHiH, 3aHHMaiOTCR OCHOBHbiMH 6aHKOBCKHMHOnlepa8iMH, H Aa2Ke BbinOAHAIOT HeKoTopble 4)yHKUHH Ka3HameHCTBa. B ApyrHx cTpasax OTAeAewm saHmAITA

27

Yrpen'Aern'e pyx@OROXCTBa N 11BbrlOeOMIN 8H CT3RrTeAbHOCTN K IIepeMeHaM

CTaAHH TaKOrO cnoco6a npHHHSTHR peluleHHH OTAeA /noApa3AeAeHHe/ nepeBOAHT geAH

Kopnopa!HH Ha 3SbIK KOHKPeTHbIX 3aAas nOApa3AeAeHHq H pa3pa6aTbiBaeT CBOH co6cTBeHHbie

cTpaTerHH, KOHKpeTH3HPYH HX BO BpeMeHH H B SaAaHH.X, oTO6bi AOCTHqb MeAeH, cToHujHx

nepeA KoMnaHHeH.

nAaHNpoBaHHe peByAbTaTOB pa6oTbl. PYKOBOAHTeAH Ha pa3HbIX YPOBHHX AOA2KHbI

YCTaHOBHTb CBOH co6CTBeHHbIe COOTBeTCTBYIOU He noKaSaTeAH B pa6oTe c nOMOIjbIO MeAoro

pHAa COrAaCOBaHHbIX KOHKpeTHb[X KpHTH'ieCKHX nOKa3aTeAeH, TaKHX KaK AOxOA, o6zbeM

KpeAHTOB, BblpyqKa, pacxOAbl, y6bITKH no KpeAHTaM H T.A. HlAaHHpyeMbie pesyAbTaTbi

AOA2KHbI 6blTb KOHKpeTHbIMH, Bbipa2KeHHbIMH B onpeAeAeHHb[X KOAHseCTBeHHbix noKa3aTeAxx,

BO BpeMeHH, KaK B npeAAaraemoM HH2Ke npHMepe:

3 aYaaa: CoKpaTHTb y6bITKH no KpeAHTaM.

A HMeHHO: COKpaTHTb KOAHieCTBO nAaTemeH, nocTynaioIHX C HapyiIIeHHSIMH OT

rocyAaPCTBeHHOH CTaAeAHTeHHOH KoMnaHHH H OT 9aCTHbIX KOMnaHHH X, Y, Z.

KoAHNecmBo: C 20% OT CYMMbI BbiAaHHbIX KpeAHTOB Ao 8%.

CpoK: B Te9eHHe nAaHOsoro roAa.

CTpaTerHR. C (pOpMyAHpOBaHHH CTPaTerHH Ha4HHaeTcq npoUecc 60pb6bl 3a AOCTHmeHHe

pe3yAbTaTOB. Pa3BHTHe CTpaTerHH npeAnoAaraeT npHHqTHe pemeHHH O npHo6peTeHHH

pecypCOB, HX HcnoAb3oBaHHH, npHMeHeHHH AAR BbInOAHCHHSI KOHKpCTHbIX (pyHKUHH H

AeHCTBHH. K nOCAeAHHM MOryT OTHOCHTbCHI: BbIXOA Ha HOBbIC pbIHKH, pa3BwTHe HOBOU

npOAyKUHH, MapKeTHHr HOBOU npOAYKIHH H YCAyr. CTpaTerHi AoAmHa:

* yKa3blBaTb, rAe Mbl HaxOAHMCS , rAe Mbl XOTHM HaXOAHTbcM H KaK TyAa nonaCTb;

* o6ecneqHBaTb corAacoBaHHOCTb C AHpeKTHBaMH, nocTynaioJ1HMH OT PYKOBOACTBa6aHKa;

* npHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHHe npenHTCTBHH H BO3MO2KHOCTH Ha nyTH.

LeHTpaAbHbxn acneKT POPMYAHPOBMHHA CTpaTerHH - BTO onpeAeAeHHe npHOpHTeTHbIX

pblHKOB: pa3AeAeHHe (paKTOpOB, BeAyl_qHX K ycnexy Ha BTHX pbIHKaX, OnHCaHHe Heo6xoAHMblx

AmI ycnexa Ha BTHX pbIHKaX npOAyKUHH, ycAyr, 'IeAOBeCseCKHX PCCYPCOB H TeXHOAorHH. PbIHKU,

Ha KOTOpbIX pa6OTaIoT 6aHKH, TpaAHUHOHHo noApa3AeAHloTCH Ha pblHKH HHAHBHAYaAbHbIX

yCAyr, KOPnOpaTHBHbie pbIHKH H Me2KAyHapoAHbie. I3 aHKH Bce saixe CTpeMRTcH noApa3AeAsITb

IMIHPOKHe pbIHKH Ha y3Ko cnegH(PHseCKHe rpynnbl. 9 TOT MeTOA Ha3biBaeTC2 cerMeHTaLUHf

pbIHKa .2 4 CerMeHTagH!o MO0HO npOBOAHTb pa3AHMHb1MH nIyTRMH. BOT, HanpHMep, HeKOTOpble

cerMeHTbl KOpnopaTHBHOro H Po3HH-iHoro pbIHKOB:

WITH HCKAIO'HTeAbHO pO3HHqHbiM 6aHKOHCKHM AeAoM. IlpoUeCC nIaHHpOBaHHJ HCXOAHT H3 TOrO, KaKOH 3TO

6aHK H Ha KaKOM KOHKpeTHO ypoBHe CAO2KHOCTH OCyleCTBAReTCR npogecc q)HHaHCOHOBO ylpaBAeHHR. [Io Mepe

InOBbiUieHHS CAO0KHOCTH H ypoBHA 6aHKOBCKOA pa6oTmi, 6aHKH BbipaOKT TeHAeHUHio yAeAeHHi 6oAbtuem

BHHMaHHR flAaHHpOBaHH1O lIpOHHKHOBeHHB H pa3pa6OToK OTAeAbHbIX, He CR3aHHbiX Me2Ay C06oH CerMmeTOB

pbIHKa, TaKHX KaK o6CAymHBatHe cH3HmCecHX AMU H o6CAymHBaHHe KOpUopaB4HH, C BbIXOAOM B AaAbHeHimeM Ha

noA-CerMeHTbI 3THX pblHKOB, a He Ha pa3BHTHH UIHpOKHX M8AOCAIeUHaAH3HpOBamHbiX OTAeAeHHN.

24 CM. HeHHOH 1986.

28

LaHR pomaHOe

,KopmopaTNwBmrFi PODHMg'Hriio6beM npoAa2m 6oraTmie aCTHbile AHLa

reorpaq3HtiecKoe MeCTOHaXomAeHHe CTYAeHThl

OTpaCAb nrpOMbIllAeHHOCTH npOq3eCCHOHaAbl

'HCAO CAy2maIHx cTapLUHe rpamAaHe

CTpaTerHH q)OpMyAHpyeTC.R Ha pa3AHMHbIX ypOBHHX opraHH3agHH. KOpnOpaTHBHaM

cTpaTerHH oTpamaeT o6ujyio o0eHKy nOAO2KeHHH 6aHKa, ero OncpaTHBHbIX 3aAa'i, HOpMaTHBOB

npH6blAbHocTH onepagHH, KOTOpbIe emeroAHo AOA2mHbl BbIrOAHRTbCH. CTpaTerHHl

nOApa3AeAeHHH oTpa2iaeT KOHUeHTpagHio 6aHKa Ha KOHKpeTHbIX PbIHKax (<AH OTAeAOB BbIAalH

KpeAHTOB HAH npHeMa BKAaAOB), Kpyr 6aHKoBcKHx npoAyKToB, OCHOBHbie HOTpe6HOCTH B

rIepcoHaAe, pacnpeAeAeHHe BHAOB AesTeAbHOCTH. CTpaTerHH Aio6oro ypOBHH AOA2KHbI

OTpa2aTb CAeAYIOJI4He IllCTb KaTeropHH ynpaBAeHHH:

* PHCKOBbIl (AOXOAHble) aKTHBbI;

* o6g3aTeAbCTBa;

* AOXOAbl OT KOMHCCHOHHbIX H nAaTHbIX ycAyr;

* IpOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTb;

* KOHTpOAb;

* nepcoHaA (IUTaTbi).

B CaMoM npogecce rLAaHHPOBaHHH pyKOBOAHTeAH noApa3AeAeHHH noAaraIoTcH Ha 3aAasH,

onpeAeAeHHbie PYKOBOACTBOM KopnopaUHH, a TaK2Ke Ha BbIBOAbI, cAeAaHHbIe H3 HX

co6cTaeHHoro aHaAH3a reorpacpH'lecKoro nOAO2KeHH.l, rIOAO2IeHHH B CeKTope, o6igero COCTOHHHH

AeA. PemeHH.9 B OTHOwlleHHH CTpaTerHH, nAaHOB MeponpHRTHH H 6IoA2CeToB OCHOBbXBaIOTCq Ha

nOAHOM Ha6ope Bcex AaHHbIX o6 HCXOAHbIX YCAOBH.X. KopnopaTHBHbie 3aAaHH TeM CaMbiM

nepeBoArTcH B nAaHbi noApa3AeAeHHH (H Hao6opoT) B XOAC HTepaTHBHoro npogecca.

tasa 4o,WyrMeHTHrOMasHrH

(D)a3a AOKyMeHTHPOBaHHH BKAiosaeT ocpopMAeHHe CTpaTerHH, MepOnpHHTHH rioApa3AeAeHHH

H 6ioAmeTOB B InHCbMeHHOH qxopMe. HpH aTOM co6AIoAaeTCq CAeAyio0IaH AorHqecKaSi

nOCAeAOBaTeAbHOCTb OqpOPMACHHH onepaTHBHbIX riAaHOB: CTpaTerHH, rlAaH AeHCTBHH, 6ioAmeTbl

(KaK onepaTHBHblH, TaK H no KanHTaAy) H nOAHblH 6aAaHc H (IHHaHCoBbIH OTMeT KaK Ha

YPOBHe noApa3AeAeHHH, TaK H Ha YPOBHe Bcero 6aHKa. HHmKe npHBOASTcR KpaTKHe CBeAeHHH

o6 aTHX AoKyMeHTax, ocTaAbHaS 'iacTb rAaBbl OnHCbIBaeT q3OpMaT, coAepmaHHe H HCKOTOpbie

nooApo 6 HocTH, KacaIOlWHecq pa3pa6OTKH nAaHa.

* CTpaTerH5, HCXOAHIgaHR H3 BKOHOMH%ieCKHX H nOAHTH'eCKHX yCAOBHH, oTpa2KaeT

COOTBeTCTBHe Me2mAy PbIHKOM H OCHOBHbIMH HHHUHaTHBaMH MapKeTHHra. OHa oTBe'IaeT

Ha Bonpoc: rAe Mbl HaxOAHMCR? rAe Mbi XOTHM 6blTb? H KaK MbI MomeM TyAa

nonaCTb?

* HIAaH MepOnpHqTHH pa3BepTbIBaeT CTpaTerHIO B cepHlO geAeHanpaBAeHHbIX AeHCTBHH H

HX pe3yAbTaTOB. HAaHbi onpeAeARioT, 9TO AOA2KHO 6blTb cAeAaHo, KorAa H KTO

oTBeTcTBeHHblH 3a STO. B nAaHax TaKme oTpamaeTcH 2neAaeMbiH Pe-yAbTaT H ero

29

YmpellAewi'e pyKOBOsxCroa N IORbhureHJNq yz3CTHNTeAbHOCTN K HepeMeHaM

BAHRHHe Ha -IHCTyio npH6bIAb 6aHKa. HAaHbI MeponpHHTHH AOA2KHbl OTpam2aTb

OCHOBHble CTPaTerHqecKHe HHHUHaTHBbI.

* BioAmeT npeBpaujaeT nAaH B AoArocpo'Hylo nporpaMMy KanurTaAbHbIX 3aTpaT, CyMMbi

rOAOBbIX AOXOOB H rOAOBbIX paCXOAOB, KOTOpbIe HeO6XOAHMO nOHeCTH, qTo6bl

nOAyYHTb AOXOAbI.

- FlpoeKTbi B OTHOIueHHH KanHTaAa HBAHIOTCH pC3yAbTaTaMH AeiCTBHu, BKAiOYeHHbIX B

rlAaHbI MepOnpHHTHH. KanHTaAbHbli 6ioAmeT onpeAeARSeT OCHOBHble

amopTH3HPyembie 3aTpaTbI Ha 3AaHHe H o6opyAoBaHHe, KOTOpbie npeACTOHT nOHeCTH

B CAeAy1OlgeM roAy H HX BAHJHHe Ha YpOBeHb npH6blAH B TeYeHHe nocAeAyiou4Hx

n[rTH AeT.

- OnepaTHBHblH 6ioAmeT OXBaTbIBaeT nocTyialouoHe AOXOAbI H 3aTpaTbl, CBH3aHHble C

nAaHOM MepOnpUHTHUi H onepaUHHi. OnepaTHBHbie 6ioA&eTbl AOA2KHbl OCHOBbIBaTbCJ1

Ha 3amaYax 6aHKa, OTpa2KeHHbIX B nAaHax MeponpIHTHH r[OApa3AeAeHHi.

* BaAaHCOBbiH H UpHHaHCOBblH OT'leTbl OTpa2KajoT (3HHaHCOBOe COCTOSHHe y'pe2KAeHHa Ha

OnpeAeAeHHbii MOMeHT BpeMeHH. OHH COCTaBASIOTCR AAH Bcex noApa3AeAeHHii, rAe

MO2eT 6blTb nOAy4eHa npH6blAb H A.A 6aHKa B MeAOM.

Ma3a o6sopa RbiHoAHeHIwM HAaHa

OmeHKa Ka2KAoH CTPOKH OnepaTHBHOrO nAaHa npOHCXOAHT Ha pa3Hb1X YpOBHRX 6aHKoBcKoi

OpraHH3aWHH, H AOXOAHT AO KyAbMHHaUHOHHOrO lyHHKTa Ha ypoBHe PYKOBOACTBa OTAeAOB H

6aHKa. 3 TH ogeHKH nAaHa 13OSBOAHIOT KOHUeHTpHpOBaTb BHHMaHHe Ha noKa3aTeAHx pa6OTbl B

TOAbKO YITO HCTeCKIueM roAy, Ha AOArOCpO'1HbIX 3aAaYax POCTa H CTpaTerHsx, Ha HHTerpaLIHH

CTpaTerHfi 6aHKOBCKoro 6H3Heca H 3aAaq 6aHKa KaK KOMnaHHH, a Taxume Ha AoxoAax H

npH6blAH 6aHKa. IOCAe qpopMaAbHoro oAo6peHHA nAaH OTpamaeT o6s3aTeAbcTBa, HaMepeHHa

OpraHH3aUHH npeAnpHHRTb onpeAeAeHHbIe AeHCTBHH H 40 6 HTbCA nOCTaBAeHHbIX jeAeH.

(HpHAo2eHHe A AaeT cnHCOK Bcex BAeMeHTOB pabl o63opa BbIlIOAHeHHH nlAaHa.)

AHaAH3 BbInOAHelHm nAaHa. AHaAHs BbilnOAHeHHii nAaHa npeAOCTaBAReT BO3MO2KHOCTb

npOaHaAH3HpOBaTb AOXOAb1, pe3yAbTaTbl H yCneLHHOCTb BbinOAHeHHH 6aHKOBCKHX nAaHOB.

TaRasl OgeHKa AOA2KHa npOHCXOAHTb no KpaiHeH mepe e2meHBapTaAbHO, Ho AyYIe, eCAH OHa

npOHCXOAHT emeMecsNHO. UeAbIO TaKoii OgeHKH HBAReTCR o6ecneYieHHe npaBAerHH

HH(popMagHeii O BaNKHefluHX pe3yAbTaTax pa6oTbl, npHBAeMeHHe ero BHHMaHHH K TeM

co6btTHMM, KOTOpbie MoryT noBAHRTb Ha YPOBeHb npH6blAH 6aHKa, o6 HOBHTb AaHHbie o6

O2KHAaeMOH B TeCKy1eM roAy npH6blAH H CTHMYAHpOBaTb AHHeHHbIX PyKOBOAHTeAeii

CKOHNeHTpHpOBaTb CBOH YCHAH11 Ha BblnOAHeHHH nAaHOB MepOnpHRTHH H peiueCHHH 3aAa'1.

Ay'uie Bcero AAA TaKoiU OieCHK rOTOBHTb AoKyMeHT o6,beMoM B 1 CTpaHHUy, KOTOpaH

AOCTaTO'qHO nOAHO MorAa 6bl OTTpa2aTb H3MeHeHiHl H AOCTH2KeHHH Ha AaHHbiH MoMeHT H oT6bw

OHa He OTHHMaAa MHOrO BpeMeHH y nepcOHaAa Ha nOArOTOBKy.

PeryAApHoe (pOpMaAbHOe o6cy2AeHHe pe3yAbTaTOB pa6oTbl AOA2HO nPOXOAHTb Ha Bcex

yPOBHRx 6aHKa B xoAe cnegHaAbHbIX coBeu.aHHH. Ha BTHX coBeujaeHHx AoA2KHbi o6cymAaTbca

AeHCTBHTeAbHbie pe3yAbTaTbl, AOCTHrHyTbie 6aHKoM, H HX OTHOuieHHUe K rAaHHpyeMb!M

noXasaTeASRM. TaM, rAe HMeloT MeCTO CpbeC3HbIC pacxO2KAeHHH, AOA2KHbi 6blTb BbisBAeHbl H

30

fIamupomamNe

npOaHaAH3HPOBaHbI npH4HHbl H o6CTOTeJAbCTBa, AOAMHbI 6blTb HaMe'ieHbl KoppeKTHBHble

LAaHbl AeeHCTBHH.

ObPA3EU POPMbI H CO4EP1IAHHH nAAHA

aTO o6pa3eg nAaHa noApa3AeAeHHH, KOTopbli 6bl Cq)OpMyAHpoBaH B xoAe

AeUeHTpaAH3OBaHHoro npoMecca nAaHHpOBaHHH. B YCAOBHHX UeHTpaAH30BaHHoro npoUecca

rIAaHHPOBaHHH HCnOAb3yeMbliH 3eCb qJOpMaT nAaHa MO2IeT HcnOAb3oBaTbcI KaK InAaH BCeH

KopnopaUHH. Bce nOApa3AeAeHHH AOA2Hbl HCnOAb3OBaTb OAHHaKOBbIH qpOpMaT nLAaHa H

npHMeHHTb OAHHaKOBbie OCHOBHbie noHHTHH. OcHoBHbIe KoMnoHeHTbI rIAaHa, HcnOAb3yeMbie B

npHBOAHMOM o6pa3ile nAaHa, ripeAcTaBAHIOT MHHHMaAbHblH Kpyr oxBaTa BonpocOB, BXOAHSUJHX B

OnepaTHBHbliH nAaH.

OCHORHbre icaTerOpHH IAama

BOT IUeCTb OCHOBHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB nAaHa oTAeAa:

* OgeHKa COCTOHHHH AeA;

* cTaTyc TeKYU,HX onepagHH;

* KAio'leBbIe (HHaHCOBbie 3aAa'!H;

* CTpaTerHH nOApa3AeAeHHH;

* Tpe6oBaHHS noAAepmKH noApa3AeAeHHH;

* nAaH MepOnpHHTHH.

HHmKe rnpHBOAHTCH KpaTKOe H3AomeHHe OCHOBHbIX MoMeHToB, KOTOpbIe AOAMHbi 6blTb

oxBa'IeHbl B KamAOM pa3AeAe nAaHa. AaAee CAeAyeT 6oAee pa3BepHyroe o6cymAeHHe pasAeAoB

CTpaTerHH noApa3AeAeHHH, HCnOAb3yR UleCTb OCHOBHbIX ynpaBAeHqeCKHX KaTerOpHH: pHCKOBbIe

aKTHBbl, o6R3aTeAbCTBa, AOXOAbl OT KOMHCCHOHHbIX H nAaTHbIX ycAyr, npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTb,

KOHTpOAb H nepCOHaA.

OueHfKa COCTORHHR AeA. B AaHHOM pa3AeAe uAaHa H3Aara)OTCR OCHOBHbJe aKOHOMHqeCKCHe

H q)HHaHCOBbIe nporHO3bI H OgeHKH, Ha OCHOBaHHH KOTOpbiX pa3pa6oTaH H 6yAeT AeeHCTBOBaTb

nLAaH noApa3AeAeHH$:

Boew,mo cpe4a. 3AeCb OnHCaHbl HMelOugHe OTHOiIIeHHe K onepaIHRM 6aHKa

sKoHoMHqeCKHe, npaBOBble, nOAHTHqeCKHe H COUHaAbHble qpaKTOpbl, KOTopble,

npeAnOAOmHTeAbHO, 6 yAyT oKa3biBaTb BAHRHHe Ha onepa1HH 6aHKa B nAaHOBblH nepHoA. IlAaH

noApa3AeAeHHR AOA2KeH OTpa2aTb nOHCKH BO3MO2KHocTefH Aame B YCAOBHHX orpaHHqeHHH H

6apbepoB. AHaAH3 pbIHKOB H KOHKlypeHHH o6ecneIHBaeT BamHyio OCHOBy pa3pa6OTKH

CTpaTerHH.

PmHlwH. 3 AeCb OnpeAeAeCHbi AeHCTBHTCAbHbie (HHaHCOBbie nIoTpe6HOCTH paaAH'iHbiX rpynn

KAHeHTOB, H COOTBeTCTBY1OUIHe CerMeHTbi pblHKa. OxapaKTepHsoBaHbI OCHOBHbie rpynnbi

KAHeHTOB 6aHKa, HX cerOAHIWHHe H 6yAyujHe noTpe6HocTH B KOHKpLTHbIX BHAaX (jHHaHCOBblX

H TeXHHqeICKHX yCAyr, KlaqeCTBO npeAOCTaBAReMbix KOHKypeHTOM yCAyr, a Tax2e rIpH'HHbl,

o6ycAaBAHBaioujHe KOHTaKT KAHeHTa C KOHKpeTHblM 6aHKoM. 3 AeCb me npHBOAHTCR ogeHKa

KpeAHTHOrO pHCKa UeAeBbIX pbIHKOB.

31

YICpeC,UeAiHe P,pOJIOgCTBa H IOBMIIICHHNN EJ7CTBHTCAbHOCTH K JIepeCeMaN

KOEXypeCgNJ1. B aTOM pa3AeAe o6cy2KaioTcM CHAbHbIe H cAa6ble CTOpOHbl OCHOBHblX

KOHKypeHTOB Ha OnpeAeAeHHbIX pbIHKaX H HCTOnHHKH CHAbl H cAa6oCTH. HPHBOAHTCR OnHCaHHe

geHoBoH npaKTHKH no ccyAaM, BKAaAaM, roHopapam H YCAyra OnHCbiBaioTCH HOBbie BHAbl

npOAyKIaHH KOHKypCHTOB, BO3MO2mHoe HX paCI11HpeHHe H BblXOA Ha HOBbie pbIHKH.

Craryc reTXyINx omepagmi. B AaHHOM pasAeAe H3AaraercH COBpeMeHHbIH cTaTyc

npeAnpHHTHH. IHpoBoAHTcH aHaAH3 xapaKTepa onepaigHH, HX CHAbHbie 'IepTbl, CAa6OCTb, pHCKH

H yH3BHMOCTb. OTo6paHHbie AA.i OgeHKH pa6oTbl KpHTepHH AOA2IHbl BKAXotiaTb qlaKTopbl,

KOTOpb!e HMeKOT 3Ha'IHTeAbHOe BAHRHHe Ha o6luMe KOpnOpaTHBHbIC 3aAaqH 6aHxa: KaneCTBO

KpeAHTHoro noPTc , YCAyrH KAHeHTaM, B oco6eHHocTH nAaTHbIC ycAyrH KOHcyAbTaTHBHOro

xapaKTepa HAH MepOnpHHTHH TexHH'ecKoH nOMOigH, BKAio'aa o6y'ieHHe, oUeHKa AOAH pbIHKa,

TaKTH4eCKHe aCneKTbI, HaBbIKH H 3HaHHH nepcOHaAa, rpOH3sBOAHTeAbHOCTb, HMHAM KOMnaHHH,

xapaKTePHCTHKa H Cnoco6HOCTH ynpaBAeHiecKoro nepcOHaAa, BO3MOKHOCTb pa3pa6oTIH HOBbIX

BHAOB npOAyKXHH.

OcmoBHIDIe ImHaRcoBhie BaaN4a%r. BaHKH, npaKTHKyIogHe nAaHHpOBaHHe Ha YPOBHe

OTAeAOB o6blqHO npHMeHHIOT MeTOAHKy 6ioA2reTHpOBaHHH UeHTPOB nPH6blAbHOCTH. UeHTpbI

npH6bLAH o6brnHo cocTaBAHioT CBOH 6ioA2meTbl B cpOpMe 6aAaHca HAH OTqeTa o npH6blAH,

KOTOpbie oTpamaloT 3anAaHHPOBaHHYIO AcAoByIo aKTHBHOCTb B HX Cq)epe KOMrIeTeHTHOCTH.

KpoMe TOrO, OHH nOKa3blBalOT rnAaTy 3a yCAyrH, KOTOpbIMH OHH nIOAb3ylOTCH H 3a Te, KOTOpbIe

OHH npeAocTaBA.IloT. 06biIHO, HexoTopbIe oTAeAbi - Herro nOAb3OBaTeAH CpeACTB (HanpHMep,

OTAeA KopnopaTHBHoro (PHHaHcHpoBaHHH), a HCKOTOpbie - HeTTO noCTaBjHKH (HanpHMep,

qpHAHaAbHaH CeTb, KOTopaH Mo6HAH3yeT BKAaAbI HaCeAeHHH). HcnoAb3ym MexaHH3M

BHyTpeHHero nepepac'ieTa, 6aHK rioAyiaeT peaAHCTH'Hylo CTOHMOCTb CpeACTB HAH AOXOAOB.

HpHMeHSeMaSI 3AeCb CTaBKa AOBOAbHO laCTO RBASIeTCH KpaHHeH CTaBKoH HAH CTaBKOH, no

KOTOpOH 6aHK Mo2meT cBo6

OAHO 3aHHMaTb HAH Bb1AaBaTb cpeACTBa. KoHeUengH1 npeAeAbHOHi

CTaBKH o6cymAaeTcR AeTaAbHO B rAaBe 3 "YlpaBAeHHe KpeAHTHbIM PHCKOM, B pa3AeAe,

nocBsHieHHOM OnpeACACHHIO MeHbl KpeAHTOB. KoHgenUHH MeHTPOB npH6blAH o6cymAaeTcH B

rAaBe 4 "CtHHaHCoBOe PYKOBOACTBO

XOTH pHHaHCOBbie UeAH Ha aTOH CTaAHH eige AOCTaTo'lHO IIHpOKH, OHH Bce me HMeioT

KOAH4eCTBeHHbie q)HHaHCOBbie noKa3aTeAH. YToqHeHHe BTHX noKa3aTeAeHi AAR OTpameHHR B

CTpOKqXax nAaHa nPOHCXOAHT BO BpeM.I COCTaBAeHHH 6loAmeTa. HIo CBOHM COCTaBAROu HM

cFHHaHCOBbie 3aAaqlH OTAeAOB H noApa3AeAeHHH pa3AHqaIoTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pOAH

noApa3AeAeHHR. HanpHMep, KpeAHTHbIH oTAeA 6yAeT o6paWaTb BHHMaHHC Ha pHCKOBbie

aKTHBbl H AOXOAbI OT rOHOPaPOB H KOMHCCHOHHbIX, a HeKOTOpble cAym6bI KaApoB 6yAyr

CTpeMHTbCA OTpa3HTb BKOHOMHIO 3aTpaT H rIOBbIIICHHe Ka'CCTBa H Bq)XPeKTHBHOCTH B pa6oTe.

Ca)HHaHCObliH OTAeA AOA2eH q)OPMYAHPOBaTb saAaqH H UeAH ynpaBAeHHR HHBecTHUHOHHbiM

H TOPFOBbIM nopTcIeAeM, KOTOPbIM OH ynpaBASeT 3a cqeT 6aHKa H AAA (pHHaHCHpOBaHHR.

YnpaEAeHHe BaAIOTHb1MH OnepaIlHRMH AOAmHo 6blTb HeoTbemMAeMoH maCTbMO qlyHKgHH

qpHHaHcoBoro OTAeAa 6aHKa.

32

fLiairpoaavrxre

FIpeAnoAaraeTcsi, qTo AaHHoe noApa.3AeAeHHe KOMMepqeCKoe, HMeeT CBOHi 6aAaHcoBbHIi H

qIHHaHCOBbIif OTqeTbi. BCTaBKa 2.4 npeAAaraeT BaM nIpHMepHblfi (POpMaT ()HHaHCOBbIX 3aAaq

oTAeAa. 2 5

Pa3AeAmb nAaHa caMooqeBHAHbl. rpHBeACM HeKoTopbie noHcHeHHA no cToA6MaM:

* S3a.40AMeMHocb - o6njaR cyMMa KpeAHTOB no KOTOPbIM BO BpeMR He 6bIAa

BO3BpaigeHa OCHOBHaH CyMMa AoAra HAH npOgleHTbi, B npogeHTax OT o6imeii cymmbi

BblAaHHbIX KpeAHTOB.

* ArabrBs, ilpNHocvgHe HlAOp6 mlb m 4IeHOgIrbT - nAaHHpyeMbie noKa3aTeAH,

cBR3aHHb1e Co CTpaTerHeH iAaHHpyemoro pocTa 6aHIKa B !leAoM H no noApa3AeAeHHAM.

* qNCrlTM cope, - noKa3aTeAb, yqHTbiBaioHlOHH CTPYKTYPY BHeLIHHX (paCKTOpOB H

CTpyKTypy aKTHBOB H o6mi3aTeAbcTB.

* CpewH4oo ,oxr04 mo amNTNBaM - qHCTblIH nAaHHpyeMbiH AoxoA, AeAeHHbIH Ha cpeAHIOIO

BeAHqHHy aKTHBOB, npHHOCBU.jHX AOXOA.

* KOMHCCNOHHMbOi gOxOdg - nAaHHpyeMbli noKa3aTeAb 3aBHCHqjHH OT .3aAaq 6aHKa H

CTpaTerHH noApa3AeAeHHH.

* Pacxo,qaw Ha sapa6oTHylo ,Aary - nAaHHpyeMaH UH(ppa, Kacaogasica 3aAaq

KOpnOpa1HH H CTpaTerHH noApasAeAeHHH, AOA2KHa BKAIO0jaTb 3aTpaTbI Ha o6yqeHHe B

CTpaHe H 3a py 6e2KoM, KOTOpbie Ha'iHCAAYTCSi B 6ioAmeT noApasAeAeHHH.

• lipEwMMwe pacxogTh - 3aTpaTbi B 6ioAmeTe noApa3AeAeHHa: noKa3aTeAb OTHOCU HHC C

K 3aAaqaM KOPnOpalgHH H CTpaTerHH noApa3AeAeHHH.

* qHCTbR goxoso, - onpeAeAeHHe BTOrO noKa3aTeARI MomeT 6blTb npoBeAeHO CAeAyiOIIHM

o6pa3oM:

BCTaBDKa 2.4

IpHMepHblii q3opmaT q3HHaHCoBbIX BaAaq noApaBAeAe3HH

3aAoAmeH- KpeAHTbi AenO3HTbi 4mCTbwH CpeAH0si AoxOA OT PacxoAbI FlplMble '4Cmcdi

HOCTh B cnpeA flpm6blAb C KOMHC- Ha 3apa- 3aapaTbl AOXOAnpOUeHTaX axTHBOB CHOHHbIX 6oTnyioK o6ujefl onepay,mi nAaTycyrmme

_ xpe"uTOB

FIPOwNbli

rDA (qcalT)

Teiyujnii

W'A

25 Aam'an cTpyxTypa flpeAnloAaraeT, °TO OT4eAbi flpeACTaBARIOT Co6oH CaMOCTORToeAbHbie UeHTpbI,o6ecme'ummaoujHe caMOCTORTeAbHoe nlOAyNeHHe UpH6bLH, HMelOHe oTreAbHbDe 6aAaHcoBbIe H mHaHCOBbie

oTreTmi. Taxaa cTpyriypa MOmeT 6brrb npeo6pasoBaHa B COOTBeTCTBHH Co cTeneHbIO AeUeHT&pamsOBaHmOCTH

qHaHcoBoro ynpaBAeHHl B KOHKpeTHOM 4lHHaHcoBoM yipemAemmHHH.

33

Y,pezrAeONre pjwOBOg4CTEa N IooRwjzeHKU q.BCTB5NTAhIoCTm K IepeMemAr

1. Ilpeo6pa3oBaTb noKa3aTeAb 'IHCTorO cnpeAa B a6coAmorHoe Bblpae2KHHe nyTem

yMHomeHHR cnpeAa Ha KOAH'IeCTBO BblAaHHbIX CCyA AA noAy'ieHHA qHCToro

npoBeHTHoro AoxoAa. K IlOAyqeHHOMy rIpOH3BeAeHHIO rIpH6aBHTb AoXOAbl OT

KOMHCCHOHHbIX H roHopapoB.

2. FlpeAnoAomHM, qTO HenpaMble 3aTpaTbl BbIpacTYT Ha X%.

3. O&eHHM CTOHMOCTb BHyTpeHHHX pac'eTOB.

4. OgeHHTb, OCHOBbIBaHCb Ha OnbITe, AoAIO OTAeAa B o6WeH cyMMe BbiLnAaHBaeMbix

HaAOrOB.

5. HcnoAb3OBaTb 4 npeAbiAyuHe onepaUHH AAA CAeAyiougHX BbI'HcAeHHH:

HHCTa3i nlpOeHTHaA Map2a

+ HenpoUeHTHblH AoXOA

- 3aTpaTbl Ha gapa6oTHyio nAaTy

- npRMbie 3aTpaTml

- HenpAMbIe 3aTpaTmi

- BHyTpeHHHe pacHembi

= no4AmmalMHA HaAoroo6AomeHHIo AOXOA

x (100 - npOUeHTHaH CTaBKa HaAora)

= 4HCTOMy AOXOAY

CTpaTeruh nojpaBAeAeHnw. AHHeiiHbie noApa9AeAeHHQ (T.e. OTAeAbi, HpHHOCRU.He AOXOA,

B OTAHqHe OT, HanpHMep, oTAeAa KaApOB) 06 biqHO oxBaTbiBaxoT Bce KaTeropHH ynpaBAeHHs,

TaKHe KaK: aKTHBbl, CBR3aHHbie C pHCKOM, o6I3aTeAbCTBa, AOXOA OT IlAaTHb!X yCAyr,

KOMHCCHOHHbIX roHopapoB, npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTb, KOHTpOAb, nepCOHaA, npH BTOM Ha paSHbie

KaTerOpHH AeAaeTCa pa3HblH ynop. OTAeA KaApOB (HeonepaUI,OHHbl) B OCHOBHOM

COCPeAOTa'HBaeT CBOH yCHAHH Ha ABYx KaTeropHHx ynpaBAeHHQ, KoTopbIe 6AHme Bcero

noAxoASIT HX IPyHKUHQM, a HMeHHO npoH3BOAHTCAbHOCTb H KOHTpOAb. HH 04HH IZAaH o,T4eAa

He 4oA)KcH ynycrxam BOYpoCbi yupameNHHH uepcoHaAoM 8 o6yriehwq nepcomma. CTpaTerHi

6oAee rIoApo6Ho paccmaTpHBaeTCq B pa.3AeAe "CTpaTerHQ OTAeAa B IlieCTH o6AacTsix

ynpaBAeHHQ

Heo6xoAHMocTb noAAep2KKH noApaBAeAeHRH. B aTOH 'aCTH nAaHa pyKOBOAHTeAb

noApa3AeAeHHR HMeeT BamHyio AAA ce6Q BO3Mo2rHOCTb oTpa3HTb B nHCbMeHHOM BHAe, B KaKoH

CTeneHH H B KaKOH qpopMe nOApa3AeAeHHe Hy2KAaeTcR B nOMOiIH H noAAepAmKe ApyrHx cAy2r6

H noApa3AeAeHHH 6aHra. ECAH ApyrHe nOApa3AeAeHHH He 6yAyT nOCTaBAeHbl B HBBeCTHOCTb 0

noTpe6HocTHx 1IOApa3AeAeHHI, OCHOBHbie pecypcbi MOryT 6 blTb pacnpeAeAeHbi 6e3 y"eTa TaKoM

Heo6xoAHMoCTH. TaKHM o6pa3oM, AaHHblH Ppa3AeA nAaHa npeAyCMaTpHBaeT BO3MOMHOCTb H

2KeAaTeAbHOCTb COTPYAHH'ieCTBa C ApyrHMH noApa3AeAeHHRMH: B KaKoi CTeneHH noTpe6HocTH

noApa3AeAeHHR npeTeHAY[OT Ha TaKHe pecypcbi KaK noMeIeHHe, nepCOHaA H cHcTeMbI; oTAeA

nsaLHHPOBaHHH AOA2KeH KOOPAHHHPOBaTb H coo6igaTb B COOTBeTCTByIOgUe B3aHMo3aBHcHMbie

OTAeAbl HHqOpMaUH10 0 HeO6 XOAHMOH noAAepmKe H BSaHMOAeHCTBHI.

HeKoTopble 6aHKH npeAycMaTpHBaioT CneHHaAbHbie 3aTpaTbi Ha OCylueCTBAeHHe

Me2KoTAeAbHOH noAAepmKH H opraHH3yioT CAOMHbie BHyTpeHHHe nepepac'eTbI 3a B3saMHbIe

34

FIZa,opomwHe

ycAyrm. HeKoTopbie HcnoAb3ylOT 6oAee npOCTbIC MexaHH3Mbl, TaKHe KaK BbiAeAeHHC HaKaAaHbIX

pacxoAoB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOAH'IeCTBa pa6oTHHKOB oTAeAa. BaHK, KOTOpblH TOAbKO HaBHHaeT

nAaHHpOBaTb CBOIO pa6oTy, AOA2KCH HcnoAb3OBaTb 6oAee npOCTbIC CHCTeMbi pacnpeAe.AeHHSaTpaT H cocpeCoTaHHBaTb cBoe BHHMaHHe Ha 60Aee Ba2Hblx acneKTax nAaHHpOBaHHH.

[nAaH AeHCTBHH. HAaH AeHcTBHA - BTO nporpamma pcaAH3aMHH. OHa BKAIo'iaeT 3aAamH H

AaTbI HX BbinoAHeHHH, qauje Bcero HX Ha3blBalOT BCXaMH nAaHa. B aToHi nporpaMMcH3AaraIOTCH KOHKCpeTHbie 3aAa-iH, Heo6xOAHMb1e AAR BbII1OAHCHHR CTpaTcrHqeCKHX ILAaHOB.

FlAaHbI MepOnpHITHH pa3pa6aTbIBaIOTCH noCAe yTBep2KACHHH pYKOBOACTBOM cTpaTerHH

noApa3AeAeHHH H AOA2KHbl BKAIOqaTb CACAYIOJUHC nyHKTbI:

* cTpaTerH'ecCKHe 3aAa4H, Ha OCHOBaHHH KOTOpbIX pa3pa6oTaHbl nAaHbl MeponpHRTHH;

* 1UHpOKOC H3AO2KCHHC o6q4ero HanpaBAeHHH MepOnpHHBTHH;

* rpynnbi HAH AHUa, oTBCTCTBeHHbIC 3a HcrioAHeHHe;

* noApo6HocTH OCHOBHbIX 3aAaHHH;

* AaTbI 3aBepUleHHH Ka2tKAoro 3aAaHHH;

* popMa oTqeTHOCTH 0 BbInOAHCHHH H 3aBepu1eHHH (HanpHMep, oTe'T HAH

npe4cTaBAeHHe);

* YCAOBHH, nepeMCHHble HAH npenHTCTBHH1, OKa3biBaIO1HC BAHRHHH Ha BO3MOMHOCTb

BbInOAHCHHH npoeKTa HAH AeHCTBHM.

PHCYHOK 2.5 npeAAaraeT o6pa.e3 nAaHa MeponpHHTHH.

BcTaBiKa 2.5OnHcaHHe nAaHa mepoIpHsETKH

[IAAH MEPOHIPH5THM 199 roSAOTAeA_

3aAana:

OnHcaHHe:

PyKoBoAHTeAb npoeKTa:

AaTa HaqaAa:

AaTa OKOHBaHHS:

PacnHcaHHe/1aaYNH 4aa saBeprUeHHz I7poBepKa

1.2.3.4.

IepeMeHHbie:

L?HHaHCOBbie pe3yAbTaTbl:

35

YEpeJlAeNNe pyJKoorcTa NC HomwjNj.U VyBcTsIweA iRocrT h nepememam

CTpaTerHw i7o4pa34eAmeomN B meci vaomax ynpaieo'm

BepHeMCJI K KlaTerOpHHM nAaHHPOBaHHH Ha YPOBHe noApaBAeAeHH9 C TO'KH 3peHHH UIHecTH

30H ynpaBAeHHH: PHCKOBbIMH aKTHBaMH, o6a3aTeAbCTBaMH, AOXOAOM OT nAaTHbIX yCAyr,

KOMHCCHOHHblX H rOHOPaPOB, npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH, KOHTpOAH H nepCoHaAa.

YnpaBAeHRe aKTmDanH, CRBHaHHbIKH C pHCKUKa K ICOHTpOAb. AKTHBbl, cBn3aHHbie c

pHCKaMH, KaK OHH xapaKTepn3ylOTCH iB 6aHKoBcKoM peryAHpOBaHHH, o6bI'IHO He BKAIOIaIoT

AeHeC2Hb1C CpCACTBa H 6AHKaiimHe 3aMCHHTeAH AeHer, TaKHe KaK 6aHKoBcKHe BeCKCeA,

BbICOKOHaAeCHbie UeHHbie 6yMarH H SOAOTO. AKTHBbl, cBH3aHHbie C pHCKOM o6bl-HO COCTaB-

AHmOT 6 oAbuylO 'aCTb Bcex aKTHBOB.

HpHo6peTeHHe TaKHx aKTHBOB H ynpaBAeHHe HMH HBAHeTCH OCHOBOH ynpaBAeHiecKoro

npogecca B 6aHKe, nOTOMy 'TO HMeHHO BTH aKTHBbI H o6ecneMHBaloT OCHOBHylO AOAIO AOXOAOB

6aHKa. CTpaTerHwecKHe nAaHb1 B OTHOuieHHH BTHX aKTHBOB AOA2KHbI oMeHHBaTb cyIeCTBy1lioHe

H nOTeHUHaAbHbie PbIHKH, CTPaTerH1O H Ka'CCTBO nopTe.

PbrHo-Ham cTpaTerH.

* B OTHOiuIeHHH TeKCKyleH KAHeHTypbI Ha Cyij&eCTBYIOJIHX pbIHKaX 6aHKa, o4eHHTe

npOHHKHOBeHHe, yAep2KaHHe, npH6bIAbHOCTb. OnpeAeAHTe rpynnbi KAHeHTOB OCHOBHOrO

H BTOpH'IHOrO HHTrepeca AA. 6aHKa H paspa6oTafiTe riAaH pa6oTbl C TaKHMH rpynnaMH.

* lpHo6peTHTe HOBbIX KAmeHTOB Ha cyuecTByIOUIHX pbIHKaX 6aHKa.

* IPOHHKHHTe Ha HOBbIe pblHXH, TaKHe, HanpHMep, Kar. pbIHKH arpo6H3Heca, MaAbiX H

CpeAHHx npeAnpHRTHH H AH3HHroBbIx KOMnaHHH.

* OeHHTe yCAyrH, cBSH3aHHbie C ynpaBAeHHeM pHCKOBbIMH aKTHBaMH, TaKHMH KaK

OnAa'IHBaeMbie KOHCYAbTaIHOHHbie H TeXHH'eICKHe yCAyrH, oKa3bIBaeMbIe KAHeHTaM Ha

MaAoro 6Hs.Heca HAH rocyAapCTBeHHbIM KOMnaHHHM no BonpocaM HX nepecTpoHKH.

CTpaierm 1ropTqpeA

* O4eHHTe HaAe4HOCTb Hmeiou;erocH nOpTqCA3i C TO'IKH 3peHHH UeH, CpOKOB,

KOHUeHTp4aHH KpeAHTOB, OnpeAeAHTe MeAaTeAbHYlO CTPYKlTypy nOpTq .

* Pa3pa6oTafiTe OCHOBHbie HanpaBAeHHH pa.3BHTH.9 4)HHaHCOBOH npOAyK4HH, TarHX K

3aKAaAHbie nOA ()HKCHPOBaHHbie npo4eHTbl, ()HHaHCHpoBaHHe o6opOTHoro KanHTaAa

AAA Ha'IHHaIOUIHX npeAnPHHHMaTeAeH, (pHHaHCHpoBaHHe onepaxHHi no AH3HHry-apeHAe

H C BbIKynoM.

KavecrBo )70pr41e11A

3 aAaMTe 2KeAaTCAbHOe Ka'eCTBO nOpTtpeA, BKAIOMaS onpeAeAeHHe AOFIyCTHMOH AOAH

KpeAHTOB, no1 KOTOpbIM npeKpaLqeHO Ha'HCAeHHe H OrITHMaAbHOe COOTHOIUeHHe KAHeHTOB no

OTpacARM/CeKTopaM npOMbIiAeHHOCTH TaK, 9To6bI HH OAHa H3 rpynn He nOAy"HAa

HenpOnOPUHOHaAbHbIX pecypcoB no CpaBHeHHIO C ApyroH.

06ecne'ubTe IOCTOHHCTBO oMeHKH Ka2KAbiM oTAeAoM q)HHaHcoBoH yCTOHiqHBOCTH H

HaAe2KHOCTb Ka2mAOrO KAHeHTa, BKAlO'aR BOSMO2KHOCTH BbInAaTbl CCyA, ynpaBAeH'iecKHe

cnoco6HocTH, nOAHbli o6beM (PHHaHcoBb1x noTpe6HOCTeH, AoKyMeHTaUHMo, CTOHMOCTb H

jeHHOCTb 3aAoroBoro o6ecne'ueHHM. KpeAHTHoe OTAeAeHHe 6aHKa B paSBHBaloqegCHc cTpaHe

AOAMHO o6ecneqHTb ce6e BO3MO2KHOCTb npOBeAeHHR UIHpOKorO HaAsopa 3a -aeMUHKaMH, a B

36

llAaHNPOMaWH

HeKoTopbIx cAy"aax HMeTb BO3MO2KHOCTb oKa3blBaTb TexHHIecKylo noMOb H o6y"eHHe cBoeMy

3aeMugHKy.

YupanAeHHe o6nBaTeAbCT3amH. O6R3aTeAbCTBa COCTOSIT H3 BKAaAOB H ApyrHx pecypCOB,

KOTOpb1e HcnOAb3yHOTCH AASI (PHHaHCHpOBaHHa aKTHBOB. YnpaBAeHHe o6S3aTeAbcTBaMH

qpHHaHCHpyeT PHCKOBbIe aKTHBbI C OnTHMaAbHbIM cnpeAoM, noAAepmHBaeT AHKBHAHOCTH, H

KOHTPOAHPYeT npoUeHTHbliH pHCK H pHCK, CBH3aHHbliH C H3MeHeHHRMH yCAOBHH. CDHHaHCOBbIH

OTAeA, COBMeCTHO C onepaUHOHHbIMH oTAeAaMH, KOTOpbIe OTBe'iaIOT 3a KpeAHTOBaHHe H

Mo6HAH3agHmo AenO3HTOB, ynpaBAseT o6H3aTeAbCTBaMH. BaHKH AOA2fHbl HMeTb MeXaHH3M

KOOPAHHaUHH ynpaBAeHHH o6S3aTeAbCTBaMH, HHorAa B (popme OTAeAbHOrO noApa3AeAeHHi. Kar

aTo orHCbiBaeTCH B rAaBe 4 "CIHHaHCOBOe ynpaBAeHHe", 6aHKH 'aCTo (JOpMHpylOT KOMHTeT no

ynpaBAeHHeo aKTHBaMH H o6s3aTeAbCTBaMH (ALCO) AAA TOro qTo6bI o6ecnewHTb

BBaHMOAeHCTBHe ynpaBAHRioJiHX pHCKOBbIMH aKTHBaMH C AHMaMH, ynpaBA5HioiHMH

o6H3aTeAbCTBaMH, npH pa3pa6oTKce nOAHTHKH, OXBaTbIBaaioije TaKHe npo6AeMbi, KaK Bbi6op

MeM2Ay AHKBHAHOCTbIO H npH6blAblO.

HOApa3AeAeHHR, KOTOpbie o6ecne-IHBaaoT (fHHaHCHpOBaHHe, AOA2KHbl pa3pa6oTaTb CTpaTerHH

no ynpaBAeHHIo o6a3aTeAbcTBaMH, B KOHTeKCTe npOAyK1.HH H pbIHKOB, BKAIO'ialOu4He:

* onpeAeAeHHe geAeBbIX PbIHKOB ZAsA Ka2KAOro BHAa npOAyKTOB, TaKHX KaK cpeAcTBa

KOMnaHHH H HHAHBHAYaAbHbie BKAaAbl, AenO3HTHbie cepTHCPHKaTbl H c6epe2KeHHi;

* onpeAeAeHHe POAH H MecTa 6aHKa Ha PbIHKe H OTHOCHTeAbHYIO AOA10 pbIHKa,

3aHHMaeMyiO 6aHKOM;

* ynpaEAeHHe o6a3aTeAbcTBaMH B HHOCTpaHHOH BaAloTe;

* pa3pa6oTKy CHCTeMbI npeAocTaBAeHHH ycAyr KAHeHTaM, KOTOpaH 6bIAa 6bl yAo6Hoi AAH

KAHeHTa H a(xpeKTHBHOH no -3aTpaTaM AAA 6aHKa.

YupaoAeHne KOMHCCHOHiobImH AOxoAaMH. 4OXOAbl OT IlAaTHbiX ycAyr BHOCHT CBOI0 AOA10

B o6

uyIyo npH6bIAb 6aHKa, He Tpe6y3i npH aTOM (PHHaHCHpOBaHHH, H TOAbKO qaCTHqHO 3aBHCHT

OT cnpoca Ha KpeAHTbI. BO3MO02HOCTH nOAy-eHHH TaKoro AoxoAa AOA2HbI 6bITb paCIDHpeHbI.

AoA2KHbI TaKme nOBbIllaTbCCH Ka-eCTBO H CTpyKTypa MeXaHH3Ma npeAOCTaBAeHHH TaKHX ycAyr

KAHeHTaMm.

B xoAe pa3pa6oTKmH nAaHOB Heo6xoAHMo onpeAeAHTb cermeHTbi pbbHKa AAR TaKoro poAa

YCAyr H onpeAeAHTb AHHaMHKY AOXOAOB no Kam2AOMY BRAy npOAAyK%HH. CTpyKTypa

KOMHCCHOHHbIX AOA2KHa peryAspHo nepeCMaTpHBaTbCR, qTo6bi rapaHTHPOBaTb

npH6bIAbHoCTbHOCTb OCHOBHbiX npoAyKToB. HymHO TaK2Ke nepeCMaTpHBaTb npOAyKTbl, 'TO6b!

6blTb yBepeHHbIM B TOM, YTO OHH COOTBeTCTBYIOT noTpe6HoCTs!M pbIHKa. Flo mepe AeperyAsi.HH

qIHHaHCOBbIX pbIHKOB, PaSBHTHe HOBbIX npOAYKTOB CTaHOBHTCH MOU4HbIM CpeACTBOM

KOHKypeHUHH B 6aHKoBcKofi HHAYCTPHH. Bo3pacTaeT H 3Ha-IeHHe nAaTHbIX HHAHBHAYaAbHbIX

ycAyr, oKa3biBaeMbix 6aHKoM CBOHM KAHeHTaM.

HlpHHRTHe pbIHKOM onAaTbi ycAyr, cBR3aHHbIX C npeAocTaBAeHHeM KpeAHTa, B OCHOBHOM

3aBHCHT OT yCAOBHH Ha KpeAHTHOM pbIHKe; TaKaH onAaTa AOA2KHa 6blTb 'aCTbio nOAHTHKH

6aHKa npH pa3pa6oTKe nOAHTHKH qOpMHpOBaHHH UeHbl Ha KpeAHTHbie CpeACTBa

YupaBAeHHe nPOHNBROAHTeAbHOCTbo. YnpaBAeHHe npoH3BOAHTeAbHOCTb]O CTpeMHTCH

OnTHMH3HpOBaTb pe3yAbTaTbI pa6oTbl B KoHTeKCTe AeAoBoro nAaHa. BbImHMaHHe pacxoAoB no

37

YxrpeizuAeHe pKoBEoAcTEa N IIOBrbMWCNl y7BcmTBNeAbHocTN K JepeMeHam

CyUgeCTBy1OJJeH CTpyKType 6H13Heca, CaHKUHOHHPOBaHHe pOCTa 3aTpaT TOAbKO B cAyqae, eCAH

npeAeAbHbie AOXObIl npeBbIUalOT npeAeAbHbIe pacxoAbI 3a paY3MHblH nepHOA BpeMeHH

noAqepKHBaeT 3HaqeHHe nOBbIUeHHsi npoH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH B 6aHKoBcKofi cqepe. IOCKOAbKy

KOHKypeHUHS OKa3bIBaeT cHHKaiogee AaBAeHHe Ha 6aHKOBCKHA cnpeA, 3HaqeHHe ynpaBAeHHH

npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTbhO Bo3pacTaeT. Pe3yAbTaToM cTpaTerHaiecKHx yCHAHH B BToH o6 AacTH

AOA2KHO CTaTb rlOBbimeHHe noKa3aTeAR rIpOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH, Bbipa2KeHHOro KaK OTHOllleHHe

MHCTOFO AoxoAa 3a BbiqeTOM OnepagHOHHbIX 3aTpaT K xIHCTOMy AOXOAY A0 Bblie'ra

onepa0HOHHbIX 3aTpaT. Heo6xoAHMo pa3pa6oTaTb cTpaTerHH, KOTOpbIe 6bi:

* COKPaTHAH 3aTpaTbl Ha CyUJeCTBYIOUgHe npoAyKTb!;

* YBeAHqHAH pacxOAbI TOAbKO npH npeBbIIueHHH npeAeAbHaMH AOXOAaMH npeAeAbHbIX

3aTpaT;

* peaAH3oBaAH 3arfAaHHPOBaHHbIe H3MeHeHHH B 6aHKOBCKHX nIpOAyKTax, OpraHH3aUHH

pa6oTbl H peaAH-3aHH KOHTpOAH;

* aHaAHSHPOBaAH H COBeplueHCTBOBaAH o6pa6OTKy onepaUHii H CHCTeMy npeAOCTaBAeHHH

ycAyr H npOAYK!HH KAHeHTy;

* npHHHMaAH BO BHHMaHHe H3MeHeHHH MecTOHaXO2mAeHHH H BHla 3AaHHH, annapaTHoro H

nporpaMHoro o6ecneqeHHq KOMfnbIOTepHbIX CHCTCM H KaApoB;

* pa3BHBaAH H BHeApqAH CHCTeMbI, KOTOpbIe nOBbluialOT a XIeKTHBHOCTH 3a cIeT

YCTpaHeHH.9 HeHYMHb]X 3aTpaT, MOAHq)HKagHH HAH HcKAio0eHHH HeKoTopbix BHAOB

npOAYKTOB HAH noTpe6HTeAbcKHx ycAyr, CHH2KeHHff HaKAaAHbix paCXOAOB, H3MeHeHHR

xapaKTepHCTHK YPOBHSI H KOMneTcHTHOCTH nepcoHaAa, H onpeAeAeHHH 3aAaq AAH

pa3pa6oTKH a8)qXeKTHBHOH CHCTeMbi ynpaBAeHMecKOH HHtPOpMaqHH.

YnpaBAeHHe KoHTpoAemI. lpoUeccbi KOHTpOAH noMoraloT AHHeHiHbIM pyROBOAHTeAAM

AOCTH'Ib onpeAeAeHHbIX geAeH B paMKax nOAHTHKH 6aHKa, cnoco6CTByH TOMy, mTO6bi

PYKOBOAHTCAH HaXOAHAH H HcnpaBAaAH OIUH6KH H HeTO9HOCTH A0 TOrO, KaK OHH 3aKoHqaTcR

cepbe3HbIMH y6blTKaMH HAH pHCKOM TaKoBbix. HeKoTopble )yHKUHH KOHTpOAH npOBOARTCH

cneHHaAbHblM nepCOHaAOM, BbInOAH5UOIHM BHyTpeHHHH ayAHT. 3HaqHT, KOHTpOAb RBAHeTcR

(PyHKUHeH H AHHeHHoro ynpaBAeHHI H ynpaBAeHHH nepcoHaAoM. Flpogecc riAaHHPOBaHHH no

OTAeAaM o6ecneqHBaeT BO3MOŽtHOCTb no-HOBOMy ogeHHTb aAeKBaTHocTb BHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAH

H paspa6oTaTb nporpaMMbi ycHAeHHH HAH paclUHpeHH.H aTHX cAy2K6 B cAy'ae Heo6xoAHMocTH.

PYKOBOACTBO KoMMepICCKoro 6aHKa OCyJIeCTBAmeT KOHTPOAb qepe3 UIHpOKHH cneKTp

(PyHKUHH ayAHTa H KOHTpOAH:

* pa3pa6oTKa H H3AaHHe 6aHKoBCKHx PYKOBOACTB H HHCTpyK1qHH, KOTOpble H3AaramoT

6aHKOBcKylo nOAHTHKy, onpeAeARJOT OCHOBHbIe HanpaBAcHHS AeRTeAbHocTH,

onpeAeAHIOT HOpMaTHBbI H q)OPMHPYIOT OCHOBy AAR npOBePKH BbD1OAHeHHH OCHOBHbIX

Tpe6oBaHHH

* q)opMaAH3agHn riOTOKa oTqeTHOCTH CHHSY BBepX, KOTOpaq BKAIO'iaAa 6 bl Heo6xoAHMble

oTheTbI AHHeHHbIX pyKoBoAHTeAeH, coo6ujaiou4Hx 0 BbinOAHeHHH H.AH HeBbInOAHeHHH

npHHHTOH nOAHTHKH

* BHeApeHHe COOTBeTCTBYIOU4HX npoUeAyp ayAHTa H paCCMOTpeHHH KpeAHTOB BO BCe

HOBb!e CHCTeMbi H AeAOBbie nporpammbC A0, B XOAe H nocAe HX peaAHSaIHH.

38

JJAaJHHPOBaRH

CHCTeMbN ynpaBAeHqeCKOH HHq)OpMaUHH (CYM) npeAcTaBA3IoT co6Oi HHCTpyMeHT,

KOTOpblH noAAepmHBaeT (PyHKgHH KOHTpOAR. HAaH CYM, KaK BamHaR qaCTb o6fero rlAaHa, B

OCHOBHOM pa3pa6aTbiBaeTcH Ha OCHOBe CTpaTerHH noApa.3AeAeHHH.

YupaBAeene nepcoHaAoM. lepcoHaA npeAcTaBAAeT co6ofi CaMbIH Ba2HbliH H3 pecypCOB

6aHKa. POCT H ycnex 6aHKa onpeAcAHReTCR TeM, HaCKOAbKO 3HaIOJHC H OnbITHbie pa6OTHHKH

HaXOAHTCH Ha KAIoxeBbIX H npHOPHTeTHbIX MecTaX B 6 aHKe. Pa3BHTHe HHAHBHAyaAbHbIX

HaBbIKOB, coBeplleHCTBOBaHHe 3HaHHH H OnbITa KOAAeKTHBa S1BAACTCR Ba2KHbJM npHOPHTCTHbIM

HanpaBAeHHeM B pa6oTe pyKOBOAHTCAH noApasAeAeHHH.

Ka2mAbiH PYKOBOAHTeAb oTAeAa HeceT OTBeTCTBCHHOCTb 3a CO3AaHHe COOTBeTCTBy1OejeH

pa6oqefi cpeAbi. OH onpeAeAAeT npo6AeMbl, BO3MO2KHOCTH H noTpe6HoCTH, KoTopbie MoryT6 blTb pelUeHbl mepe3 o6yqeHHe cnefHaAbHO OTo6paHHoro nepcoHaAa ynpaBAeHiCCKHM H

TexHHqecKHM HaBbIKaM. OH OTBemaeT 3a nAaHHPoBaHHe TaKoro o6yleHHH H onpeAeAAeT

HanpaBAeHHe e2KcAHCBHOrO COBCpIIIlHCTBOBaHHH CBOHX nOA4qHHeHHbIX. 9 TH Tpe6oBaHHFI

peaAHmyiOTCH mepe3 KOHKpeTHbIe ularH H MeponpHSITHH, BCTPeqH H KOHTaKTbI C pa6OTHHKaMH, B

xoAe KOTOPbIX pyKOBOAHTeAb:

* o6ecne'HBaeT nIpoPeCCHOHaAbHO KBaAHPHUHpOBaHHbIM AIOAHM 06yqeHHe H

BbIABHmeHHe Ha KAJoxieBbie noCTbl B noApa3AeAeHHH;

* npOBOAHT o6y'qeHHe pa6OTHHKoB, 4To6bi noMOMb HM noHHTb HOpMaTHBbl H

Tpe6oBaHHR K PC3yAbTaTam pa6oTbl;

* rnAaHHPYCT o6pa3oBaHHe BaKaHCHH Ha KAioqeBbix nOCTaX B cBoeM noApa3AeAeHHH;

* nepHoAHtmecKH OgeHHBaeT pe3yAbTaTbi pa6oTbl H noTeHgHaA KamAoro nOAqHHeHHoro;

* o6cymAaeT AOCTH2KeHHR B pa6oTe H Heo6xoAHMOcTb o6yxeHHA c Ka2AbIM

noASHHeHHbIM;

* pa3BHBaeT npOrpaMMbi npO4peCCHOHaAbHOrO o6yteHHH B yTpe2KAeHHH, KOTOpble 6bl

o6ecneiHAH Mo6HAbHOCTb nepcoHaAa H coBmeiqaeT o6y'eHHe nepcoHaAa 3a

py6emoM co CTHMyAaMH no yAep2KaHHio nepCoHaAa;

* nePHOAHMeCKH nepeCMaTPHBaeT AOA2KHOCTHbIe HHCTPYK4HH AAR HX o6HOBAeHHS1 B

COOTBeTCTBHH C MeHRIOWHMHCH YCAOBHHMH.

j>eHTpaAbHOe noApa3AeAeHHe no o6yMeHH!o H nOArOTOBKe nepcoHaAa (oTAeA KaApOB,

y"e6Hblii oTAeA 6aHKa) AOA2KeH o6ecneqHBaTb KoHcyAbTaTHBHbie H KOOPAHHagHOHHbie ycAyrH

AHHeHHbIM pyKOBOAHTeAAM, KorAa OHH npOBOAHT rLAaHHPOBaHHe o6yqeHH3i nepcoHaAa,

pa3pa6oTKy o6R3aHHocTeii pa6oTHHKoB. YqaCTHe B BTOH pa6oTe COTpyAHHKOB oTAeAa KaApOB

TOAbKO YCHAHBaeT, npHAaeT 3HamHMOCTb pa6OTe PYKOBOAHTeAH, HO He nOAMeHSeT ee. Pa6oTa

AOAKHa BKAIOqIaTb, HO HC OrpaHHqHBaTbCH CACAYIOH4HM:

a BcXPeKTHBHOe OPHeHTHPOBaHHe H o6yqeHHe HOBbIX COTpyAHHKOB;

* o6yqeHHe Ha pa6oqeM MeCTe, qTo6bi Ka2KAbiH pa6oTHHK Mor BXpqleKTHBHO BbinOAHRTb

pa6oTy, Ha KOTOPYJO OH Ha3HaqeH;

* o6yTeHHe BHYTPH CTpaHbi H 3a py6emoM B HHTepecax 6aHKoBcKofi nOAHTHKH

nOBbIlJCeHHH KBaAHcpHKagHH nepcoHaAa H CO3AaHHe pesepsa Ha npOABH2KeHHe,

nOArOTOBKa CnegHaAHCTOB;

* KO0PAHHHPOBaHHe nOAroTOBKH nepCOHaAa c Hy2KAaMH yPeCMAeHHH;

39

YKvpeHAeHHe pyJrOBOCTRa H HOwMIJeOHJwff IyBCTBHTeAhOC7TN h epemeMHaM

* co3AaHHe BO3MOMHOCTH npHo6peTeHHI OIIbITa H npOBeAeHHe o6yqeHHn, Heo6xoAHMoro

AAA pa3BHTHR KapbepbI pa6oTHHKa, pa3pa6oTKa MeXaHH3MOB yAepmaHHS OnbITHb1X

pa6oTHHKOB.

3AKAIOLIEHHE H KPATKUE BbIBOlbl

HlAaHHpOBaHHe HBAHeTCH BeAHKOAenHbIM HHCTpyMeHTOM ynpaBAeHHH, OXBaTbIBaoloHM Bce

acneKTbI 6aHKOBCKHX onepa4Hi. Ho JAH TOro, WTO6bi o6ecnewHTb ce6e ycnex, Bbiculee

PYKOBOACTBO AOA2KHO npH3HaTb, 'TO nAaHHPOBaHHe HeO6XOAHMO AA4M 2KH3HeCnOCO6HOCTH

6aHKa. HoAo6Hoe nPH3HaHHe 'aCTO npHXOAHT noCAe IIIOKOB, BbI3BaHHbIX KOHKypeHgHeH, nocAe

pe3Koro naAeHHR AOXOAHOCTH HAH HOCAe nepeCTpOHKH y'pemAeHHH. 1lAaHHPOBaHHe qBAAeTcT

OTBeTCTBeHHOCTbIO AHHeHHOrO pyKOBOACTBa. KOHCyAbTaHTbl, pa6OTHHKH, onpeAeAsnougHe

rioTpe6HoCTH B IUTaTaX H ApyrHe CnefHaAHCTbI MOryT pa3pa6OTaTb OCHOBHble paMKH H

npoBeCTH aHaAH3 AAA o6Aer-ieHHR npogecca nAaHHpOBaHHH, HO 3a caM npogecc OTBeqaiOT Te,

KTO BMeCTC C BblCUIHM PYKOBOACTBOM 6aHKa OTBeMaeT 3a ycnex pa6oTbi npeAnpHfTHH. Be3

yqaCTHH Bbicuiero pyKOBOACTBa, nAaHHpOBaHHe - 9TO TOAbKO HaAOeJAHBblH aAMHHHCTpaTHBHblH

npogecc.

YcnelIIHoe riAaHHpOBaHHe Tpe6yeT HaAH'iHR HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHOrO MeXaHH3Ma nAaHHpOBaHHH

AAA pa3pa6OTKH, KOOPAHHaUHH H OTCAem2HBaHHH BbInOAHeHH.9 nAaHa. TaKaH 4pyHKIHa MO2KeT

6blTb BO3Ao2KeHa Ha q)HHaHcoBorO AHpeKTopa HAH nepeAaHa B oTAeA nAaHHpoBaHHHS,

CO3AaHHbliH CnegHaAbHO AAA BTOH MeAH. c)YHKIH.9 nAaHHpOBaHHR HeCeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb sa

pa3pa6oTKy 3aAaq KopnopaIHH, 3a nepeAaqy OCHOBHbIX yCAOBHH H Tpe6oBaHHH riAaHa B

oTAeAeHHH, ynpaBAaH r npogeccom o0eHKH nAaHOB, pa3pa6aTbiBaR nporHOH3bi 6aAaHCOBbIX

OT'ieTOB H AOXOAOB, H KOOPAHHHPYH nAaHHPOBaHHe Ha cAy'qaH 'ipe3Bbi3iaHHbIX o6CToRTeAbcTB.

lpogecc nAaHHpOBaHHR AOAMHo 6bITb npOCTbIM. HIepec'iyp aM6HUHO3Hbie CHCTeMbi

nAaHHPOBaHHR npeBpaigaioTca cKopee B 6pemHs, 'eM B nOAe3HbiH HHcTpyMeHT pyKOBOACTBa.

OnepaTHBHbie rlAaHbl HaqHHaIOTCH C 'eTKO BbipasfeHHOH nocAeAoBaTeAbHOCTH AeHCTBHH,

KOTOpbie onpeAeAAIOT xapaKTep H BpeMH pa3AHxIHbIX (paKTOpOB. 3aAwIH, [pHOpHTeTbl H CaM

xapaKTep nAaHa AOA2KeH 6

blTb oripeAeAeH BbICIIIHM pyKOBOACTBOM 6aHKa. H HCcMOTpH Ha BCe

aTH orOBOPKH, KOHeCHbliH npOAYKT AOA2KeH 6bITb AoKyMeHToM, KOTOpblH oTpa2KaeT cHTyaIHIO

Ha pa6oqeM ypOBHe.

HlAaHHpOBaHHe B aMePHKaHCKHx 6aHKax Ha'HHaAOCb C cocTaBAeHHH KaKmx-To

COMHHTCAbHbIX 4H(p H npH y'aCTHH CAa6bix CHCTeM, HO C TeX nop 6aHKH pa3pa6OTaAH

Heo6xOAHMbie CHcTeMHbIe noAAepmKH. B pa3BHBaioWHxcH CTpaHaX 6aHKH TOme MOrAH 6bl

BblHrpaTb OT CHCTeMHOrO pa3BHTHH. OAHHM H3 BamHbIX HHcTpyMeHToB noAAep2KH S1BAHeTCH

nporHo3HaR MOAeAb. B IIOCTOHHHO HsMeHH.Oi4HXCII qJHHaHCOBbIX H BKOHOMH'eCKHx yCAOBHRX,

OKaSbIBaio1gHX cepbe3Hoe BAHHHHe Ha BO3MOmHOCTH 6aHKa Ao6HTbCS1 3anAaHHPOBaHHb1X

pe3yAbTaTOB, KaK OHH 6blAH 3aSHKCHPOBaHbI B npoUecce nAaHHpoBaHHH, 6aHKH AOA2KHbl

pa3pa6aTblBaTb BO3MO2KHOCTH AAR nporHO3HPOBaHHR H nAaHHPOBaHHH Ha cAy'aE

HeIpeABHAeHHbIX qpe3BbixiaHHbIX o6cTosiTeAbCTB.

fporHo3 Heo6xOAHMO IIPOBOAHTb e2KeMeCCYHO Ha OCHOBaHHH AaHHbIX, nIocTynaiolgHx OT

AHHeHHbIX PYKOBOAHTeAeH H cAy2K6 ynpaBAeHHH nepCOHaAOM. AHHeiiHbie OTAeAbi o6ecne'HBaioT

40

HAaHHpo eaHHe

o6HoBAeHHe nOFrHo3oB B OTHOmeHHH aKTHBOB, o6R3aTeAbCTB, AOXOAOB H paCXOAOB, a TaKme

BAHRHHHR npogeHTHoH CTaBKH Ha ypOBeHb pa6oTaloWHx aKTHBOB H BAHRHHHe o63aTeAbCTB H

npogeHTHoH CTaBKH Ha TaKHe pbIHO-Hbie HHCTpymeHTbl KaK Me2K6aHKOBCKaR CTaBKa, CTaBKa Ha

CpOqHbie BKAaAbl, HAH 6aHKOBCKafl CTaBKa. (lpHAomeHHe B npeAAaraeT npOCTOH nIpHMep

MOACAH rIporHo3HpOBaHHH, Bbin1OAHeHHOH B AOTOce. OHa nOKa3biBaeT 6aAaHC, oT'ieT 0

npH6blAH H OCHOBHbie CHHaHCOBbie KOBqXHgHeHTbI 3a HCTeK1He nHTIb AeT).

41

YjrpelLAen'Ne p,yxwooexcTa N IIBhloIreIHw qyBcTmmreA.bHocrT h nmepe 4 veHaar

FIpHAOxceHme A. FIpoBepKa CTpaTerHH

IlposepKa nAaHa npeACTaBASeT co6ofi BO3MO2KHOCTb OmeHHTb cTpaTerHio, pa3pa6oTaNHyio

AAS KoHKpeTHoro pblHra. OHa TaK2Ie nomoraeT OCyUeCTBHTb o6paTHybo CBH3b C pyKOBOAH-

TeAMH noApa3AeAeHHH HU npoBeCTH AonOAHrTeAbHb!ii aHaAu3 pa-BHTHq CTpaTerHH noApa3-

AeAeHHR. HcnoAb3yfiTe CAeAyiolU4H rIpOBepOqHbliH AHCT (KOTOpblii B3RT y LLITaAiHepa 19 7 9 r.)26

KaM OCHOBHOe PYKOBOACTBO npuH OeHKe riAaHa, AeAaH ynop Ha pa3AeAax, KOTOpbie Heo6xoAHMo

o6cyAHTb AOnOAHHTeAbHO. H onblTaiiTeCb yBHAeTb HenOCAeAOBaTeAbHOCTb rLAaHa.

OfeHxa cTpareriwqecAoro nAaaa pzrHia

1. aOCTaTOHHO AH AaHHbIX AAm aAeKBaTHOii ogeHKH pbIHKa?

2. ECAH HeAoCTaToqHo, KaKHe AOnOAHHTeAbHbIe AaHHbIe Tpe6yloTCH H rAe HX MO2KHO

nOAy4HTb?

3. H4eTKO AH onpeAeAeH HHTepecyiouIHi Hac pbIHOK?

4. KaKos o6 1beM H CTOHMOCTb pbIHKa?

5. KaKoBbi TeMnbi pOCTa B npOU1AoM H nepCneKTHBbi POCTa B 6yAyueM?

6. CiOAbKiO CyI,eCTByeT KAHeHTOB? CKOAbKO KAHeHTOB COCTaBAHl T 50 H 80% o6beMa

pbIHKa?

7. H.sBecTeH AH npogecc npHHrTrH peJineHHHi Ha PblHKe H MOmeT AH 6aHK nOBAHRTb Ha

BTH pemeHHs!?

8. S3BeCTHbI AH nOTpe6HocTH KAHeHTOB H COOTBeTCTBYIOT AH HM Bo3MO2KHOCTH 6aHKa?

9. onpeAeAeHbi AH oCHOBHbI KoHKypeHTbl H HX OTHOCHTeAbHaR cHAa? H3BecTHa AH HX

cTpaTerHsl?

10. TomHO AH onpeAeAeHo nOAOmeHHe 6aHKa no cpaBHeHHIO C ero KOHKypeHTaMH?

11. ECTb AH y 6aHKa pecypcbi Ami o6CAy2HBaHHR aToro pbIHKa?

12. ByAeT AH AeHTeAbHOCTb Ha BTOM pbIHKe COBnaAaTb C o6UJJHMH 3aAaqaMH 6aHra?

13. TulaTeAbHO AH 6blAH npoaHaAH3HpoBaHbl BCe qaXTopbi BAHRHHUH OKpyKeHHR Ha

pbIHOK?

14. KaK OCeHHBaLTCH cloco6HocT AH4KpepeHgHpBaTb AeRTeAbHOCTb H eCTb AH TaKla

cnoco6HOCTb y 6aHxa?

15. OnIpeAeAeHbl AH nlpH6blAbHOCTb H 'IYBCTBHTeAbHOCTb K geHam pbIHKa?

16. OnpeAeAeHbl AH KAIO'ReBbie (aKTOpbi ycnexa Ha BTOM pblIHKe?

Offemra MuaHa

CBepXBaAaqa H BaAaqH

1. ICHa H aKTyaAbHa AH OCHOBHaR geAb 6aHKa?

2. OnlpeAeAeHbI AH .3aAasH no coAep2KaHHIo, KOAHseCTBeHHb1M noKasaTeARM,

OTBeTCTBeHHblM 3a BbInIOAHeHHe H BpeMeHH BbinIOAHeHHH?

3. PeaAHCTU9Htl AM aTH 3aAasiH?

26 KaK yKawao y 34eHHOHa (1986). BOCmpOHBOAHTCes c pa3pememm AaOH YafiN H cbiHOBbR', ATA.

42

uaHHpowpaowHHe

OCHOBHbie yCAOBHE PMbHKa H BHeMIH6e CpeAbl

4. Bce AH BamHbie xapa.KTepHCTHKH H YCAOBHR 6blAH BbilBAeHbI H yqTeHbl?

5. PaayMHbl AH aTH Bb1BOAbl?

6. Ha KaKOH HHMHOpMaUHH OHH OCHOBbIBaioTc.R?

KOHKypeHTHaE cKAa7. HeTKO AH onpeAeAeHbI AOAH PbIHKa 6aHKa H AOAH pblHKa ero OCHOBHblX KOHKypeHTOB?

8. OripeAeAeHo AH OTHOIJIeHHe Me2KAy npH6bIAbio 6aHKa Ha PbIHKe H KOHKypCHUHeH Ha

AaHHOM pbIHKe?

9. OnpeAeAeHO H OUCHeHO AH OTHOCHTeAbHoe KamecTBo 6aHKoBcKHX ycAyr?

10. ConocTaBHMa AH UeHa Ha 6aHKoBcKHe ycAyrH C CeHOH ero OCHOBHbIX KOHKyPCHTOB Ha

AaHHOM pbIHKe?

11. OnpeAeAeHbI AH npHeMbi MapKleTHHra H CHCTeMa [peAOCTaBAeHHH yCAyr 6aHKoM B

CpaBHeHHH C ero KOHKypeHTaMH?

12. OnipeAcAeH H ogeHeH AH ypOBeHb pecypCOB, HMelOWHXCR y 6aHKa, no CpaBHeHHIO C

pCcypcamH ero OCHOBHbIX KOHKypeHTOB)

OUeHsKa 3OBMOUHHOCTeC

13. HIeTKO AH onpeAeAeHbl H OCeHeHbl BO3MO2KHOCTH 6aHKa B o6AacTH HanpaBAeHHH

pa3BHTHR H nOTeHlHaAbHOrO BAHSHHH?

14. CyigeCTBy1OT AH RBHaH BHeIHHH OnaCHOCTb H O;eHCHO AH eef nOTeHUHaAbHOe BAHHHHe

Ha pa3BHTHe 6aiiKa?

CTpaTerm nopTqDeAR pbNHOqHOrO cermeHTa15. 4eTKO AH paspa6oTaHa cTpaTerHR nopT"" KamAoro pb1HO-Horo cerMeHTa?

16. CoBnaAaeT AH npeAAaraeMaH cTpaTerHH co CTpaTerHeH pbIHO'Horo nOpTVJAR?

S3aAaqH nAaHa meponp*sTsH17. HeTKO AH onpeAeAeHbl 3aAaqIH nAaHa? HMelOTCR AH KoAHIeCTBeHHbie noKa3aTeAH Ha

KamAbiH CTpaTerHqeCKHH qJaKTOp C TO'KH 3peHHH YPOBHH H xapaKTepa nAaHHpyeMblX

H3MeHeHHH?

18. BblpameHbI AH 3aAaqH KaKAofi noA-nporpaMMbl C TOsKH 3peHHH ee BeCOMOCTH B

OCYlUeCTBAeHHH meAaTeAbHbIX nepeMeH no KOHKpeTHOMy cTpaTerHqecKoMy cpaKTopy?

19. 06ecneqHBaloT AH AOCTaTO-HYO noAAep2KKy BCnOMOraTeAbHbie ITAaHbi H COqeTaKOTCH

AH OHH C pbiHOiHOH cTpaTerHeHi H 3aAaqaMH AaHHOrO cermeHTa pbiHKa?

20. CorAacylOrcR AH 3aAaqH nAaHa AeHCTBHH C HCXOAHbJMH AaHHbIMH H OCeHKaMH,

BKAIORaR npeAnoAaraemyo peaKuHIo KOHKypeHTOB?

nAaEbl nporpaMM

21. 4 eTKO AH onpeAeAeHbl iularH, Heo6xOAHMbie AAm peaAH3aHH nporpaMM H eCTb AH B

nporpammax XKAoieBble MOMeHTIbl?22. OnpeAeAeH AH BHYTPH noApa3AeAeHHS Heo6xOAHMblH ypoBeHb nepcoHaAa?

43

YirpeizAemwe pywoBoxcr5ia i IOHLWHeNAU 'JyDCTBNIWAbmOCT Jr ilepeMeitam

23. Cy{geCTByeT AH B noApa_3AeAeHHH Heo6xoAHMbli Ha6op HaBbIKOB H 3MHaHHHi AAA

BbInOAHeHHH nOCTaBAeHHbIX 3aAaq?

24. BxSRn.AeHbl AH Heo6xoAHMble npogeAypbi o6yqeHHR H/HAH npHema HOBbIX COTPYAHHKOB

B noApa3AeAeHHH?

25. OnpeAeAeHbI AH BO3MOMHOCTH o6ecne'ieHNH Heo6xoAHMoro ypOBHR H KOAHMecTBa

nepcoHaAa sa C9eT BHyTpeHHHX pe3epBOB 6aHKa?

26. OnpeAeAeHbl AN CBR3U opraHH3agHOHHorO H Apyroro xapaKTepa MemAy AaHHbHM

noApa3AeAeHHeM H ApyrHMH noApa3AeAeHHHMH 6aHKa?

27. OnpeAeAeHbl AH peCypcbi, HeO 6 XOAHMbIe AAR 4IHHaHCHpOBaHHR? OnpeAeAeHa AH HX

CTOHMOCTb?

28. OnpeAeAeHbl AH fipoleAypbI BbmAam KpeAHTa H KpeAHTHbie PHCKH?

29. Cyu4eCTByeT AH noTpe6HocTb B HcnoAb3oBaHHH KaxHX-AH6o CHCTeM, BCnOMOraTeAbHb[X

onepagHH? OgeHeHa AM HX CTOHMOCTb?

30. OnpeAeAeHbl AN nOTpe6HocTH B o6opyAoBaHHH H npoBeAeHa AM HX ogeHKa?

31. OnpeAeAeHa AM peaKgHR noTeHgiHaAbHOFO KOHKypeHTa?

32. IlpoBeAeH A aHaAH3 a qTO 6 yAeT, eCAH? AAR ogeHKH BAHRHHH M3MeHeHHf?

33. Pa3pa6oTaHbl AH nAaHbl Ha cAyqaH qpe3Bbi'iaHHbIX o6CTOHTeAbCTB?

34. HoAroToBAeHbl AM oUeHKH saTpaT H BbIrOA H AOcTaTO'lHO AH OHM HaAemHbl?

35. Pa3pa6oTaHa AM opraHH3aliuH H CTpyKTypa KamAoH nporpammbi C yKa3aHHeM

OTBeTCTBeHHbIX 3a Hee?

36. KameTcui AH nporpamma BbinOAHHMOH, HCXOAH M3 HMeCO1UMXCR pecypcOB, npomlAoro

OnbiTa H Bo3MO2HOCTCH noApa3AeAeHHi?

37. ByAeT AM pemxeHa 3aAazia, noCTaBAeHHaH nepeA nporpaMMoH, KorAa nporpamma 6 yACT

BbinOAHeHa?

38. AOCTHrHeT AM BbInOAHeHHe nporpamm no KamAoMy nAaHy MeponpMHTHMH BbinOAHeHMR

saAax nAaHa MepOnpNHTHH?

O;ge'xSa ocreCmrM crpaTerawecaoro ImaHNpOraHNE

CylgeCTByeT BO3MOMHOCTb npOBepHTb Beq4KTHBHOCTb Balilef CHCTeMbi cTpaTerHqecKoro

nAaHHpOBaHHS, HCnOAb3yHS ayAHT CHCTeMbl rIAaHHpOBaHHS, HanpHMep, IpHBeAeHHbli HHme.

i4cnoAbS3yR TaKylo qOpMy, noMHHTe, wTO pa3Hbie AIOAH 6 yAYT HHTepnpeTHpoBaTb Bonpocbi no-

paaHoMy, AIOAH M3 pa3Hb1X oTAeAOB 6aHKa MOryT AaTb pa3Hbie OgeHKH Ha OAHH H TOT 2Ke

aonpoc. TeM He MeHee, TaKHe paSAH'HH moryr Aame OKa3aTbCH nOAe3Hb1MH npH pa3pa6OTKe

jwA.&ora no noBoAy CHCTeMbl H Heo6xoAHMOcTH H3MeHeHHR HeKOTOpbIX ee BAeMeHTOB.

MHeHHSH pa3AHqHbIX AIOAeH He BcerAa HMe1oT oAHHaKOBbli Bec. ECAH PYKOBOAHTeAb

'KYBCTByeT, MTO CHCTeMa He MOmeT o6ecaemHTb paapa6oTKH COOTBeTCTByiOulerO CTpaTerH-

'lecKoro peuleHHR, SHaqHT CHcTeMa HymAaeTcR B KoppeKTHpOBKe. O AHaKo, eCAH PYKOBoAHTeAb

6aHna CO'reT ee npHeCMAeMO , a ApyrHe PYKOBOAHTeAH KAIO'ieBbIX OTAeAOB 6aHKa HaHAyT, 'TO

a"O [1ycTaR TpaTa BpeMeHH, wTO cHcTeMa 'pe3BbIc'aMHo 6lopOKpaTwHa, TorAa eCTb cepbeCslH

npHW1Ha BaAyMaTbc.R. Ha pa3HbIX ypOBHHX nAaHHPOBaHHH no BceH cHcTCMe 6aHKa AoA2reH

6biTb npoBeAeH ayAHT, BO BpeMR KOTOpOro BbICiuee pyKOBoACTBO 6aHKa cyMCCT ogeHHTh Bce

paZACAbi A, B, H B, npHBeAeHHbie HHme, npH BTOM Bbi6epeT TOAbKO nyHKTbl H3 pa3AeAAOB r H

4. 3TH nocAeAHHe nyHKTbi, oAHaKo, AOAmHbl BbinOAHRTCR PYKOBOAHTAEMH rpynnil H

44

FLaaprnaua'

noApa3AeAeHHR /oTAeAa/. IocAe oKo0HaHHH ayANTa cpaBHHTe H OgeHHTe Pe3yAbTaTbl no6aHmy B geAOM, a Ta1K2e Ha pa3AH4HbIX YpOBHX ynpaBAeHNeCKOH HepapxHH. 3 T AOAZKHOAaTb noBoA AAH o6cymAeHH.R, HcnoAb3oBaHHs H npOBepKH MeToAa ycTpaHeHH.9 o6HapymemmixcAa6bix 3BeHbeB. TaKHM o6pa3oM Baima cHcTema nAaHHpOBaHHR MO2IeT 3HaqHTeAbHO nOMOYbyCOBepmeHCTBOBaTb cnoco6HocTb Baiuero 6aHKa npHHHMaTb npaBHAbHbie CTpaTerHYecKHepemeHHR.

A. 06qgan oMeHKa, cCeAaHHaB PYKOBOAHTeABMH

1. PyKonoArTeAb 6aHxa CqHTaeT, 'ITO cHcTeMa noMoraeT emy Ay'ime BbInOAHRTb eropa6o0y.

2. 1Ipo'iHe PYKOBOAHTeAH KAio'ieBbIX AHHeHHblx noApa3AeAeHHH C%IHTaIOT, YTO CHCTeMaAASI HHX noAe3Ha.

3. B geAom 6oAbInHHCTBO PyROBOAHTeAefi cqHTalOT, 'ITO BbirOAa OT rLAaHHPOBaHHSnpeBbulmaeT 3aTpaTbl Ha riAaHHpOBaHHe.

4. Heo6xOAHMbI Cepbe3Hbie H3MeHeHHH B CHCTeMe cTpaTerHqecKoro nAaHHpoBaHHH.

B. 4aeT AH cscTeMa "npaBHAbHbIeW OTBeTbi H peByAbTaThi?

5. Pa.3pa6oTKa OCHOBHOH !eAH 6aHKa H 6aHKoBcKoii AeRTeAbHOCTH.

6. HpeABHAeHHe KpyIIHbIX nlOAe3HbIX BO3MO2HOCTeH B 6yAyMueM.7. lpe4ABHeHHe OCHOBHbIX OriaCHOCTeH B 6yAyJjjeM.

8. FpaBHAbHasi OmeHKa CHAbHblX CTOpOH 6aHKa.

9. HpaBHAbHaR OBeHKa CAa6bix CTOpOH 6aHKa.

10. 3 c)qpeKTHBHoe onpeAeAeHHe H OBeHKa OCHOBHblX CTpaTerHH KOHKypeHTa.11. OnpeAeAeHHe npHOpHTeTOB nporpaMMbI AeRCTBHH.

12. Pa3pa6oTma nOAe3HbIX AOArOCpO'IHbIX 3aAaq.13. Pa3pa6oTKa nIOAeSHbIX AOArOCpO'HbIX cTpaTerHii.

14. Pa3pa6oTKa KpaTKOCPO'1HbIX H CpeAHecpOqHbIX nporpaMM Ae4CTBHH AAS peaAH3aHa

CTpaTerHH.

15. O6HapymeHHe H npOcpHAaKTHKa CTpaTerH'eCKHX IUOKOB.

16. CoBepmueHCTBOBaHHe noKa3aTeAeH (pHHaHCOBOH AeRTeAbHOCTH 6aHIKa: aKTTHBbi,o6maaTeAbCTBa, npH6blAb, AOXOAbl Ha aKTHBbl, AOXOAbI Ha aKtHH.

17. Pa6oTa 6aHKa cTaAa Ay'qiue no cpaBHeHHlO C ApyrHMH yYpe2rAeHHaMH, KOTOpbie He

npOBOAHAH ii1HpoKorO H BceoxBaTbiBaiOgero rIAaHHpOBaHHH.

B. nlpeAyCMaTpHsaeT AH CHCTeMa UeHHbIe AIonOAHHTeAbHbIe BbIFOAbl?18. CHCTeMa yAyq'uHAa Ka,ieCTBO ynpaBAeHHR.19. CHCTeMa npeACTaBAReT co6of YHHCPHgHPYJOIJYIO KOOPAHHHPYIOUWYO CHAy B 6aHIIe.20. CHCTeMa CAY?KHT COBepUleHCTBOBaHHIO o6uleHH31 H COTpyAHHqeCTBa no Bcemy 6aHiy.

r. FIOCTpOeHHe CHCTeMbi DAaHHPOBaHHs21. rAaBHoe PyKOBOACTBO npHHSLO HAeio, 9TO cTpaTerH'ecKoe riAaHHpoBaHe sBAAR-TcS ero

OCHOBHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTbIO.

22. CHCTeMa COOTBeTCTBYCT CTHAIO pyrOBOACTBa 6aHica.

45

Yrpeiuezwe pJyOBO,CTaa N nosBMWieHI q mJnmAbHocrm ic iepemeam

23. CHCTeMa COOTBeTCTByeT nOTpe6HocTRM 6aHiKa B npoMecce npHHRTHR cTpaTerH4ecKMX

pelmeHHH.

24. KopnopaTHBHoe nlAaHHpOBaHHe oAo6peHo H noAAep2KHaeTcx AHHeHHblMH

PYKOBOAHTeARMH H nepCOHaAOM.

25. CHcTeMa npHHWTHR CTpaTerH'eCKHX peuieHHH XOpOMo pa6oTaeT B 6aHKe.

26. CHCTeMa HCflOAb3yeT n1pHeMAeMbie H nOHHMaeMbie KOHIrengHH, COrAacy1olIHecR C

HHTepeCaMH 6aHKoBcKoro AeAa.

. aq34eRTHBeH AH npoMecc nAaHEpoDaHHS?

27. BblClcee PYKOBOACTBO TpaTHT pa3yMHOe ROAHqeCTBO BpeMeHH Ha CTpaTerHYecKoe

nAaHHpOBaHHe.

28. AHHeiiHbie pyKoBoAhTreAH npHHHMaioT nAaHHPOBaHHe He TOAbKO Ha CAOBaX, HO H Ha

AeAe.

29. AHHefiHbie pyKoBoAHreAH TpaTRT COOTBTCTByiou.ee KOAHIeCTBO BpeMeHH Ha

pa3pa6oTKy CTpaTerH'eCKHX nAaHOB.

30. HpogeAypbi nAaHa rlpHeM.AeMbl H pa3yMHbl.

31. HIpoUeAypbi xopomo nOHHMaITCH B 6aHKe.

32. Pa6o'iaR Harpy3Ka, rapaHTHpyiou;aR BbInoAHeHHe rnAaHa, npHeMAeMa AAR pyKoBoAcTsa

H AAR nepCOHaAa.

33. HlpoMecc gqXqeKTHBeH B OCy3eCTBAeHHH rAy6oKoro CTpaTerHmecKoro o6AymbiBawHm.

34. rlpogecc He npeACTaBAReTCH KaK H3AHMUHe HerH6KHU, pyTHHHblH H CAHUIKOM

3aqopMaAH30BaHHbIfH.

35. HoBbie HAeH o6blIHo npHBeTCTByIoTCR.

36. PyKoBoAHTeAH peaAbHO BHART cAa6OcTH 6aHKa npH pa3pa6oTKe nAaHOB H cTapaarOTc

npeOAOAeTb HX.

37. OTAeAbi nIoAyqalOT AOCTaTOnHyiO nOMOUlb H noAAepCPlKy OT UeHTpaAbHOrO pyKOBO4CTBa

AAR OCygeCTBAeHHR q4cpeKTHBHOrO nAaHHpOBaHHR

38. OTAeAbi flOAy4aIOT IOAAepCKKY H IlOMOUeb llpH pa3pa6oTKe HAaHOB OT UeITpaAbHOrO

pyKOBO4CTBa.

39. Crioco6HOCTb pyKOBOAHTeAeUi IlOHHMaTb H OCYIeCTBARTb nAaHHPOBaHHe I1pHHHMaeTCH

yqHTb!BaeTcR npH ogeHKe Hx pa6oTbl.

I1pHAo2KeCHe B. nFpoeKUHOHHaR moAeAb 6anwa

9 Ta MOAeAb (CM. Ta6AHUy 2B.1) paspa6oTaHa AAR (PHHaHCOBbIX HOCPeAHHKOB, B nepByIo

osepeAb AAR KoMMepCeCKHx 6aHKoB H 6aHKoB pa3BwTHR. OHa nporHo3HpyeT 6aAaHcoBlHi

OTqeT, qHHaHcoBbli OTeT, OCHOBHbie CPHHaHcOBbie noKa3aTeAH H BbiRBARL-T CTpyKTypy aKTHBOB

H o6H3aTeAbcTB B npOgeHTax. OHa nO3BOAReT noAb3OBamTAio npOBOAHTb afaA3H

IyBCTBHTeAbHOCTH H OUeHHBaTb pe3yAbTaT BAURHHR pasAHqHbix np0OgeHTHblX CTaBOK B

pa3AH"IHbIe CUeHapHRx.

MOAeAb COCTOHT H3 CAeAyiOIJHX KOMnOHeHTOB:

46

nMamoposmmire

* BaAaHcoBoro oTqeTa.

* (DHHaHcoBoro oTreTa.

* OCHOBHbiX q3HHaHCOBbIX noKa3aTeAeH PeS3yAbTaTOB AesTeAbHOCTH.

* pOprHO3HbIX npeAnoAo2KeHHH.

B3 aAaHCOBblH OTTqeT H (PHHaHCOBbliH OT'eT BbipaMCHbI B MHAAHOHaX HAH TblCfMaX, B

3aBHCHMOCTH OT CTOHMOCTH BaAIOTbl.

Bce aKTHBbl, npHHOC.Ue npofleHTbi H Bce o6H3aTeAbcTBa crpynnHPOBaHbi no TeMnaM

pOcTa, a TaKmKe no npOUeHTHOH CTaBKe (3a HCKAJiloeHHCM pe3epBa B rOCyAapCTBeHHbiX 1eHHbiX

6yMarax). Bce aKTHBbI H o6H3aTeAbcTBa, He npHHOCqJ1He npOUCHTOB, HMeyrT COOTBeTCTByIO1JHe

TeMnbi pOCTa (3a HCKA1OCHHeM ACHe2KHbIX pe3epBoB, pe3epBOB Ha nOKpbITHe y6blTKoB no

KpeAHTaM, H pe3epBOB HaAorOBbIX HanHCAeHHH).

CAeAy10IgHe 3aMeiaHHH OTHOCHTCH K KOHKpcTHb!M pa3AeAaM 6aAaHca H (pHHaHCoBOrO

OTWeToB, KOTOpbIe OCHOBbIBalOTCH Ha OnpcAcAeHHbIX npeAnOCbIAKaX.

RaAaHcoRbhi OTWeT

HaAmHiHbie cpeACTRa pa36HaalOTCa Ha ABa KoMnOHeHTa: CTpOKa, KOTOpaH rAaCHT pe3epBbl

HaAUqHOCTH oTpamaeT Tpe6oBaHHJ9 pe3epBOB, KOTOpbie AOA2HbI HMeTb qpOpMy HaAH'IHblX. Ha

BTOM cqeTy HaXoAFfCrH onpeAeAeHHbIe npOgeHTib CyMM KamAoH KaTeropHH Aeno-3TOB.

IOCKOAbKy BTO Tpe6oBaHHe BapbHpyeTCH B Ka2KAoM KOHKpeTHOM cAy'iae, (popMyAa AOA2KHa

6blTb cKoppeKTHPOBaHa Ha COOTBeTCTByioujyio nponOpUH1o B COOTBeTCTBHH C Tpe6oBaHHIMH

peryAHpOBaHH9 B KOHKpeTHOU CTpaHe H/HAH B KOHKpeTHOM 6aHKe. To'HO TaK me, 'IaCTb

rocyAapCTBeHHbIX MeHHbix 6ymar oTpamaeT pe3epBHbie Tpe6oBaHHR H TOsHO TaK mKe AoA2KHa

6 blTb CKOppeKTHpOBaHa B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOHKpeTHbIMH Tpe6oBaHHRMH.

Me2K6aHKOBCKne cpeACTBa npeACTaBAReT co6oi 6aAaHCHpyIOU CTaTbI0 Ha CTOpOHC

aKTHBOB B 6aAaHcOBOM oTqeTe, ApyrHMH CAOBaMH, KOrAa aKTHBbi MeHbi1Ie CyMMb! KanirTaAa H

o6H3aTeAbCTB, 3TOT cqeT 6yAeT nloKpbIBaTb pa3HHUy. C ApyroH CTOpOHbl, 3"HMCTBoBaHHR y

UeHTpaAbHorO 6aHKa" HcnpaBAAH}r TaKoe HepaBHOBeCHe, KorAa aKTHBbi npeBbilal(Or

o6asaTeAbcTBa H KanHTaA B3HTbie BMeCTe. 3 TH pa3AeAbI nlpHBH3aHbI K COOTBeTCTByOjujHM

npog,eHTHbIM CTaBKaM H aBTOMaTH'IeCKH KoppeKTHpyIOTcH. CAeAoBaTeAbHo, HX Heo6xoAHMo

ocTaBHTb 6e H3MeHeHHH.

PeBepBbl H eepacllpejeAeHHaH kIpR6 blAb OTpa2xaioT npH6aBAeHHe -IHCTO l npH6blAH

TeKyujero roAa 3a Bbi'eToM Bcex Heo6xoAHMblx noKa3aTeAeH 3a npOuiAbIH roA.

OTqeT o .joxo4ax

npogieHTHbIH AOXOA - BTO CyMMa BCex npOgeHToB, 3apa 6 oTaHHbtx no BCeM cqeTaM

aRTHBOB, npHHOCRJIHX npOeHTbI. TO%HO TaK me, pacxoA no npoUeHTam npeACTaBAHeT co6o0

CyMMy Bcex npOUeHTOB, BbIL1AaxeHHbIx no BCCM O6a3aTeAbCTBaM, no KOTOpbIM HeO6 xoAHMo

ynAaIHBaTb npOgeHT.

PeBepa pacxoAoB OTpamKaeT H3MeHeHHe B cymme pe3epBa Ha noKpblTHe HeBo3BBpaigeHHbNX

KpeAHTOB Sa npoulAbIH rOA no cpaBHeHHIO C HbIHeIIIHHM rOAOM nAIOc MHCTbie y6bITKA no

47

Ympeizueme p7EomoAcrma o5 H onBhIIJeJC m sore1NNeAhHoc1w Ar zepemeoav

KpeAHTaM, o2KHAaembie B Tex'eHHe roAa. B Haiiiem npHmepe MbI nOAaraeM, RiTo qHCThZe y6brrmPaBHbl HYAJO.

HaAorH, HaqHCAeHHbie AAI ynAaTbl, FCpeACTaBAHIOT onpeAeAeHHyl 'aCTb RHCTOnpH6bL&H A0 Bbi-eTa HaAorOB.

41BKAeHAbl Bbl'IHCAS£IITCSI KaK KOHKpeTHbiH npoueHT qHCTOfi UPH6biAH nlOCAe ylAaTbiHaAoroB. PaccqeTbi AeAaK0TCR Ha OCHOBaHHH OnlbiTa BbiflAaTbI AHBHAeHAOB alK npogeHTallpH6blAH B HpeAbiAylgHe rOAbI.

C06CTBeHHbIe cpeACTBa ripeACTaBeA&T co6o0i qaCTb CYMMbl 'iHCTOHi IpH6bJH nOCAeynAaTbi HaAOrOB.

48

nlaJsHpooNaHHe

Ta6AHUa 21i.1KommepqeCKHHi 6aHK "AEiB"

KOMI OHeHT A. nporHo3UpyeMi2H 4JHHaHCOBblH oTqeT Ha 31 qeKa6ps(B MAH. eA. Hau. BaAFDTbI)

1986 = 1987 = 1988 1989 1990 =Cymma % Cymma % CymMa % Cymma % CyMMa %

AKTHBbI

,Jcovel- re pe,zera

HaAHqHocTm 480 2 520 2 563 2 609 2 658 2

PesepBbl HaAHPHbIX cpeAcTB 710 3 789 3 877 3 975 3 1084 3

Bcero AeHemHbIx CpeACTB 1,190 5 1,309 5 1,440 5 1,584 5 1,742 5

MeCM6aJroxace ocrantxoe cqerw _ _

Ha BHyTpeHHeM pbiHKe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ha MemAyHapoAHoM pbIHKe 590 3 620 2 650 2 683 2 717 2

MToro 590 3 620 2 650 2 683 2 717 2

Mem6aHKoBcKHe cpeAcTBa 0 0 0 0 72 0 222 1 387 1

(6amaHcapyioWasu cTaTbh) ___

MeM6aHKoBcKHe cpeAcTBa, 160 1 176 1 194 1 213 1 234 1

npHHOCgHlHe AOXOA_

Ip"ArreAMTe.mCNIee 4,720 21 5,247 21 5,834 21 6,487 21 7,214 21

gezfoNe 6ymarlw

FIpaBHTeAbcTBeHHbie genHbie 378 2 408 2 441 2 476 2 514 2

6yMarH (HHBeCTRUHH)

rlpaBHTeAbcTBeHHbie JeHHble 4,342 19 4,839 19 5,393 19 6,010 20 6,699 20

6ymara (pe3epsMb) I

MToro 4,880 21 5,423 22 6,027 22 6,700 22 7,448 22

KpecA,

KpeA-Tbl Ha BHyTpeHHeM

pb1HKe

CeAbCxOXo3sIHcTBeHHbie 1,441 6 1,585 6 1,743 6 1,917 6 2,109 6

FlpoMbuiAeHHbie 5,102 22 5,867 23 6,747 24 7,759 25 8,923 26

OnTOBOH a pO3HHMHOH 3,608 16 3,789 15 3,978 14 4,177 14 4,386 13

TOprOBAe I

flpo-we 4,535 20 4,988 20 5,487 20 6,036 20 6,639 1.9

Bcero xpeAHTOB Ha 14,685 65 16,228 65 17,955 65 19,889 65 22,057 65

BHyTpeHHeM pb1HKe I

MemmyapomHbie xpeAHmi 562 2 618 2 680 2 747 2 822 2

Bcero KpeAHTbl 15,247 67 16,846 67 18,634 67 20,636 67 22,879 67

Pe3eps Ha noKpbiTHe 586 3 674 3 745 3 825 3 915 3

y6brrKoB no KpeAHTaM _ _

HeTTo-KpeAHTbl 14,660 65 16,172 65 17,889 65 19,811 64 21,964 64

49

YxpeiAeaHe py7oKo4cria HaoBIwIeHHH 7CTRHI ocT K nepeMeEaa

KomnoHeeT A. flporH0onpyembli piHnaHeCOBnb OTT1eT Ha 31 AeKa6pu (npo4.)

(B MAH. ej. Hag. DaAIOTbl)

1986 ' 1987 1988 1989 1990

HaHcjAeHmbie npogeHTbI K 230 1 234 1 239 1 243 1 247 1noAy9eHHlOMHBeCTHgHH B aKgHH 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0fIpo4He aKTHBbl 1,030 5 1,133 5 1,246 4 1,371 4 1,508 4Q3HKCHpOBaHHbie aKTHBbl 130 1 137 1 143 1 150 0 158 0HToro 1,400 6 1,514 6 1,638 6 1,774 6 1,924 6Bcero aKTHBOB 22,720 100 25,037 100 27,717 100 30,774 100 34,181 100

OB5I3ATEAbCTBA

,Jezre3,nw

Ao BocTpe6oBaHHs 6,070 27 6,677 27 7,345 26 8,079 26 8,887 26C6eperaTeAbHble 4,490 20 5,029 20 5,632 20 6,308 20 7,065 21Cpo'Hbie 9,110 40 10,203 41 11,428 41 12,799 42 14,335 42Bcero Acno3HToB 19,670 87 21,909 88 24,405 88 27,186 88 30,287 89

Me 6a"xoajcxe3*JMCTDODaHAM

Ha BHyTpeHHeM pbIHKe 1,860 8 1,953 8 2,051 7 2,153 7 2,261 7Ha MeMAyHapoAHoM pbIHKe 360 2 378 2 397 1 417 1 438 13auMbl y jeHTpaAbHoro O 0 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 06aHKa (6aAamcHpypoWaaR

CTaTbh )

Bcero Me2K6aHKoBcrCHx 2,220 10 2,408 10 2,448 9 2,570 8 2,698 83aHMCTBoBaHHH_

CHeTa K orAaTe 220 1 242 1 266 1 293 1 322 1

llpo'iHe o6R3aTeAbcTBa 220 1 242 1 266 1 293 1 322 1HaAoriH, K BbfInAaTe 280 1 84 0 119 0 145 0 175 1HToro 720 3 568 2 651 2 731 2 819 2Bcero o6R3aTeAbCTB 22,610 100 24,885 99 27,503 99 30,487 99 33,805 99

KAIHITAA

AKgHOHepHbIH KanHTaA 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0Pe3epabl H 70 0 113 0 173 1 247 1 337 1HepacnpeAeAeHHaR npH6blAb

Bcero KanHTaA 110 0 153 1 213 1 287 1 377 1Bcero o6R3aTeAbCTB H 22,720 100 25,037 100 27,717 100 30,774 100 34,181 100KanHTaAa I I I _

50

FLaa,,qpomawiNe

KOMHOHeHT B. nIpOrHosHpyeMbIe AexiapagUH 0 AOXoAax Ha 31 AeKa6ps

1986 _ 1987 | 1988 | | 1989 | 1990 | |CyMma % CyMMa % CyMma % Cymma % Cymma %

floAyeHmbii 6pyTTo-npoUeHT 2,060 9 2,570 10 2,853 10 3,177 10 3,539 10MEmyC pacxoAbl no npoieHTam 1,530 7 2,061 8 2,287 8 2,547 8 2,838 8Herro-npogeHTHbli AOXOA 530 2 509 2 566 2 629 2 700 2

PacxoAbl no cosAaHmo peBepBOB 0 87 0 72 0 80 0 90 0Hewro-npoUeHTHbli AoxoA nocAe 530 2 421 2 494 2 549 2 611 2

peSepBoB

KOMHCCHH H BO13HarpamAeHH 190 1 209 1 230 1 253 1 278 1FIpOlie AoxoAbl 80 0 83 0 87 0 90 0 94 0kIToro onepaIHOHHbIH AoXOA 800 4 714 3 811 3 892 3 983 3

OffepWNo- e PACXOAM

PacxoAbI Ha nepcoHaA 370 2 389 2 408 1 428 1 450 1npo'iHe pacxoAbi 150 1 158 1 165 1 174 1 182 1

MIToro onepaJHoHHbie paCXOAbl 520 2 546 2 573 2 602 2 632 2

OnepagHoHHbii AoXOA Ao 280 1 168 1 238 1 290 1 350 1Ha AOrIOB

HaAorm, noAAemcauHe ynAaTe 220 1 84 0 119 0 145 0 175 0HeTTo-npH6blAb nocAe yiAaaTbl 60 0 84 0 119 0 145 0 175 1HaAOrOB

MmN, CAHBHAeHAbI 50 0 29 0 42 0 51 0 61 0MNNYl npHo6peTeHHm 10 0 9 0 21 0 39 0 68 0Bcero pesepBibix eoHAoB 0 0 43 0 61 0 74 0 89 0

51

YRpeMAemme pywoBoxCea N HomIjeHCff VyI7CTNTeAbHOCoN K HepeMeHaw

KOMHOHeHT B. OCHOBHbie nOxCaBaTeAH PeBYAbTaTOB tPHHaHCoBoH AeuTeAbHOCTH

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

,4OCTATOVHOCTb KAJJIHTAlA

KarrHTaA/cpeAHHii ypoBelmb axTHhoB (cp.) 0.48% 0.61% 0.77% 0.93% 1.10%

O6WHe BAomeHHR B axUHH/KanHTaA 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03%

AHKBIH-JOCTb

AHKBHAHbie aXTHBbl/,4eno3HTbi 33.86% 33.55% 33.56% 33.80% 33.99%

KpeAHTmI/Aeno3HMI 77.51% 76.89% 76.36% 75.91% 75.54%

0HMHAHCHPOBAHHE

Aeno3HTbl A0 HOcTpe6OBaHHx/Bcero o6R3aTeAbCTB 26.85% 26.83% 26.70% 26.50% 26.29%Bcero AenosHrOB/Bcero o6z3aTeAbCTB 87.00% 88.04% 88.73% 89.17% 89.59%

KA YECTBO AKTHBOB

Pe3epB Ha nOTepH no ccyAaM/Bcero ccyA 3.85% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00%

PesepB Ha noTepC no ccyAaM/HeAeHcTByIOIJHe CCyAbI

CcyAbi He npHHoCRlWHe npH6blAb/BCerO ccyA

,4OXO,4HOCTb

Herro npoUeIiasg Map2Ka/Bcero aKTHBoB (cp.) 2.33% 2.13% 2.15% 2.15% 2.16%

Herro npo5eHTHaR mapma tIOCAe CO3AHHR 2.33% 1.76% 1.87% 1.88% 1.88%

pe3epsoB/Bcero axTHBOB (Cp.)

AoxoA Ha cpeAHHe aKTHBbl 0.26% 0.35% 0.45% 0.50% 0.51%AOxoA Ha KanHTaA (cp.) 54.55% 63.78% 64.91% 57.99% 52.78%

Onepa4HOHHbie pacxoabui/Bcero aKTHBoB (Cp.) 2.29% 2.29% 2.17% 2.06% 1.95%

3aTpaTml Ha nepcoHaA/Bcero aKTHBoB(cp.) 1.63% 1.63% 1.55% 1.46% 1.38%

Bcero npo'mx AoxoAo3/Bcero arTHBOB 1.19% 1.17% 1.14% 1.11% 1.09%

PacxoAbl no pe3epBam/Bcero aKTHEOB 0.00% 0.35% 0.26% 0.26% 0.26%

170OIA3A TE H POCTA

CCYAbI 10.49% 10.62% 10.74% 10.87%Aeno3HTbl 11.38% 11.39% 11.40% 11.41%KOMHCCHOHHbIH AOXOA H Bo3HarpamAeHHR 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

OnepaxHoHHbhe pacxoAbi 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%

Herro AOxOA noCAe HaAOrOB 39.66% 41.77% 22.19% 20.71%

52

naoNposaoNe

KOMnOHeHT r. 4onHy eHS, IIPHH ITb.e npH nporKoBe

(B npOUeHTaX)

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

TEMIbl POCTA AKTHBOB

AeHemHbie CpeAcTBa 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

Tpe6oBaHIM K pe3epBaM AeHl2eHb1X CpeACTB

Heo6XoAHMbIim npoUeHT AellOHT0B Ao BOCTpe6OBaHH[ 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%

Heo6xoAHMbIi % c6eperaTeAblIblX AenO3HTOB 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%

Heo6xoAHMblxi % CpOiHbIX Aeno3HToB 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00%

MEMB'AHKOBCKHE OCTA 77(11fO CYETAM

Ha BHyTpeHHeM PbIHKe 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%/o 10.00% 10.00%

Ha MemAyHapoAHOM pbIHKe 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%

rIpHHOCSHujHe AOXOA Me2K6aHKoBcKHe % 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

rIpaBHTeAbCTBeHHble geHHbie 6yMarH 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

TPEBOBAHHHl K PE3EPBAMrPABRHEAIbCTBEHHbX IJEHHbIX RYMAr

Heo6xoAHMblH nIpoIeHTOB Ae4l03HTOB A0 BOCTpe6oBaHHH 20.00% 20.00% 20.00% 20.00% 20.00%

Heo6xoAHMbbii npoUeHToB c6eperaTeAbHbIX Aeno3HToB 23.00% 23.00% 23.000/o 23.00% 23.00%

Heo6xoAHMbIi ripogef0 T CpOHblX Aeno3HTOB 23.00%/o 23.00% 23.00% 23.00% 23.00%

KPE4HThJ H BEKCEAJ

BHYTpeHHHC 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

CeAbclOe X03RqHCTBO 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

flpoMbliAeHHocTb 15.00% 15.000% 15.00% 15.00% 15.00%

OrroTaaR H pOSHH'IHaR TOprOOBAR 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%

Flpo4He 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

MemAyHapoAHbie 10.00% 10.00% 10 .00 % 10.00% a 10.00%

Peseps Ha noKpbITHe y6blTKoB no ceyAaM/Bcero KpeAHToB 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00%

HamHcAeHHbie flpOeHTbl K noAyMeHHIO 1.57% 1.85% 1 .85% 1.85% 1.85%

BAO2KeHHS B aKiHH 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Flpo4He aKTHBbl 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.000/a 10.00%

(qHKCHpOBaHHbie aKTHBbl 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%

TEMibl POCTA 01fl3ATEAlbCTB

Aeno_3HTbi

Ao BOcTpe6OBaHHM 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

C6eperaTeAbHbie 12.00% 12.00% 12.00% 12.00% 12.00%

Cpo9ibie 12.00% 12.00% 12.00% 12.00% 12.00%

MEMSAHKOBCKHE 3AHMCTBOBAHHJ

Ha BHyTpeHHeM pbhHKe 5.00% 5.00%/o 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%

Ha Me2KAyHapoAHoM pbIHKe 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%

53

Yxpe,lAejwe pJWo mo4'crTa m ilomBIlemmLs qyBcrTBAreA.bNocTo icaepemeHam

KOMNOneHT r. aoKIyqeHRR, npHHITbIe npM npOrHOBe (npOA.)

(B npogeHTax)

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990CqeTa K oruaTe 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%Flpo9He o6x3aTeAbcTBa 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

J47HTAA

AKUqoHepHblH KanHTaA 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%HepacupeAeAeHHasI npH6blAb

4JO17Yl,fEHJ 07YETA 0 ,4OXOAX=

flpoeHTHasi CTaBKxa no aKTHBaM, 17pHHOlC1HM AOXOA[IpHHocnujHe AOXOA MeeK6aHKoBcKHe 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%llpanHTeAbcTBeHHbie geHHbIe 6ymarH 9.00% 8.00% 8.00% 8.00% 8.00%IlpaBe.uAbcTmeHHbie 6yMarH (Pe3eps) 9.00% 8.00% 8.00% 8.00% 8.00%Mem6aHKoBCKHe cpeAcTBa (BaAaHcHp.cTaTbn) 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%

HPOfJEHTHblE CTABKH 110 KPFEHTAM

BHyTpeHHHe KpeAHTbl _ ______

CeAbcKoe X0o3RHCTBO 14.00% 14.00% 14.00% 14.00% 14.00%IlpombzimAeHuocTm 11.00% 13.00% 13.00% 13.00% 13.00%OnToBa1 H po03HmHaR ToproBAA 16.00% 16.00% 16.00% 16.00% 16.00%Ilpo'He 12.80% 10.80% 10.80% 10.80% 10.80%CpeAHeBsBemeHHaR cTaBKa 13.11% 13.19% 13.19% 13.19% 13.19%MemAyHapoAHble 14.00% 14.00% 14.00% 14.00% 14.00%

17POJEHTHAH CTABKA 17005iS3A TEAbCTBAM

nDpouemwaz cTaBKa no AenO3HTaM

A° BocTpe6oBaHHn 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%C6eperaTeAbHbie 9.25% 9.25% 9.25% 9.25% 9.25%Cpo,umie 13.70% 13.70% 13.70% 13.70% 13.70%BsBeueHHaa npojeHTHaA cTaBKa 12.23% 12.23% 12.23% 12.23% 12.23%

MEMWRAHKOBCKHE 3AklMCTBOBAHJJ(7POUEHTHAH CTABKA)

BnyTpeHHHe 8.00% 8.00% 8.00% 8.00% 8.00%MemAyHapoAHbie (LIBOR) 9.11% 9.11% 9.11% 9.11% 9.11%jeHTpaAbHbIA 6814K 9.00% 9.00% 9.00% 9.00% 9.00%

AOXOA no aKTHBaM, IIpHHOCflWHM AOXOA 12.09% 11.90% 11.90% 11.89% 11.89%PacxoAbi no o6II3aTeAbcTBaM 11.66% 11.69% 11.72% 11.75% 11.78%'HCTbliH cnpeA 0.43% 0.21 0.17 0.14 0.11Herro-narepH no KpeAHTaM 0 0 0 0

KomHCCHH H BoaHarpamAeHHR (TeMnbl pocTa) 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%[Ipo'Hfi AoxoA (TeMnbI pocTa) 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00%

54

]LawipoMiNe

KoiuoHeHT r. aonyIIeHH, lpIHHTbie llpH upOrHOBe (npoA.)

(B upoUeHTax)

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

OHEPAJlHOHHIIE PACXO,4b (TEMIl7IPOCTA)

FlepcoHaA 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%

flpo0He pacxoAbi 5.GO% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00%

CTaBaKa HaAoroo6AoWemHJ[ 78.57% 50.00% 50.00% 50.00% 50.00%

oloKasaTeAb BbJmaThl AHBHAeCAoB 83.33% 35.00% 35.00% 35.00% 35.00%

IOKaSaaTeAb CooTBeTCTBHI 16.67% 14.00% 14 .00% 14.00% 14.00%

55

YWpeizieHHe py,oAoagcT8a H uoBrzIeHCwNr 8yBCT8IefgAbHoCTH Kr mepememam

CeAbCKOX0.3HiCTBeHHbJM H HHCTHTyTaM pa3BHTHM. HHCTHTyTbl, rlpeAOcTaBASflOl4He KpeAHTbiMaAbiM npeAnpHRTHRM, 4MepmepaM H ApyrHM MaAbIM 3aeMJIHKaM, HMeiOr CBOH oco6eHHocTH Bnpojgecce yrfpaBAeHHH KpeAHTHbIMH PHCKaMH H npHMeHHIOT CBOH co6cTBeHHble MeTOAbl,KoTOpbIe 3AeCb nOAHOCTbIO paCCMaTPHBaTbC$I He 6yAyr.28

IPHHR'He PHCKOB - OCHOBa 6aHKoBcKoro AeAa. BIaHKH HMelOT ycnex TOrAa, KorAanpHHHMaeMbie HMH PHCKH pa3yMHbl, KOHTPOAHPYeMbl H HaXOAHTCH B npeAeAaX HX (jHHaHCOBblXBO3MO2KHOCTeH H KoMneTeHgHH. AKTHBbI, B OCHOBHOM KpeAHTbi, AOA2KHbI 6blTb AoCTaTOSHOAHKBHAHbl AAH Toro, 'iTo 6 bi nOKpblTb Aio6oH OTTOK CpeACTB, PaCXOAbl H y6bITKH H npH aTOMo6ecnewHTb npueMAeMbiH AA4 aKIIHOHepOB pa3Mep npH6bIAH. AOCTH2KeHHe BTHX geAei Ae2KHT BOCHOBe nOAHTHKH 6aHKa no npHHRTHIO pHCKOB H yripaBAeHHI0 HMH. BHe 6aHKa KaKc HHCTHTYTa,xopoumee KlpeAHTHOC ynpaBAeHHe o6ecneMHBaeT AOCTH2KeHHe lseAeHi HagHOHaAbHOH nOAwrHKH, aHMeHHo: B4XpeKTHBHoe pacnpeAeAeHHe orpaHHqeHHbIx qHHaHcOBb1X pecypcoB C MeAb1oyCKOpeHHR BKOHOMHmeCKOrO pOCTa H MHHHMH3a!HH y6blTKoB AAH 8KOHOMHKH.

YnpaBAeHHe KpeAHTHbIM PHCKOM nOAy'HAO B COBpeMeHHOH rIOAHTHKe oco6Oe BHHMaHHe.IpOrpaMMbi nepeCTpOHIKH 6aHKOB, IPOBOAHMbie BO MHOrHX CTpaHaX, cBH3aHbl C cepbi3Hb1MHpacxoAaMH. BaHKH AOA2KHbI COBepwleHCTBOBaTb ynpaBAeHHe pHCKOM AAH npeAOTBpauCHHHnOBTOPHOrO yxyAI11eHHH Ka4eCTBa aKTHBOB. KpoMe Toro, qHHaHCOBaR AH6epaAHsaUHR,peqOpMbl, npOHCXOAH$UHe B CTpaHaX COgHaAHCTHmeeCKOH BKOHOMHKH, H coKpaigaioujaACH pOAbrocyAapcTBa B 6aHKoBcKoM AeAe npeAnoAaraJoT 6oAbInylo aBTOHOMHIO H (PHHaHCOByIOOTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 6aHKoB. OmHAaeTCH, MTO BO MHOrHX CHcTeMax 6aHKH 6 yAyT BbmIOAHSITbHOBYJO pOAb, X KOTOPOH OHH He rOTOBbl, a HMeHHO: cnoco6cTBoBaTb BHeApeHHIO (HHaHCOBOHAHCIHnAHHbI B ceRTOpe npeAnpHRTHH inyTeM pa3yMHoro H B3BeUleHHOrO rpeAOCTaBAeHHHKpeAHTOB. B MeAOM BCH nOAHTHKa B HaCTO.Rujee BpeMH Tpe6yeT 3Ha'iHTeAbHOro pacuHpeHHHo6beMa HaBbIKOB ynpaBAeHHH xpeAHTaMH, paspa6OTKH MeTOAHKH H npogeAyp eeoCyUeCTBAeHHH.

TPY,4HOCTH YIPABAEHHR KPEAUTHbIM PHCKOM B PA3BHBAIOUHXCRPbIHKAX

rlepeA 6aHKaMH B pa3BHBaiJoAHXCH pbIHKaX CTOHT cepbeSHbie TPYAHOCTH B AeAe ynpaBAeHHRKpeAHTHbIM PHCKOM. KOHrpOAb CO CTOpOHbl npaBHTeAbCTBa, AaBAeHHe BHYTPeHHHX H BHeWUHHXo6cToRTeAbCTB nOAHTHmeCKOro xapaKTepa, TPYAHOCTH npOH3BOACTBa, CPHHaHCOBbieorpaHHqeHHH, c6oH pbIHKa, CpbIBbl nPOH3BOACTBeHHbIX rpaPHKOB H rIAaHOB H xiaCTble cHTyaIHH

28 OAHH H3 HaH6oAee HHTepecHbix MeToAoB - STO AOAeBoe KpeAHToBaHHe H KpeAHTHbie KoonepaTHBbl.HccAeAoBaHJa noxKasbIBalOT, iTO nporpaMMbl AoAeBoro KpeAHToBaHHR ycneuiHo nIpHMeHRAHcb B OAHOpOAHbIXrpynnax, 'IAeHbl KOTOpbIX HecyT paBHyiO OTBeTCTBeHHOcTh sa HapyLueaae yCAOBHH noramueHHJ KpeAHTa.IlpacTHKa oTKasa B rIpeAocTaoAeHHH xpeAHTa BceM 'iAeHaM rpynllbl, B cAy4ae HapylnIeHHa OAHHM HS3 'AeHOByCAOBHH norameHas, ABAReTCR CaMbiM 94Xp)eKTHBHbIM H CaMbiM HeAoporHM cnoco6o

M o6ecne'ieHaH KOAAeKTHBHOHOTBeTcTBeHHOCTH 3a HapyuleHHe yCAOBHH AOrOBopa. 4pyrHM cnoco6oM 3acTaBHTb 'LeHOB rpynrlbi noraluaTbsaAoAmeKHHOCTb nBAReTCI Tpe6oBaHHe o6E3aTeAbHbIX AenosHToB, KOTopbIe MOryT BbhAaBaTbCR HX BAaAeAbIaMTOAbKO nocAe noranieHaR BCeMH SaeMU HKBM CBOHX 4OArOBbIX o6n3aTeAbcTB. TpyAH°ocTH c OAeBbIMKpeAHTOBaHHeM BO3HHKalOT Ha CTaAHH HCIIOAHeHHR H He HOCSKT npHHgHnHaAbHOrO xapaKTepa (rynria H (l)eAep,1990, a raKcKe (poHa-aIIKe 1991).

58

YmpaaAeHae JrPe.4N IMN poreN awm

HecTa6HAbHocTH B cepe 6Hx3Heca H npOH3BOACTBa nOApblBaiOT qHHaHcoBoe nOAO2KeHHe

3aeMuMHKOB. BoAee Toro, qpHHaHCOBaH HHpOMaUHR tiaCTO RBAReTCS HeHaAe2KHOH, npaBoBaH

CTpyKTypa 'faCTO He cnoco6cTByeT BbInOAHeHHEO o6R3aTeAbcTB no norameHHuo AoAra. Bo

MHorHx CTPaHaX TPYAHOCTH BHeC1Hero xapaKTepa yCHAHBalOTCH BHyTpeHHei CAa6oCTbIO H

COnpOBO2KAalOTCR AaAbHeHIIIHM YXYAuIeHHeM Ka'eCTBa aKTHBOB.

BaHKH pa3BHBa[O0JAHXCH pbIHKOB 3a4aCTyIO He pacnoAaraioT HaAe2KHo pa3pa6OTaHHbiM

npojeccom ynpaBAeHHH KpeAHTHbIM pHCKOM. CpeAH HaH6oAee 'faCTO scTpe'lalOaJHXcR

HeAOCTaTKOB MO2KHO OTMeTHTb CAeAyIO_gHe:

* OTCYTCTBHe nHCbMeHHO 3a(HKCHPOBaHHorO B BHAe AoKyMeHTa H3AomeHHH roAHTHKH;

* OTCyTCTBHe orpaHHmeHHH B OTHOiueHHH KOHUeHTpaUHH nOpTe;

* H3AHHIHRH HTPaAH3agHR HAH AeMeHTpaAH.3aMH KpeAHTHOrO pyKOBOACTBa;

* nAOXOH aHaAH3 KpeAHTyeMoH OTpaCAH;

* nOBepXHOCTHbIH (PHHaHCOBblH aHaAH3 3aeMI1HKOB;

* 3aBblueHHaR CTOHMOCTb 3aAora;

* HeAOCTaTO'IHO 'aCTbIe KOHTaKTbi C KAHeHTOM;

* HeAoCTaTO'IHbie npOBePKH H OTCYTCTBHe c6aAaHcHpoBaHHocTH B npoUecce

KpeAHTOBaHHI;

* OTCYTCTBHe KOHTpOAR HaA 3aHMaMH;

* Hecnoco6HocTb K yBeAHxieHHIO CTOHMOCTH 3aAora no mepe yxyAieHHR KaqecTBa

KpeAHTOB;

* rAoxoH KOHTPOAb 3a AoKyMeHTHPOBaHHeM 3aHMoB;

* ipe3MepHoe HCnOAb3OBaHHe 3aeMHbWX CpeACTB;

* HenOAHaH KpeAHTHaR AoKyMeHTaUHR;

* OTCyTCTBHe KAaccH(HKaUHH aKTHBOB H CTaHAaPTOB npH qOPMHPOBaHHH pe3ePBOB Ha

noKpblTHe y6blTKOB no KpeAHTaM;

* HeyMeHHe a8qeKTHBHO KOHTPOAHPOBaTb H ayAHPOBaTb KpeAHTHbIH npogecc.

3TH HeAOCTaTKH BbIAHBalOTCH B cAa6ocTb KpeAHTHoro nOpT , BKAIO'qaR 'pe5MepHyio

KOHgeHTpailH1O KpeAHToB, npeAocTaBACeMbix B OAHOH OTpaCAH HAH ceKTope XO3RfiCTBa,

6oAbmHe nOpTqeAH Hepa6oTalou4Hx KpeAHTOB, y6blTKH no KpeAHTaM, HenAaTemecnoco6HocTb H

HeAHKBHAHOCTb.

He Bbl3bIBaeT COMHeHHH, 'ITO Ha MHorHX pbIHKax 6aHKaM npHXOAHTC AeCHCTBOBaTb B TaKHx

BKOHOMH'HeCKHX yCAOBHHX, KOTOpbie xapaKTepH3Y!OTCR HaAHqHeM o6beKTHBHbIx TPYAHOCTeC AAR

Kax'eCTBeHHoro ynpaBAeHnR KpeAHTaMH, 'ITO AHIIHHH pa3 cBHAeTeAbCTByeT O Ba2KHocTH

ycHAeHHH TaKoro ynpaBAeHHH.

KPEXIHHASI IOAHTHKA: OCHOBHbIE nOAO1KEHHR H IrPOUEaYPbI

KpeCr4mam J7OATNrT a

KpeAHTrrHas noAHTHKa co3AaeT OCHOBy Bcero npoUecca ynpaBAeHHR KpeAHTaMH.

Pa3pa6oTaHHas H nHCbMeHHO 3gaHKCHpOBaHHaR KpeAHTHaR nOAHTHKa HBAHeTCR KpaeyrOAbHbZM

59

Yjrpeniemme py,oBoJc7Ta m IIoBmiIIeHmJ7 vIBcTBreAbocTN m mepememam

KaMHeM pay3MHoro ynpaBAeHsH KpeAHTaMH. IoAHTHKa onpeAeAHeT o60beKTHBHbie cTaHAapTbh HnapaMeTpbl, KOTOpbIMH AOAmHbi PYKOBOACTBOBaTbcH 6aHKoBcKHe pa6oTHHKH, oTBemaioNjHe 3anpeAoCTaBAeHHe H opOpMAeHMe 3afMOB H ynpaBAeHHe HMH. IOAHTHKa onpeAeABeT ocHoByAe4CTBHH COBeTa AHpeKToPOB, 3aKOHOAaTeAH 8 AHU, nPHHHMaiouHX cTpaTerHtecK8e peleHHR,a TaRme rIpeOCTaBAHeT BO3MO2KHOCTb BHellHHM H BHyTpeHHHM ayAHTOpaM OgeHHTb CT&IeHb HKaqecTBo ynpaBAeHHR KPUAHTaMH B 6aHKe. KorAa KpeqHTHaH nOAHTHKa ccpopMyAHpoBaHanpaBHAbHO, 'eTKO npOBOAHTCH CBePXY H xopoiuo nOHHMaeTCH Ha BCeX ypoBHHx 6aHKa, oHariosBoAAeT PYKOBOACTBy 6aHKa noAAepmHBaTb npaBHAbHbie CTaHAapTbl B o6AacTH KpeAHToB,s36eraTb H3AH1IIHerO pHCKa H BepHO O4leHHBaTb BO3MO2KHOCTH pa3BHTHH AeAa. AH\8a,

OCYI2eCTBASBOJgHe KOHTpOAb sa pa6oToA 6aHKoB, CqHTalOT, ITO pa3yMHaRsaAOKyMeHTHPOBaHHaR KpeAHTHaH nOAHTHKa 6aHKa RBAAeTCR ocHoBonoAaraoujeii AARnpaBHAbHOrO yripBAAHHH KPCAHTHbIM pHCKoM. B pa3BHBaBoU HXCR cTpaHax, a TaKme BCOUHaAHCTH'eCKHX cTpaHax, HaXOARJIHXCSJ B nepexOAHOM nepHOAe, rAe KpeAHTHaR rIOAHTHKamacTo HCXOAHT OT ()HHaHCOBbIX BAaCTeH, 6aHKH He npHAep2HBalOTCH qeTKHX KpHTepHeB BKpeAHTHo01 nOAHTHKe H He cTpeMHTcR pa3pa6aTblBaTb HX caMH. Ho mepe Toro KaK roCyAapCTBOYXOAHT C (pHHaHCOBbIX pbIHKOB, 6aHKaM Heo6xOAHMo CaMHM 6oAee aKTHBHO pa3pa6aTbiBaTbBHyTpeHHOIOE rIOAHTHKY pa3BHTHH.

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pa3AHMHbIX BHAOB KpeAHTa. 3 To pasAHqHe oco6eHHO seAHKO AAR AoArocpO'iHbix H

KpaTKOCPO'IHbIX KpeAHTOB. AOArocpoLiHaI npH6blAbHOCTb KOMriaHHH 6oAee BamHa AAm

AOArOCpOIHbIX KpeAHTOB, nIOTOMy 'TO HCTOqHHKOM nIoraiueHHR 34eCb CAy2KaT flOCTynlAeHHR OT

HHBeCTHMHfi. B cAyqae mKe C KpaTKocpOqHbIMH KpeAHTaMH, Heo6xoAHMo npoBeCTH AeTaAbHblii

aHiaAH3 TOprOBOrO UHKAa, HAH UHKAa o6opoTa aKTHBOB - TOBapHb1X 3anacoB B Ae6HTOpcKyio

Bm4oAmeHHOCTb H HaAH'IHOCTb - C TeM, 'mT6bi onpeAeAHTb, KaK1He CTaTbH 6aAaHca moryT 6biTb

npeBpauleHbl B HaAH"IHOCTb AA.R noramIeHHR KpeAHTa.

PHCYHKH 3.2-3.5 (sassTble Hs OcHyc 1992) o6o6ueHbl Ira'eCTBeHHbIe acnerTbi aHaAHsa

KpeAHTOB H AaH CnHCOK BOnpOCOB, Ha KoTopbie AOAMHbI 6blTb nOAyReHbl OTBeTb! A0

npeAOCTaBAeHHR KpeAHTOB.32

31 O6IbsiCHeHHbiH 3AeCb aHaAMs HCXOAHT Hs HaAH'H AocTynHoi H HHaAeLHOH HHI4OpMaUHH H onbiTHOrO

pyKOBoAcTBa, 'ro He BcerAa co6AIoAaeTcz Bo MHOrHX pasBHBaiOu4HXCR phicKax. TeM He MeHee, B STHX crpaHax

npeAnPHHHMaDOTCE OnpeAeAeHHble marH no coBepmUeHCTBOBaHHIO AOCTynHOCTH HHqlopMag,HH 0 (pHHaHCOBbIX

noKaBaTeARX, KoTOpoe AOCTHraeTCR mepe3 BBeAeHHe CTaHAapTOB y'eTa, npOqieCCHOHaAbHOrO pocTa 6yxraATepoB,

pasBrTHe pbiHKa UeHnbix 6yMar. BaHKH moryT oAHoBpeMeHHO H noAAepmBaTm sTOT npo,ecc H noAyqaTb Or

merO BbirOAy 6AarOAap3i BBeAeHH10 o6.RaaTeAbHbIX HOpMaTHBOB no ny6AHKaUHH OTqeTHOCTH, co6AJoAeHHe KOTOpblX

OHM MOryT nrOTpe6oBaT OTr cBOHX saeMilHKOB. 3 Ta cTpaTerHJi, B 'iacTocTm, 6biAa ycneluHo HcnoAbsoBaHa B

HeKOTOpb1X CTpaHaX IOmHoH A3HH.

32 OcHoBa OHeHKH 3aeMgWHKa 3axAaAbiBaeTCR C HnoMo4bio paBaAwlx noKasaTeACe. K HaH6oAee

TpaAHomHOHHbM H3 HHX Mo2CHo oTHecTH 2 xapaKTepHCTHKH "K" nAioc 1 "3": KpeAHTHbUi peATrmw, KarnTaA,

3aeMHax MOIjHoCTh. B A4OoAHeHHe K aTHM TpeM xapaKTepHCTHKaM, Cyu4eCTBybOT eule ABe, npoAoAm=WaIOue

AHio "K" - "3" H npespwUaioiMHe ee B K-3-A-3: KpeAHTHmmi peATHHr, KarThTaA, 3aeMHaR MoflHoCTh,

ABHmeHUe AeHemHb1x cpeAcTB, saAor. CAeAYIOIIHi Ha6op noKa3aTAefi, 6oAee UIMpOKHi H 6oAee BHamiMbif,

a6&HO Ha3b1BaKoT nmTm onop xa'ecTBa KpeAHTa: o6tUaR xapaKTepHcTHKa cocToRnHUn orpacAa, KoHKypeHTHoe

65

Yirpeimemme pyxoao4crBa o HoBmlIeHUrmf q'lPWcTBK7rIAb c7N *e ICpeMoaHW

BCTaBKa 3.2lqeTmpe sTana upogecca aNauABa KspeATa

1 OnpegeAeile Ae.m qioNaaHcNpoBamAo.AHaAHM3 KpaTKOcpOYHorO (3O-AHeBHoro) qpHHaHcMpoBaHHR B omH4aBmm CCSOHHomO COKpaeg4HHX Ae6HTopcKoH

&aVoAmeHHocTH 6yAeT CHAbHO OTrHYaTbCsE OT craHaAAHsa xpe4HTa CpOXOM Ha 5 AeT Ha qHHaHcxpoBaHHenlepeCTpOHKH H paCUHlpeHHR waBoAa HAH Ha BAo2KeHHR CpeACTB B o6AMra4JHH Am 4pHHaHcHpoBaMmR npHo6peTeHHgonpeCAeAeHHoHi qlHpMbI ee pyxOBOACTBOM HAH ApyroH opraHHWeMHi B cXeMe BblKyna.

2. Omprie, emire wcro'lra HoramemAw EpeA4ri.OnpeAeAHB eAbh xpeAHTa, aHaAHTHK AoA?KeH nOHRTb, HS KaxOrO HcToYmHKa 6yAeT noraxuaTbcn KpeAHT.

ByAeT AH KpeAHT HCIIOAbsOBaH Ha 3aKylKy TOBapOB, nOCTyIIACHHR OT nocAcAyOmieH npoAamH KcyOopb1X 6yAyTHcnoAb3oBaHhi AARA noranUeHHM KpeAHTa? MAH 6

yAeT AH OH HCnOAbaoBaH AAM riOCTpOHKH 3aBOAa AAMnpoHmBoAcTBa, cxa2meM, UeMeHTa, H KOrAa BaBOA HaYHeT lpOH3BOACTBO, TO InOCTyMIACHHM OT peaAH3saHH UeMeHTa6yAyT HCenOAbsoBaHbI Am norallleHHJl KpeAHTa B TCqeHHH, cxameM, AeCETH AeT?

3. Ogexa psCeOp, iplOCY7JrHX JAffHOO NOMHIWHO, o7rophe NoWyT sWrpJ.VfNTS ilpogecc'orawea'wz zpegora (IK(awacTeOHmi au&tH').

. PasAHwHbie KOMnaHHH HcnoAb3ylOT paBAHqHbiie BH4Ab KpeAHTOB. BoAee TOrO, pHcK npeAocTaBAeHH KxpeAHTaAaHHOMY 3saeM1HKY saBHCHT OT OTpaCAH UpOMblIIIAeHHOCTH, HOMeHKYAaTypbl TOBaCOB H BHAa AeJITeAbHOCTH - aTaKme OT BKOHOMHqecKOH cHTyaMUHH B geAOM H OT KOHKypeHTHOH o6CTaHoBKH. Pa6oTaeT AH KoMonatHM no WHltAyHAH HeT?

BHN4 .4MTAbHOCTJ A-OMHMJH7aHf/OTpaC - HanpHMep, 6aKaAeHHOMy AeAY npHCY11H oAHH pHCKH, aaMToMo6HAbHoH npOMbiuIAeHHOcTH - COBepCeHHO ApyrHe.

KoHyTpewwHoCmoCO6HOCTo - B paMmaX OAHOM OTpacAM npOMbIUIAeHHOCTH oAHM 4)HpMbi MOryT 6blTb 6oAee

KoHKypeHTHocnoco 6HbIMH, 'eM ApyrHe, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BHAOB npOH3BOAHMbIX HMM TOBaPoB, KOHKypeHTOB,

cHcTeMbi UeHoo6

pa3oBmaHR H T.A.

OJep foHHa2 s4VcK77rBHocTb - npoH3BoAHT AH q)HpMa Ha HOBbIX sqxpeKTHBHb1x MMBoAaX H CKOHKypeHTHOCnOco6HOH ce6ecToHMocTmio? IIAH OHa nblTaeTCM AOCTHrHyTh TaKorO 2Ke or6beMa npoHBOAcTBa, 'TOH KoHKypeHTh1, HO npH 6oAee BbICOKHX saTpaTax?

PyOBO04CTBO - Ka'ecTBO pyKOBOACTBa KOMnaHHH-saeMIpHKa O-4eHb BaM2HO AAM OUeHKH pHCKa. OnpeAeAeHHbieaCneKTbi cnoco6HocTeH pyKOBOACTBa KOMnaHHH O'eHb AerKo yBHAeTh: HHqOopMaaW1 0 AeRTeAbHOCTH KoMnaHHH BnpOIUiAOM Ha pbiHKe KaK npaBHAO AOCTyriH H m1CM Ay'qine pa6OTaAa xOMnaHHH, oco6eHHO B TRmeAbie BpeMeHa,TeM 6oAbtuero yBameHHR sacAymHBaeT ee pyKOBOAcTBO.

rAy6HHa pyxoBoAcTBa KoMnaHHH He MeHee Bam2Ha, BOSPaCT pyxoBoAcTBa, HX pa6oTa Ha npeAblAypUHx nocTax,HX C1oCo6HOCTH B TOH HAH HHOH o6AacTK HAH npHHaAAem2IaM2a HM AOA1 Co6CTBeHHOrO KanHTaAa KOMllaHum. HoCaMOe rAaBHOe - STO BOllpOC flOpRAO'IHOCTH. (Bbl AoAmHbI 6blmb yBepeHHbl B TOM, 'iTO pesyAbTaTbl AeRTeAbHOCTHKOMnaIHHH He

6yAyT HCKamaTbCR).

4. 0AwmaacoBarz ammg.

FlocAe aHaAHsa geAH KpeAHTa H KaMeCTBeHHbiX pHCKOB, CAeAyeT nepeXOAHTh K aHaAM3Y KOAN'CcTBeHHbIXpHCKOB, HAH K aMaAH3y (lHHaHcoBoH OT'1eTHOCTH. 3

To osHaMaeT nOHHMaHHe npHHJH1oB y'eTa,HcroAbSOBaBumBU cR npH COCTaBAeHHH 4pHHaHcoBoH OT'eTHOCTH; npHBeAeHHe pHHmamCOBOH OTeTHOCTH B qbOpMy,KoTOpaH 6

bl MaxcMmaAbHO o6Aer4aAa ee aHMaAms, npH'emM Ne TOAbXO 3sa TOT r'OA, HO H sa npeAbCAyIHe. OeCHbBam2KHO TaKm2e npOBecTH aMHaAH3 AeHe2KHblx nOTOKOB H BoMmomHocTeii pocTa KOMnaHHH B

6yAyUJeM. Ecmb eCe

MHo2meCTBO ApyrHX HHCTpyMeHTOB OnpeAeAeHHR H aMMaAHM qlHHaHcoBbix pHCKOB, npHCYUJHX Aam4OH KOMYImmM.FIOMRTyg o pa3HOBHAHOCTH KpeAHTa, aHIaAH3 AOAmeH

6brrb npoBeAeH TaK, wTo6bI OnpeAeATb C AOAMOBble

cnoco6HocTH pHpMbl - ciJoco6HocTh nOAy'HTb H o6cAymCHBaTb KpeAHT.

nOAom2eHHe npeACIpHRTHM, 4pHaHacoBbIe yCAOBHM, KxMaCTBO ynpamBACHM H KxaCcTBO samora. 3TH oueHxHHBARIOTCR OMeHb BaMHbIMH HanpaBARlIOHMH oMeHKaMH, HO TeM He MeHee He MOryT nOAMeHHTh co6ofi aMaAtmB.

66

YnpaaAeoie Krpc4N ^rxTHh pNcKamNN

BCTa3Ka 3.3

UeAb 4DHHaHCHPOBaHHR H 1 CTO'qHHKH iOFrameHUI

MomHo BbiAeAHTb cAeAy1O1JHe nflTb BHAOB KpeAHTOB:

1. Ce30NmOhWN AfpeAT.

aTH KpeAHTbi npeAOCTaBASIDTCJI KOMrIaHHRM, KOTOpblM Tpe6yeTcA KanHTaA AAA noralmeHHR CBOHX nHKOBbIX,

KpaTKOCpO4Hbix qHHaHCOBbiX nroTpe6HocTeH.

IOCTaBlHUKH MOryT npeAOCTaBHTb KOMnaHHH TOprOBblH KpeAHT Ha 3aKynKy HeO6xOAHMbIX TOBapOB. nlo mepe

TOrIO, KaK KOMnaHHA TpaHCqpopMHpyeT STH TOBapbI B rOTOBbie H3AeAHR H npoAaeT HX KOHe9HbiM norpe6HTeAMm,

ToproBblM KPeAHT nO3BoAseT KoMraHHH q)HHaHcHpoBaTh cBoH co6cTBeHHbie nPOAa4H H Ae6HTopcKyIo

3aAOA2teHHOcTh.

KorAa CyyUeCTByeT paapblB MeflAy CpOKaMH (3HHaHcHpoBaHH nOCTaBWHKOM H CpOKaMH nOAygeHHH BbIpy'uKH

FHpMOH, TO MOryT IIoTpe6oBaTbCA ycAyrH 6aHKa.

2. Kpe4r 4Am XOmzepmCNr aNxrmOR.

KorAa y roMnaHHH IOCTOAHHO CylUeCTByeT nOTpe6HOCTb q3HHaHCHpOBaTb pa3pbIB MemAy CpOKaMH TOprOBOrO

KpeAHTa H CpOKOM nOAyqeHHR Bbipy'IKH OT peaAHSayHH TOBapOB, TO nOA)r9aeMblH eiO KpeAHT HaSbiBalOT

KpeAHTOM AAR KOHBepCHH aKTHBOB . B OTAH'ime OT Ce3oHHOrO KpeAHTa, rAe AoAroBoe o6RsaTeAbCTBo noralmaeTC%

nocAe OAHoro UHKAa, yHKAbl KPeAHTa AAA KoHBePCHH aKTHBoB nOBTOPRhBoTcS nocToAHHo H nepenrAeTa1OTcR, -ITO

AeAaeT HeBO3MOMHblM OTAeAHTb OAHH UHKA KOHBepCHH aKTHBOB OT ApyrorO.

3. Kpe,nr i1oo xzmNWmme geCNmJOx IOTOXOB.

KpeAHTbI n0A ABHUeHHeM AeHemHb1X nOTOKOB npeACTBAsAgOT co6oi OTHOCHTeAbHO AOArOCpOMHbie KpeAHTbi,

npeAocTaBABeMbie npOMblUlAeHHb1M KoMnaHHRmM AA11 qpHaHcHpoBaHHS 3aKynKH MaUHH H o6opyAOBaHHI HAU AAA

noAAepf2KKH yBeAH'iBaloiMerocfl nOCTORHHoro o6opoTHorO KaniHTaAa, T.e. TeKy)Hx aKTHBOB (ToproBbilx aKTHBOB,

KOTOrpbe HMeIOT npOAOA2KHTeAbHOCTb 2KH3HH MeHbUle oAHoro rOAa), He qpHHaHCHpyeMbIX KpaTKocpOiHb1MH

TOprOBb1MH KpeAHTaMH, HAm npO4HMH TeKylIHMH o6SI3aTeAbCTBaMH.

4. KpexpT, 6aBmpyIoLJWiFr.e ma aln-MBax.

aTOT BHA KpeAHTOB, B mHCTOH q)OpMe, npeACTaBAAeT Co6oH KpaTKOCpo'HOe (pHHaHCHpOBaHHe Ha npaKTH'eCKH

nocToslHHoHi ocHoBe AAA noAAepm2aHH$ BbicoKoro yPOBHR AHKBHAHbIX aKTHBOB.

K STOMY BHAY KpeAHTOB OTHOCRTCR TaKHe rH6pHAHbie BHAbl KaK:

* linoTewHble KpeAHTbl

* A\HHHr

* RocTaBKa

* flpoMblilAeiHble KpeAHThl, o6ecneqeHHbie MamIIHHaMH H o6opyAoBaHmeM.

3TOT BHA KpeAHTOB o

6bNiHO o6ecnemeH, wTO oTpafflaeT o6ftee y6e2Il4eHHe B TOM, 'iTO 3aKAaAbEBaeMbie B

o6ecne'ieHHe aKTHBbl HMelOT onpeAeAeHHyIO OCTaTO,4HyiO CTOmMOCTD, KOTOpaR 6yAeT TpaHCqIOpMHpOBaHa B AeHbrH

AAA BbIlAaT KpeAHTOpaM B CAy9ae BOEHHKHoBeHHR qpHHaHCOBb1X HeypRHAH.

5. Flpoernuoe Kpe4MarOIawe.

3ToT BHA KpeAHTa co'eTaeT B ce6e 'epTbl KpeAHToB noA ABH2meHHe AeHemHbix nHroKoB H noA aKTHBbl.

Pa3rpaHffweHHs MeCKAy DTHMH nATbIO BHAaMH KpeAHTOB He RBAReTcR cTpOrHM: HX CO'ieTaHHe He TOAbKO

BOBMOmHO, HO H meAaTeAbHo. MHorHe cesoHHbie KpeAHThl H KpeAHTbi noA ABHm1eHHe AeHemHblX CPeACTB HMeloT

sAeMeHTbi KpeAHTOB nOA aKTHBbl.

67

YmpezzAHe'e pyKoro,gcrla ii ioBmurexNo. qyBcTBNTAbHocrrN w Hepemearam

BcTaBica 3.4BHAbl KcpeAHToB, Tpe6yioqgUxcn AAm pasAHqHbIX B3103 (IKPM

POBffK7fVIe TOprORNMA - nOKynalOT H HPOAalOT rOTOBylO npOAyKU1HIO, o6

bliHO B MaAbIX KoAH4eCTBax. 3aHCKAiO4eHHeM Tex qpHpM, mTO npOAalOT TOBapbI 3a HaAH'iHble - 6axaAeiiHbie Mara3HHbI H T.A. - 6oAbiuxHCTBO(pHpM HMelOT sHaqHTeAbHyiO Ae6HToPCKYIO 3aAOAmeHHOCTb, KOTOpaH, flpaBAa, XOpOIO AHBepCHPHUJHpOBaHa.

3TH qpHpMbl JRBARIOTCS KaHAHAaTaMH Ha nOAy4eHHe Ce3OHHbIX KpeAHTOB H KpeAHTOB 10oA nOCTOgHHbiH060pOTHblU KanHTaA .ASA qHHaHCHpoBaHmg CBOHX ToBapHbix 3anacoB, a HHorAa Ae6HTopcKoi 3aAoAmeHHOCTH.

O iTrowe ropro5gM - "nocpeAHHKH" npouecca pacnpeAeAeHHq - noKynaioT y npoHSBoAHTeAefi, npoAaioTpO3HH'HbIM ToproBBaM. OHH o6bi'HO IBARIOTCR KaHAKAaTaMH Ha nOAy'ieHHe ce3oHHbix KpeAHTOB H KpeAHTOBnoA Q6opOTHblU KanHTaA.

fpesox n'oAh - CaMblI CAOMHbli H3 BceX npogeccoB rioAy'eHHU npH6biAH: noKynaioT Cblpbe, HeCyTpacxoAbi Ha OnAaTy TpyAa H ApyrHe paCXOAbl, npoH3BOART H npoAaloT lOTOBylO npoAyKUHioI, o6

bPIHO B AOBOAbHO6

oAbUIHX o6beMax H C BblCOKOH Map2KoH npH6blAH. 06binHo HM Tpe6yIoTcs KpynHble KanHTaAoBAo2KeHHn BOCHOBHble CpeACTBa, nOCKOAbKy HM Tpe6ylOTC MamIaHHbi H o6opyAoBaHHe. MM MOryT noTpe6oBaTbcs KaKKpaTKoCpOIHbie, TaK H AOArOCpoqHbie KpeAHTbl AAR yperyAHpOBaHHH npoUecca ABH2KeHHR HaAH'IHOCTH.

OpFaJIs*ffN Y.rT - 06blNHO y HHX HeT TOBapHblX 3anacos, a BAO?KeHHR B OCHOBHbIe CpeACTBa HeBeAHKH.OnepaUHOHHbie paCXOAbl o6bm4HO BKAIOqalOT B ce6H 3apa6oTHylo nAaTy H McaAOBaHbe (apXHeTKTypHbie HayAHTOCXKHe q)HpMbi).

0prHAuco.Are mcnmTyrT& - OC06blH BHA opraHH3aUHH cqpepbI O6CAymHBaHHR. AKTHBbl - KpeAHTbl HHHBeCTHyHH.

17p e~irp,wrur clpepM JXOMMyIIaAMI&X )'iyA)T r o peIyANpyCNMC IWMII*JIA e -AHHrMHXa oTAHoaeTCSr OTHeperyAHpyeMblx KOMnaHHH. OmeHb macTO HCn0Ab3ylOT KpeAHTbl AAS yperyAHpoBaHHA npojecca ABHmeHHJ1HaAHIHOCTH. KpeAHTOp npHHHMaeT peiueHHn, OCHOBblBaRCb Ha AaHHbIX 0 ABH2KeHHH AeHe2KHbIX CpeACTB, HaKOTOpbie oKa3blBaeT 6oAbmuoe BAHRHHe peryAHpOBaHHe.

68

YmpammeuNe vpe,goowTmM pmc2N am

BcTasKa 3.5

OnpeAeAeHHe pnciCa ioMonaHmH

Yro raxoc pHcK AomHlamANi?

PHCK KOMnaiHH - 3TO pUCK TOro, 'TO KOMnaHUH He CMO2KeT aqB(eKT4BHO 3aBepimHTb cBoUi WKA

KOHBepCHH aKTHBOB - STO Mo)KeT 3aBCieTh OT CaMOu KOMnlaHHU HAM OT nlpHpOAbi ee AesTeAbHOCTH.

PzCzN' Xi zoNJCTeHOM gaa.Ae

JoKyIa CbIpbRl

* HaAeKHbl AM rIOCTaBKH CblpbR? Ce3OHHbl AM OHH?

* CKoponopTAuJaec AM Cblpbe? KaKHe HMeioTc BR3MOmHocTu ero XpaHeHHH?

* KaoBbi 3saTpaThl Ha TpaHcnopTuPOBKY CbIpbSI Ha 3aBoA?

* Kax AaAeKO HaxOA$TCR (pa6pHKa OT HCTO'HHKa CbIpbR?

* lOKynaeTCq AM Cblpbe 'epe3 nOCPeAHHKOB HAH HanpRMyIO?

* YqHTbIBaioTCR AM BOIpOCbl oKpymaIoHoeg cpeAbI?

* KaKoBbl xapaKTepHCTHKH CblpbR?

* CyLUecTByeT AM pHCK HuMeHeHHu Kypca BaAlOTbl npH HMnopTe CbIpbR?

* EcTm AM BefORTHOCTb TOrO, 'TO B 6yAyqWeM HMnOpT CbIpb. 6yAeT orpaHHqeH?

* rlOKynaeTCR AH Cblpbe y OAHOrO HAM Y HeCKOAbKHx nOCTaBigHKoB?

IJeHa

* IBAReTcA AM leia CbIpbR nOTeHUHaAbHOU npo6AeMoA?

* Mory'r AM 11eHbi H3MeHRThbc? He MOmeT AM Hx H3MeHeHme ieH npUBeCTH K OCTaHOBKe UKAa

KOHBepCHH aKTHBOB, HAM CHH3HTb cnoco6HocTm KOMnaHUH K noAy3eHHio npH6bLAd?

JIpojecc HnpoSo4cma

* B npoUecce npeo6pa3oBaHHa CbIpbH B rOTOBbIe HBAeAH.I OCHOBHbiM BAeMeHToM pHCKa RBAqeTCq

pa6oqaR CHAa. Kam o6CTOHT AeAO C HaMAHHeM pa6o'eil CHAbi, KBaAHlHKaWiei pa6oTHHKOB,

npO¢COioaHbiM ABH2KeHHeM, 3aTpaTaMH?

* HacKoAbKO KanHTaAO- H TpyAOeMKO npoH3BoAcTBo KoMnaHHH?

* KaKoBbi Bo3paCT, MOU_HOCTb H CTeHeHb sarpymeHHocm o6opyAoBaHHR? 3

To MomeT 6blTb KpaiuHe

BamKHblM acneKTOM AAR Tex KoMnaHHri, rAe yme ecTm HAM nOABHTCR B 6yAyueM Heo6xoAMMocTb B

MOAepHH3aUHH.

J7poUecc c6bira

* PHCKH oqeHb CAO2KHO BbiHBHTb, TaK KaK aX BeAHqHHa 3aBHCHT OT CaMOrO ToBapa H OT AHHaMHKH

yCAyr.

* Pa6oTaeT Am qapMa B 6a3HcHoH OTpaCAH npOMbIUIAeHHOCTH? HaCKOAbKO 9aACTHiqeH cupoc?

RBARIOTCR AM pbIHKH KOMnaHRHH IUKAMqeCKHMH?

* HecyT AM HOBbIe TexHOAora'leCKHe Hao6peTeHH.I B ce6e pHCK MOPaAbHoro ycTapeBaas

cyAecTsyioyuero o6opyAoBaH-R?

* HacKoAbKo CHAbHO BAHRHHe AeMorpa()HqeCKHX q)aKTOpOB?

* KaKoBa CHcTeMa pacnpeAeAeHHR (c6blTa)?

* KaKoe BAHsHHe OKa2myT H3MeHeHH.9 B COWUaAbHbIX H nOAHTHqeCKHX TpaAH1I,RX H npeAnO'TeHMHx

Ha C6blT?

* HacKobKo KOHKypeHTocnoco6Ha AaHHaR oTpacAb npOMbUIwAeHHOCTH?

69

YxpenuemNe p KOoOAcTeJ N J1O3hIIHD S 7CTRHTEAhNOOCT K fl'wfJMUM

BcTaBDKa 3.5 (npoA^.)* AerKo AU B Hee Bo*TH? Bo3MomHbi AH 3AeCb UeHOBble BO'iHbi? HacKOAbKo BeAHKa oepoHmiocT

nHOJBAeHHR KOHKYPeHTOB Hs-3a py6ema?* HoABepnmeHa AH AaHHaR OTpaCAb npOMblU1AeHHOCTH Ha6eraM CAy'aHiHbiX npOHSBOAHTeAeCH,

BXOARUJHX B OTpaCAb H 6blCTpO Bb1XOA.UJHX H3 Hee, H TeM caMbiM ripHBoARWHM oTpaCAb KHeCTa6HAbHOCTH UeH H rIpH6biAeCi.

PHCK HemareM a

* HeAOCTaToqHo llpOCTO fpO4aTb ToBap; AAA Toro, qTo6b 3saBeplUHTb UHKA, Hy2O-o eie nOAyqHTbOrlAaTy.

* PHCK onAaTbI qBAmeTCR caMbIM cepbe3HblM AAR KOMHaHHH, 'ibH OcHOBHaH AeSTeAbHOCTb COCTOHT BTOM, ITo6bl co3AaBaTb (pHHaHCOBblC aKTHBbl - AAS 6aHKOB, CO3AalOuHX CBOH aKTHBbl nOCfeACTBOMnIeAOCTTBAAeHHS Kpe4HTOB.

* KaxoBO KaqecTBo AOA2KHHKOB KOMnaHHH?

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Bonpocgr peiYARwmworo xapaAepa

* MoryT OKa3aTb BAHHHHUe Ha Aio6ylo U3 a3.

Crpyrypa I(pegHra

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Oio6peHoe xpeu,rTa

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70

Y,opaeoone AKpeANTOrMM pJc3CaoM

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H CAeAY4OT npeAnO-TeHHRM PYKOBOACTBa cBoero KoMHTreTa. CHCTeMa me nOCAeAoBaTeAbHOrO

oAo6peHHR, no cAoBam ee CTOPOHHHKOB, AaeT COTpyAHHKaM peaAbHy1o BO3MO?KHOCTb npoBepHTb

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KpeAHTa npOHCXOAHT AH6o B popMe nIOAHuTHH pyK, AH6 o B q)opMe OTBeTOB 3a HAH npOTHB .

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npHHWTHR pemieHHH. KaK npaBHAO, 'ieM MeHblue 6aHK, TeM 6oAbmCe CTeneHb ieHTpaAH3aiHH,

nem 6oAbiue 6aHK (a CAeAoBaTeAbHO, H MaclIiTa6 ero onepagHH, oco6eHHo reorpalHpieCKHH),

TeM 6oAbmjie CTeneHb AeMeHTpaAH3ag,HH. HeKoTopble CAeAKH MOryT 6blTb nOTCP.9HbI HS-3a

6iopoKpaTHqecKHx npoBOAo'leK B npoiecce OAo6peHHR KpeAHTa 6aHKoM. YqHTblBas BTO,

MHOrHe 6aHKH nepeAaxoT nOAHOMO'iHX no oAo6peHHIo KpeAHTOB pyKOBOACTBy CBOHX

perHOHaAbHb1X oTAeAeHHH, a Te, B CBOIO o'epeAb, Mor1T nepeAaTb aTH nOAHOMO'HS

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ayAHTOpaMH.

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npeACTaBAS1IOTCH COBeTy AHpeCKTOpOB, npOXOART viepe3 TeXHHqeCKyio npoBepKy pYXOBOACTBOM

6aHKa.

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KOTOPOM OrOBapHBaEOTCc npaaa H o6a3aHHocTH KamAOH CTOpOHbl no OTHOIieHHIO K KpeAHTy.

XOTSI KpeAHTHb1H AoroBop He [o13BOAAeT KpeAHTOpy KOHTPOAHPOBaTb HCTO%1HHK norauieHHR

KpeAHTa, OH COAep2KHT yCAOBH1, OrOBOPKH H orpaHH'eHH1, COCTaBAeHHb1e TaKHM o6pa3oM,

71

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qreTKaS o6pa6oTKa BCeH AOKyMeHTaUHH HBAAeTCn CyIgeCTBeHHbIM BAeMeHTOM H CHCTeMblBHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAR 6aHKa. H XOTH aTO lpaBHAO 'aCTO HapyUIaeTC9, He CAeAyeT BbiAaBaTh

KpeAHTa KAHCHTY AO Tex nop, noKa OT HerO He 6yAeT noAy-leHa BCR Heo6xoAHMaA

AoKyMeHTaUHH. OTAeAbHaA CTPYKTYPHaA eAHHHUa 6aHKa AOA2KHa npoBePATb H xpaHHTb BCIOAOKyMeHTaUHlo.

06ecn'eqeHie H FapaInwT

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npHHSTHe o6ecneqeHHR O'eHb 2reAaTeAbHO. OAHaKO BTO He AOAMHO yCnOKaHBaTb KpeAHTOpOB.

33 Ha paS3BBaioqUjxcR pbIHKaX IeHHOCTb AOKyMeHTHpOBaHHR KpeAHTa 'aCTO CHH2maeTCJI HS-SaHeBOSM02KHOCTh COSAaTh YCAOBHR AM BbinOAHeiiHUl KoHTpaKTa. CAeAOBaTeAbHO, aAeKBaTHan PyHXUHOHHpyioiJUazripaBoBag OcHOBa npeACTaBBAJeT 'peSBbrNaHHyIO BamHOCTb AMA ycoBepmeHTOBaHH ynpaBAeHHR KpeAHTbiMpNCKOM. flpaBOBaS peq)opma - o4eHb BaMHblI qaxTop yCnleIHOCTH BKoHoMHIecKoi peqOpMbl.

72

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TaK, KaK BTo npeACTaBAeHO B Ta6AHMe 3.1.

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B COOTBeTCTByKioLeM opraHe. HanpHMep, B HeKOTOpbIX 6AHmHeBOcTO'qHbIx CTpaHax,

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CHAbl A0 Tex nop, noxa nepeAaBaembie nocTyrnAeHHA He 6yAyT BbinAa'iCHbl KpeAHTopy B 8TOH

cTpaHe. ECAH nocTynAeHHU BbiLAaMeHbI B TpeTbeH CTpaHe, TO AOKyMeHTbi He HMelOT

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73

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74

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3 aKoHoAaTeAbCTBO HeKOTOPbIX CTpaH Tpe6yeT, 'ITo6bi rapaHTy, C geAbio npfaHHS1

rapaHTHH 1opHAHmecKoi CHAbI, 6bLAO npeAOCTaBAeHO B KaKOf-AH6o qopMe BCTpeCHOe

yAOBAeTBOpeHHe. B !eAOM, 3aeMU1HK AOA2KeH npeAOCTaBARTb rapaHTY BCTPe-iHOe

yAOBAeTBOpeHHe. B OTCYTCTBHH TaKOBOrO, BCe Tpe6oBaHHR K rapaHTy He HMeiOT iopHAwiecKOf

CHAbl.

ECTb eiie OAHa, HeCKOAbKO COMHHTeAbHaS, q)opma o6ecne'eHHa, npeAOCTaBAReMOrO

MaTepHHCKOu KOMnaHHei 3aeMuIHKa, KOTOPYIO Ha3biBalOT KOMqpoPTHbe nUHCbMa. IleAb BTHX

nHCeM - 3aBeplTb KpeAHTOpa B TOM, 'To MaTepHHcKas KoMnaHHS npeAnpHMeT Bce

Heo6xOAHMbie Mepbi AAi o6ecneseHHu. mU2KHHeCnOCo6HOCTH 3aeMLUHKa . KpeAHTop AOAmeH

BblHeCTH cBOe Cy6'beKTHBHOe Cy2KAeHHe 0 TOM, CTOHT AH npUHHRTb KOMq)OpTHOe IlHCbMO B

Ka'IeCTBe o6ecneieHhiH KpeAHTa HAH HeT.

HABAIOAEHHE 3A KPEAUTOM

HIOCAe TOrO, KaK KpeAHT 6blA BbiAaH, 6aHK AOA2KeH npeAnPHHTb Mepbl AAR o6ecne'eHNu

ero BoxapaTa. YnpaBAeHHe KpeAHTaMH RBA.ReTCH OAHOH MH rAaBHb1X 3aAaq COTPYAHHKOB

KpeAHTHOFO OTAeAa 6aHKa. Xopoiuee ynpaBAeHHe KpeAHTOM He HCnpaBHT "nAOXOH KpeAHT, HO

MHOrHe xOpOulIHe KpeAHTbi moryr CTaTb npo6AeMHbiMH B cAy'iae HeaqXCeKTHBHOrO ynpaBAeHMH

HMH COTPYAHHKaMH KpeAHTHoro oTAeAa 6aHKa.

BaHKH CAeART 3a 3aeMUAHKaMH AAR TorO, 'To 6 bI YAOCTOBepHTbCq B 6AaronoAy'rHOcTH HX

pUHHaHCOBOrO nOAO2KeHHH H B BbInOAHeHHH HMH yCAOBHH KpeAHTHOrO AoroBopa; a TaXme AAS

nOHCKa HOBbIX BO3MOmHocTeH AeAOBOrO coTpyAHH'eCTBa C KAHeHToM. Ha6AioAeHue 3a

KpeAHTOM HeO6xOAHMO AASI TOrO, TO6bI BblHSBHTb Ha paHHeM CTTAHH npHI3HaKH TOro, ITO 3y

3aeMUWHKa MOryT flORBHTbCSI 3aTPYAHeHHH C noraUCeHHeM KpeAMTa. 3 To HeO6XOAHMO AeAaTb Ha

paHHeH CTaAHH AAa TOro, 'lTo6bi MaKCHMaAbHO yBeAH'iTb B(pXFeKT OT KOppeKTHpyOlujHX

Ae4CTBHui 6aHKa H CHHUHTb ero y6blTKH. Ha6AioAeHHe 3a KpeAHTaMH oco6eHHo BamHO Ha

aTane HX norauieHuH HAH KOrAa OHH CTaHoBSTcE npOcpO'eHHbIMH, HAU me B cAy'Iae HapyuieHHR

YCTaHoBAeHHbIX KpeAHTHbIM AOrOBOPOM yCAOBHH MHHMaAbHOH CYMMbl saAora HAH BeAHqHHbi

U)HHaHCOBbIX KOBc4UHUelHTOB.

BOAbIUHHCTBO 6aHKoB nepecmaTpHBaioT CBOH BBaHMOOTHOI11eHIM C KAHeHTaMH HAH

KpeAMTHbIe onepaUHH no KpaHHeH mepe paS B rOA HAH sauge, eCAH CHTyagLH Tpe6yeT Toro.

3 TH o63opbl HasHHaeT OTBeTCTBeHHbli 3a BTO COTPYAHHMK KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa. B npoUecce

BTHX npoBepoK, COTpyAHHK aHaAH3HpyeT lq)HHaHcoBoe COCTORHHe 3aemuMHKa H TeHAeHUHH ero

paBBuTrHH, ero npOUlAbie H 6yAyxue BOBMOmHOCTH no O6cAynuBaH io cBOero AoAra, a TWKC

AOXOAHOCTb ero onepaUHR H CHTya,UHR Ha TOM pbIHKe, rAe OH pa6oTaeT; nOCAe aToro COTpyHHK

75

YxrpeH'Aemie pwKqoBo4'Cra o HoirrmIreoI UIyBcrTrTeCADHocrTH A lzepemeHam

peluaeT, KaKHM HMeHHO o6pa3oM 6aHKy CAeAyeT npOAOAXaTb pa3BHBaTb AeAoBoeCOTpyAHH1 iecTBO C AaHHbIM KAHeHTOM. nposeAeHHe TaKHX nepHOAHqeCKHX o630pOB MO2KeTllpHBeCTH K TOMY, 'FTO 6aHK paCImHpHT, MOAH(PHUHpyeT, Boso6HoBHT HAH npeKpaTHTnpOBeAeHHe AaHHOrO BHAa KpeAHTHbIX onepagHH c KAHeHTOM. 4 eAOBOe COTpyAHH'ieCTBO 6aHKaC KAHeHTOM noApa3ymesaeT TO, wTO eCAH 6aHK xOqeT COXpaHHTb KAHeHTa, TO OH AoA2KeH 6blTbB Kypce Bcex nAaHOB pa3BHTHR KAHeHTa H Bcex ero (JHHaHCOBbIX noTpe6HOcTeH.

,aAm KOHTpOAH 3a 3aeMllHKOM COTPYAHHKH KpeAHTHoro OTAeAa nOAb3ylOTCR 'eTblpbMRHcTo4HHKaMH HHqOpMaUHH: HHWOpMageH, HMe}oijeHc y camoro 6aHKa, nOAyqeHHOH ynOCTaBUJHKOB 3aeMigHKa, y ApyrHx (pHHaHCOBbIX HHCTHTYTOB H y camoro 3aeMIHKa. Cam noce6e aHaAH3 qpHHaHCOBOH HHq)OpMaUHH AaeT AHUb npeAEBapHTeAbHYIO OgeHKy nOAO2reHHR3aeMIIHKa. OTBeTbI Ha BOnpOCbI, rHOSBHB1UHeCH B PC3yAbTaTe aHaAH3a IgHcp, MOryT 6blTbnoAy3ieHbI TOAbKO B pe3yAbTaTe 6eceAbi c caMHM 3aeMujHKOM. BoAee Toro, 6aAaHcoBble oTqeTbiH OTheTbI 0 AoxoAax He AalOT nOAHOrO npeACTaBAeHHH O niAaHax pyKOBOACTBa. 4AA rIOAyqeHHRme nOAHOM KaPTHHbI COCTOHHHfl H rAaHOB 3aeM.jIHKa COTPYAHHKH KpeAHTHoro oTAeAa AOAmHblCOBepMI1aTb AOCTaTO'HO 'IaCTbie noceJeHHH 3aeMugHKa, Bo BpeMR KOTOpbIX OHH MOrYTnpOBePHTb HaAH'9He H tpH3H%iecKoe COCTO0IHHe MaHIHH H o6OpyAOBaHHa 3aeMu4HKa, a Tai2meAio6biX aKTHBOB, BbicTynaliOgHx o6ecneqeHHeM. AaHHbIe, co6paHHbIle BO BpeMH BTHXnoceUgeHHH MOry'T HCIIOAb3OBaTbCSI 4AA npOBepKH Ka'eCTBa H TOqHOCTH (PHHaHCOBOro aHaAH3a.

ApyrHM aCneKTOM Ae.RTeAbHOCTH 3aeMIIHKa HBAHeTCR co6AioAeHHe HM YCAOBHH KpeAHTHOrOAoroBopa. KpoMe o6si3aTeAbcTBa 33aeMUJHKa noracHTb KpeAHT, AoroBop MomeT BKAIO'laTb Bce6ui ApyrHe yCAOBHII, TaKHe, KaK o6s3aTeAbCTBa nOAAep2KHBaTb MHHHMaAbHbIH ypOBeHbo6opoTHoro KanHTaAa H AeBepeAma. HeBbInOAHeHHe 3aeMJ1HKOM BTHX yCAOBHH MomeTnpHBeCTH K Heo6XOAHMOCTH npHMeHeHHH K HeMy paSAHMHb]X CaHKUHH, TaKHX KaK, HanpHMep,nOBbUUeHHe npOgeHTHOH CTaBKH, AH6o me, B KpaHHHX CAyqaMX, aHHyAHpOBaHHe AoroBopa HyCKOpeHHe npogecca noraHueHHR KpeAHTa. qZ4 Ha6AIoAeHHM 3a BbinOAHeHHeM 3aeMuHKOByCAOBHH KpeAHTHOrO AoroBopa, 6aHKH ICepHOAHqeCKH COCTaBAHIOT H aHaAH3HPYIOT crelCHaAbHbIeo6sopbl. KapToTeKa KpeAHTHOH HH(pOpMaUHH coAep2HT OqeHb Ba2KHyio C TOmKH 3peHH%IHa6AioAeHHH 3a KpeAHTOM HHqpOpMaMHlO, KOTOpaR MO2KeT 6blTb HCnOAb3oBaHa KaKBHyTpeHHHMH H BHeUIIHHMH ayAHTOpaMH, TaK H peryAHPYIOU2HMH opraHaMH. KapToTeKaKpeAHTHOH HHq)OpMaUHH AoAmHa BKAio'iaTb B ce6e CAeAyloliee:

* AaHHbIe 0 AHMHTaX KpeAHTOBaHHR;

* AoKyMeHTaUH1O o6 o6ecneqeHHH KpeAHTa;

* MeMopaHAyM o6 oAo6peHHH KpeAHTa;

* OUeHKY o6ecneqeHHM KpeAHTa;

* 6a30oyio HHOMopagH1O 0 KAHeHTe;

* AaHHbie 0 AOXOAHOCTH OnepagHH KAHeHTa;

* aHaAH3 KOHKypeHTHOCnOco6HOCTH KAHeHTa;

* nAaH C4eTOB; -

* OTqeTbl O nOCelgeHHH KAHeHTa;

* eCeKBapTaAbHYlO KAacCH4PHKaUH10 PHCKOB no KpeAHTy (eCAH TaKOBbie HMeKoTcfl);* HHaHCOBbie OvT'ie KAHeHTa;

76

Ynpa.einHe KpeAHTNTMMN PNCJraJWH

* CTPaTerHIO H nAaH AeHCTBHH Ha cAyqiaH BO3HHKHOBeHH.I y KAHeHTa (pHHaHCOBblX

3aTpyAHeHHf;

* nporHo3Hpyemoe ABH2KeHHe AeHe2KHbIX CpeACTB;

* nepenHcKy c KAHeHToM;

* OMeHKH pyKOBOACTBa;

* Bblpe3KH H3 npeccbi (O KAHeHTe);

* OTMeTbI 0 npOBeAeHHbIX HCCAeAOBaHHSX;

* npolyio AOnOAHHTeAbHYIO HHqpOpMagHI0.

nPOSAEMHbIE KPEaHbI H PABOTA C HHMH

Hpo6AeMHbie KpeAHTbI HBAHIOTCq peC3yAbTaToM AcHe2KHoro KPH3HCa KAUeHTa, XOTR B

HeKOTOPbIX CTpaHaX C oneHb CAa6oH qpHHaHCOBOU AHCUHnAHHOH Ccy'eCTByeT KAacc 3aeMU4HKOB,

HMeHYCMbIX 3AOCTHbIMH HenAaTeAbUgHKaMH, KoTopbie MoryT, HO He 2KeAalOT noracmTb KpeA4rr.

TaKoe fBAeHHe Ha6AioAaAocb, HanpHMep, B BaHrAaAeLU B KOHUe 8 0-x rr., noKa He BMelIaAHCb

peryAHPYI,OIHe opraHbI H He HcipaBHAH CHTyaUHIo. KpH3HC C AeHeC2HbIMH CpeACTBaMH Mo2reT

HaCTynHTb BHe3anHO, HO pa3BHBaCTCH OH noCTeneHHO. 1H no Mepe ero pa3BHTHn HaBHHalOT

nO9BARTbCH ege CAa6bie, HO BCe 2me nPH3HaKH (BHeLnHHe H BHyTpeHHHe) ero HaCTynAeHHH.

COTPYAHHKH KpeAHTHoro OTAeAa 6aHKa HBAHIOTCH ero nepBOH AHHHeH o6 opOHbl npOTHB

BO3MOmHbIX y6blTKOB; OHH AOA2KHbi 6blTb B COCTO9HHH pacnO3HaTb H npoaHaAH3HPOBaTb

nepBbie npH3HaKH HacTynaiogero KpH3HCa. l-eM TecHee B3aHMOAeHCTBHe COTPYAHHKOB

KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa H KAHeHTa, TeM 6OAbule HHOMpmaUHH 0 UHHaHCOBOM 6AaronoAyq'iH

onepaIHHi KAHeHTa. Be3 noCTOHHHOrO o6HOBAeHHR BTOH HHOpMaUHH, npUH3HaKH npo6AeMHocTH

KpeAUTa MOryT OCTaTbC.9 He3aMeMeHHbJMH.3 4

IocAe TOro, KaK KpeAHT 6bIA ripeAocTaBAeH, AOAmHbi 6bITb npeAfnpHHRTbI Mepbi AAR

npeAOTBpaueHIH y6bITKoB no HeMy. AoKyMeHTagHH no KpeCATy AOA?KHa o6ecneqHBaTb AoCTyn

6aHKa K A!060H 3q)HHaHCOBO HHIq)opMaIHH 0 KAHeHTe; OHa AOAKHa 6 blTb IIOFOTOBAeHa B

TeteHHe OnpeAeAeHHbIX npOMe2!YTKOB BpeMeHH H npoayAHpoBaHa HpHeMAeMbiMH AAA 6aHKa

ayArTOpaMH. aoKyMeHTaUHH no KpeAHTY AOA2KHa TaKmKe coAep2KaTb yCAOBHR, AaiouHe 6aHKy

npaBo nlpOBepHTb OT'eTHOCTb KAHeHTa, HAH, no KpaUHeC Mepe, AaloqjHe 6aHKy AocTyn K

pa.3bHCHeHHRM (KAHeHTa) no ero (PHHaHCOBOH OTqeTHOCTH.

CHCTeMbi paHHero BbIBBAeHUH npo6AeMHblx KpeAHTOB OneHb CAO02HO pa3pa6oTaTb H

qeAOBeqeCKHH t4aKTOp HBAReTCA OAHOH H3 CaMb1X cepbi3Hbix noMex. COTPYAHHKH,

OTBeTCTBeHHbie 3a AaHHbiH KpeAHT, MOrYT He AOKAaAbIBaTb 0 TpeBO2RHbIX CHrHaAax, 6 OHCb

noABeprHyTbcH KPHTHKe 3a TO, MTO OHH BBeprAH 6aHK B CAOKHY)O cHTyaUmio. BoAee Toro,

onbIT nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO omeHb 'aCTo npo6AeMHble KpeAHTbI, Aame noCAe Toro, KaK OHH 6biAH

BbISiBAeHbl, OKa3blBaiOTCH B Ae4CCTBHTeAbHOCTH HaMHOrO xyme, meM AyMaAH COTPYAHHKH

KpeACTHoro oTAeAa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, TepseTcH AparogeHHoe BpeMq. Ho CHTyaIN MOm2eT 6 blTb

34 B KaTae AOBOAbHO I1HPOKO pacnpocTpaHeHa npaKTHKa, KorAa oTBeTcTBeHHblN pa6oTHHK 6aHKa nocTosHHo

Ha8XOAHTC B pa6o'iHx nOMeu4HHRX 3aeMUHKa A4As OTCAe2KHBaHHR onepawgUH H KOHTpOxn 3a o6opamHBaeMocTio

cxAaAa.

77

YjrpezLAeHwe pyKwoR4cnBa N inoBmeoHN yVcrBArreAToCChocrN Jr 1epeCmeHam

ewe xyme, ecAH PYKOBOACTBo 6aHKa, 3HaH o npo6AeMax cBoero KpeAHTHOrO riopTq,eAM,CKpblBaeT HX H OAHOBpeMeHHo cTapaeTcs KoMrieHCHPOBaTb y6bITKH no HHM obIAaeiHPHCKOWHHbIX KpeAHTOB H cneKYARUHRMH.35

Bo H36emaHHe aToro 6aHKH AeAaloT nepHoAH'iecKHe, He3aBHCHMbDe H o6beKTHBHbie o63opblKpeAHTOB OTAeAaMH BHyTpeHHerO ayAHTa C TeM, qTo6bi OHH BbIBIBHAH ynyneHHbie HAHCKpbITbIe COTPYAHHKaMH KpeAHTHoro OTAeAa npH.3HaKH npo6AeMHOCTH KpeAHTOB. HIpOBepKH,npoBoAHMbie opraHaMH HaA3opa H peryAHpoBaHHM, TaKme o'eHb qacTo BbIRBARIOTHew3MeCiHHbIe npo6AeMHble KpeAHTbl. B npoMecce aq|XpeKTHBHOrO ynpaBAeHH KIpeAiHTHbIMHpHCKaMH, rnepBbIM BbiHBHTeAeM npo6AeMHbIx KpeAHToB RsBASeTCSI CHCTeMa BHYTpeHHeroKOHTpOAH 6aHKa. MHorHe 6aHKH CTa8BT cBoeM eAbXO BHyTpeHHee BbiRBAeHHe npo6AeMHbIXKpeAHTOB H nIpHMeHHIOT CaHKUHH K KpeAHTyIOUJHM COTpyAHHKaM, eCAH npo6Aembi C KpeAHTaMH6blAH 3aMeqCHbl KeM-To ApyrHM. KaK cKa3aA PYKOBoAHTeAb KpeAHTHoro oTAeAa OAHOrOKpynHor,o 6aHKa: "Mbi omHAaem AOCTH2KeHHH 100%-H BepoqTHOCTH BbiSIBAeHHH npo6AeMHoroKpeAHTa

Tpe7r,om,wme CNHrwaAr

Heq)HHaHcOBbIMH TpesBO2HbIMH CHrHaAaMH sBARIOTCHS, HanpHMep, Heo6OCHoBaHHbie3aAep2KKH B noAy'ieHHH OT KAHeHTa (PHHaHCOBOH oTqeTHOCTH, oco6eHHO TOrAa, KOrAaKpeAHTHbIH AorOBOP COAep2IHT yCAOBHe, Tpe6ypoIIee npeAocTaBAeHHe HHpOpMaiHH B TeCeHHHOnpeAeACHHOrO npoemyrTKa BpeMeHH. PaSbqCHeHHH KAHeHTOB o npHqHHax -aaepmeK CaMHHsBAHloTcH npH3HaKaMH npo6AeMHocTH KpeAHTa. HanpHMep, ecAH KAHeHT o6BHHReT B3aAepmKax CBOHX ayAHTOpOB, TO 3HaqHT, CyJ_qeCTBYIOT pa3HOrAaCHR me2nAy HHM H ayAHTOpaMHo TOM, KaK CAeAyeT OTpa3HTb Ty HAH HHyIO cTaTbIO B 6aAaHce HAH KaK cAeAyeT HCflOAb3oBaTbTe HAH HHbie MeToAbi y'eTa. ECAH 8TH pa3HOrAaCHs COXpaHRTCR, TO ayAHTOpbl MOryT AaTbcsoe KBaAH(pHMHpOBaHHoe 3aKAIOqeHHe. 143-3a aToro KOMnaHHH MO2eT nOMeHSHrb CBOHXayAHToPOB Ha ApyrHx - 6oAee rH6KHx, 'To TaK2Ke 6yAeT sBAHTbcS nPH3HaKoM HaABHralOIHXcHCnpo6 AeM.

4pyrHMH He43HHaHCOBbIMH npH3HaKaMH MOryT 6bITb Pe3KHe H3M3eHeHHH B rnaHaxAeHSTeAbHOCTH KAHeHTa, omHAaeMbie PaAHKaAbHb1e HSMeHeHHH B COCTase PYKOBOACTBaKoMriaHHH HAH He6AaronpHRTHbie TeHAeHUHH Pa3BHTHH Ha PbIHKe 3aeMuiHKa. HemeAaHHe meKAHeHTa AaTb AeTaAbHbie pa3HcHeHHHfn no n1o00y Tex HAH HHbIX CTaTeH q)HHaHcoBoHOT'eTHoCTH MomeT 6bITb pacUeHeHo KaK OTKa3 OT COTPYAHMH1eCTBa H AOBepHH, KOTOpbieAOA2KHbl CYU_eCTBOBaTb BO B3salMOOTHOI1eHHHx 6aHxa H KAHeHTa. B XyAin1eM cAyqae, sTOHe2KeAaHHe KAHeHTa Mo2KeT 6blTb o6ycAOaAeHo cTpeMAeHHeM CKpblTb KaKHe-AH6o HenpHHTHbieqakTbi. H Hao6opOT, HHorAa KAHeHT MOmeT HMeTb onpaEsAaHme cBoeMy OTKa3y AaBaTb Ty HAmHHnIO HHHpOpMagHio; HanpHMep, C MeAbIO 3aI1HTbl OT KOHKypeHTOB. Ho COTpYAHHKH 6aHKaAOA2KHbl yMeTb nOHRTb, KOrAa KAHeHT 3AoynoTpe6AxeT CBOHM npaBoM Ha Hepa3rAamIIeHHeOnpeAeAeHHOH HHqOpMaUHH. KpeAHTylowHe COTpYAHHKH AOA2KHbi npOH3BeCTH TuaTCAbHY1OOMeHKY CHTyaMHH H OnpeAeAMTb, CTOHT AH 6aHKy HacTaHBaTb Ha noAyqeHHH TOH HAH HHOUHHq)opMaUHH. PasyMeeTcR, Aio6bie HapyllleHHR YCAOBHH KpeAHTHOrO Aorosopa AOA2KHbi 6biTb

35 APHCTO6YAO Ae XyaH 1987.

78

YnpaAueHNe KpeamTBwiwm pncKramn

TgaTeAbHO paCcAeAOBaHbI. Oco6eHHo Cyu4eCTBeHHbIMH ABA.HIOTCH HapyMiieHHH 3anpeTHreAbHbIX

oroBOpOK, orpaHHMHBalO4gHx o6beMbl AOnOAHHTeAbHbIX 3aeMHbIX CpeACTB.

Lt)HHaHCoBbie npH3HaKH npo6AeMHocTH KpeAHTa MoryT npOHBHTbCSI npH npoBeAeHHH

aHaAHsa (HHaHcOBOH oTqeTHoCTH. OAHaKo B BTOM cAy'iae HenpHRTHOCTeH yme He H36emaTb.

(3 3HHaHCOBbie npH[HaKH npo6AeMHOCTH KpeAHTa MOryT npOHBHTbCq qepe3 MO4H¢HKXaHio

KpeAwToB, npeAOCTaBAReMbiX 3aeMu_HKy. HanpHmep, Ce3OHHble KpaTKOCpOMHble KpeAHTbl MOFyT

Bo3o6HOBAHTbcHI nOCToHHHO H B pe3yAbTaTe CTaHyT BeqHo3eAeHbIMH". Bce 6oAee 'acTble

npocb6bi KAHeHTa o6 YBeAHMeHHH cpoKa KpeAHTOBaHHR HAH o6 yBeAHqeHHH YCTaHoBAeHHbIX

AHMHTOB oBepApacpTa MOrYT CBHAeTeAbCTBOBaTb 0 HeHOPMaAbHOCTH ABHmeHHH AeHe2HbIX

CpeACTB. YCAOBHH KpeAHTOB AOA2KHbl COOTBeTCTBOBaTb !3eARM KpeAHTOB. 3aeMUJHK MO2KeT

HCnOAb3OBaTb KpaTKOCPO'IHblH KpeAHT Ha 3aKynKy OCHOBHblX CpeACTB AH6o H3-3a nAoxoro

q)HHaHCOBOro nAaHHpoBaHHa, AH6o H3-3a HeAocTYnHOCTH AOArocpolHbix KpeAHTOB - aTa

CH7yalUHR HepeAKa B pa3BHBaEOI.HXCH CTpaHaX. HIpH'HHbi HeCOOTBeTCTByio0i_erO HCnOAb3OBaHHH

AOA2KHbi 6 blTb pacCAeAOBaHb1.

fIepBas peajxriow Ha m7oeTHfmaHAHO npo6Aemmbre vpegmw

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npo6AeMaMH. Y KOMnaHHH c 60Aee HH3KHM ypOBHeM aqxfpeKTHBHOCTH BO3HHKaioT B aTOH CBH3H

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* npoaHaAH3HpoBaTb npo6AeMbi 3aeMIUHKa;

* npOKOHCyAbTHpOBaTbCH C COTpyAHHKaMH oTAeAa, 3aHHMaiOl_HMHCn npo6AeMHbIMH

KpeAHTaMH HAM C pyKOBOACTBOM;

* peKOMeHAOBaTb AaTb KpeAHTy 6oAee HH3KyIO KAaccH(pHKaUHIO H npeKpaTHTb OTpameHHe

npOleHTOB nO KpeAHTy B AOXOAax 6aHKa;

* co6paTb HH)OpMaUHio O TOM, rAe eige 6aHK MO2KeT CTOAKHYTbCR C pHCKOM B pa6oTe C

AaHHbIM KAHeHTOM;

* emeAHeBHO cAeAHTb 3a ctieTOM KAHeHTa Ha npeAMeT BO3HHKHOBeHHR oBepApa¢Ta;

* npOCMOTpeTb BCIO KpeAHTHYIO AOKyMeHTa2Hio, rapaHTHH, BeKCeAH, o6ecne'ieHHx,

HnOTeKy;

* H3y"HTb BO3MO2KHOCTb noAy'CHHH o6ecnetieHHq (B cAy'ae, eCAH KpeAHT Heo6ecnelieH);

* Bbipa6oTaTb nAaH KOppeKTHPYIOU4HX Mep.

C6op HHJOpMaUHH 'pe3BbiNaHHo BameH. B HAeaAe, HaHAy'iUIHM HCTO'IHHKOM HHq)opmauHH

.aaae'rc. caM 3aeMU4HK. Ho o6bl-rHo 3a HHcpOpMaU,HeH CAeAyeT o6pajaTbcs H K APyrHM

HCTOMHHKaM: K ApyrHM 6aHKaM, K nOCTaBL4HKaM H K OCHOBHbIM nOKynaTeARM npoAyKI.HH.

C6op H TpaKTOBKa aTOH HHq3OpMaUHH AOA2KHbi nOMO'lb BbISIBHTb npo6AeMbl H CTeneHb HIX

79

JrpeilAeHHe pyJOBogCTBa H J7OhiMeHHi VYBCTBHTOAbHOCTH AJ MepeveHaM

CAOmHOCTH. IHOCAe 3aBepmemHH aToro npogecca MOmiHO nepeXOAHTb K onpeAeAeHHIOCAeAyoligHX miaroB H Bblpa6OTKe nAaHa.

Ha nepeom aTane Bbipa6OTKH ruAaHa Heo6xOAHMO onpeAeAH,b, KTO 6yAeT HM pyKoBo4HTb.

HeKoTopble 6aHKH cqHTalOT, qTO PYKOBOAHTb 8THM AOA2KeH COTPYAHHK KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa,OTBeTCTBeHHblIH 3a AaHHbiH KpeAHT, nOTOMY WTO aTOT 'eAOBeK Ayqlue1, leM KTO-AH6o ApyroH,3HaeT 3aeMIJHKa, HAH nOTOMy, xITO pa3 OH npHBeA K BO3HHKHOBeHHIO TaKOH CHTya4HH, TO OH HAOA2eH Bblpy'aTb 6aHK. ApyrHe 6aHKH Co3AaiOT AA.! aToro He3aBHCHMbie OTAeAbI, KOTOpbie

Bbipa6aTbIBalOT 6oAee o6IbeKTHBHbIi noAxoA, nOCKOAbKy HM He MemaiarOT CyIeCTByIOiHe

B3aHMOOTHOLueHHs C KAHeHTOM. 06a noAxoAa HMelOT 6OAbllCe HeAOcTaTKOB, qeM npeHMyIleCTB.

Pa6oTa c npo6AeMHbIMH KpeAHTaMH Tpe6yeT MHorO BpeMeHH H 3aTpaT. C OAHOH CTOpOHbi,

BpeMH, 3aTpa-IHBaeMoe COTpYAHHKOM 6aHKa, KOTOpbliH 3HaeT pbIHOK, Ha BOccTaHoBAeHHe

npo6AeMHoro KpeAHTa, MorAo 6bl 6bITb noTpaIeHO Ha npeAoCTaBAeHHe HOBblX KpeAHTOB.KpoMe TOrO, AHqHbie B3aHMOOTHOmIeHHR COTpyAHHKa C 3aeMUAHKOM MOFYT CAeAaTb ero noAxoAHeo6beKTHBHbIM H HeAocTaTo'IHO mecTKHM. C ApyroH CTOpOHbl, COTPYAHHKH cnegHaAbHOro

oTAeAa 6aHKa AOAmHbi 6yAyT nOTpaTHTb AparogeHHoe BpeMR Ha H3y'ieHHe KOMnaHHH HoTpaCAH, B KOTOpOH oHa pa6OTaeT. 06bVqHO, 6aHKH riepeAalOT B CrIegHaAbHbliH OTAeA AHH1b

HaH6OAee npo6AeMHbie KpeAHTbI, T.e. Te KpeAHTbi, no KOTOpblM 6aHK penIHA Ao6HBaTbcA

AHKBHAa4HH aKTHBOB, H TeM 3aeM11HKaM, C KOTOpbIMH 6aHK B 6yAyujeM pa6oTaTb Heco6HpaeTcHR. HanpHMep, OAHH 6aHK OCHOBbIBaA riOAHOCTbIO CBOH pellleHHR Ha meAaHHH HAHHe2KeAaHHH nOA4ep2KHBaTb C KAHeHTOM OTHOlueHHR B 6yAyWeM. ECAH 3aeMU4HK - KOMnaHHH, CKOTOpOH 6aHK He co6npaeTcH noAAepA HBaTb OTHOlueHHH B 6yAygeM, TO npo6AeMHblii KpeAHTnepeAaeTcH B cnegHaAbHblH oTAeA 6aHKa c nepeAaqei eMy npaBa AeHCTBoBaTb 6esorpaHHqeHHH . OAHaKo MeTOAbI pa6oTbl c npo6AeMHblMH KpeAHTaMH 3aBHCqT OT MHOrHXq)aKTopoB. B Tex CTpaHax, rAe 6OAb1UHHCTBO npeAnpHnTHH, a, CAeAoBaTeAbHO, H 6aHKOB 6yAyTnepeCTpaHBaTbCH, rpeAcTaBAAeTc.l 6oAee npaKTHqHbIM crpynnHpoBaTb peAKHX CriegHaAHCTOB Bo6AacTH pa6OTbl c ripo6AeMHbIMH KpeAHTaMH B Cnej,HaAbHbliH OTeA, KOTOpbiH 6bl 3aHHMaACR

BTHMH nIpeAnpHHTHHMH. 3 6 B aTHX o6CTOATeAbCTBax 6aHKy npou;e cpa3y H3MeHHTb CBOIOCTpyKTYpy OAHH pa3 C TeM, 'To6bi nOTOM He npHI1JAOCb 3aTHrHBaTb npoUecc pa6oTbl C

npO6AeMHbIMH KpeAHTaMH.

06bl-'Ho 6aHKH CTapaiOTCE nOMOraTb 3aeMu,HKaM B peCIueHHH HX (pHHaHCOBbIX npo6AeM, HOBTO HyMtlHO AeAaTb o'eHb OCTOpO2KHO. C OAHOH CTOpOHbl, 6aHKH cTapaioTCq 3aguHTHTb CBOH

aKTHBbI H B npogecce aToro MOrYT IOBAHHTb Ha pelleHHH pyKOBOACTBa -3aeMuHKa HAH Aame3aCTaBHTb ero llpHHHTb TO HAH HHOe peCIIeHHe. KAHeHTbi me, c ApyroH CTOpOHbl, MOryT AH 6onoTpe6oBaTb HeBMem1IaTeAbCTBa B HX AeAa, AH6o me npHBeTCTBOBaTb KOHCTpYKTHBHbiH COBeT. CiOpHAHqeCKOH TOqKH 3peHH,l, COBeT - aTO peKOMeHAaiHH, npeAOCTaBAsIMma 6aHKoM KAHeHTy.InpH aTOM 6aHK He AOA2eH BMellHBaTbC$i B npogecc npHHITHH pellueHHH nOCAeAHHM.

CTpaTerR cilacearLa Kpe4'HTa

3AeCb He cyigeCTByeT KaKHX-AH6o YHHBepCaAbHbIX npaBHA, nOCKOAbKy Ka2KAblH

npo6AeMHbli KpeAHT yHHKaAeH, HO HaH6oAee IHpOKo pacnpocTpaHeHbI CAeAY3OgIHe nOAXOAbl:

36 a. WeHr 1990a.

80

ll ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ HaFCM lr e | | |H |MC RaM

Yn'paasIeNe Kpe,A'NTHJIMN poCKaSM

* paspa6oTKa nporpambi H3MeHeHHn CTPYKTYPbI 3aAoAmeHHOCTH;

* noAy'ieHHe AonOAHHTeAbHOH AOKyMcHTaIgHH H rapaHTHU;

* yAep2KaHHe AonOAHHTeAbHoro o6ecneqeHHa;

* nsomeHHe AonoAHHTeAbHbIX CpeAcTB;

* npoAama o6ecneMeHH.s;

* npoAama npOlHx aKTHBoB;

* o6pauAeHHe K rapaHTaM;

* opraHH3aHR cOaBMeCTHorO TOBaPHU,jCTBa H BAo2KeHHe KanHTaAa;

* pa6oTa c PYKOBOACTBOM no BbiHBAeHHio npo6AeM H noHCKy HX pelleHHH;

* pa3pa6oTKa nporpamm CoKpaijgeHHs pacxoAon;

* npoAa2Ka KoMnaHHH TpeTbeH CTOpOHe;

* 3aMeHa pyKOBO4CTBa;

* Ha3HaseHHe ynpaBASilOIIHX H KOHCYAbTaHTOB AAR pa6OTbl c KoMnaHHeH OT HMeHH

6aHKa;

* yBeAHseHHe co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa KoMnaHHH 3a c'ieT BAaAeAbDieB HAH ApyrHx

CTOpOH;

* peopraHu3agUH KOMriaHHH (BHe cyAa);

* opraHH3aH qpHHaHCoBoH nOMOU4H CO CTOpOHbl Apyroro (PHHaHCoBoro HHCTHTyTa;

* noAy"eHHe npaBHTCAbCTBeHHb[X rapaHTHU C noAyseHHeM CpeACTB H3 6ioAmeTa AAA

o6CAy2KHBaHHS1 AoAra;

* npHHRTHe IOPHAHsCCKHX Mep, TaKHX KaK ocpHUHaAbHoe o6pa1jeHHe K rapaHTy H

npoAama 3aAora, eCAH KperHT HaXOAHTbCH Ha nOCAeAHeC CTaAHH yxyAIJeHHSI;

* OqJOpMAeHHe AOKyMeHTOB o 6aHKpoTCTBe.

BbI6op CTpaTerHH 3aBHCHT OT MHO2KCCTBa qaKTOpOB, HCKOTOpbie H3 KOTOpblX npHBeAeHbl B

BcTaBKe 3.6.

KAaccCHpONarl, aJUWBOB H 6yXraATepcIroe oISopMAeHHe

HlOTeHUHaAbHb1e H peaAbHO CYWCCTByOijHe rnpo6AeMHble KPCAHTbl Tpe6ylOT npHMeHeHHR

TaKHx npogeAyp, KaK KAaCCHPHKaUHR aKTHBOB, CO3AaHHe pe3epBoB no KpeAHTaM, BeAeHHe

yseTa npo6AeMHbIx KpeAHrTOB, OBepApaMTOB H cnHcaHC e KpeCATOB. Ka2KAaR HU3 BTHX npo°eCyp

onucaHa HHuKe.

,KaCCacHpHKaMHN awKTBOB. Bce 6oAbmee 'iHcAo 6aHKoB KAaCCH(PHUHPY1OT KpeAHTHbie pHCKH

no Ka2KAOMY KpeAHTY B MoMeHT ero npeAocTaBAeHHH.3 7 HCXOAHblH peHTHHr nO3BoAHeT 6aHKaM

37 KpeAHTHbl peHTHHr OCHOBaH Ha noApo6HOM H rAy6oKoM aHaAH3e KpeAxTHoro pHcKa, xaK 9TO

yKa3bIBaAocb parHube, B pa3Aeke AHaAH3 HCTOMHHKOB CpeACTB AAS noranueHHh waAOA2meHHOCTHA. B HeKOTopblX

pasBaBaiouMHxcn PbIHKax 6aHKH pa3pa6oTaAH MexaUHcTHqecKHH cnoco6 ojeHKH HaAeC2HocTH KpeAHTa no

lpHHaHcoBbiM noKa3aTeASM. TaKoi MexaHHcTHmecKHHi noAxoA qpeBaT BbiCOKHM pHCKOM B oco6eHHocTH Ha

pboHa, xapaKTepHsyioWHXCB BbICOKOH nOABH2MHOCTbIO, H Ha pbIHKax, rAe ny6AIKyeMan (lHHaHcoBaB

HHIpOPMaIHR He OTcpaKaeT Aei4cTBHTeAbHoCTh. MeTOAbl OUeHKH KpeAHTOB no o9KaM, HcnioAbayeMbiii npH oUeHKe

norpe6HTeAbcxHx KpeAHToB, HMeeT ysxoe npHMeHeHHe H cooTBeTCTByeT npHIIHnaM CTaTHCTHqecKoro noAxoAa

rpMH ynpaBAeHHH KpeAHTHbIMH nOpTAMH HHAHBHAyaAbHbix 3aeMWHKOB. OHH He roAgTcH AJU oUeHKH

KOMnaiiHHH.

81

YxpeCI.IeHHe p,EO4FoACTBa H noIwmeHHJN w o3CTBHTeAhHOCrH x nepemeliam

6aAaHcHpoBaTb PHCK CBOHX KpeAHTHb1X nlOpTqpeAJX H CHrHaAH3HpOBaTb 0 flepBOOqepeAHb1XHanpaBAeHHHx npoBepOK. IpH no0BAeHHH KaKHx-AH6o npo6AeM, KAaCCcHHKaWHm MeHHeTCH B

3aBHCHMOCTH OT cTeneHH pHCKa H BePORTHOCTH HOPMaAbHoro noraiieHHH KpeAHTOB. BaHKHcaMH npOBOAfT KAaccH(HKaUH1O B CoOTBeTCTBHH C ycTaHoBAeHHb1MH opraHaMH HaA3opa

CTaHAapTaMH. KAaCCH(HKaUHH 6aHKa MO2KeT 6blTb cKoppeKTHpoBaHa, eCAH B PeByAbTaTe

nlpOBeAeHHoH peryAHpyIOlnHMH OpraHaMH nipoBepKH 6blAO yCTaHOBAeHO, 'ITO KAaCCH(jHKaWm6aHKa 6blAa CAHIUKOM MurKoOH. Hpo6AeMHblM KpeAHTaM TaKme npHcBamBaeTcH o6paTHaa

KAaccHPHKagHm, KoTopaH M0o2eT MeHRTbCR B npo&iecce Hx cnaceHHR" c TeM, 'TO6bi oTpa3HTb

cTeneHb HX IIpO6AeMHOCTH (CM. Ta6AHUy 3.2).38

BcTaBKa 3.6 Bbi6op cTpaTerFH "AeqeHE"

l7po6AemrHre OgeHKa ]7oBHgEH CTpa Tereo6AacTN 6awoa

FepcneKTHBbl FepecTpoHiKa

pa3BHTHR oTpaCAH * YBeAHqHTb o6ecnegeHHe

HoAo2KeHHe 3aeM- M02KHO * OTAO2KHTb fAaTe2r

IIlHKa B OTpaCAH HcnpaBHTm * HOMFeHTb pyKOBOACTBOCW)HHaHCOBoe

COCTOAHHe

KCaHeCTBO |Caa

ynpaBAeHHA

Ka'ecTBo

o6ecne'eHHA

Tpe6oBaHHR no

KCPe,A,HTaM YxOAHyTH BbIxoAa HIFAb331 |lpoAa 4 a 3aAoraKpiH6blAbHOCTb HCnpaBHTh CyAe6Hoe

CneWraAbHbie pHCKH pa36HpaTeAbCTBo

HC7TwHAw: By3-AAeH H raMHAbTOH.

Co-4aHnfe pesepBoB no Kpe.4HTam. IOCAe Toro, KaK 6bAUH BbiMBAeHbi npo6AeMHbe aKTHBbl,

6aHKy CAeAyeT Co3AaTb aAeKBaTHbie pe3epBbi npOTHB BO3MO2r.HblX y6bITKOB. 06zi'rHo nOAHTHKa

6aHKOB TaKOBa, -ITO OHH co03AaioT o61e pe3epabi no acey KpCAHTH0My nOpTceAlo HcnegHaAbHbae Pe3epBbIH no KOHKpeTHbIM KpeAHTaM.

38 4Au OgeHKH H KAaCCHqHK&UHH aKTHBOB H COSAaHHK pe3epBOB HHTepeCeH MaTepaHA SGI, KAaCCH(pXKaWaaKTHBOB, CogAaHHe pesepBOB H rIpHOCTaHOBKa BbirAaTmi llpOeHTOB B pa6oTe: PyKOBOACTO 6aHKoM:PeKoMeHAyembie HanpaBAeHHJI (MHpoBoH 6aHK, OT,AeA pa3pa6oTKH tPHHaHCOOH nOArHThH H CMCTeM.BaMHHrTOH, 1990).

82

Ynp&uAeH,e KpeA'nTNhrMN pNCKaxMr

HpaBUAa CO3AaHHH pe3epBOB H CnHCaHHS KpeAHTOB Moryr 6blTb H o6H3aTeAbHbiMH, H

peKoMeHAaTeAbHbIMH - STO 3aBHCHT OT 6aHKOBCKOii CHCTeMbi. OpraHbI HaA3opa MoryT

YCTaHaBAHBaTb HAH He YCTaHaBAHBaTb aTH npaBHAa. HaAoroo6AomeHHe o6uJHX H CneUHaAbHbIX

pewepBoe CHAbHO OTAH'aeTCH OT CTPaHbI K CTpaHe. B CTpaHax, rAC OTCyTCTBYHoT meCTKHC

CTaHAapTbI KAaCCH(PHKaUHH aKTHBOB, 6aHKu maaCTO CaMH YCTaHaBAHBaoT YPOBHb KpeAHTOB, no

KOTOpbIM npeKpangeHo HaqHCAeHHe, pa3mepbi pe3epBoB no KpeAHTaM H y6blTKH. 3To npUHBOAHT

K HeTOqHOCTH npeACTaBACHH5 AaHHbIX B (HHaHCOBbIX oTqeTax, K aKKYMyAHpOBaHHIO HeHBHbIX

y6blTKoB H, B KOHUC KOHUOB, K 6oAbUIHM (PHHaHCOBbIM 3aTpaTaM.

Y-feT rzpo6AeMHrmx Kpe,4HoB. ECAH 3aeMUAHK Hc norawaeT BOBPeMA OCHOBHYIO CYMMY

KpeAHTa H npOgeHTbi no HeMy, TO 6aHK AOA2KeH PeCUHTb, CTOHT AH eMy OTpa2KaTb KPCAHT B

yereTe no npHHUHny HaKOHAeHHR. B OTCYTCTBHH CMRr'iaiOJgHx o6CToHTeAbCTB, HaUHOHaAbHbie

6aHKH B Cl1A, B cAyqae, eCAH BbilrAaTbI npOCPOqCHbi 6oAee, '1cm Ha 90 AHeH, AOA2KHblOTKa3aTbCfl OT npHHUHna HaKOnAeHHH, H BCH CyMMa HaqHCAeHHbIx, HO HC nOAYMCHHbIX npOMeH-

Ta6AHMa 3.2KAaCCcHq3HcajHKU ipeAHTHOH IOAHTHKH npH yIpaBAeHHH xpeaHTamH

KAaccmepH- nOAOA OTAeA 6aHia 4 aCToTa 4 acToTa

ma,uHs

HaAeKHas I1OAAeP2KHBaTb H aeAOBOA OTACA roAoBaA KBapTaAbHaA

pa3BHBaTb BbirOAHbIC

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MTo 6 bi Hs6emKaTb nOTepb BOCCTaHoBAeHHA

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HCToqHHK. By3-AAeH & raMHJAbTOH.

a lepHoA npoAoAKaeTC-H AO Tex nop, noKa AoAr He cnHcaH H 6aHK He OCTaBHA nOnbIDTlH nOAyHHTb CBOH

AeITHbH HaBaA.

83

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TOB AOA2KHa 6blTb cnHcaHa co cqeTa AoxoAoB 6aHKa. ECAH OHH He CAeAajoT BToro, TO Pa3MePHX AOXOAOB 6yAeT 3aBbJLueH. H XOTH aTO Tpe6oBaHHe AeHCTByeT BO MHOrHX CTpaHaX, npaKTHKa

OT CTPaHbl K CTpaHe CUAbHO pa3AH4aeTcfl.

Tpe6oBaHaH. K OTKa3y OT npHHaHna HaKOriAeHHH pa3AHqa1OTCR OT CTpaHbl K cTpaHe;

Ha'qHHaf OT Tpe6oBaHHI llpHHHTHS9 HeMeAAeHHbIX Mep B cAy'qae HerAaTeKa, H 3aKaHqHBaR

peKOMeHAaIUHRMH 6aHKy peiuaTb BOnpOC npHHRTHR mep caMoMy HAH BOo6JJe He npHHHMaTb

HHKaKHX Mep. Y'leT npOUeHTHb1X nAaTe2meH no KpeAHTaM, nO KOTOpbIM He npoH3BoAHTcxHaqHcAeHHe pa3AHIaeTCR OT CTPaHbl K CTpaHe. HeKoTopble 6aHKH OTHOCHT HX Ha cqeT

AoxoAOB; 6oAee KOHCepBaTHBHbJe 6aHKH yMeHbiUaiOT Ha HX BeAH'HHY CYMMY OCHOBHOrO AOAra.YieT momeT Tarme pa3AHqaTbcR B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOrO, pa6oTae'r AH 3aeMu4MK B 'aCTHOMHAH B rOCYAapCTBeHHOM ceKTOpe. B HeKOTOpblX CTpaHax KpeAHTbi npeAnpHMTHRM

rOCYAaPCTBeHHoro ceKTopa y'HTbiBaiOTCR no npHHIIHry HaKOnAeHHH, T.K. CqHTaeTCA, ITO AOAr,B KOHMe KOHUOB, 6yAeT noraiueH rocyAapcTBoM. B HeKOTOpbiX CTpaHax BTO pa3peuieHo AeAaTb

TOAbKO B TOM cAy'iae, eCAH HMeeTCH npaBHTeAbCTBeHHax rapaHTHR. 3 To nPHBOAHT K TOMy, %ITO

y6 blTKH Ha'IHHaiOT aKKyMyAHpoBaTbcSi, %ITO, B CBOIO O'IepeAb, npHBOAHT K

HenAaTemecnoco6HOcTH 6aHKa H Heo6xOAHMocTH H3MeHeHHH ero CTpyKTypbI 3a cqeT CpeACTB

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YYeT oBep4paqnTOB. OBepApaqpTbi, H3-3a cBoei rH6KocTH, HCnOAbS3yOTCH AAR

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HCnOAbsylOTCR KaK B pa3BHTbIX, TaK H B pa3BHBaloigHxcn cTpaHax. OAHaKO ynpaBAeHHe

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CBoeBpeMeHHoe o6CAymHBaHHe AOAra B AaHHOM cAyLiae. OBpeApaqpTaMH mHpOKO3AoynoTpe6AHIOT, KanHTaAH3HPYSI HenOAy-ieHHbIe npogeHTbi, 'ITO BeAeT K 3aBbllleHHIO pa3mepa

AOXOAa, KanHTaAa H aKTHBOB. BOT HeKOTOpbIC H.3 onpeAeAeHHH Hepa6oTaioigHx OBepApa(pTOB:

3a nocAeAHHe 90 AHeH AeHbrH Ha c'eT AH6o Boo6u4e He nocTynaAH, AH6o nocTynaAH B

HeAOCTaTO'qHOM AAR BblnAaTbi npogeHToB KOAH4ecTBe;

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pasmep HenoralmeHHoro OCTaTKa Ha 10% npeBbimlaeT BeAH'iMHy AHMHTa;

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TeM OBepApa(PTHblM cmeTam, no KOTOpbIM He 6blAU yCTaHOBAeHbl AHMHTbl KpeAHTOBaHHSI);

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nHCbMeHHaH npOcb6a KAHeHTa H oAo6peHHe KpeAHTHoro KoMHTeTa);

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CIHcaHHe 0pe4HT0B. HoAHTHKa 6aHKOB B aToiU o6AacTH O'eHb CHAbHO pa3AHqaeTcsi.06blRHO pemIeHHe o TOM, CnHCblBaTb HAH He CnHCblBaTb COMHHTeAbHbIe HAH 6e3HaAemHabie

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84

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pa3BHBaOU4gHXC.I CTpaHaX. IlOBTOMy npogecc Bbi6opa KAHeHTOB Tpe6yeT npOHIBAeHHH rH6KOCTH

H -3paBoro cy?KAeHHA. ECAH BbIRBACHHbIH ypoBeHb pHcKa BbICOK, TO CAeAyeT nlpeAnpHHRTb

TaKHe cmHr aiouHe Mepbl, KaK yBeAHWeHHe o6ecne'eHH5H, npHBAeYeHHe rapaHTHA H yBeAH'eHHe

BKAaAa BAaAeAbgeB KoMnaHHH B KanHTaA. 9 TH MepbI OCO6eHHO aKTyaAbHbl B pa3BHBaioIjHxcR

CTpaHax, rAe IHHHaHcoBOM HH)OPMmaHR AH60 HeHaAe2KHa, AH6o ee npOCTO HeAOCTaTOMHO.

OAHaKo o6ecnemeHHe H rapaHTHH TaKme HMeIOT CBOH HeAoCTaTKH, KOTOpbie 6yAyT

PaCCMOTpeHbI HH2Ke.

KpeAHTocnoco6HocTb nOTeHCHaAbHoro KAHeHTa Mo2KeT 6bITb cpaBHeHa c

KpeAHTocnoco6HOCTbIO KAHeHTOB H3 TOH mKe OTpaCAH npOMbIunAeHHOCHT. ECAH (3HHaHCOBaR

CTpyKTypa H nOKa3aTeAH Ae39TeAbHOCTH KoMnaHHH CHAbHO OTAH'iaiOTCS OT qHHaHCOBOH

CTpyKTypbi H nOKa3aTeAeH AeCTeAbHOCTH KOMnaHHH, pa6oTalon4Hx B aTOH OTpaCAH

ripOMbiuiAeHHOCTH, TO 4AH OnlpeAeAeHHR rlpHeMAeMOCTH KAHeHTa, CAeAyeT nIpOBeCTH AOnOAHH-

TeAbHbli aHaAH3. BaHKH C XOpOIuHM npogeccom ynpaBAeHiH nopTTeAeM KpeAHTOB HMeCOT CBOIO

co6cTBeHHyIo KAaccHqlHKaUHio npmeMAeMOCTH KAHeHTOB no PHCKY, OCHOBaHHYIO Ha OTpaCAH

npOMbIiuAeHHOCTH, B KOTOpOU pa6oTaeT KOMnaHHR. 3Ta KAaCCH(PHKaUHn o6brnHo OCHOBbIBaLTCR

Ha noKa3aTeARx o6tbeMa c6bITa, BeAH'IHHbi aKTHBOB, CTaHAapTOB npH6blAbHOCTH, AHKBH4HOCTH

H AeBepama. 3 aeMIJHKaM, He nOAnaAaioJHM nOA AaHHbie KpHTepHH, AOAmHo 6blTb AH

6o

40 Am q)HHaHcHpoBaHtm HoBbIx npeAnpHRTHa H npoeKToB Tpe6ylOTcR oco6bie npoUeAypbi ynpaBAeHHa

pHcKOM. OHH sKAio'alOT onpeAeAeHHbie Tpe6oaaHHR K KanATaAy H HaAaWHe AerKO AocTyniOro H peazAHyemoro

Ha pbiH(e 3aAOra. BeHqypHoe qlHHaHcHpoBaHHe, OAHaKO, 3a peAKHM HcKAJomeHHeM npoBoAHTCI KoMMepHecKHMH

6aHKaMH ycneuIHo. CM. CarapH H rHAOTTH (1991).

89

Y,pe,AeH,je pKwoBOxcTBa if JIoira cHmN V8BCTBHreAbhHOCTN K JepeMeHaM

OTKa3aHo B KpeAHTe, AH60 me KpeArT AOA2KeH 6blTb npeAocTaBAeH TOAbrO nOCAe noAy'ieHHRCneluaAbHOrO Ha TO pa3peilueHUH, KaK HCKAIOqeHHe H3 IIOAHTHKH 6aHKa.

Bg4,Kpe4ITa. BHA KpeAHTa, T.e. qpma, B KOTOpOU OH 6yAeT npeAOcTaBAeH, OnpeAeAReTCHB 3aBHCHMOCTH OT noTpe6HOcTeH pbIHKa H KAHeHTa, 3aKOHOAaTeAbcTBa, MacJnTa6a onepafUH HAOCTryIHOCTH OrIbITHOrO nIepCOHaAa. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pa3HOBHAHOCTH KpeAHTa MeHReTCxBeAH'qHHa pHcKa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, BHA KpeAUTa H ero cTpyKTypa AOA2HbI COOTBeTCTBOBaTb HeTOAbKO noTpe6HOcTRM, HO H KpeAWFOcnOco6HOCTH riOTeHUHaAbHoro KAHeHTa. B pa3BHTbIXcTpaHax KpeAHTHoe MeHJO npeAAaraeT: KpaTKO-, cpeAHe - H AOArocpoqHbIe KpeAHTbI;o6ecneMeHHbie H Heo6ecneleHHbie; pa3OBbJH KpeAHT HAH KpeAHTHaH AHHHS (oBepApa(PT); 4

Ce3OHHoe HAH nOCTOHHOe CHHaHcHpOBaHHe o6opoTHoro KanHTaAa; noTpe6HTeAbcKHe,pO3HHqHbie, OnTOBbie, KOMMepMeCKHe, npOMbiuL1AeHHbIe HAH ripOeKTHbie KpeAHTbl;Bo3o6HoBASIeMbie, C npHMoi aMOpTH3agHeH HAH KOM6HHaUHH; npHMbie HAH yqaCTSylOlHe;6aAaHcoBbie HAH BHe6aAaHCOBbie; C PHKCHpOBHaHOU H nAaBaioUseH npOgeHTHOH CTaBKOli H BHaMgHOHaAbHOH UAH HHOCTpaHHOH BaAIOTe. B pa3BHBaiogHxcA CTHpaHaX Ha6AioAaeTcR MeHbIUeepa3Hoo6pa3He pa3HOBH4HOCTeH KpeAHTOB, no mepe (pHHaHCOBOH AH6epaAH3agHH Bbl6opyBeAHIHBaeTCH.

Kpe4kTHbIe mHcTpymeH7Tb. KpeAHTHbIe HHCTpyMeHTbI - aTO CpeACTBa npeAOCTaBAeHHRpa3AHqHbIX paBHOBHAHOCTeH KpeAHTOB. CIOAa BXOART KpeAHTbl H KpeAHTHble AHHHH Ha:

* pa3pa6OTKy HeABHMHMOCTH H CTpOHTeAbCTBO 2KHAbIX, KOMMep'IecKHX H npOMbbimiAeHHblXo6beKTOB;

* npHo6peTeHHe CpeACTB ripoH3BOACTBa, 3aBOAOB, MallHH H O6opyAoBaHHx;* HMnOpT, aKCUOPT H IpeAaBKCIOPT TOBaPOB;

* HHaHcHPOBaHHe ce3OHHblx nOTpe6HOcTeH ceAbCKoro xO3RHCTBa;* HHaHcHpOBaHHe AHAepOB B aBToMo6HAe- H CyAOCTpOHTeAbHOH c4pepax;* nOnOAHeHHe TOBapHO-MaTepHaAbHbIX 3anacoB;* (pHHaHCHpOBaHHe Ae6HTOpCKOH 3aAOA2leHHOCTH, nepeyqTeHHbIX BeKCeAeu HAH

cIaKTOPHHrOBbIX onepagHi (npHo6peTeHue KHH2HOrO AOAra);* HrioTeHoe qHHaHCHpOBaHHe;

* CpeAHe - AOArOCpOtHOe (PHHaHCHpOBaHHe;

* AOKyMeHTapHbie aKKpeAHTHBbl;

* rapaHTHH H aKKPeAHTHBbi CTeHA-6afi;

* npoBeAeHHe BaAIOTHblX H npOUeHTHbIX CBOnOB H onepaUHU c OngHOHaMH;* KynAio-npOAa2Ky HHOCTpaHHOH BaAlOTbI;

* BbIKyn KOMnaHHH PyKOBOACTBOM.

41 CorAaxueHHu o6 oBepApa(pTe npeACTaBAJIOT cepbeSHylo npo6Aemy. XO'rn OHH YCTPaHBIOT Heo6xoAmMOCThO9eHb rpoMo3AKHX npoUeAyp, CBBBaI1HbIX C 3aHMcTBoBaHHeM CyMM C qHnacHpoBaHHbtM CpoKOM noraumeHHB AARKpaTKOCfpOMHorO KpeAHTOBaNHM, HMH MOmmO 3AqynoTpe6HTb, oco6eHHo B pa.3BHBaioyHXCf CTpaHaX, KOTOpbIeMaCTO XapaKTepH33POTCB OTCyTcTBHeM HHqlopMaaUHH H CHCTeMbl KOHTpOAB AAB coOTBeTCTB3yWIOerO MOHHTOpHHraTaKiHx KpeAHTOB. IH13AHI'H KanHTaAHsaUHB npIxpoCeHHbix npogeHTOB H HeBoHMomHocTh yCTaHOBHThHepa6oTaioIHe KpeAHTh! JIBABIOTCB TaKme xapaKTepHbIMH AAR pa3BHBaioUJHXCB CTpaH H iacTo COnyTCTByIOT

eHoMeHy oBepApaqTa.

90

Yn'pauseHWe KpeC4'NT jMM pincK NW

COTPYAHHK Kpe4HTHOro oTAeAa AOAMeH 3HaTb, KaKHe BHAbI KpeAHTOB H KpeAlTHb1X

HHcTpyMeHTOB, oTBe'aiouIHx nOTpe6HocTHM KAHeHTa, HMelOTCH B 6aHKe, T.K. OT nlpaBHAbHOrO

Bbi6opa 3aBHCHT, 6yAeT AH norauieH KpeAHT. He CAeAyeT HeAOOgeHHBaTb 3Ha-ieHHe npaBHAb-

HOrO CTPYKTYPHPOBaHHH KpeAHTOB. B HeKOTOPbIX pa3BHBaHOUJHXCH CTpaHaX BOnpOCaMH

CTPYKTYPHPOBaHHH 3aHHMaeTCH UeHTpaAbHblH 6aHK HAH OpraHbl HaA3opa. OHH ycTaHaBAHBaiar

CpOKH KpeAHToB, nepHOAH'IHOCTb Hx noraleHHH H unpOgeHTHbie CTaBKH no HHM. 3 To sacTo

npHBOAUT K 6 OAbIUHM npOCpoqKaM B riorameHHH, nOCKOAbKy MeHTpaAbHbIH 6aHK He Mo2KeT

y'ilTIbBaTb BCe qaKTopbi, BAHHIOU4He Ha (pHHaHCOBOe COCTOHHHe Ka2KAOro KOHKpeTHOrO

KAHeHTa. CTpyKTypa KPeAHTa AOA2KHa COOTBeTCTBOBaTb ero MeAH H, cAeAoBaTeAbHO, 6blTb

rH6KoH.

BaAMora Kpe4aHTa. 9 TOT BOllpOC oco6eHHo aKTyaAeH B pa3BHBaiOuHxcH CTpaHax.

HaUHoHaAbHbie BbIAIOTbI MaCTO HCCTa6HAbHbl, HHCTpyMeHTbl XCA2KHpOBaHHR OTCYTCTBYIOT H

pHCK o6ecUeHeHHSI BaAIOTbI yxyAiuaeT Ka'eCTBO aKTHBOB. 3

aeMuJIHK, He HMeIOIJHH HHOCTpaHHOH

BaAIOTbl H BO3MO2KHoCTeH xei!AMHpOBaHHH, H nOAyIaiouHHH BaAlOTHblH KpeAHT, npeACTaBAReT

nOTeH,HaAbHO cepbe3HbIH PHCK AAR 6aHKa, eCAH HaIHOHaAbHaH BaAIOTa Mo2KeT o6ecUeHiTbcR.

BosMo.wHoCTH icpe4IfTOBaHffH. OHH pa3AHqHbl y pa3AH-HblX 6aHKoB. 3AeCb 6OAbUlylO POAb

HrpaeT OHbIT H nOArOTOBAeHHOCTb nepcoHaAa 6aHKa. HeKoTopble 6aHKH Ayqiue ApyrHx

ynpaBAHloT 6oAee BblCOKHM pHCKOM. Ho 6aHK AOA2KeH 3aHHMaTbcH pHcKoBaHHbIM

(PHHaHCHpOBaHHeM TOAbKO 6yAyqH COOTBCTCTBeHHbIM o6pa3oM nOArOTOBAcHHbIM AAR pa6oTbl Ha

pbIHKe. OqeHb MaCTO TaKaI nOArOTOBKa AOA2KHa BKAIOqaTb OnbIT B 3aKAIOqCHHH COrAaiuIeHHH 0

3aAore H q)HHaHCHpOBaHHH nOA aKTHBbI. IpH aTOM AOA2KHa npHCYTCTBOBaTb AOCTaTOqHaR

3aKOHoAaTeAbHaH 6a3a.

,KoHUeHrpaMHH KpeamTHOr nopToeAH. BaHKH 6opioTca c pHCKOM qpe.MepHom

KOH eHTpafHH nOpTTeMI, nOCTOHHHO OIAeHHBaS BCe CBOH pHCKH. (t)OpMbl BTHX pHCKOB

pawHoo6pa3Hbi: pHCK KpeAHTocnoco6HOCTH, nOrpaHH-iHblH, npOUeHTHb1H, peryArHrBHbli,

TOprOBblH, pHCK onepag,HH C HHBaAIOTOH, BKOAorHqeCKHH, reorpapH'ICKHH, nOAHTU'eCKHH,

KOMMepqeCKHH, onepagHOHHbIH H pHCK MOJiueHHH'eCTBa. PYKOBOACTBo 6aHKa OTBeTCTBeHHO 3a

onpeAeAeHHe AOnYCTHMoro BHAa H BeAHqHHbI pHCKa, KOTOpble OHO XO'eT H MO2KeT npHHWfb.

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BKOHOMHKH. OTCyTCTBHe TaKHX orpaHHqeHHH npORBHAOCb B KpH3Hce 6aHKoBcKoii CHCTeMb1

CLJA B o6AacTH KpeAHTOBaHHH 8HepreTHKH, CeAbCKOrO XO3fHiCTBa H HeABHmHMOCTH.

He cygueCTBYeT YHHBepCaAbHoro ripaBHAa YCTaHOBAeHHH orpaHH'1eHHH0 no ceKTopaM. OAHaKo

MHorHe 6aHKH 3a6biBaIoT o6 OCTOpOMHOCTH, Hm6blTO"HO KpeAHTSyi MOAHbIe CeKTopa.

HanpHMep, 3a nOCAeAHee AecsiTHAeTHe B CLUA 6aHKH 6blAH oco6eHHo nOABepmeHbi noAo6HoH

npaKTHKe. CorAacHo CaMHM OCHOBaM pbIHKa onepa1HH no PCeHKAHPOBaHHIO HecrreAoAAapOB,

KpeAHTOBaHHe BHCpreTHKH, HCABH2KHMOCTH H OnepaUHH HO BbIKyny xoMnaHHH PYKOBOACTBOM

CqHTaAHCb 6esy6blTo'IHb1MH. K cO0KaAeHHIO, Bce 3TH ceKTopa nO3AHee YrPOmaAH AOXOAHOCTH

6aHKoB. H36blTO0'HylO KOHgeHTpaUH1O B OAHOM CeKTOpe oco6eHHO CA02HO H36emaTb B

BKOHOMHKe, KOTOpaH 3aBHCHT OT HeCKOAbKHX CeKTOpOB HAH TOBapOB. Fpogecc YCTaHoBAeHHR

AHMHTOB AOAMKeH 6blTb rH6KHM H, WTO eWi 6oAee Ba2KHO, HaMeAeHHb1M Ha 6yAyu1ee. OH

OCHOBbIBaeTCR Ha H3y'ieHHH pbIHKa, nporHo3e, aHaAH3e MyBCTBHTeAbHOCTH, 3ApaBOM CYMAeHHH

91

YErpeClIeCHe p7JNro5;CTRa H JOBM1e81HH V7DC1WN1eAHOCEH ii epemeHar

H onibTe. B Ta6AHMe 3.3 npeAcTaBAeH o6 paseU AHMHTOB nOpTq,A. UHcppbi BTOH Ta6AHMwamHbl AHlUb AAH HAAIOcTpaUHH.

AHMHTbi KOHUeHTpagHH pHCKOB pa.3AHnHbl y pa3AHHHbix 6aHKoB. ECAH y 6aHKa HMeeTCBOnbIT pa6OTbl B AaHHoH cq)epe, TO OH momeT npHHRTb 6oAee BbJCOKHH YpOBeHb pHcxa. BHeKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX paPMepbl BTHX OrpaHHueHHH yCTaHaBAHBaiOTCR peryAHpyiOIjHMH OpraHaMH,HO aTO BCTpeiaeTcA 4OBOAbHO peAKo. B 6oAbUrHHCTBe CTpaH Ha6AioAaTeAbHbie opraHbi AeAaioT3anpOCbl B CAy"ae %pe3MepHo BbICOKOrO pa3mepa pHCxa.

Ta6AmUa 3.3npeAAaraembIe orpaHHmeHHSI no nopTieAo xJpeAHTOB no OTHOlIIeHHIO X cyMme

o6bsiNAeHHoro KaHHTaAa H peBepBOB

Cipepa KpeCuTOBaHsh BeAHqnna

orpaH8qeH8u

OAHOH KOMnaHHH 10-20%

OAHOH rpynne KOMnaHHHa 25-50%

OAHOHi OTpaCAH IHPOMbI11JACHHOCTH 50-100%

CBR3aHHbIM OTpaCARM 200-500%ripOMbiuiAeHHOCTH 6

CerMeHTy pbIHKaB 1000-1500%

AoAroCpOqHble KpCAHTbl 500-600%

CAyqafiHble o6si3aTeAbcTBa 600-700/o

IJeAeBoe COOTHO1ICHHe 4.6%

KanHTaA/aKTHBbI (K 1992)r

UcTo0HNr8x: Byq-AAAeH & raMHAbTOH.

4eTKoe ynpaBAeHHe nOpTq3eAeM KpeAHTOB Tpe6yeT nOCTORHHOrO Ha6AioAeHHn 3a BCeMHBHAaMH pHCKOB: reorpacpwmecKHM, ceKTOpHbIM, pHCKOM eamMJHKa, rpynnbl 3aeMgHKOB.EmeMecwiHO AOA2KHbi nOArOTaBAHBaTbCB COOTBeTCTBYIOlJHe OTvieTb. rAaBHaR MeAb npH 8TOM -His6emaHHe Hs6biTOqHOii KOHUeHTpaUHH KpeAHTOB nOCPeACTBOM HX AHBepcHqCHKagHH.

a n1A rpynnoii noHMmaeTcsi HecKOAbKO KOMnIaHHH, KOTOpbIe KOHTpOAHp3lOTCq HAH KOTOPbIMH DAaAeeT o4HoAH0O.

6 noA CBJlsaHHbIMH TrpaCAAMH rIOHHMalOTCB BwaHMosaBHcHMbie OTcpaCA HAR OTpacAH, p8ASeMOujHe oAHM HTe me rpynnbi pHCKa (HanpHMep, TypHSM H oTeAm).

B CerweiTbi BKAIO'aIOT Kopi0opa5M, IIpaBmTeAbCTBO, CpeAHmiH pbIHOK H T.A.

r JeAb oCHOBbIBaeTCm Ha CTpaTemHH.

92

YnpawAeNrne iApe,4NTHMMN pNCAXila

CTaIIrapT OMeHIU pHCxa

He Cyu4eCTByeT HenorpemHmoro Ha6opa CTaHAapTOB OgeHKH pHCKa. BeAH"HHa pHcKa

3aBHCHT OT o6ecneqeHsH, noKa3aTeAeH 6aAaHcoBoro oT'eTa KAHeHTa, ABH2KeHHR AeHe2KHb1X

CpeACTB, KanHTaAH3aUHH, aSqxp3erTa pbliara, cpoKa KpeAHTa, ero MeAH H ceKTopa KpeAHToBaHHSH.

B HaCTOHee BpeMH 6aHKH CllIA OpHeHTHPYIOTCR npu OieHKe pHCKa Ha noKa3aTeAH

ABH2KeHHH AeHe2KHbIX cpeACTB, TaK KaK KpeAHTbI noraUnlaloTcH AeHe2mHbIMH CpeACTBaMH, B

BaAioTe KpeAHTa H B MeCTe reorpaq)HxiecKoro MeCTOHaxo2mAeHHR KpeAHTopa. HOBTOMy [npH

cTaHAapTHOHi npaKTHKe paccMaTpHBaeTCH cnoco6HocTb 3aeMigHKa 3apa6oTaTb AOCTaTo'Ho

AeHe2KHbIX CpeACTB AAR noramieHHH KpeAHTa 6e3 HaHeCeHHR BpeAa CBoeH AeeTCAbHOCTH H

yMeHbUleHHH ranwTaAbHOH 6a3bi. IHPH aTOM 6oAbmlo POAb HrpaeT CTeneHb HaAe2rHOCTH

(HHaHcOBOH OT'eTHOCTH, CTa6HAbHOCTb aKOHOMHKH H 3HaHHe KAHeHTa. B MapoKKo, TaKme

KaK H B ApyrHX Pa3sBHBalOU,IHXCH CTpaHaX, KpeAHTOpbl O'1eHb CHAbHO noAaraKYrcH Ha

o6ecneCeHHe, oco6eHHO Ha AHqHoe HMyIJeCTBO 3aeMI1HKa. OHH HCXOAHT H3 Toro, TO

o6H3aTeAbCTBO paCCTaTbCH C AHqHbIM HMyI1eCTBOM B cAy-lae eienorameHHR KpeAHTa 3aCTaBAReT

3aeMU_HKa H3blCKHBaTb CpeACTBa Ha ero noraumeHHe. H XOT51 BO MHorHx pa3BHBaio11mxcsC

CTpaHaX KpeAHTOpbl CHAbHO noAaraloTCfl Ha o6ecnemeMHe, cygeCTBYlOgHe iopHAH4ecKHe

OrpaHH'eHHH He no3BOAH9OT HM 6paTb 3aAor B CBOio co6cTBeHHocTb H peaAH3oBbiBaTb

o6ecne4eHHe Amq norameHuI AoAra. B Ta6AHie 3.4 npeAcTaBAeH npHMep CTPYKTypHpoBaHHoro

nOAXOAa K YCTaHOBAeHHIO KpHTepHeB npHeMAeMOCTH pHCKa.

KpeAHTHbnii HOPT(peAb AOA2reH paCTH B COOTBeTCTBOBHH Co CTpaTerHmeCKHM geARM 6aHKa H

ero OCTOpOmHOU ogeHKoH pHCKOB. H XOTH OAHHM U3 KpHTepHeB xopoweii pa6OTbi 6aHKa

RBAAeTC51 nIpHpOCT aKTHBOB, ero HeAb3M paCCMaTpHBaTb OTAeAbHO OT HX Ka'iecTBa. B

CYU4HOCTH, 6blCTpbli npHPOCT aKTHBOB He nOBOA AAR paAOCTH, a cKopee, CBHAeTeAbCTBO Toro,

ITO OTBeTCTBeHHbie AHMa paCTSHYAH KpeAHTHbIe CTaHAapTbl H OCAa6HAH rioKa3aTeAH

CTpYKTypbl KanHTaAa.

KorAa aKTHBbi 6blCTpO pacTyr, CAeAyeT oco6o TI4aTeAbHO paCCMOTpeTb B3aHMOOTHOuIeHHR

MeMAy KpeAHTOpOM H 3aeMuHKOM. HeT AH CBHAeTeAbCTB Toro, MTO OHO H TO me AHMO

3aHHMaeT p)rKOBOAH4IHe AOA2KHOCTH H B 6aHKe, H B KoMnaHHH-3aeMujHKe, HAH, MoaeT 6blTb,

6aHK RBAReTCI aKIKHOHepOM KoMnaHHH-3aeMUgHKa? HAH, Mo2KeT 6blTb, KoMnaHHS-KAHCHT

m vAsieTCH aKuHoHepOM 6aHKa? MomeT 6 blTb, 6aHK npeAOCTaBAReT OTAeAbHblM 3aeM1UHKaM

CAHUKOM 6oAbuiHe o6beMbi KpeAHTOB? IBblA cAyaiaH, KorAa 6aHK 'epe3 nRTb AeT nocAe cBoero

OCHOBaHHR co6paA HaH6oAbiUIHf nopTqeAb KpeAHTOB CpeAH ApyrHx MeCTHbIX 6aHKOB. A nosme

BbURCHHAOCb, wTO 45% KpeAHTOB 6blAH npeAOCTaBAeHbl CBR3aHHbLIM q)HpMaM.4 2 TaKHM

o6pa3oM, pa3mep He BcerAa rOBOPHT 0 Ka-'eCTBe H KoMneTeHTHOCTH. KpOMe Toro, B CTpaHax,

rAe oco6eHHO pacnpoctpaHeHo OBepApacPTHOe HHaHCHpOBaHHe o6apOTHorO KanHTaAa, CpOqHOe

42 no onpeAeAeHHIO, KpeArTbl cBRsaHIHbM C 6aHKOM (pHpMaM He RBA.RIOTCSR HeHaAemKHbIMH. O9eHb qacTO,

oAHaKo, 3aHMbl, npeAocTaBAnlembie CBHRaIHbIM q1HpMaM, npeAOCTaBASIoTCR He Ha OCHOBe 06 bexKTHDHOH

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aTOi npHNHHe, a TaK2Ke BCAeACTBHe Toro, 'irO BbICOKHA npoyeHT KpaXa 6aHxon 6blA Bb!3BaH npeAocTaBAeHHeM

KpeAHToB cBjlSHHbiM c 6aHKoM npeAnpHRTHNM, 6aHKOBcKOe peryAmpoBaHHe Tpe6yeT BBeAeHNR OrpaHH'eHIia H

o6nsaTeAbHbifl MoHwTopHHr KpeAHToB, npeAocTaBaAemb1x cBRsaHimbM aHpMaM. 10 npOUeHTOa aT o6ijero o6beMa

npeAOCTaBAeHHbnX KpeANTOB npHsHaeTcR paayMHbIM COOTHOHIeHNeM.

93

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95

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4 HTaTeAb cpasy 2Ke 3aMeTHT, qTO 3HaqieHHe HnpHMeHeHHe KOHUenUHH npeAeAbHOH CTOHMOCTH TecHo cBH3aHa C pbIHO'qHbIMH ycAOBHRMH. EenpOHHKHOBeHHe B npaKTHKY pa6oTbl 6aHKa noATBep2KAaeT aTo Haa6AloACHHe.

B nlpeAHCAOBHH K BbInlyUgeHHOH B 1974 r. CHTH-Kopn KHHre noA Ha3BaHHeM OgeHKaBaHlHX AeHe2KHblX 3anacOB, YoATep PHCTOH, IlpeAceAaTeAb CHTH-KOpn, yTBepmAaA: Bcqepe oKa3aHHH cpHHaHCOBblX ycAyr, HalluHMH 3anacamH HBAH!OTCH AeHbrH, H Mbl MO2KeMBbI2KHTb H npOUBeTaTb TOAbKO B TOM cAyqae, eCAH HalllH co6CTBeHHbie sanacbi Mbl OgeHHBacMTaK 2Ke, KaK H 3ariacbI HawHx KAHeHTOB. 9 Ta KHHra 6blAa ony6AHKoBaHa TorAa, KorAaKpynHble 6aHKH CLIJA, BKAIOiaH CHTH-6aHK, AAAS (HHaHCHPOBaHHa pOCTa aKTHBOB BCe aigyecTaAH npH6eraTb K HCnOAb3OBaHHIO TaKHX pblHO-fHblX HHCTpyMeHTOB, KaK o6pau aeMbxeAenowHTHb!e cepTH(PHKaTbi. B aTO BpeMH Ha6AlOAaAcs 6blcTpbliH POCT o6beMa onepaUuiH HaMe2K6aHKOBCKOM pblHKe. TaKlHM o6pa3oM, sanacbi AeHC2HblX CpeACTB CTaAH npHo6peTaTbCOBepllleHHo HoBoe 3HaqeHHe, B 'eM TO noxomee Ha 3Ha4eHHe TOBapHO-MaTepHaAbHblX 3anacoBAAA nlpOMbiIIIAeHHbIX nlpeA4lpHHTHH. BaHKH HaqaAH COOTHOCHTb CBOH 3aTpaTbi H AoXOAbI noMeToAy LIFO (nOCAeAHHi! npHHeA, nepBbiH ymxeA).

B 7 0-e rr. OTCYTCTBHe KaKHx-AH6o KpynHbIX KpH3HCOB Ha (pHHaHCOBbIX pbIHxax npHBeAO KTOMy, 'TO 6aHKH C XOPOIIHM (pHHaHCOBbiM nOAO2eHHeM OXOTHO npeAocTaBAHAH KpeAHTbI HAHrIPHHHMaAH Aeno3HTbi 1o rIpeAeAbHOH cTaBKe. Mb, OiIpeAeAHM AAA HalllHX BeAeii rpeAeAbHyiOCTOHMOCTb CpeACTB KaK CTOHMOCTb CpeACTB H3 camoro AemneBoro HCTO'IHHKa, H3 KOTOpOFO OHHmoryT 6blTb noAy'eHbl Ha OTKpbITOM pbIHKe B AIO6OH MOMeHT. Ha npaKTHKe, BTOT HCTO'HHKCpeACTB oKksbiBaeTcH caMbiM AoporHM HCTO'IHHKOM CpeACTB Ha cHo6OAHOM pbiHKe. ECAH 6blHa aTOM mKe PbIHKe CyIeCTBOBaAH 6oAee AewlleBbie HCTO'IHHKH cpeACTB, TO OHH 6blAH 6blHc'epnaHbl npe2Ae, 'eM 6aHKH Ha'aAH 6bl npHo6peTaTb 6oAee AoporHe cpeACTBa.

OIIpe4eAeHHe CTOoHMOCTH epHHaHCOBbIX HHCTpymeHTOB. CAeAyA aHaAOrHH C TOBapHO-MaTepHaAbHbIMH .3anacaMH, MHOrHe 6aHKH B 7 0-x rr. HaqaAH ycTaHaBAHBaTb CBOH npoUeHTHbieCTaBKH no KpeAHTaM H3 pacqeTa npeAeAbHOH CTOHMOCTH CpeACTB nAIOC cripeA C eAb1OAOCTHmeHHR 2KeAaeMoro YpOBHS AOXOAHOCTH Ha co6CTBeHHblfi KanHTaA. B TO BpeMS,AOXOAHOCTb, cKoppeKTHPOBaHHaH Ha PHCK, no KamAOMY KOHKPeTHOMY KPCAHTY He paccqHTbi-BaAaCb, XOTH HpHMepHbIe paCXOAbi Ha C03AaHHe pe3epBOB no KpeAHTaM BKAIO'aAHCb B CyMMynIOKpblTHH onepagHoHHbIX pacxOAoB. PasMep aToH CyMMbi 3aBHCeA OT THna 3aeMiMHKa H/HAHOT cerMeHTa pbIHKa, Ha KOTOPOM OH pa6oTaA. Bo BCTaBKe 3.7 npHBeAeH npHMep TaKoropaCqeTa.

3Ta q)opMyAa MO2KeT 6blTb H3MeHeHa C TeM, 'lTo6bi cAeAaTb npogecc onpeAe-AeHHHCTOHMOCTH KpeAHTa 6oAee rH6KHM, y'HTbIBaA AOXOAHyIO CTOHMOCTb Tpe6yeMbix ocTaTKoB noC'eTaM H KOMHCCHH. HanpHMep, eCAH B TecieHHe cpoKa KpeAHTa KAHeHT o6 H3yeTcR Aep2KaTb HacqeTe 10% ero CyMMbI, TO rIpOgeHTHYIO CTaBKy MOMHO CHH3HTb Ha 1%, HO npH aToMAOXOAHOCTb KpeAHTa OCTaHeTCA npe2KHeA.

98

Yu'paa.euNMe !e~4MWMMMN PNCKaNN

KOMOCCE'oHoe BoBHarpam4eHNe

CTpeM!cb yBeAHqHTb AOXOAHOCTb CBOHX aKTHBOB H CO6CTBeHHoro KanHTaAa, 6aHKH yAeAHRoT

Bce 6oAbiuee BHHMaHHe BOnpOCy nOAy'eHHH KOMHCCHOHHOFO Bo3HarpamAeHHR. 14TO6bi

nOAy'flTb KOMHCCHOHHOe BO3Harpa2r.AeHHe, 6aHKy He o6R3aTeAbHo HMeTb Ha y'eTe KaKoH-AH6o

aKTHB. Ao Tex nop, noKa 6aHK noAy9aeT KoMHccHoHHoe Bo3HarpamAeHHe, He yBeAHIHBan npH

BTOM CBOHX aKTHBOB, AOXOAHOCTb ero aKTHBOB paCTeT.

BCTaBDCa 3.7PacqeT CTOHMOCTh KpeAHTa

Jpe,4f0Ao0rerNMf B

_pOgemTax

KoB 4 HUHeHT COOTHOUeHHR KanHTaAa H 8.00

aKTHBOB2KeAaeMblH YPOBeHb AOXOAHOCTH xanHTaAa 15.00

H peAeAbHaH CTOHMOCTb CpeACTB 10.00

Tpe6yemwMi piamep cnpega

cnpeA x 1 = 0.08 x 0.15cnpeA = 1.20

CTommocT1z cpe.4crT

HIpeAeAbHas CTOHMOCTb CpeACTB 10.00- BeAH'HHa AOXOAHOH CTOHMOCTH KanHTaAa 0.80

- CTOHMOCTb cpeACTB no KpeAHTY 9.20

KomrmomeIrTr crommocTN

CTOHMOCTb cpeACTB 9.20+ onepagHoHHbie pacxOAbl 0.50

+ HaAorH 0.50

= CYMMapHbie pacxOAbl 10.20

+ Tpe6yeMbIif cnpeA 1.20

= CTaBKa no KpeAHTy 11.40

BaHKH B3HMaioT KOMHCCHOHHoe Bo3HarpamAeHHe 3a o6a3aTeAbcTBa npeAoCTaBHTb KpeAHT,

npHiieM aTo KOMHCCHOHHOe BO3HarpaKAeHHe B3HMaeTCR H C HeHcnOAb3OBHHOfi CYMMbU

KpeArra. HanpHmep, KAHeHTy MomeT 6blTb paspeuieHo noAyqaTb KpeAHT no macTRM, BnAOTh

A0 Hc'epnlaHHR Bcei CyMMbi KpeAHTa. IpH BTOM C HenoAy'eHHOH CYMMbl KpeAHTa B3HMaeTCm

KOMHCCHOHHoe BoBHarpamAeHHe B pa3Mepe 0.5% B rOA.

BaHK TaK2Ke MO2KeT BSHMaTb KOMHCCHOHHOe Bo3HarpamAeHHe Ba opraHH3aUHio Kpe4Ara,

oco6eHHo eCAH OH rAaHHpyeT BnOCAeACTBHH npoAaTb ero. ECAH 6aHK cpa3y me npoAaeT

99

Yxpe,zweH'ae PyKoB,60CTB H ilO5bhIIIeHwu yCTR eAbHOCTN K aepemeomm

KpeAHT, OH yAep2HBaeT BCIO HAH nrIOTH BCIO CyMMY KOMHCCHOHHOrO B03Harpa?KAeHHR. ECAH

2Ke OH CnHCblBaeT CyMMy KpeAHTa co cBoero 6aAaHca nocpeACTBOM npOAam2H AOAH pHcKorOBO

yqaCTHR, TO OH npOAOA2aeT AeHCTBoBaTb KaK KPeAHTOP H o6cAymHBaloU H KpeAHT 6aHK. AKaK TaKoBoH, OH B3HMaeT C ApyrHX yqaCTHHKOB KpeAHTa onpeAeAeHHoe KOMHCCHOHHoe

BOSHarpa2KAeHHe. 9To KOMHCCHOHHOe BO3HarpaKAeHHe 3aMeHHeT BOSMO2KHOe yAepmaHHe

HeKOTOPOH iqaCTH npOgeHTHblX nocTynAeHHH, Aa2Ke eCAH HX 6OAbllaR 'iaCTb HAeT ApyrOMy

y4aCTHHKy.

TeHAeHinHH ABH2KeHHR K KOMHCCHOHHbIM BO3HarpaKAeHHnm 6blAa ycHAeHa caMHMH

KAHeHTaMH. KaK-TO KOpnOpatHH corAacHAHCb OCTaBAqTb, cKa2KeM, 5-10% HOMHHaAbHOHCyMMbi KpeAHTa Ha 6ecnpOgeHTHOM Aeno3HTe B 6aHKe, Ha OCHOBaHHH 'ero H onpeeseARAacbCTOHMOCTb KpeAHTa. KoMneHCHpyIoU4He OCTaTKH, KaK npaBHAO, Tpe6oBaAHcb AAR AOCTH2eHHRAByX MeAeH: yBeAH'eHHB AOXOAOB no KpeAHTHblM onepagHHM, CHH2KaR 3aTpaTbl Ha HXqpHHaHcHpOBaHHe, H npeAoCTaBAeHHH 6aHKy KoMneHcaUHH 3a TO, MTO paHbilue HBAHAOCb6ecwAaTHOii ycAyroH.4 3 TaKasi npaKTHKa npHBeAa K TOMy, WTO 6aHKH Ha'aAH nePHoAHqecKHB3bICKHBaTb C KAHeHTOB AeHbrH TOrAa, KOrAa OCTaTKH Ha CMeTax 6bIAH HeAocTaTo'Hbl AAA

noAAep2KaHH.l KpeAHTHOH (PyHKXHH HAH (pyHKUHH oKa3aHHA yCAyr, HAH o6oHx. B npogecceneperoBOpOB, 3aeM14iHKH npe4AOA2HAH BMeCTO 9TOrO nAaTHTb KOMHCCHOHHOe BO3Harpa2KAeHHe3a Te ycAyrH, KOTOpbie paHblule npe4OCTaBAaAHCb 6ecnAaTHo. B CTpaHaX c 6oAbllOHi BeAH'HHOH

pe3epBHbIX Tpe6oBaHHH, KoMneHCHPYJoI1He OCTaTKH yBeAHqHBaAH CTOHMOCTb KpeAHTOB3aeM11HKOB 6oAbmue, 'eM OHH yBeAH4HBaAH AOXOAbi 6aHKa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, B3HMaHHe rlAaTbi

C 3aeMJgHKOB qepe3 npOgeHTHy1O CTaBKy 6oAee 8cXIeKTHBHO H 6oAee AelmeBo KaK AAI 6aHKa,TaK H AAR 3aeMUJJHKa.

KOHMenUHH onpeAeAeHHH CTOHMOCTH, Ha3bIBaeMaf pa3BR3bIBaHHe , 3aCTaBHAa MHorHe6aHKH npOBeCTH nepeogeHKy CBOHX yCAyr. CeroAHH npaKTHqeCKH 3a KamAyjo yCAyry 6aHKHB3HMaKOT KOMHCCHOHHOC BO3HarpamAeHHe C TeM, TO6bi yAy'IIHTb nOKa3aTeAH AOXOAHOCTH.

TezieHfrH B onipeg4eAeHHHIT CoHoroH Kpe,HT-oB

Ha CerOAHIIIIHHH AeHb, npoAa2Ka KpeAHTa HAH y'aCTHe B HeM H1BAAIOTCH BebCMac(poKycHpOBaHHOfi CTpaTerHeH. Ycnex HAH Heycnex aTOrO npeAnpHHTHR CHAbHO -3aBHCHT OTToro, HaCKOAbKO npogecc onpeAeAeHHH CTOHMOCTH KpeAHTOB 6blA "npHBS3aH K pblHKy. BCBOIO oqepeAb, nporHo3 PbIH4OHbIX yCAOBHfi BAHHeT Ha KpeAHTHyIO AoKyMeHTaUH10, KOTOPaABce 6oAblue CTpyKTypHpyeTCH TaK, 'qTo6bi o6ecneMHTb HaHBbICIIyIO CTeneHb rH6KOCTH npHOnpeAeAeHHH CTOHMOCTH KpCAHTOB. H1pH OnpeAeAeHHbIX o6cTOHTeAbcTBax, KpeAHT,nocTpoeHHbIiH Ha npaHiM-penT, MomeT 6bITb nepeAeAaH Ha Apyryio 6a3oBylo cTaBKy, HanpHMep,CTaBKy no AenO3HTHbXM cepTH(pHKaTaM, Ka3Ha'leHcKHM BeKCeAHM HAH Ha CTaBKY AeHeC2Horo

pbIHKa. I3 aHKH MOryT npe<AAOKHTb onpeAeAeHHbie AbrOTbI no geHoo6pa3oBaHHio 3aeMnjHKaM,eCAH OHH yAyIllUaT CBOH noKasaTeAH no o6OpOTHOMy KanHTaAy H no COOTHIOLueHH!o 3aemHoro Hco6cTBeHHOrO KanHTaAa; H Hao6opoT, OHH MOryT HaAO2KHTb mTpa( npH yxyAIueHHH BTHXnoKa3aTeAefi, yBeAH-iHBaR npeMHH cBepx 6a3oBofi cTaBKH.

43 AmJ noBbiUueHHN npH6biAbHocTH no saiMaM Ha pbIHKax, rAe ycTaHoBAeHbl rOTOAKH no npoUeHTamw,HcnoAbHyIOTCf TaK2e xoMneHcaIHOHHbie 6aAaHcbl. Tax npOH3OUiAO B YIIOHHH H BO MHOrHX ApyrHX cTpaHax.

100

YHpaBAeNNe HHe4NTMMMM pMcKaNN

TexHoAorKnecKoe pa83BHTHe npHBeAO K TOMY, 'ITO y 6aHKoB noSIBHAHCb 6a3bl AaHHb1X AAH1

onpeAeAeHHR TeHAeHgHH H3MeHeHHR CTOUMOCTH KpeAHTOB Ha pbIHKe. 9 TH 6a3bi AaHHbIX

paspa6aTbiBaloTc.q caMHMH 6aHKaMH HAH noKynalOTCH noA KAIOri". CnegHaAbHoe nporpaMMHoe

o6ecne'IeHHe MO2IeT OUeHHTb TOT HAH HHOH nOTeHUHaAbHbIH KpeAHIT no npo(pHAio KpeAHTHOrO

HHCTPYMeHTa H KAHeHTa. apyrHe nporpaMMb1 cnoco6Hbi noAAep&HBaTb nepeogeHKy no

pbIHO'IHbIM geHaM. BaHKH HcnOAb3yIOT nepeoMeHKy no pb1HO'IHbIM geHaM AAA MHOrHX MeAeH,

Ho B riepByio o'epeAb, AAR onpeAeAeHHR geHbl OTAeAbHb1X KpeAHTOB HAH nOpTqpeAeH

Bo3o6HoBAHeMbix KpeAHTOB. lepeogeHKa nopTqieAeH AOA2Ha npoH3BOAHTbCR no KpaiHeH mepe

pas B roA. B npogecce ee OCyIeCTBAeHHsi 6yAyT BbiSBAeHbi KpeAHTbi c 3aBbIiueHHOH H

3aHHmeHHOfi CTOHMOCTbIO, a TaKme KpeAHTbi C npaBHAbHO onpeAeAeHHOHi CTOHMOCTbIO. ECAH

CTOHMOCTb 3aBbllleHa, TO 6aHK, eCAH OH 3aHHTepecoBaH B pa3BHTHH B3aHMOOTHOtuIeHHH C

KAHeHTOM, AOA2ICH CHH3HTb geHy. 5 aToro MoryT 6biTb BHeCeHb1 COOTBeTCTBYIOUgHe

nOnpaBKH B KpeAHTHY1O AoKyMeHTaUH10.

ECAH me 6aHK BblIBHA KpeAHTbI C 3aHH2KeHHOH CTOHMOCTblO, TO 3AeCb BO3HHKaeT PHA

npo6AeM. KaK, HanpHMep, y6eAHTb (HHaHHCOBOrO AHpeKTopa KoMnaHHH yBeAHqHTb pacxoAbl no

(PHHaHCHpOBaHHlo, KorAa KpeAHTHaA AoKyMeHTalHR He Tpe6yeT aToro? MO0HO AH

npeAocTaBHTb KaKHe-AH6o HeKpeAHTHbie yCAyrH, KOTOpbie npHHeCyT KOMHCCHOHHblH AOXOA,

KoMneHcHpy1OuMHH noTepH 6aHKa? CMomeT AH 6aHK B BHAe KOMneHCaUHH 3aBblCHTb CTOHMOCTb

6yAyugHx KpeAHTOB? CMo2KeT AH 6aHK o6paTHTbcH K 'yBCTBY cnpaBeAAHBOCTH KAHeHTa HAH

nOTpe6oBaTb rH6KOCTH? AOAmeH AH 6aHK HaCTaHBaTb Ha yAep'aHUUKH KOMneHCHPY OuHX

OCTaTKOB Ha cieTe? IIpH pa3peuieHHH BTOH CHTyaLIHH H nposlBAHeTcH OnbIT H yMeHHe

COTpyAHHKOB 6aHKa, KaK npH npe[Ao2KeHHH HOBblX aAbTepHaTHB, TaK H npH BeAeHHH

neperoBopOB.

HlepeoieHKa no pblHO'IHOH CTOHMOCTH Ba2KHa, eCAH 6aHK Bb1CTynaeT B KaqeCTBe AoMa1IuHero

6aHKa KAUeHTa. TepMHH AOMalUHHH 6aHK OSHaqaeT, 'TO no mepe pocTa nOTpe6HOCTeA KAHeHTa,

AOAmHa BO3paCTaTb cnoco6HocTb 6aHKa yAoBAeTBoprTrb aTH nOTpe6HOCTH. H Aame eCAH POCT

KAHeHTa o6roHReT pOCT 6aHKa; 6aHK AOA2KeH 6blTb B COCTORHHH AaTb nO3HTHBHblfi OTBeT, eCAH

OH XOmeT COXpaHHTb CBOH OTHOlueHHH C KAHeHTOM Ha npe2KHeM YpOBHe. HanpHMep, eCAH AAR

paCIIHpeHHH npOH3BOACTBa KAHeHT 3anpauIHBaeT KpeAHT 6 OAblllHH, meM 6aHiK HMeeT npaBo eMy

npeAOCTaBHTb, TO 6aHK AOA2KeH o6paTHTbCR K ApyrHM 6aHKaM C npeAAomeHHeM O COBMeCTHOM

(PHHaHCHpOBaHHH, %ITO nO3BOAHT 6aHKy BbilnOAHHTb npOCb6y KAHeHTa, He Hapyla.9 AHMHTOB

KpeAHToBaHHR. BaHK AoroBapHBaeTcl 0 COBMeCTHOM (3HHaHcHpOBaHHH AH6o 3apaHee, AH6o npH

BOSHHKHOBeHHH B BTOM HeO6 XOAHMOCTH C ApyrHM 6aHKOM HAH rpynnoHi 6aHKoB. CorAacRTcq

HAH HeT ApyrHe 6aHKH cOBMeCTHO (pHHaHCHpOBaTb npOeKT, 3aBHCHT OT TOrO, HaCKOAbKO

ycneluHbiMH 6blAH npeAblAylHe CAeAKH 6aHKa, OT KpeAHTOCnOCO6HOCTH KAHeHTa, CaMOii

CAeAKH H OT gCHbl KpeAHTa.

CNeTeMi, ma6AIoA'eNmf$ Ba oMmmepCieCKrmN Krpc4,TraMH

B pa3BHBa1OUgHXCR CTpaHax 6aHKH HHorAa pa3pa6aTblBamOT, Ho o6 biqHo 3aKynalOT

nporpaMMHoe o6ecne'eHHe AAR OTCAe2KHBaHHM HH(pOPMaUHH H npOBeAeHHS OnepafHOHHbIX

acneKTOB KpeAHTOBaHHS. CHCTeMbl Ha6AIoAeHHA 3a KOMMep'eCKHMH KPeAHTaMH (CHKK)

npeAoCTaBAHioT IIIHPOKH1 Bbi6op HHqopMagHH, HalqHHaH OT THnOB KpeAHTOB, HOBbIX

101

YicpeuAeHHe pyj OBO4CTBBa io BMoiCbrzren UIw 7yBTcHreAbHocrH IK nmepemmeau

o6A3aTeAbCTB H (aKTOpOB geHoo6pa3oBaHHq H 3aKaHqHBaA 6a3aMH pac'ieToB npoMeHTHbixnAaTemeHw, npOCTO'eHHOH 3aAOA2KeHHOCTH H T.A. CHKK MOryT lIpeAOCTaBHTb A*O6yiOHHq)OpMaMHIO 0 KpeAHTaX B pa3pe3e HX reorpa(PHHMecKoi HanpaBAeHHOCTH, OTpaCAHnpoMblUlAeHHocTH, HX THna, cpOKa, o6igero PHCKa 3aeMI_JHKa H MeTO4OB geHoo6pa3oBaHHx, YTOhJo3BoAAeT PYKOBOACTBY sqJXpeKTHBHO OTCAe2HBaTb pHCK. CHKK TaKle cnoco6CTBYIOTHenOCpeACTBeHHOMy npoBeAeHHIo 6aHKoM CBOHX onepagHH - HX HCnOAb3yioT AAx pac'ieTanpogeHTOB H KOMHCCHH, BbICTaBAeHHH CqeTOB KAHeHTaM, Ha6AioAeHHH 3a BbInAaToH OCHOBHOHnaCTH KpeAHTOB H npOgeHTOB nO HHM H AAR H3MeHeHHH npOg,eHTHbIX CTaBOK B OTBeT HaKoAe6aHHH pbIHKa. KpoMe Toro, CHCTeMbI Ha6AioAeHHH 3a KOMMep'eCKHMH KpeAHTaMH MOrYTBbJnOAHRTb q)YHKIHIO MeHTpa no o6H3aTeAbcTBaM KAHeHTa, nO3BOASR KpeAHTHblM COTPyAHHKaM,npeACTaBHTeASIM OTA4Aa KpeAHTHOH AOKyMeHTa4HH H ApyrHM npOBepRTb COCTOAHHe KpeAHTHb1XAHHHH, KOrAa KAHeHT npOCHT oqepeAHyio 'laCTb KpeAHTa.

PYKOBOACTBO 6aHKa CHAbHO 3aBHCHT OT Ka'eCTBa pa6OTbl cHcTeM Ha6AIoAeHHH 3aKoMMepiecKHMH KpeAHTaMH, KOTopble B CBOIO oqepeAb 3aBHC5IT OT Ka'ieCTBa BBOAHMOHHHcpopMaUHH. HOBTOMy KpaHHe Ba2KHO HMeTb PYKOBOACTBa H HHCTpyKgHH, pa3Sb3CHRIOIgHenpo1geAypbl H KOAbl, npHMeHRAIoIHeCH npH 3anOAHeHHH pa3AHRHbIX KAeTOK HCXOAHOH opMbI.,4AA Toro, oTo6bi o6ecneqHTb BbICOKOKaqeCTBeHHbIH BBOA, OTAeA KpeAHTHblX onepagHiHnpOCMaTPHBaeT BCIO BBOAHMyIO B CHKK HHpOpMagHlo B TeqeHHH ARH rnOCAe npeAOcTaBAeHHH,npoBepis nOAHOTY H TOYHOCTb HHq)OpMagH AO Toro, KaK OHa 6yAeT BBeAeHa B cHcTeMy.

OBSY'EHHE

MHOrHe HOBbie HAH noABepriiiHecq nepecTpoHKe 6aHKH o6bimHo noKynalOT KOMneTeHTHblX HonbITHbIX COTpYAHHKOB, KOTOpbie yme AOKa3aAH, Ha 'YTO OHH cnoco6Hbl. BbrnYCKHHKHYHHBePCHTeTOB npHHHMaIOTCH Ha pa6oTy B Ka-ieCTBe CTamepOB H pa6oTaioT noA Ha6AIoAeHHeMOnbITHbIX COTPYAHHKOB. BO MHOrHX pa3BHBaioigHXCcI cTpaHaX, OAHaKO, Cyuj4eCTBYeT OCTpaHHexBaTKa 6aHKOBCKHX KaApOB. HO BTOH npH'IHHe, MBPP npHAaraeT 6oAbmHe ycHAHH noCo3AaHHIO y-ie6HbIX geHTpOB AAA nOArOTOBKH KaApOB. FAaBa 5 nOCBuCeHa o6cy2AeHHIOnOArOTOBKH 6aHxupoB B pa3BHBa1oWHxcSn qHHaHCOBbIX pblHKaX.

O6y"eHHe nepcoHaAa no KpeAHTHbIM Boripocam RBAHeTCM o6HsaHHOCTbIO OTAeAa noKpeAHTHoH nOAHTHKe H Ha6AioAeHHio. 06yIeHHe BeAeTcSI oribITHbIMH COTPYAHHKaMH 6aHKa,HMeoIgHMH onbIT nOArOTOBKH nepcOHaAa. KpeAHTHbIH H aAMHHHcTpaTHBHbie oTAeAbIOnpeAeAHIOT TeMy o6y"eHHA. 4&A 'ITeHHH pa3OBbIX AeKUHH H pa36opa KOHKpeTHbIX npHMepOBnpHrAaSiaHrOTcM cnegHaAHCTbl H3 ApyrHx oTAeAoB. HlepBOHa'iaAbHoe o6yqeHHe COCTOHT HBAeKBHH, ynpamHeHHH H AoMaWIHHX 3aAaHHH Ha 3A4 MecCIga, B Te'eHHe KOTOpbiX o6y"aeMbNeyYaTCH npOBOAHTb KoMnroTepHSOBaHHblIH aHaAH3 (pHHaHCOBbIX OTWeTOB H paCC'iHTbiBaiOTCOOTBeTCTBylOUJHe KO84XpHgHeHTbi. O6y'iaeMble npH aTOM AOAMHbI HMeTb 6a3oBbIe 3HaHHe noq)HHaHCOBOMy y4eTy.

Ha BTOpOM aTane o6y"eHHA o6yqaeMble npOBOAqT aHaAH3 peaAbHOH qpHHaHCOBOHOTqeTHOCTH, pa6oTaH nOA Ha6AIoAeHHeM npo(peCCHOHaAbHbIX KpeAHTHbix aHaAHTHKOB HcnegHaAHCTOB nO KpeAHTOBaHHIO. Kpe4HTHO-aHaAHTH'ecKaA (FYHKUHH ABAAeTCAI o6beKTHBHofi.FIPH aHaAH3e OUeHHBaiOT q)HHaHcoBoe nOAO2rCHHe 3aeMJJHKa Ha AaTy OT'ieTa, BbISIBAAJOT

102

YMipaieame pe4nTnhiMrN prNCKr

npH'iHHbI npoHsoui1eAuIHX 3a oTqeTHbiHi nepHOA H3MeHeHHHi, CpaBHHBaiOT noKsaTeAH

Ae4WeAbHOCTH 3aeMUgHKa C nOKa3aTeARMH AeHTeAbHOCTH ero KOHKypeHToB H A"woT nporHos.

aTOT aHaAH3 noMoraeT KpeAHTHbIM COTpyAHHKaM npHHHMaTb peuleHHM.

O6y'qaeMbie noceuqaioT BMCCTC C COTpyAHHK MH 6aHKa KAHeBTOB, MTO, no MHeHHIO MHOrHX

6aHKoBi, HBASeTCH CygeCTBeHHb1M sAeMeHToM npogecca o6y"eHHR. AH'IHOe noceueHHe

nO3BOAReT SanOAHHTb Pa3pblB memAy o66beKTHBHbIM oTAaAeHHblM aHaAHsoM H noAy'IeHHoMi B

xoAe BH3sra cy6,beKTHBHoAi HHq)opMaUHefi. HlocAe nepHoAa (qOpMaAbHOrO o6yqeHHH, CTaflepOB

HanpaRAR1OT B OTAeAbi KpeAHTOBaHHH C TeM, -ITo6 bI noA pyKOBOACTBOM onbITHbIX COTPYAHHKOB

OHH BbinoAHRAH onpeAeAeHHbIe BcnoMoraTeAbHbie ()yHKUHH H npHo6peTaAH HaBblKH pa6oTbi.

HocTeneHHo OHH noA"'aioT noArOTOBKy no BeAeHHIO AeA H KOHTaKTHPOBaHHIO C KAHeHTaMH.

B IIOCTOHHHOM CTpeMAeHHH noAAep2KaTb HAH YAY'lUMHTb Ka'ieCTBO pa6oTbl nepcoHaAa, 6aHmH

OT6HpaioT HaH6OAee OAapeHHbIX COTPYAHHKOB H npeAOCTaBARIOT HM BO3MO2KHOCTH AaAbHeiiiuero

BHyTpeHHerO HAH BHeuiHero o6y'ieHHH, nOArOTOBKH, H nPOABHmeHHR no cAy2K6e. BaHKH TaK2Ke

CTapaYOTCR npHBAe4b OAapeHHbIX cnegHaAHCTOB Ms ApyrHX HHCTHTyTOB. HeAOBenecKHfi

noTeHUHaA - STO CyIUHOCTb 6aHXoBCXoro AeAa, H npeycneBaiou4He 6aHKH npH3HaioT, wTO

OCHOBy HX npOjBeTaHHR COCTaBAReT BbICOKOKBaAH(PHgHpoBaHHblH H MOTHBHpOBaHHblH

nepCOHaA.

3AKAIOMEHHE

06sop npoUecca ynpaELAeHHR KpeAHTHbIMH pHCKaMH 6blA HanHCaH B nepHoA, KOFAa

npOHCXO4HAH 6OAbflHe nepeMeHbi. BoAee TOrO, B pa3AHqHbIX CTpaHaX cyugeCTByIO' pasAH4Hbie

o6biqaH H npaKTHKH BeAeHHR 6aHKoBcXHx onepagH,i paSAHMHa CTpyXTypa 6aHKOB H

6aHKOBcXHx cHCTeM. HoaTomy aTy rAaBy cAeAyeT paCCMaTpHBaTb C yqeTOM CylgeCTBYIOl HX

HeonpeAeAeHHoCTei H HMeCoutHx MeCTO M3meHeHHH.

CTpyKXrypa H pa3Mepbi 6aHKoB, ieAH MX AeHTeAbHOCTH H o6cTaHoBKa, B KOTOpOfi OHH

pa6oTaioT, pasHOo6pasHbl. Pa6oTa 6aHKoB Mo2KeT 6blTb BblcoKoaBTomaTH3HpoBaHa H cAo0KHa,

HAH TpyAOeMKa H H npeAAaraTb BeCbMa MaAblfi Ha6op HHCTpyMeHTOB H yCAyr. Ilx nepcoHaA

MomKeT pa6oTaTb, HCnlOAb33yR AAM paC'ieTOB KOMnIbIOTCpbl HAH HOCHTb seAeHble Ko3b!pbKH AAR

3auprTbi rAa3 H nOAb3OBaTbcH 6yMarofi H pyqKofi. B HX FHAHaAax Moryr pa6oTaTb ABa

'eAOBeKa, CHAHIJHX B AeHApoBepe, a MoryT H COTHH, o6cAymHBamouHx 'acTHbIx KAHeHTOB

iepes CLTb KaCCOBbiX annapaToB.

FOMHR o6 BTOM, MO2HO cKasaaTb, TO PaCCMOTpeHHbie HaMH acneKTbi pa6oTbl 6aHKOB

npHMeHHMbi B IHHpOKOM CMbICAe npaKTHqecKH K Aio6oMy 6aHKy, XOTHI H He nOAHOCTbiO K

Ka^2KOMy KOHKpeTHOMy 6aHKy. OAHaKO HMeHHO BTH aCneKTbl CAeAyeT paCCMaTpHBaTb npH

co3AaHHM HAH npOBeAeHHH OUeHKH pa6oTbl rpeAHTHOrO OT4eAa 6aHra. KoHe'Ho, KamAbiii 6aHK

6yAeT nlOArOHmTb KpeAHTOBaHHe K CBOHM noTpe6HOcTRM H Bo3Mo2KHocTaM AA TOro, 'IT0 6 bl

npeAAaraTb ycAyrH H rIpOAyXTbl, OTBeIaXOilgHe nOTpe6HOCTHM pbIHKa. Ho TeM He MeHee, BCe

6aHXH AOA2KHbl BecTH CBOIO KpeAHTHylO AeSITeAbHOCTb, OCHOBbIBaRCb Ha CAeAlOWUJHX

npHHUHnaX:

* ,eAb KpeAMTa AOA2KHa 6blTb pasyMHofi;

103

YapeolesA e p weOBOHOB MewAg O oRCTN7TeAba0cTN K epe rea

* 6aHK AoA2KeH rAy6oKO H3yHTb H IlOHHTb BO3MO2KHOCTH H nOTpe6HOCTH IAUeHTa, aTaKme ero ccpepy H pblHKH AeRTeAbHOCTH;

* 6aHK AOA2KeH yAOCTOBepHTbCH B TOM, wTO KpeAHT MOmeT 6blTb nOraiueH B TeYeHHeyKasaHHoro nepHoAa BpeMeHH;

* 6aHK AoAmeH yAocToBepHTbCM B TOM, 'TO OH He nOHeceT 3HaqiHTeAbHbIX y6NTKoB B

CAyqae, eCAH 3aeMUgHK 6yAeT Hecnoco6eH noracHTb CBOH o6 H3aTeAbCTBa;

* 6aHK AoA2KeH 6blrb nOAHOCTbIO yBepeH B 3aeMigHKe.

ECAH 3aeMIjHKoM RBAeTCR 6aHK, TO y Hero AOAmHa 6blTb AocTaTo'HaA KaIHTaAbHaR 6aM,ero AHKBHAHOCTb AOAMHa 6blTb npHeMAeMOH, a PYKOBOACTBO - rpaMoTHbIM, H PHCKH,

UpHCyUgHe ero KpeAHTHOMY nopTqleAio, AOA2KHbi 6 blTb B npHeMAeMbiX npeAeAax. KpoMe Toro,

npHeMAeMbiMH AOA2KHbl 6 blTb ypoBeHb AOXOAHOCTH 6aHKa, rIPHHgHnbi y'eTa, oco6eHHooTpa2KeHHe AOXOAOB H npo6AeMHbIx KpeAHTOB, Kpyr KAHeHTOB. (OH He AOAmeH 6birb

H36blTOHO Y3KHM H He AOA2KHO CyLUeCTBOBaTb CAHIMIKOM MHOro "oco6blx" B3aHMooTHoueHHf

Me2KAy 6aHKoM H KAHeHToM).

BaHKH AOAmHbI Tu1aTeAbHO cAeAHTb 3a npogeccom ynpaBAeHHR KpeAHTaMH H

npeAnPHHHMaTb Mepbl no nOBblIuIeHHio ero Ka'eCTBa. MbI HaAeeMcI, 'TO aTa rAaBa B BTOM

cMbIcAe 6yAeT noAemHoH. HHme npHBoASUcH TpH npHAo2KeHHR - BOnpoCHHKH, KoTopbIe Mo2KHo

HCnOAb3OBaTb npH npOBeAeHHH peryAHPYIOHHMH OpraHaMH B 6aHKe OgeHKH upoMeccaynpaBAeHHH KpeAHTHbIMH pHCKaMH. BaHKH MOryT HCnOAb3oBaTb aTH BOnpocNHKH npH

npOBeAeHHH caMonpoBepoK. 4 4

44 Tpe6oBaMi B OTHOmeHHH HIHBOpMaBHUH, SaAomeHHbie B BTHX BOrIpOCHHKaX, lpeBbIaIOT no o6bemyHH(POpMaUH10, KOTopaS MOmeT 6 blTb nlpeAOCTaBAeHa 6es cneUHaAbHoHi IOArOTOBKH BO MHOrHX 6aXapa&BHBaioWHxcR cTpaN. TaKasA HH4OpMBRR samiHa AAS DBaseeHHoro ynpaBAezm. KpeATaMH. FlosToMy cnHcKcMoryT o6ecne9HTh noAe3Hoe pyKoBoAcTBo AAR pSBHTHH CHCTCM ynpaBAdeH9ecKoA HHpOpMaHH llpH ynpaAemUKpeAHTHbIMH pHCRKaMH.

104

YnpaAeHANe KpeigNIJV7WM pFCJNCa

llPHAomEHHE A. METOAbl OUEHKH nPOUECCA YnPABAEHHH HOPT'PEAEM

OgeHKa Ha-iHHaeTCH Co c6opa HHqpOpMaljHH:

1. 3anpocHTe OTqeTbl O HH2KeCAeAyiOigeM:

a. IlpocpoqeHHbie KpeAHTbl. OT'leT AOAmeH BKAIOMaTb B ce6si:

* OAHOPa3OBbie nAaTe2KH, npocpoOeHHbie 6oAee, qeM Ha 30 AHeH;

* KpeAHTbl, no KOTOpblM nAAaTem2H OCyUeCTBARIOTCR qepe3 onpeAeAeHHbIe

HHTepBaAbi, H KpeAHTbl, no KOTOpbIM npOMeHTHbie nAaTe2KH npocpoieHbi 6oAee,

qeM Ha 30 AHeH.

OTlqeTbi AOA2lKHbI COAepmaTb, KaK MHHHMyM, CAeAy4olgylO HHq)OpMaUHIO:

* HaHMeHOBaHHe AOA2KHHKa;

* nepBOHa'iaAbHy)O CYMMY KpeAHTa;

* npeAOCTaBAeHHYIO CYMMY KpeAHTa;

* AaTy BbIAaqH KpeAHTa;

* AaTy noramueHHR;

* YCAOBHH KpeAHTa;

* 9HCAO npOCpOxeHHbIX nAaTemeH.

6. 06eL.MaHHbie KpeAHTbI H nOTeHiHHaAbHbie o6a3aTeAbCTBa;

B. KpeAHTbi, o6ecneqeHHbie geHHbIMH 6yMaraMH ApyrHx 6aHKoB, a TaK2Ke npaBaMH,

HHTepeCaMH H nOAHOMO'HSIMH CCyAHO-C6eperaTeAbHblx aCCog,HagHH;

r. CAyqaH npeAOCTaBAeHHI KICAHTOB COTPyAHHKaM, pyKOBOACTBy, argHoHepam 6aHKa

H cBH3aHHbIM C HHMH AHgaM;

A. CAyqaH nlpeAOCTaBAeHHR KpeAHTOB COTPYAHHKaM H pyKOBOACTBY ApyrHX 6aHKoB, a

TaI.me aKrHOHepaM 6aHKoB-KoppecnoHAeHwoB.

2. FIocTapafiTeCb lOAyq'HTb CAeAy[OUlIYO HHqMOpMaUH1O 0 POAH HlpaBAeHHR 6aHKa:

a. KIonHio C H3AO2KeHHeM npHUHnHOB KpeAHTOBaHHR;

6. AaHHbIe o TOM, CyI1eCTByeT AH nOCTOHHHbliH KOMHTeT no Ha6AIoAeHHIO 3a KpeAHTHOH

AeRTeAbHOCTblO;

B. KonHH OTqeTOB, npeAOCTaBAReMbIX Ha 3aceAaHHMx IpaBAeHtH 6aHKa;

r. CnHCOK pyKOBOjARero cocTaBa 6aHKa, ero aKuHoHepoB H CBI3aHHbJX C HHMH AHU;

A. CnHCOK CnHCaHHbIX KpeAHTOB, KoTopbIe 6blAH BHOBb BHeCeHbl B KHHrH yqeTa C

oAo6peHHu AHpeKTOpOB.

3. nonbITakHeCb nOAY3qHTb KOnHH nOCAeAHHX OTMqeTOB, nPeACTaBAeHHbIX KpeAHTHOMY

KOMHTeTy.

4. COCTaBbTe o6 3op 0 KpeAHTHOH nOAHTHKe 6aHKa H 6 oAee BHHMaTeAbHO ocTaHoBHTeCb

Ha npHHUHnaX aTOH nOAHTHKH B OTHOiuIeHHH:

a. pacnpeAeAeHHH KCpeHTOB no KaTerOpHHM;

6. reorpaqpHmecKHx AHMHTOB KpeAHTOBaHHR;

B. AHMHTOB KpeAHTOBaHHH OAHOH OTpaCAH npoMbillAeHHOCTH;

r. pa3pelUeHHbIx HAH meAaembix noKa3aTeAeH COOTHOiueHHR npe4OCTaBAeHHblX

KpeAHToB H ApyrHX cTaTeH 6aAaHca;

4. nOAHOMO'HM KOMHTeTOB H nepcoHaAa 6aHKa no npeAoCTaBAeHH[O KpeAHTOB;

105

YJxpeiJ7eHHe p7K080eCTa H nOUhIIIeIHM 'y87CnMeAhHOCTNJ Jr HepeMeCHaH

e. Bcex 3anpeiqeHHbIX THnOB KpeAHTOB;

2K. MaKCHMaAbHbIX CPOKOB norauleHH no1 paSAHqHbJM THnaM KpeAHTOB;

3. CTpyKTypbi npo0geHTHbIX cTaBoK;

H. MHHHMaAbHbIX CyMM B noralueHHe pa3AH-lHbIX THnOB KpeAHTOB;

K. npHHH1HnOB OgeHKH 3aAora, BKAIOqaR:

* pa6oTHHKoB, HMe1oJgHx npaBo npOBOAHTb o0eHKy;

* CTOHMOCTb, no KOTOpOH OgeHHBaoTCSq npHHHMaeMbJe B KaqeCTBe o6ecneCeNHHS;

pa3AH-lHbie BHAbI Co6CTBeHHOCTH;

A. Tpe6oBaHHH K qpHHaHCOBOH HH1pOpMaUHH no pa3AHqHbIM THnaM KpeAHTOB;

M. npHH]gHnOB noKynKH geHHb1X 6yMar;

H. npHHUHnoB npeAoCTaEBAeHHH KpeAHToB aKUHOHepaM, COTpyAHHKaM, PYKOBOACTBY

6aHKa H cBa3aHHbIM C HHMH AHlgaM;

o. npHHH1HnOB onpeAeAeHHR KpeAHToCnoco6HOCTH Aio6oro HHCTHTyTa HAH KAHeHTa, OT

'qbero HMeHH 6aHK BbInOAHqeT nepeBoA CpeACTB.

5. BzlllO.&rnrre CAe4YIO4He iuarH B OTHOIIIeHHH npOCpOqeHHbIX KpeAHTOB:

a. CpaBHHTe CAeAy1OJIHe AaHHbie C ,eAblO BbiHBAeHHH A106biX MaTepHaAbHbIX

HecoOTBeTCTBHH:

* Ta6AHUbi npocpoqeHHbIX KpeAHTOB, noAyqeHHbie Ha 3Tane l.a

* npeACTaBAeHHbie IpaBAeHHIO OTTqeTbI O npoCpo0eHHbJX KpeAHTaX

* CnHCOK KpeAHTOB, PaCCMaTPHBaeMbIX PYKOBOACTBOM 6aHKa KaK npo6AeMHbie

* npeACTaBAeHHbie peryAHPYIOJgHM opraHam OT'ieTbi O npOCpoqeHHbIX KpeAHTaX

6. IpocMoTpHTe npeACTaBAeHHbie HpaBAeHHIO oT'ieTbl o ripocpoqeHHbIX KpeAHTax H

onpeAeAHTe, AOCTaTOqHO AH OHH AeTaAbHbl AAR flpOBeAeHHI OUeHKH 2RaKTopoB

pHCKa

B. CocTaBbTe oTLeT o6 o6ujeg cyMMe npocpo0eHHb1X IeHHbix 6yMar.6. FponBeAH 6eceAbi C PYKOBOACTBOM oTAeAa, 0geHHTe KaleCTB0 H KOMneTCHUH1O

riepcoHaAa KpeAHTHoro oTAeAa 6aHKa C T04KH 3peHHa ero:

a. YPOBHR o6pa3oBaHHocTH;

6. onbiTa;

B. yqaCTHR B nporpammax nOBbIIIIeHHR KBaAHcpHKagHH;

r. MeTOAOB 06yqeHHH;

A. ypOBHH H Ka'eCTBa KOHTpOAH.

7. HcnoAb3ys pe3yAbTaTbI 6eceA c nepcoHaaom 6aHKa, HMeloUJHecR oT'eTbi, Ha6AioAeHmm,

HCCAeAOBMHHH H T.A., npoaHaAH3HpyATe BeCb npogecc o0eHKH H o63opa KpeAHTOB

BHyTpH 6aHKa. OnpeAeAHTe:

a. MeTOA oT6opa KpeAHTOB;

6. cnoco6 aHaAH3a KpeAHToB;

B. cIopMy npeACTaBmeMbiX OT4ieToB;

r. HCnOAb3OBaHHe pe3yAbTaTOB COOTBeTCTBY0UJHM nepcOHaAoM 6aHKa;

A. CYU4eCTBY!OT AH npo0eAypbi CAe2KeHHM 3a co6AioAeHHeM Toro, ZITO 3aeM4HmK

Bb1noJAHSeT YCAOBHH KpeAHTHoro AoroBopa;

e. Aio6bIe cy1geCTBY1OfLHe B 6aHKe orpaHHqeeHHI Ha pa6oTy nepcoHaAa,

3aHHMalouerocst o63opoM KpeAHToB;

106

YiipaaieHrne Jpe.4ArMNNMN PHCEraMr

2K. no AOCTH2KeHHH KaKOH KAaCCH(PHKaUHH KpeAHT Ha4HHaeT paCCMaTpHBaTbCR KaK

npo6AeMHbiii;

3. npo4eAypbi, nocpeACTBOM KOTOpblX KpeAHT YAaA5leTCR H3 cnHcKa npo6AeMHbIX

KpeA4HrOB.

FPHAO?KEHHE S. YIPABAEHHE KPEAWfHbIMH PHCKAMH: BonIPocbi no

BHYTPEHHEMY KOHTPOAIO

CAeAaHre o63op cHcTeMbl KOHTpOAH, MeTOAOB H npoMeAyp ynpaBAeHHH KpeAHTHbIM

nopTq(eAeM 6aHKa. BcH CHCTMea AOA2KHa 6blTb 3aAoKymeHTHpoBaHa H AOA2LHa coAepm2aTb

TOqHb1e OnHCaHHS, CXeMbl, KOnHH HCnOAb3YeMbiX 6AaHKOB H ApyryiO HeO6XOAHMyIO

HHcpOpMaUH1o.

1. HIpHHRAO AH npaBAeHHe 6aHKa, B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CBOHMH o6H3aHHocTAMH,

nHCbMeHHbliH AoKyMeHT, coAep2KaJgHH inOAHTHKY H -3aAaqH ynpaBAeHHR nopTqpeAeM

KpeAHToB, KOTOpbliH:

a. yCTaHaBAHBaeT flpHHUHnbI OnpeAeAeHHR KaTerOpHH KpeAHToB: KOMMepqeCKHe, noA

HeABHKMHMOCTb H KpeAHTbl C noraieneHHem no iaCTHM?

6. yCTaHaBAHBaeT reorpa(pHqeCKHe AHMHTbl KpeAHTOBaHHH?

B. YCTaHaBAHBaeT AOnIrCTHMoe COOTHOIIIeHHe MemAyc CyMMOH npeAocTaBAeHHbX

KpeAHTOB H cyMMaMH ApyrHX CTaTeH 6aAaHca?

r. ycTaHaBAHBaeT nOAHOMOqHR no npeAOCTaBAeHHIO KpeAHTOB KoMHTeTaM H

COTpyAHHKaM 6aHKa?

A. OnpeAeAAeT AOnYCTHmb1e THnbi KpeAHTOB?

e. ycTaHaBAHBaeT MaKcHMaAbHbIe CpOKH, Ha KOTOpbIe MoryT BblAaaBTbCH Te HAH HHbIe

BH4bl KpeAHTOB?

2m. yCTaHaBAHBaeT MeTOAbl onpeAeAeHHS CTOHMOCTH KpeAHTOB?

3. yCTaHaBAHBaeT MeTOAbl OUeHKH KpeAHToB?

H. yCTaHaBAHBaeT MHHHMaAbHO Heo6xOAHMblH AA npeAocTaBAeHHi KpeAHTa o6 beM

(PHHaHCOBOH HHq)OpMaUHH?

K. yCTaHaBAHBaeT AHMHTbl H npHH]AHnbi noKynKH UeHHbIX 6yMar?

A. YCTaHaBAHBaeT npHHUHnbi rIpeAOCTaBAeHHH KpeAHTOB pyKOBOACTBy, COTpyAHHKYaM,

aKIqHoHepaM 6aHKa, a TaKme CB13aHHbIM C HHMH AHUaM?

M. yCTaHaBAHBaeT npo°eAypbi noraiueHHH KPeAHTOB?

H. onpeAeAReT npaBa H o6n3aHHoCTH KpeAHTHOrO KoMHTeTa H COTPyAHHKOB KpeAHTHOro

OT4eAa?

O. YCTaHaBAHBaeTw ieAH ynpBAeHHR KpeAHTHb1M nOPTceAeM, BKAIOLiR CAeAYIOUJHe

acneKTbl:

* KOHMeHTpaUHR KpeAHTHbIX BAomeHHH B OAHOH OTpaCAH npoMbrulAeHHoCTH?

* Heo6xOAHMOCTb npHBAe'ieHHR KoMneTeHTHorO H OnblTHOro nepcoHaAa?

* o6laTeAbcTBa nepeA o6ugecTToM H HX o6cAymHBamHe?

* BO3Mo2KHbIe KOH(AHKTbl HHTepecOB?

107

YxpeiIesHe pxwmoa Crca H moImHiCuNLm qIywc NTeAzbHocrHTNr izepeMeraiif

2. CepeCMaTpHBaJOTCH AH XOTH 6bl pa3 B rOA n1pHHUMHIbI yIpaEBAeHHS KpeAHTHbiM

nopTlpeAeM C TeM, mTo 6 bi npHBeCTH HX B COOTBeTCTBHe C H3MeHHBLUHMHCR yCAOBHRMH

Ha pbIHKe?

3. FpeAcTaBAueTc.R AH HpaBAeHHlo 6aHKa HAH KOMHTeTaM (yKa2rHTe KaKHM) XOTR 6bl pasB MeCHig CAeAyioia34H HHqpOpMaUHH:

a. npOCpOseHHbie pa3oBbie nAaTeC2Hble o6a3aTeAbcTBa (yKa2KHTe TaKme KOAH'ieCTBO

npocpoxeHHblx AHeH))?6. o6a3aTeAbcTBa, no KOTOpbiM npOCpOe'Hbi TOAbKO npOUeHTHbie nAaTe2KH (yKa2HTe

TaKme KOAHMeCTBO nlpOCpOqeHHb1X AHeH)?

B. KpeAHTbl, no KOTOpbiM npocpo'eH XOTH 6bl OAHH noramiaioUHH nAaTem (yKamHTe

TamK2e KOAH%ieCTBO lIpOCpOqeHHb1X AHeH)?

r. o6uan CyMMa KpeAHTHbIX o6sl3aTeAbcTB?

A. CnHCOK KpeAHTOB, Tpe6yioJgHx oco6oro BHHMaHHH?

e. cnHCOK HOBbIX, BO3o6HoBAeHHbIx H PCCTPYKTYPHPOBaHHbIX KpeAHTOB?

4. HpenAe qeM OTreTbi nlpeAOCTaBAAIOTCH FpaBAeHHIO 6aHKa HAH KoMHTeTaM,

npOBep5IlOTCH AH OHH CnegHaAbHbIM COTpyAHHKOM Ha npeAMeT BO3MO2mHbIX OIMH60K H

nponycKOB?

5. Tpe6yeTcJ AH npeAocTaBAeHHe B nHCbMeHHOH (popMe 3aHBKH Ha Aio6ofi KpeAHT?

6. 4ep2KHT AM 6aHK xpeAHTHbie AOCbe no BCeM 3aeMI1HKaM?

7. CoAepmaT AH KpeAHTHbie AOCbe HHcIOPMagHIo 0:

a. geAHx KpeAHTa?

6. rpa(pHKe ero norameHHH?

B. HanpaBAeHHRX HCI1OAb3OBaHUH AOXOAOB OT Hero?

8. Tpe6yeT AH 6aHK, MTo6bi 3aeMJIHKH, qbe o6ecneqeHHe no KpeAHTaM HeAoCTaTOqHO HAM

TPYAHO peaAH3YeMO Ha pbIHKe, nePHOAH4eCKH npeAOCTaBAHAH B 6aHK CBOIO

qHHaHCOBYIO oTqeTHOCTb?

9. 4ep2HuT AH 6aHK OTAeAbHOe AOCbe C 3aHBKaMH Ha nOAy'eHHe H TeKyigeH qHHaHCOBoUoT"eTHoCThiO?

10. Tpe6yeT AH 6aHK npeAOCTaBAeHHR eMy npoayAHpOBaHHOH (qHHaHCOBOH oTheTHOCTH B

3aBHCHMOCTH OT CYMMbl KpeAHTa?

11. FpOBOAHT AH 6aHK H3yqeHHe HOBbIX H CyUgeCTBY!OI4Hx XAHeHTOB, nOAaBUJuX 3aHBKY Ha

noAy'ieHHe KpeAHTa?

12. IlpeqCTaBAsiioTcR AH BCe KpeAHTHb1e o6n3aTeAbcTBa B nHCbMeHHOH q)opMe?

13. FepecMaTpHBaIOTCH AH H o6HoBAunoTcC KpeAHTHbIe AHHHH XOTH 6bl pas B roA?14. IpoBepsnoTCs AH HenoramlleHHble o6gsaTeAbCTBa 3aeMiCHKOB npe2KAe, meM OHH

nOAy'aiOT AOnOAHHTeAbHbie KpeAHTbI?

15. KaKoBbi npogeAypbi 6aHKa npfH npeAoCTaBAeHHH KpeAHTOB, KOTOpbie o6ecne'ieHbl HAH

6yAyT o6ecneqeHbl Ha 25/% a&KiHRMH Apyroro (HHaHCOBorO HHCTHTyTa?

16. CyujeCTByeT AM B 6aHKe CHCTeMa BHyTpeHHerO KOHTpOAR KtamAoro oTAeAa (aTa

(YHKUHH MO2KeT BbInOAHRTbCR OTAeAOM BHyTpeHHerO ayAHTa), CeARMH co.AaHHRKOTOpOH HBAHIOTCHI:

a. nepenpoBepKa paC-leTOB CyMM npoMeHTOB, CKlHOK H AaT noramIIeHHH;

108

YnpameHNe EpeIHTHMMH pHncK&K

6. nepenpoBepKa Bcex o6R3aTeAbCTB H HX BbinIOAHeHHR, BKAIOMaR BCo Heo6xoAHmyo

AoKyMeHTagHio;

B. onpeAeAeHHe npaBHAbHOCTH HcnOAb3OBaHHS nOAHOMOqHH no npeAOCTaBAeHHIO

KpeAHToB;

r. npoBepKa nlpaBHAbHOCTH COCTaBAeHHS AoKyMeHTaUHH, HeO6XOAHMOH AAR

npeAOCTaBAeHHR KpeAHTa;

A. npoBepKa co6AIoAeHHA AHMHTOB KPeAHToBaHHR;

e. npOBepKa npaBHAbHOCTH COBeplueHHbiX 6yxraATepcKHx npOBOAOK;

mK. npoBepKa O(POPMAeHHH AoKyMeHTaUHH, KacaioJLeAcH BbInAaTbi npogeHTOB H CpOKOB

noraiueHHs;

3. BbI6opo4Hafl npoBepKa o6ecne'eHHq H KpeAHToB.

17. CylgeCTByeT AH B 6aHKe CeKTOp Ha6AioAeHHR 3a KpeAraTMH?

18. OTAeAeHa AH CIyHKrHH inpeAOCTaBACHHH KpeAHTOB OT CYHKUHH KpeAHToBaHHH?

19. HpeAcTaBARIOTCH AUi nepBbie peSyAbTaTbi pa6oTbl aToro ceKTopa KOMHTeTy HAH

COTPYAHHKy 6aHKa, KOTOpblIH He3aBHCHM OT KpeAHTHOH (PyHKUHH?

20. OcyugeCTBAAeTC.R AH Ha6AioAeHHe 3a BCeMH KpeAHTaMH, npeBblIulaWoJHMH

OnpeAeAeHHbIH ypOBeHb?

21. lpeAAaralOT AH caMH COTpyAHHKH KpeAHTHoro oTAeAa ocyUeCTBARTb oco6oe

Ha6AIoAeHHe sa TeMH HAH HHbIMH KpeAHTaMH?

22. Ho KaKOMy MeTOAy, KpOMe yKa3aHHbIX B nn 21, 22, Bbl6HpaioTcH KpeAUTbi AAA

oco6oro Ha6AioAeHHR?

23. IHPOBOARTCSI AH o63opbl Bcex o6AacTefi KpeAHTOBaHHA XOTb pa3 B rOA?

24. CyuMeCTByeT AH CHCTeMa onpeAeAeHHR H HaAomeHHR CaHK%HH Ha COTPYAHHKa, KOTOpbiU

yMbIuilAeHHO npenRTCTByeT npoMeccy Ha6AioAeHHH 3a TeM HAH HHbIM KpeAHTOM?

25. BHOCHTC% AH nepHoAHqeCKH H3MeHeHHR B cnHcorK npo6AeMHblx KpeAHTOB 6aHKa?

26. ,epmHT AH 6aHK CnHCOK C yKa3aHHeM Tex KpeAHTOB, KOTOpbie 6biAU nOABeprHyTbi

oco6oMy Ha6AioAeHHIO H o6 30py (c yKa3aHHeM AaTbi npOBeAeHHR o6sopa H

npHCBOeHHorO KpeAHTHorO peiTHHra) ?

27. rOTOBHT AH CeKTOP Ha6AioAeHHR 3a KpeAHTaMH o6ocHoBaHrH npHCBOeHHR TorO HAH

HHoro peHTHHra?

28. XpaHsTcSI AH pe3yAbTaTbi npOBeAeHHb!X KpeAHTHbIX o630poB Bce BMeCTe HAH no

KpeAHTHbIM Aocbe?

29. CyigeCTBYIOT AM npoMeAypbi nocAeAyiouero BHoCCHH 063opHblX MeMOpaHA3MOB B

COOTBeTCTBYIOUJHe KpeAHTHbie AoCbe?4 5

30. CyugeCTByeT AH 3anpeT COTpyAHHKaM 6aHKa Ha xpaHeHHe HesanoAHeHHoi HO

nOAnHCaHHOH KpeAHTHOH AOKyMeHTaUHH?

31. Bo3Bpau4aloTcA AH aHHYAHPOBaHHbie UAH onAaqeHHble o65I3aTeAbCTBa KAHeHTaM cpasy

nOCAe HX a.HHYAHPOaHH HAH onAaTbl?

32. Tpe6yeTcH AM noAyieHHe paCnUHCKH OT KAHeHTa B CAyqae nOAy'eHMH HM maCTH KpeAwTa

HaAHqHbIMH?

45 lpHMe9aHHe: nn 17-29 OTHOCITC K n 17 rIpHAomerH A "MeToAbl oUeHIU npogecza ynpaBAecm

nOpTqAeM".

109

YzpellAeHNe py8oaoxc8aa N HmOAMwiemm YJyBc1rW0AbHocTH A mepemenm

33. XpaHHTCHi AH KpeAHTHaH AoKyMeHTajHR cTporO B COOTBeTCTBHH C iopHAHqecKHMH

Tpe6oBaHHIMH H nOAHTHKOH nO XPaHeHHIO AOKYMeHTOB?

34. MHKPOqtHAbMHPYIOTCA AH HOBbIe o6asaTeAbcTBa emeAHeBHO? HAH 8TO AeAae'rcR KaK-

AH6 0 HHaqe?

35. KaKoBa CHCTeMa Ha6AIOAeHHR H KOHTpOAR 3a HpocpoqeHHbIMH KpeAHTaMH?

36. CyujeCTBYIOT AH B 6aHKe Ta6AHMbI CTaHAaPTHbIX npOgeHTHbIX CTaBOKi no TeM HAH

HHbIM THnaM KpeAHTOB?

37. FepecMaTpHBaloTcJR Al STH Ta6AHUbl? Kax macTO?

38. HacKOAbKO AeTaAbHO 6aHX XpaHHT HHpOpMagHIO H AOCTaTo0HO AH ee AAA COCTaBAeHHxoTqeTa o:

a. CTOHMOCTH CpeACTB, [ipeAocTaBAeHHb1X B KpeAHT)

6. CTOHMOCTH o6CAymHBaHHR KpeAHTOB, BKAIO'aR HaKAaAHb1e pacXoAbi?

B. CTOHMOCTH qpaKTOpa BO3MOmHbIX y6blTKoB?

r. nAaHHPYeMOM pa3Mepe mapm2K npH6blAH?

39. HpoBOAUT Al 6aHK HCCAeAoBaHHS KpeAHTyeMbIX HM OTpacAci npoMbIuAeHHOCTH?

40. 3aOqeHme: CqHTaeTCR AH BbliuIeHa3BaHHaH HH(FOpMaUHS AoCTaTOqHOH Am OeCHIH

CHCTCMbl KOHTpOAH 6aHKa? T.e. CYU KCTBYOT AU KaKHe-AH6o ApyrHe npogeAypbl

BHyTpeHHerO ayAHTa, KOHTpOAH 3a BeAeHHCM y'leTa H T.A., KOTOpbIe MOrAH 6blnOAOpBaTb ymKe CYICCTBYIOYO CHCTeMy KOHTPOAR HAUA YCHAHTb HMelOUHeCH

HeAOCTaTKH?

[IP4AO2BEHHE B. I1POBEPKA KPEAh1THOA KYAbTYPbl

XOTSi cama no ce6e KOHCen1lUHl KpeAHTHOH KyAbTypbi nBAReTCS AOBOAbHO pacriAbmsaTofi,

CYHTaeTCH, 'ITO HMeHHO YPOBeHb KpeAHTHOH KyAbTypbl onipeAeAHeT KameCTBO aKTHBoB. IoA

BTHM nOHHTHeM nOHHMalOT COBOKYnHOCTb nOAXOAOB 6aHKa K ynpaBAeHHio KpeAHTHbTMH

pHCKaMH, BKAIO'IaR AcAOBy1o cTpaTerHllo, KpeAHTHNYO nOATrHKY, OCHOBbl KpeAHTOBaHSI,

aqcXeKTHBHOCTb cBR3eH, COCTaB H Ka'ieCTBO KpeAHTHOrO nOpTe. IlepeqHcAeHHbIe HHme

BOnPOCbl nOAe3Hbl AAA nOHHMaHHI KpeAHTHOH IKyAbTypbi 6aHKa.

Kpe,MNMJVWN IOpTIJeAh

a XOTHI cpaBHeHHe He BcerAa Bo3Mo2KHo, HO BCe me, KaKOBbl CYMMbl KpeAHTHbWX

nopTq)eAeH y 6aHKOB-KoHKypeHToB, HX cAa6bie H CHAbHbIe CTOpOHbl?

* BO3MOflHbl AH KaKHe-AH6o 6bNcTpbie HMeHeHHSI Ha PbIHKe?

* AocTaTo'HO AH AHBepCH(IHUHPoBaH KpeAHTHblH nOpTq)eAb? 4 TO npOH3wAAeT, eCAH yKpeAHTyeMbiX 6aHKoM KpyUHb1X 3aeMUjHKOB, OTpaCAeH npOMblUIAeHHOCTH HAH npO'IHX

cerMeHTOB B03HHKHyT araKue-AH6o CAO2KHOCTH? AHBePCH(pHUHPOBaH AH nOpTq)e.Ab no

reOrpaq)lHqecKoMy npH3HaKy, no BaAIOTaM, nO CpOKaM H nO KpeHATHbIM HHCTPYMeHTaM?

* KaK 'iacTo nPOBOAHTCR o63opbl KCpeAHTHOrO nopTq?

* OTpamaeT Al CUCTeMa ynpaBAeHieCKOH HHqOpMaaUHH OpraHH3a4UHOHHYO KoH(PHrypaUmo

H COCTaB nopTq,%R?

* HaCKOAbCKO 'IYBCTBHTeAbHbl COTPYAHHKH KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa K UHKAaM KOHbIOHKTypbl,

OTpaCAH H 8KOHOMHKH?

110

YHpaBueHHe IcpeANTHMMrNH pHCJ(aM

* IIOMHRT AM COTPYAHHKH npoiuAbie ypOKH?

* RBAxeTc'R AH nOAHTHKa 6aHKa B ccpepe yxieTa KOHCepBaTHBHOM; npOH3BOARTCR AH

cnHcaHHH KpeAHTOB TOAbKO noCAe npH3HaHH.R Hx 6e3HaAe2HocTH?

* HOHMmalOT AH COTpyAHHKH KpeAHTHoro oTAeAa Bcex ypOBHeM npHBep2KeHHOCTh

PYKOBOACTBa 6aHKa K noAAep2maHHIO BbICOKHX KpeAHTHbIX CTaHAapTOB?

* KaKHM o6pa3oM nlpHHUHnlbi KpeAHTHOM IIOAHTHKH 6aHKa AOBOARTCH A0 ero

COTpyAHHKOB BCeX ypOBHeM?

* KaK BOCnpHHHMaeTCH q)yHKUHH KpeAHTHOHi nOAHTHKM? IOHHMaeTCsI AM OHa?

* 5IBAHeTcJ AH KpeAHTHbIi annapaT 6aHKa eAHHbIM geAb1M?

* Cy11eCTByeT AH HaCTOAbHaH cnpaBO'IHaR KHHra Am COTpyAHHKOB rpeAHTHoro annapaTa

C TeM, sTo6bi OHH roBOPHAH Ha o6 ujeM fl3blKe?

* HoHMmaeT AH KamKAbif COTPYAHHK 6aHKa, sTO OT Hero/Hee Tpe6yeTcH H nOHHMaeT AH

OH/OHa TO, KaKoe BAHMHHe MoryT OKa3aTb HX pemleHHM Ha BeCb 6aHK?

* B npoMecce npeAoCTaBAEeHH KpeAHTa Bce AK HCHO noHmMaioT, seM Ka2KAbiH AoA2KeH

3aHHMaTbC51?

* Pa3pa6aTblBaeTcR AM riOCAeAOBaTCAbHbIH CTHAb H nOAxOA ICK KpeATOBaHHIO?

lOAONTHra H cTpaTergz

* KamHe CTpaTerHseCKHe BO3MO2KHOCTH Bbi6opa CyigeCTBYIOT B AaHHOH CHTyaMHH?

KaKoBbI KOHKypeHTHbie npeHmyueCTBa 6aHKa? FpaBHAbHa AH CTpyKTypa 6aHKa?

YcTaHoBAeHbI AH rpa(HKH AOCTHM2eHH. nOCTaBAeHHbIX CeAeCH?

* lpaBHAbHO AH onpeAeAeHbi pblHKH H npaBHAbHO AH Bb16paHbl H ocyu cTBARIoTcR

noAxoAbi?

* HacKoAbKo UHMpOKO HCfioAb3yeTcH MeTOA OT6opa geAeBbIX pbIHKOB?

* FPHHHMalOT AH y"aCTHe B npogecce nAaHHpOBaHHR AeHTeAbHOCTH 6aHKa COTpyAHHKH,

pa3pa6aTbiBaBuIHe ero KpeAHTHylO nOAHTHKy? OgeHHBaIOT AH OHH CTeneHb pHCKa Toro

HAH HHOrO cerMeHTa pbIHKa?

* IBAIIOTCR AH KOHTPOAHPYIOIHMH (paKTOpaMH nepCneKTHBbl pa3BHTHR H geAOCTHOCTb

KpeAHTHoH cHcTeMbi 6aHKa? YAoBAeTBOpsuOTc.i AH nOAHOCTbIO nIOTpe6HOCTH pb1HKa B

KpeAHTaX?

* ECTb AH CBHAeTeAbCTBO TOrO, sTO TOT HAH HHOH COTpyAHHK 6OAbuxe AyMaeT o ce6e

CaMOM, 'eM O 6aHKe?

* BblAM AH yCTaHOBAeHbi npHHMIHnbi KpeAHToBaHHH TOH HAH HHOH OTpaCAH?

* KaK MOTHBHpYIOTCH, OgeHHBaHOTCH H BO3HarpamAaIOTCH COTpYAHHKH 6aHKa?

* Cyu;eCTByeT AH opraHH3agHOHHaf pa3ApO6AeHHOCTb B cq)epe KpeAC4ToBaHHsi?

* 3

c!KpeKTHBHa AH yHKUHI KpeAHTHOH nOAHTHKH?

* XopouIo AM 3aquHtieHa HHCTHTYI;HOHaAbHaA KpeAHTHaH aTHKa H CyUgeCTByeT AM

CneUMaAbHaM nOAHTHKa?

* CyyeCTBYIoT AH nOCTOAHCTBO B KpeAHTOBaHHH? HpHAep2KHBaeTCA AH 6aHK

CTaHAapTHOH H pasyMHoH nOAHTHKH?

1o4r0oBowra maxpOB

* CyjeCTByeT H noAAep2KHBaeTCA AH npHopHTeT nOAroTOBKH KpeAHTHbIX KaApoB?

ill

YjirpeilAeJe pJy0o50ojera o noBwueHa. qyBCrrTTAhHOCeV K ifepememav

* CyUeCTBYIOT AK npOrpaMMbl rIOArOTOBKH KpeAHTHbIX KaAPOB Ha ypOBHe 6aHKoB H

OTAeAOB? 3 q)JeKTHBHbl AH OHH?

* KTO 3aAeHCTBOBaH CO CTOPOHbi npenoAaBaTeAeH? 4A% 94JXeKTHBHOH y'e6bi Hym2Hbi

TaAaHTAHBbie AIOAH. ECTb AH TaKHe CpeAH BaiunHx npenoAaBaTeAeH?

* BblAH AH ycTaHoaAeHbI KPHTePHH Heo6xoAHMbIx HaBb1KOB AAm COTpyAHHKOB KpeAHTHOro

OTAeAa Ha HaqaAbHOM, CpeAHeM H CTapuieM ypOBHe? FPHHHMaACH AH BO BHHMaHHe

OnbIT pa6oTbl?

* KaKOB CpeAHHH BospaCT COTPYAHHKOB KpeAHTHOrO oTAeAa?

* Ha nCPBOM aTane o6yqeHHHs npeAAaraeTCH AH BceM o6yqaeMbiM, He3aBHCHMo OT

o6AaCTH, B KOTOpOH OHH pa6oTaloT, TaKHe npeAMeTbi, Kxa 6yxraATepcKHwH yeT,

cPHHaHCbi KopnopaHH', BKOHOMHxa, KpeAHTHblIH aHaAH3 H fIOAXOAbI K KpeAHTOBaHHio?

HpO;geCC rpeATOBamHI

* CyJIJeCTByeT AH CHCTCMa Ha6AioAeHHS 3a OTKAOHeHHHMH OT npogecca no mepe Hx

BO3HHKHoBeHHH ?* HMeeTca AH OnHCaHHe npogecca KpeAHTOBaHHq OCHOBHblX o6AacTeii B BHAe cxeMbl?

HIpoBepHeTcsi AH peryAHpHo ero co6AioAeHHe?

* AOCTaTOqHO AH KBaAH(PHIHpOBaH nepcoHaA AAm pa6oTbl B pa3AH-!HbiX cerMeHTaxpbIHKa? BeAeTcH AH Ha6AioAeHHe 3a KoMneTeHUHeH pe3yAbTaTaMH AeHTeAbHOCTH BcexCOTPYAHHKOB Ha Bcex ypOBHSIX?

* OnTHMaAbHO AM HcnOAb3ylOTCA cnoco6HOCTH COTPYAHHKOB?

* COOTBeTCTBYIOT AH npaBHAa H MeToAbi KpeAHToBaHHM opraHH3agHOHHOH CTpyKType?

* HacKOAbKO UeAecoo6pa3Hbi riopyieHHbie TeM HAH HHbIM coTpyAHHKaM 3aAaHH%?

* HeT AH Hs6bITO9HOfi poTaMHH?

* BoBAeqeHbl AH B npoMecc KpeAHToBaHHR COTPYAHHKH, ocyigeCTBAffio1gHe Ha6AioAeHHe

3a pa6oToii COTpyAHHKOB KpeAHTHorO OTAeAa, H o6a3aHbl AH OHH npeTBOp5Tb B 2KHSHb

BbICOKHe KpeAHTHbie CTaHAapTbI H AHCUHnAHHy? PaCCMaTPHBaiOT AH OHH BTO B

AOAroCposHOH nepcneKTHBe HAM nOAAalOTMH KpaTKOCPOIHbIM co6Aa3Ham? 4eAerHpyior

AM OHH CBOH nOAHOMOMHH B KpeANTHOH o6AacTH?

* CylecTByKYr AH MHHHMaAbHbie CTaHAapTbl AAR KpeAHTHbIX 3aRBOK?

* MoryT AH COTPYAHHKH KpeAHTHoro OTAeAa MbICAHTb KpeAHTHbIMH KaTeropHIMmH?

* Hlo4oTqeTHbl AH COTpy4HHKH KpeAHTHOrO oTAeAa?

* BbISBAMIOT AH COTPYAHHKH KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa BO3HHKaioujHe npo6AeMbl Ha Bce

100%?* OleHHBaeTc.! AH XOTH 6bl pa3 B rOA KaqeCTBO pa6oTbl KpeAHTHbIX COTPyAHHKOB?

* BbInoAHxeTc9 AH pa6oTa no cnaceHHIo KpeAMTOB AeHCTBHTeAbHO KoMneTeHTHbiMH

COTpyAHHKaMH?

Ay,grn* 14TO BKAiOqaeT B ce6s ay4HT? OcyujecTBA&eTcM AH peryApSHa. npoBepKa

COOOTBeTCTBHM onepagHH 6aHKa KpeAHTHOH nOAHTHKH, CTPaTerFH H flaHaM

AeMTeAbHOcTH?

* Kax qacTo oBeHHBaIoTcM npaKTHKa, npoUeAypbi, o6uee BeAeHHe AeA H nOpT"3eAH

KpeAHTHOrO OTAeAa 6aHKa?

112

YupaAC.ieAwe KpediNMMMNF p9CKaMN

* HacKOAbKO XOpOI1O Ka2AaR CTpyXTYPHa eAHHHUa nlOHHMBeT CBOU pbIHOK, BeAeT

neperoBopbi no RpeAHTaM, AOKyMeHTHPYeT H BblAaeT HX, a TaKme ynpaBAReT CBOHM

nopT)eAeM, BKAioq)aH npo6AeMHblf?

e KaK o6CToHT AeAO C nOArOTOBXOi K8aApOB?

* HeT AH H-36biToMHoH pOTagHH?

* fIBAS WCR AH ayAHTOpbi AeHCTBHTeAbHO KOMnleTeHTHbIMH H OlblTHbIMH COTpyAHHKaMH?

113

ijiI

4. YHPABAEHHE 4DHHAHCAMH

nHTep 4DaAAerrH

MorysHe CHAbi aKTHBHO (POpMHpyIOT CpeAy, B KOTOpOH (PyHK%HOHHpyioT 6aHKH, BHAbI

6aHKOBCKHX ycAyr H HX onepagHH. BO MHOrHX CTpaHax apa BKOHOMHqecKoro peryAHPOBaHHB

Ha4HHaeT YCTynaTb nepeA TeXHH'eCKHM nporpeccoM, npHBaTH3aUHeH npoMbiIIIAeHHOCTH,

(pHHaHCOBbIMH HHHOBagHSIMH, HHTepHaUHOHaAH3aUHefH TOprOBAH H (PHHaHCOB,

AeMorpapHqeCKHMH cABHraMH, KOTOpble Bbl3bIBaioT H3MeHeHHH B xapaKTepe ycAyr, o2KHAaeMbix

mOTpe6HTeAmMH. 3

TH CHAbl BMCCTe C BKOHOMH'eCKHM AeperyAHpOBaHHem 6aHKoBcKofi CHCTeMbl

6pocaloT Bbl3OB TpaAHUHOHHbIM MeToAaM 6aHKoBcKoro ynpaBAeHHs. HeAaBHee HccAeAoBaHHe

xoAa nepeCTpoHKH 6aHKoB B 10 cTpaHax rIOKa3aAo, MTO ()HHaHcoBaH AH6&paAH3agHSI BHAaCb

BamKHOH npeAnocbIAKOH B Ka2KAoM H3 10 CAyqaeB.4 6

aTH BbIBOAbl OTHIOAb He yMaARIOT

MHorosHCAeHHbIX AOCTOHHCTB qHHaHCoBOH AH6epaAH3aUHH, cKopee OHH noA'iepKHBaloT

3Ha'ieHHe pefpOpM B nOAHTHKe H HHCTHTYIHOHaAbHbiX nepeMeH, KOTOpbIe AOA2KHbl

COnyTCTBOBaTb HM. Ba2KHeuman peipopMa B nOAHTHKe 6aHKoBcKoro AeAa 3aKAIOqaeTCH B

yKpenAeHHH peryAHpOBaHHH Ha OCHOBe 3ApaBoro CMbICAa no mepe oCAa6AeHHA peryAHpoBaHHs

mepe3 aKOHOMHMeCKHe MexaHH3Mbl. 4 7 MHOrHe Ba2Hbie BHyTpeHHHe peqpOpMbi, 2KH3HeHHO

Heo6xOAHMbie 6aHKaM, MTo6bl CipaBHTbCH C H3MeHHBIUHMHCR BHeCIIHHMH yCAOBHRMH,

cocpeAOTO'ieHbI B o6AacTH ynpaBAeHHI CpHHaHcaMH.

CTPYKTYPHblE H3MEHEHHR B CPE4E BAHKOBCKOrO OKPY?HEHHH

BaHKH BO MHorHx CTpaHax HCTOpH9CCKH AeHCTBOBaAH rloA 3aSIHTHbIM 30HTHKOM

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46 3, LWeHr 1990a.

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nOAHTHKH;

119

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120

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121

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122

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CIHHaHCOBoe ynpaBAeHHe Mo2KeT npoaHaAH3HPOBaTb cTeneHb PHCKa OT H3MeHeHHRnpogeHTHoH CTaBKH Ha pblHKe HcnOAsb3yH ynpaBAeHHe pa3HHgeiH B npoIeHTHbIX cTaBKax HaHaAH3 cpeAHeB3BenieHHoH 3aoA2KeHHoCTH, KOTOpble OXBaTbIBalOT AHHaMHKy pHcKa nonpoMeHTHoH cTaBKe. HqOpMamagHn, noAy'iaeMasl B pe3yAbTaTe XIpHMeHeHHR Aio6oro H3 BTHXrIpHeMOB AOA2KHa COqeTaTbCSI C TeKyKJHMH AaHHblMH H3 6aAaHcoBoro oTqeTa H OTqeTa OAoxoAaX H npeACTaBA.Tb co6ogi OCHOBy AAR HMHTaUHH BAHHHHH H3MeHeHHfi npoUeHTHbIXCTaBOK B (,HHaHcOBOH MoAeAH.

YnpaBAeHHe Pa3pblBOM B cpoKaX Me2mAy aKTHBaMH H o6H3aTeAbCTBaMH H3MepReT pasHHIymemAy o6ibeMamH aKTHBOB H o6bleMaMH o6e3aTeAbcTB, KOTOpble AOAmHbJ npOHTH nepeogeHKyHa TeKyuJeZH HeAeAe, B AaHHOM MecHge, KBapTaAe HAH TeCygYeM roAy.

128

BCTaDaca 4.1 npoUecc yupaBAeHim aKTHBaMH H o6si3aTeAbcTBaMH

MO,eAb.yWpa&MeHNm aKTHBaMN H 06z3aTeAuCTBaMrN JeAeBbic pe-yAbTzTba

[ Bbipa6oTxa nIOAHTHFH * 3aijHunjaT aK9_OHepOB H BNAaA'HKOB

I* HoAAep2uHBaTb AHKBHAHOCTb Ha AOCTaTOqHOM

r l ypOBHe AAI nOKpbITHS BCeCX nOTpe6HOCTeH AeHe2HbiX

C6op BHeUIHeH H3 C6op BHyTpeHHeH nOTOKOB, npH BTOM BbirOAHO BKAaAbIBaA CBo6OAHy3O

HHwOpMaUHH HHcOpMaUHH AHKBHAHOCTb

* YnpaAAwTb npOgeHTHbiM renom (pa3pblBOM),

YnpaBAeHHe lUeHoo6pa3oBaHHeM CTpeMSCb MaKCHMH3HpOBaTb AOXOAbl B npeAeAax

YCTaHOBAeHHbIX AHMHTOB pHCKa

YnpaBAeHHe YrIpaBAeHHe YnpaBAeHHe * HoAyqaTb npHAHqHyiO npH6blAb OT BaA1OTbl B

AHKBHAJ.HOCTb[O Pa3pbIBOM Ba.AIOTOi rnpeAeAax AHMHTOB PHCKa

* IoAAepmHBaTb AOCTaTO1Hblu AAA noraHueHHi Aio6bix

YnpaBAeHHe MeHoo6pa3oBaHHeM AAOBbIX pHcKOB KanHTaA

* TaK OIeHHBaTb CBOH npoAyKTbi, oTO6 bi nomoraTb

ynpaBACHH!o aKTHBaMH H o6A3aTeAbcTBaMH H

BbnOAHeH | MaKCHMH3HPOBaTb AOXOA 6aHKa

4cToIYHHK: By3-AAeH H raMHAbTOH.

YJpeii.erNre PJY08KOB CTBa o iOBbIIJIeHe 9yVCTMTAbHOCTN Jr fepeMeNafJ

BCTaDxa 4.2KAOqeBbile o6AaCTH 6aHKOnCKOii nOAUTRKH yupan3AeNHx aKTH3aKH H 06sBaTeAbCTBamn

fIoAImrxa yHpaB.4eHmf aK7WHBaMH H o6z3are4AbCrBamH

. pyl(OBOACTBO AAKO.* MeAH H cfyHKgHH AAKO, coCTaB H o6R3aHHOCTH.

* meAH ynpaBAeHHH aKTHBaMH H o6HsaTeAbcTHaMH B geARx noAyqeHHB 'iHCTOii MapMH nonpoeHTHroH CTaBKe, npH6blAb Ha aKTHBbI, npH6blAb Ha co6cTBeHHbli KanHTaA.

* napameTpbl pHCKa npogeHTHOH CTaBKH: rpaHHgbi nOAHTHKH pa3HHUbI (MemAy npOMeHTHbiMH

CTaBKaMH no ccyAe H Aeno3HTaM), orpaHH'eHHH B nOAHTHKe npOAOAMHTeAbHOCTH AeHCTBHRAOArOBOrO HHcTpyMeHTa, npeAeAbl BapHagHH qHCTorO AoxoAa no npogeHTHo1H cTaBKe, KorAa

pbiHOmHbiH noKa3aTeAb npogeHTa Bo3pacTaeT HAH yMeHb1raeTcC Ha onpeAeAeHHyio BeAHIMWy.* KOBq4HUHeHTbl AHKBHAHOCTH: o6ugam xapaKTepHCTHKa, KOHKpeTHb1e Tpe6oBaHHH nOAHTHKH

AHKBHAHOCTH.

* nOAHTHKa PHHaHCHpoBaHHR.

* HcKA1o1HTeAbHbxe (hipe3BbitafiHbie) o6cTosrTeAbcTaa H npOUeAypbI.

FoIANICNa B oTHOLICHHm HHBec7MHNoHHbrx geHHbIx 6ymar

* iIeAH ynpaBACHHH HHBeCTHUHOHHbDMH UeHHbIMH 6yMaraMH: AHKBHAHOCTb AOXOAOB; AOAEnOpTcpeAA B o6ugeM o6beMe aKTHBoB; KpeAHTHblH pHCK;

* PYKOBOACTBo noAHTHKOH;

* nOpT(pe1Ab rOCyAapCTBeHHb[X UeHHbiX 6yMar;

* nOpTcjeAb UeHHbiX 6ymar, o6ecneqeHHblIx 3aKAaAHbiMH;

* nOpTq3eAb UeHHbiX 6yMar, He o6AaraeMblx HaAoroM;

* peryAHpHasi nepeoueHKa MeAeH nopTqJeAH H noKa3aTeAeH ero "pa6oTbl";

* npogeAypbi HCKAIOqHTeAbHb1X 06CTOHTeAbCTB.

FloAmNwra wicXBH4mocT

* UeAH ynpaBAeHHeH AHKBHAHOCTbIO: onpeAeAeHHe AHKBHAHOCTH H noAo2meHHe MHHHMaAbHOH HMaKCHMaAbHOH AHKBHAHOCTH;

* yHpaBAeHHe nOAHTHKOH;

* HsMepeHHe cTenCeHH AHKBHAHOCTH (HcxoAR H3 onpeAeAeHHa): KosqX4HUHeHTbi, KpeAHTHraneMKoCTb; nOraLueHHe aKTHBoB; H ABH2KeHHC AeHe2HbIX cpeACTB;

* npeeMCTBeHHOCTb HCTOYHHKOB c)HHaHcHpoBaHHR;

* ogeHha noKasaTeAeHi 6aAaHcoBoro OTqeTa H noTpe6HoCTeH B AHKBHAHOCTH;

* BAHHHHe AHKBHAHOCTH Ha o6lbeM 3aeMHbix cpeACTB, 'yBCTBHTeAbHOCTb npo4eHTHofi cTasKH

H HHCTblH AOXOA 6aHKa;

* perCYAApHan nepeogeHKa LeAeH H OUeHKa noKa3aTeAeH pe3yAbTaTHBHOCTH [IOAHTHKH.

FOAmTHra 7-qp R Av a3HarIeCJANfmH eJHHblMH 6ymaramN

* UeAH yrpaBAeHHR npOAameHi H nOKynKOH Ka3HaqeHCKHx ULeHHbiX 6yMar: npH6bLAb HaaKTHBbl, npHPOCT AOXOAOB, AHKBHAHOCTb, H MyBCTBHTeAbHOCTb npoLeHTHoH CTaBKH;

* napaMeTpbl TOprOBb1X onepagHHi npH HHBeCTHpOBaHHH B:

130

YnpaaAew,e wann

BcTaDKa 4.2 (npoA.)

* qeAepaAbHbie qOHAbi (OBepHaiiT H Ha CpOK);

* KyrHi-npoAanma HHOCTpaHHOM B&AIOTbi (TeKyLgam H lpopBapAHaR);

* EpoAerio3HTbi H EBpoAenO3WrHble cepTH(PHKaTbI,

* corAalmeHH peno,

* 6aHKoBCKHe aKgenTb1,

* geHHbic 6yMarU Ha TOprOBOM cIeTe.

* OT'eTHOCTb 0 TOprOBbIX CACAKaX H nO3HIAHRX,

* peryAqpHblH nepecMoTp geAei H pe3yAbTaTHBHOCTH nOAHTHKH.

I7IoAHTKa xem.'ifpoBaHHR

* UeAH xeAMHpOBaHHM: yrpaBAeHHe -IYBCTBHTeAbHOCTbIO npOgeHTHOH CTaBKH, qHCTblH0 AOXOA

no npOUeHTHOH CTaBKe, AHKBHAHOCTb H npHpOCT AOxOAa.

* perAaMeHTHPOBaHHbie HHCTpyMeHTbI XeAHtPOBaHHH

* perAameHTHPOBaHHbie CTpaTerHH XeA2tHOBaHMH

* napaMeTpbi AAa OnpeAeAeHHH no3HIIHii nO (J)biOqepCHbIM CAeAKaM no npOgeHTHOH CTaBKe,

ongHOHaM H cBonaMm, no o6H3aTeAbCTBaM npoAamH H noKynKH !eHHb1x 6ymar HAH

KpeAHTOB, H no npoAame-noKynKe HHOCTpaHHOH BaAlOTbl.

AKTHBbI H o6H3aTeAbcTBa pacnpeAeAHioTcH no CAeAyEoUHM BpeMeHHblM nepHOAaM:

* HHCTpyMeHTbi C (PHKCHpOBaHHOH CTaBKOH OTHOCRTCH K nepHoAy, o6o3HaReHHOMy

YCAOBHHMH KOHTpaKTa H/HAH AaTOH HCTe-eHHH cpoKa AeiCTBHH;

* HHCTPYMeHTbl C nepeMeHHOH CTaBKoH OTHOCHTCA K nepHOAy, KOrAa npOHCXOAMT

CMeHa UeHbI Ha AaHHbIH HHCTpyMeHT.

TeopH.s ynpaBAeHHH Pa3pblBOM B CPOKaX HCXOAHT HM3 npeAnOAomeHHMS, t TO yMeHbleHMHe

npOgeHTHOH CTaBKH B KOHoMHMqeCKOH cpeAe Mom(eT 6bITb 6AaronpHRTHbIM AAR HHCTHTYTOB

4YBCTBHTeAbHbIX K o6s3aTeAbcTBaM (KorAa nepeoUeHHBaembie o6n3aTeAbcTBa npeBbllilaiOT nO

CpOKaM nepeoUeHHBaembie aKTHBbl) a B03paCTaHHe npo,eHTHOH CTaBKH 6AaronpHRTHo AAA

y'pe2tAeHHH, 'IyBcTBHTCAbHbIX K aKTHBaM.

YnpaBAeHHe Pa3pblBOB nO CPOKaM CAeAyeT HCnOAbSOBaTb C OCTOpOmHOCTbJO, noToMy 'ITO

OHO CTpOHTCH Ha leTbIpex AO2KHbix npeAnocbIAKax: (1) OHO HCXOAHT H3 npeAnOAOmeHHR, -ITO

BpeMR H3MeHeHHf UeHbl HBAMeTCH CaMbIM BaltHbIM q)aKTOpOM, BAHMIOU.HM Ha pHCK no

npUOeHTHOM CTaBxe. Ha CaMOM 2Ke AeAe, BpeMSI H3MeHeHHHR eHbl TOAbKO AHllb cO3AaeT

BO3MO2KHOCTb AAR H3MeHeHHH 'IHCTOH nPH6blAH no npOIaeHTam. (2) OHO HCXOAHT HS

npeAnOAOmeHHSI, 'TO B AaHHblH nepHOA BpeMeHH BCe aKTHBbl H o6sm3aTeAbcTBa nOABeprwyTcH

MsmeHeHHIO UCHbl B CTOpOHy o6ulero ABHmeHHH npoUeHTHOii CTaBKH Ha pbIHKe. OnbiT noRa3aA,

ITO BTOT BbIBOA peAKO 6blBaeT npaBHAbHbIM, nOCKOAbKy BCe aKTHBbl HAH o6m3aTeAbcTBa,

nOABePralOUWHecH H3MeHeHH*O ,eHbI B OTPeSOK BpeMeHH, KOrAa HCTeKaeT HX CpOK nOraMeHMR,

BoBce He o6s3aTeAbHo 6blAH 3a(FHKCHpOBaHbi B OAHH H TOT me nepHOA BpeMeHH. KAacc

o6s3aTeAbCTB, AeHCTByIOU.HX B TeqeHHe 30 AHeH, Mo2KeT coAepmaTb o6xsaTeAbcTsa,

nepBOHa-'aAbHbIii cpoX Ae4CTBHSI KOTOpbIX COCTaBAHA 30 AHeH, 1 roA, 4 roAa H T.A.

131

YEpelLJAew,e pyJr01orcTa H' mozAriieHHe yBC7THTAbAHOCT7 e n'epeA eaJ

YnpaBAeHHe P3apblBOM B cpoxax npeAnOAaraeT, wTO Bce aTH o6a3aTeAbcTBa 6yAyT HMeTbOAHHaKoByIo peazqaHio Ha H3MeHeHHH B npOUeHTHOH cTaBKe Ha pbIHKe. Ho eCAH 6oAeeAoAroCPO-iHbie o6a3aTeAbcTBa 6blAH BbinyujeHbl B riepHoA 6oAee BblCOXOH inpogeHTHoH cTaBKH,TorAa HX npO]2eHTHa5 CTaBXa BepOSITHee Bcero 6yAeT yMeHbllaTbCfI, Aame eCAH npOgeHTmaaCTaBKa Ha PbIHKe MomeT Bo3pacTaTb. TaKoe RBAeHHe H3BeCTHO KaK 6a3HcHblfi pHCK, H ero3Ha'eHHe 3aKAIo'IaeTca B TOM, HTO Bce UeHOBbie HHAeKcbl, HCnOAb3yeMbie npH OCeHKe aKTHBOBH o6R3aTeAbcTB He COBnaAaIOT c o6igefi TeHAeHgHeH H3MeHeHHm nlpogeHTHOH CTaBKH. (3)YnpaBAeHHe Pa3pblBOM no CpOKaM npeAnoAaraeT, 'TO HeHTpaAbHaA nO3HUHR, TO-eCThpaBeHCTBo aKTHBOB H o6H3aTeAbCTB 6yAeT rapaHTHpOBaTb yCTOH'qHBbIH A°XOA. Pe3yAbTaTbl BCoeAHHeHHb!X LLITaTax noKaSaAH, TITO HeHTpaAbHaR nOfSHUHR paspbiBa B cpoKax BepORTHeeBcero AaCT HeyCTOH'HBblH YPOBeHb 'HCTOrO AOXOAa OT IIpOgeHTHOH CTaBKH B CHAy AeHCTBHRAByx (FaKTOpOB, onHcaHHbIX BbliuIe. (4) 14 HaKOHeg, ynpaBaeHHe pa3pbiBoM no cpoKaMAeiCTByeT TaKHM o6pa3oM, 'TO OHO KaK 6bl npeHe6peraeT PHCKOM peHHBeCTHgHH. PHCKpeHHBeCTHUHH MomeT He noBAHHTb Ha nOAo2KeHHe 6aHKa B Bonpoce pa3pbiBa no cpOKaM, HOOH HMeeT 3Ha4HTeAbHOe BAHHHHe Ha H3MeHeHHe 'iHcToro AoxoAa no npOUeHTHOH CTaBKe , -mTO

lBAHeTCH Pe3yAbTaTOM HsMeHeHHR npOgeHTHOH CTaBKH Ha pbIHKe. HecMoTpH Ha aTHHeAOCTaTKH HOArOTOBKa H nepecMOTP AaHHbIx no yrlpaBAeHH1O paS3pblBOM no CpOKaMnpe4OCTaBASeT nOAe3Hy1O BO3MOM2HOCTb H3y'ieHHH qaKTOpOB, COSAa1OUMHX AA4 y'ipemAeHHR

pHCK nO npogeHTHOH cTaBKe.

B HOCAeAHHe rOAbl HaH6OAee nepeAoBbie yqpe2KAeHHH BO Bce 6OAee Bo3pacTaioigem o6beMeHCnOAb3yIOT aHaAH3 CpeAHeB3BeLCieHHoro CpOKa HenoraiuIeHHoH 'iaCTH KpeAHTa, OTAaBaH eMyrIpeAno-lTeHHe no cpaBHeHHIO C aHaAH3OM pa3pbIBa C cpoKax npH OleHKe TeKyIZeJH HnpeAnoAaraemofi nO3HUHH aKTHBOB H o6RsaTeAbcTB. AHaAH3 cpeAHeB3BeuoeHHOro cpoXaHenorameHHOH iaCTH KpeAHTa OCHOBbIBaeTCR Ha 6a3oBbIx ypaBHeHHax, yrBep2KAailoHx, 'TOpbIHO'IHaR CTOHMOCTb aKTHBOB AOA2KHa 6

blTb paBHa pbIHO'iHOA CTOHMOCTH o6s3aTeAbcTB riAlOCpbIHO-JHafl CTOHMOCTb co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa. BbI-IHCAeHHR cpeAHeB3BeC1JeHHOrO cpoxaHenoraieHHoA 'aCTH 3aAoA2reHHOCTH - npol5ecc CAOMHblH H o6blMHO BKAio'iaeT YCTaHOBAeHHe

nepHoAH'HOCTH ABHm2KeHHR AeHem2HbIX CpeACTB (KaK OCHOBHOrO AoAra TaX H BbIIJAaTyUIOOeHTOB ) nOpTqJeAH aKTHBOB H o6R9aTeAbcTB. TeKyujas CTOHMOCTb KamAorO TaKOrO noToxa(ABHaeHH.9) AOA2Ha 6blTb Bbl4HCAeHa H yMHoKeHa Ha -IHCAO, npeAcTaBARIoUCee nOpSRAXKOBbliHOMep AaHHoro nepHoAa BbInAaT. CyMMy, nOAyqeHHyIO B peS3yAbTaTe 3aTeM HeO6XOAHMOPaSAeAHTb Ha pbIHOHYIO CTOHMOCTb nopTVqeAs. 3sHaCHHe aHaA83a cpeAHeB3BeCineHHOro CPOKaHenoraHIeHHOH qaCTH KpeAHTa HanpHMYIO CBR3aHO C npeAnoAo2KeHHeM 0 ABH2KeHHH AeHe2KHbIX

cpeACTB H y'eTHOH cTaBKe.

CpeAHeB3BemeHHblii CpOK MO2KeT HcnOAb3OBaTbcA AAB Bbl4HCAeHHR BAHHH8R H3MeHRio1JHXcRnpO4eHTHbIX CTaBOK Ha pbiHO'iHyiO CTOHMOCTb co6cTBeHHoro KanHTaAa, TaKaR HH(popMaUHRMomeT 6

bITb nOAe3HoH, HO BO MHorHX CAy'aRx npeAnpHHRTbIe ycHAHR H 3aTpaTbi moryr HeOnpaBAbIBaTbCR peSyAbTaTaMH. 3

aTpaTbl, OAHaKO, 6yAyT yMeHbmaTbcH, eCAH AaHHbie AAR6yAyzgero aHaAH3a H nepecMoTpa nO3HUHH 6yAyT nOCTyriaTb c MeHblIJHMH TPyAHOCTRMH.

CDHHaHcOBoe ynpaBAeHHe AOA2KHO Bo3rAaBHTb onpeAeAeHHe napameTpoB pHcxa nonpoMeHTHoJi CTaBKe H cBR3aHHYIO C BTHM nOAHTHKY, Bbi6HpaH COOTBeTCTBYIOuHe npHeMbi AARaHaAH3a pHcKa no npOgeHTHOH cTaBKe, npH pa3pa6oTKe CTpaTerHH OgeHKH AAR ynpaBAeHHE

132

YHpaRew,e f mHaHCaNm

PHCKOM no npOUCeHTHOH CTaBrC H o6y4aff He-(pHHaHcoBbiX pyKoBoAHTeAeH TeOpHH H

npaKTH'ecCHM npHeMaM ynpaBAeHHH aKTHBaMH H o6H3aTeAbcTsaMH.

lpOHWOSrirHpoRa,He HpOfJCHTHOIH CTaRRH

CZHHaHCoBoe yipe2KAeHHe AOA2mHO HaMaTb nepecMoTp cBoero 6aAaHCoBoro OT'ieTa no

cAeAyio1IeH qa3e UHKAa npogeHTHOH CTaBKH eue A0 TOro, KaK 3amOHmwTcm npeAb Ayiga a3a,

nOTOMY MTO cAeAKH H onepaHHH Tpe6y[OT BpeMeHH Ha nAaHHPOBaHHe H HcnoAHeHHe. TaK,

HanpHMep, 6aHKn, OTOpbIH Bb1CTpaHBaeT cBOii 6aAaHcoBblfi OT'ieT C TeM, 'ITo6bi MaKCHMH3H-

pOBaTb AOXOAbI B MOMeHT AH6o caMoro BbICOKoro, AH6o camoro HH3Koro nOAO2feHHH IIHKAa

npOjleHTHOH CTaBKH, HHrOrAa He CMO0KT Ao6 HTbCq MaKCHMH3agHH AOXOAOB Ha nOAHOM

npOTAHKeHHH UHKAa.

cAeAoBaTeAbHo, a("eKTHBHOe ynpaBAeHHe aKTHBaMH H o6HsaTeAbcTBaMH A0A2KHo 6blTb

OCHOBaHO Ha meTKOM nporHo3e nOBeAeHHR npOUCHTHOH CTaBKH. IpOrHO3bi npOUeHTHOH CTaBKH

MO2KHO cAeAaTb Ha OCHOBaHHH aHaAH3a KpHBOH pbIHO'IHOH npH6bIAH, Ha OCHOBC ny6AHKyeMbIx

BKoHoMHMeCKHx nporHO3OB H OnHpaSCb Ha CBOH co6cTBeHHbie npHeMb1 nporHosHpoBaHHs.

KaKmm 6bM nOAxOAOM Bbl HH BOcnOAb3OBaAHCb, (PHHaHCOBOe PYKOBOACTBO HeceT pa3BHTHC 3a

meTKylo pa3pa6oTly BepHoro nporHo3a npOUeHTHOU CTaBKH H 3a o6ecne-4eHHe BO3MO2KHOCTH

peuieHHH, npHHHMaeMb!x KOMHTeTOM no ynpaBAeHHio aKTHBaMH H o6H3aTeAbCTBaMH (AAKO),

KoTopbC AOA2KHbi 6blTb B COOTBeTCTBHH c nporHo3oM.

KA3HAMEACKHE OnEPAUHH

ro mepe TOrO KaK (3YHKXHH (3HHaHCOBOrO ynpaBAeHHH B q)HHaHCOBOM yqpe=AeHHH

CTaHOBATCH BCe 6oAee CA02KHb1MH, BO3HHKaeT xieTKaH H OnpeAeAeHHaH q)YHKUaHR - onepalHH C

nOTOKaMH AeHe2KHbIX cpeAcTB, q)yYHKUHR CTaHOBHTCH Bce 60Aee Ba2KHHOH AA ynpaBAeHHR

AHKBHAHOCTbIO, pHCKOM no rPOIeHTHOH CTaBKX H 3a6aAaHcOBbIMH pHCKaMH, CTOHMOCTblO

KpeAHTOB, Aeno3HTOB, H 3aeMHbIX CpeACTB a TaK2Ke HHCTpyMeHTOM KOHTpOAS peaAmagm

nOAHTHKH ynpaBAeHH3i aKTHBaMH H o6a3aTeAbcTBaMH.

OnepagHH ynpaBAeHHH nOTOKaMH A4He2Hb1X CpeACTB OXBaTbBsalOT npHo6peTeHHe q)oHAOB,

HHBeCTHpOBaHHe B IeHHbie 6yMarH, HMelO1HC XO2KAeiHHe Ha pbIHKe, XeAmHpOBaHHe H

ynpaBAeHHe pe3epBHbIM C'ICTOM AaHHoro (HHaHcoBoro yMpe2KAeHHR B UeHTpaAbHOM 6aHKe.

3TH pa3AHxiHble onepaiAHH MOryT 6 bITb paccpeAOTOMeHbl no BCeM OTAeAaM B He6oAbMoM

qpHHaHCOBOM yqpe2KAeHHH, HO TaKaKs AegeHTPaAH.3aiH MOmeT ycnellHo 4(yHKqIHOHHpOBaTb

TOAbKO eCAH memAy BCeMH OTAeAaMH HaAam2eH 6ecnpenrTcTBeHHb1iH o6MeH HH(popMagHeH, qTO

Kam2KeTcsi MaAo peaAHCTHMHbIM B KpynHOM yqpe2KAeHHH; CAeAOBaTeAbHO peaAH3aiHs

UlrHTpaAH3OBaHHoro ynpaBAeHHR ABH2KeHHeM nOTOKOB AeHem2HbiX cpeAcTB O'IeHb Ba2KHa AAR

ycneluHoro ynpaBAeHHH pHCKOM B KpynHbIX y4pe?KAeHHHX.

HlpHo6peTeHHe qOHAOB BKAIOqaeT npOAamy pa3AH4HbIX HHCTPyMeHTOB pbIHKa AeHer

(o6HmaTeAbcTB) Ha onTOBOM HAH HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHOM pbIHKe, BKAIO'aR, HO He OrpaHH'HBaRCb,

AenOBHTHb!e CepTH(3HKaTbl, eBpOAOAAapOBbie AenO3HTbi, 6aHKOBCKHfi aKxerT, BbIKyn

COrAauieHHH (KoHTpaKToB). CIoAa mKe OTHOCHTCH Mem2t6aHKoBcxHe KpeAHTbl H 3aHiMbl B

IT eHTpaAbHOM 6aHKe. HlpHo6peTeHHe (POHAOB B OCHOBHOM COCpeAOTa'iHBaeTC5i Ha ynpaBAeHHH

133

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149

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150

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151

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Bce aTH cHcTeMbi OpHeHTHPOBaHbl Ha Ae4CTBHe H AOCTH2KeHHe KOHKpeTHbIX Pe3yAbTaTOB BopraHH3aMHK, nOArOTOBKY H ynpaBAeHHe 'eAoBeeeCKHMH pecypcaMH. OHH He 3aTparHalo'TaAMHHHcTpaTHBHoH CTOPOHbl ynpaBAeHHH, He KacalOTCH TaKHX BOnpOCOB KaK BbILAaTa3apa6oTHoA nAaTbI, Ha3HaMeHHe neHcHi, yCAyrH B o6AaCTH 3ApaBooxpaHeHHi, o6ecne'ieHHe2KHAbeM, o6fee o6pa3oBaHHe H T.A. Bce aTH acneKTbI Ba2KHbl, H HeAOCTaTK.H cyigeCTBylOZJHCB Aio 6

oM H3 HHX, cnoco6CTByIOT CHH2KeHHIO MOpaAbHOrO Ayxa, meAaHHS pa6oTaTb XOpOIUO HMOryT OKa3aTbCn HCTO-iHHKOM Ccepbe3HbX 3aTpaT Ami 6aHKa. Ho OHH HecOnOCTaBHMbi no cBoeCCAOmHoCTH, no CBOHM rIOTeHUHaAbHbJM BO3MO2KHOCTRM BO3AeHCTBHH Ha ycnelUHOCTb BeAeHHRAeA, KOTOpble Moryr o6ecnCe'HTb CHCTeMbi ynpaBAeHHH, O KOTOpbiX noHAeT pe-'b B AaHHOMpa3AeAe.

UEAb 1: OPrAHmOBATb 304EKTHBHYIO PABOTY CBOHX COTPYaHHKOB

Bo MHorHx cTpaHax, HO B oco6eHHocTH B pa3HBsBaiOujHXCR CTpaHaX, rOCYAapCTBeHHb1e HApyrHe He 'aCTHbie 6aHKH o6btrHo upeAcTaBARioT co6ofi KpynHbie yRpemAeHHH C TOqKH 3peHHR'iHcAa pa6oTaoujHx B HHX. 4OBOAbHO 'iacTo BcTpeiawOTcCR 6aHKH, B KOTOpblX pa6OTaiOT OT 5

156

CoA4aiauze vetoaeqecxoro xrairiata 5aura

BCTaDKa 5.1

OcHoBHbIe phiqarH aqi43er.TKHoBo FOypaBAeHHs qeAoBeqecKcHMH pecypcamn

3 aaa Y1. OpraHBomBah 90peKrHBHyzO pa6oTy Aio4e4:

* opraHH3agHOHHa CTpyKTypa;

* onpeAeAeHHu OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH;

* CTPYKTYPHPOBaHHU pa6oqHx MeCT;

. yKoMrAelKToBaHHOCTb no Tpe6oBaHHIO.

344ava 2. Omw1AHMHBHpOBaTb ypOBeHb yKOmzAeCKTOBaHHOCTH H Na6opa HeO6xoHmNbrx

HaBbJKOB:

* 01THMH3agHA HmeioulerocH ypoBHs nepcoHaAa H HaBbIKOB B pa6oTe;

* o6ecneieHHe meminoigeroca cnpoca Ha IeAoBeMeCKHe pecypcbl.

-3 4aaYa 3. cIJOpMHpOBaNHe eo6xo,4HMbJX HaBbhIOB H uapoH3Bo.4CTBeHmOR KyAbTypbl.

* aHlAH3 Heo6XOAHMbIX HaBbIKOB;

* HHAHBHAyaAbHaR o0eHKa;

* o6y'qeHHe H nOArOTOBKa;

* pa3BHTHe HHCTHTyUHOHaAbHOH KyAbTypbl;

* Ha6Op H oT6op pa6oTHHKoB no cnoco6HocTHM.

3 4aaa 4. YrpameuHe pa6oToi m 4.ocrTHeKHH ge.Ae,i B 4amHom 6HsHece:

* pa3BHTHe AH4epCKHX q)yHKIHH;

* AeAoBoe rLAaHHpOBaHHe;

* noCTaHOBKa igeAe H pa3pa6oTKa MeponpHRTHH;

* OTCAC2tHBaHHC p3eyAbTaTHBHOCTH H HMCepeHHe pe3yAbTaTOB pa6OTbl;

* ynpaBaeHHe nOoi4peHHHMH;

. MOTHBaUHR K pa3BHTH10 KapbCpbl;

* aKTHBHoe ynpaBAeHHe.

AO 10 Tb1CH1 qeAOBeK. H KoHeCIHo, eCTb 6aHKH, HacYHTbIBaiouI4He 30, 50 H 6oAee TbICH'

pa6oTHHKoB. HeKoTopble 6aHKH HMCIOT BbICOKY1o KOHUeHTpaUHio cBoero nepcoHaAa B

ULeHTpaAbHbIX ynpaBAeHHHX. B 6oAbUIHHCTBe 2Ke 6aHKOB OCHOBHoe qHCAO pa6oTHHKOa 3aHRTO

B OTAeAeHHHX.

Bce aTo orpoMHoe KOAHieCTBO pa6oTHHKoB ACAHTCR Ha HecKOAbKo YPoBHeH

ynpanAeH-lecKHx, TeXHHMecKHX, KOHTOpCKHX H ApyrHx KaTerOpHH pa6oTHHKoB, pacCeHHHbIX

/HAH o6,beAKHeHHbIX/ BOKpyr 50 HAH 6oAee BH4OB npOAyK1HH, yCAyr H THnOB pa6oTbl. H Bce

BTO npeAcTaBAAeT co6oH AOBOAbHO IHpOKyIO H HeO4HOpOAHY10 KapTHHy. COTHU pa3AHqHbIX

THnOB onepaHgHH npoBoAaTca AAA a6ecneqeHHA pa6oTbl no BKAaAaM, BblAa1e CCyA H saHMoB,

OKa&aHHH OrlAa'HBaeMbIX ycAyr, AeACTBHH, CBS3aHHbIX C ynpaBACHHeM aKTHBaMH H

o6R3aTeAbCTBaMH, npOAYKHeCH Ka3HaqeHCKHX cAy2K6, KaCCOBbIMH Onepa1HsMH, AeHeCHbIMH

157

YKpensieaHe pYKOBOARCTra o JzoWshIIemwe qyBerCTeTAAbocT7 K izepeMenaM

paCmeTaMH, BeAeHHeM 3anHCce no AeAaM H onepaMHRM KAHeHTOB, BHyTpeHHeH H BHeiuHeCHOT'eTHOCTbIO, ynpaBAeHHeM nepcoHaAoM, 3aKynKaMH H T.A.

qauge qeM BO MHorHX ApyrHx KOMnaHHHX, B 6aHKax Ha6AIOAaeTCH MeAoe crlAeTeHHeOTHOuiIeHHH, B3aHMocBR3eH. HanpHMep, oTA4AeHHH o6ecneiHBaloT AaHHbie AAR OTAeAa y4eTa HoT'eTHOCTH /6yxraATepHM H cTaTHcTHKH/ KOTOpoe roToBHT AaHHbIe AAH cHcTeMynpaBAeHqecKoH HH4popMaUHH, KOTOpbIe nOCTaBAH1OT Heo6xOAMble CBeAeHHR pyKOBOACTBY6aHKa, KOTOpbIe OCYU4CCTBAHJOT MOHHTOpHHr AeHTeAbHOCTH H pey3AbTaTOB Ha YPOBHe rAaBHOrOynpaBAeHHH, OTAeAeHHH H perHOHOB. KpeAHTHbIii aHaAH3, nOAy'4CHHe oAo6peHHk/pa3petmeHHRHa BblAaty KpeAHToB, ynpaBAeHHe H MOHHTOPHHr MoryT ocyIgeCTBAHTbCR Ha pa3Hb1X ypOBHHXH B pa3HblX CAym6aX OTAeAeHHH, MO2KCT nPOXO4HTb 'epe3 napaAA AbHbie nlOApa3AeAeHHa HaperHOHaAbHOM ypoBHe H mepe3 CO0TBeTCTBYI0lUHe cAy2K6bi rAaBHoro ynpaBAeHHH.

H B aToH, yme ceHinac CAO2KHOH o6cTaHoBKe, Mbl MO2KCM Ha6AIoAaTb InOBCeMeCTHbIH POCTTpe6oBaHHA. PacwMpHeTcq c4pepa nOTpe6HTeAbCKHx ycAyr H BHAOB ripeAAaraemoH 6aHKoMnpO4y1KHH, KOTOpblMH npHxOAHTCH 3aHHMaTbCR nepcoHaAy 6aHKa. KaK HHAHBHAyaAbHbie, TaKH K0PnOpaTHBHbie KAHeHTbl 6aHKa o0KHAalOT Bce 6oAee BbICOKoKaqeCTBeHHbIX yCAyr.AOHAbHOCTb KAHeHTa cTaHOBHTcH Bce MeHee BbIpameHHOH H HBHOH. Bo MHorHX CAy-iaHX, rAeeCTb BO3MO2KHOCTb Bbi6opa, KAHeHTbl C roToBHOCTblo nepeBOAHT CBOH 6HwHec TyAa, rAe OHH

HaXOAHT 6oAee BbICOKHH YPOBeHb o6cAymHBaHHH, 6oAee paqHoo6pa3Hble BHAbJ YCAYF H Ay'ilmeeOTHOmeHHe K ce6e.

ToqHo TaK me Bo3paCTaloT H BHeLUHHe Tpe6oBaHHH K 6aHKy. AKIqHOHepbi 6aHKa

/roCyAaPCTBeHHbie, HHCTHTYlHOHaAH3HPOBaHHbie H HHAHBHAyaAbHbie/ omHAaioT 6oAee

BbICOKHX pe3yAbTaTOB B pa6OTe, no CpaBHeHHIo C nIIpoiAbIM nepHOAOM. CY6CHAHH yXOART BnpoJlL&oe, HHOrAa CAHWUKOM 6bICTpO H BHe3anHo. B HeKOTOPbIX CTpaHaX 3HaqHTeAbHOBo3pacTaeT CTerieHb AeperyAHpOBaHHq. OT 6aHKOB mAyT 6OAblloil CaMOCTORTeAbHOCTH.BaAaHcoBbie oTmeTbI 6aHKoB, OTqeTbI O npH6

bIAHX H y6blTKax Bce 6oAee meCTKO noABepraioTcROTKpblTOMy aHaAH3y Ha YPOBHe MeC2AyHapOAHbIX CTaHAapTOB y'eTa, B COOTBeTCTBHH CKOTOPbIMH AerKO o6Hapy2KHBaeTcH CyU4CCTBYIOU4aH HAH noTCHVHaAbHaH HenAaTe2Kecnoco6HoCTb,

a BCAeA 3a BTHM HAyT Tpe6oBaHHH npHHRTb KoppeKTHBHbie Mepbl. HeKoTopble cTpaHb1

npHHRAH BbICOKHH H nOTeH4gHaAbHo rpO3HJIJHH KOH(AHKTaMH YPOBeHb cnpoca - OHH

npoAoAKalOT BeCTH noAHTHKY HanpaBAeHHoro HAH cy6cHAHpoBaHHoro KpeAHTOBaHHH, CAep-2KHBaR pOCT npogeHTHoH CTaBKH, (HHaHCHpyR ripaBHTeAbCTBO H OAHOBpeMeHHO Tpe6yR, qT06b16aHKH 6blAH nAaTe2Kecnoco6HbIMH H npH6bIAbHbIMH. BaHKH oujyialoT ce6A xaK Meew.ll

MOAOTOM H HaKOBaAbHeH. Ho Aame TaM, rAe 6aHKH OTHOCHTeAbHO CBo6OAHbl xax oTpaCAb

6H3Heca nORBAAIOTC.R HOBbJe HOpMaTHBbi noKa3aTeAeH AOCTaToqHOCTH KanHTaAa, HaAe2KHOCTH HKaieCTBa nOpT(peA31 KpeAHTOB, H peHTa6eAbHOCTH, KOTOpbIe AOBOAbHO TPYAHO AOCTHrHyTb.

,4AA Toro 'qTo6bi 3aCTaBHTb BeCb BTOT CAO2KHbliH MXaHH3M B3aHMOCBR3aHHbIX (pyHJqHHpa6oTaTb aq"eKTHBHO H COOTBeTCTBOBaTb Bo3pacTaioiiemy ypoBHIO cnpoca KaK BHYTpHopraHH3aUHH, TaK H H3BHe, TbICRt

IH AioAeHi, KOTOpbie pa6oTaloT B 6aHKe, AOA2Hbi 6blTb

opraHH,oBaHbl, HHTerpHpoBaHbl H HageAeHbl Ha AOCTHmeHHe KoHKpeTHbIX pe3yAbTaTOB.

OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a AOCTH2KeHHe Tpe6yeMoro pe3yAbTaTa AOA2Ha 6blTb 'ieTKo onpeAeAeHa,

pa6OTHHKH Ha Ka2AoM KOHKPeTHOM MecTe AOAMHbi 6bITb opraHHSOBaHbi B CTpyKTypy, wTo6b

158

Cosa4aHHe weAoBevecxroro KaHirTaAa 6aHira

yAOBAeTBOpRTb npeAbHBAxeMbIM K HHM Tpe6oBaHHHM, BCe CTPYKTYPHbIe noApa3AeAeHHn

AOA2Hbi 6bITb yKOMn.AeKTOBaHbI Heo6xOAHMbIM KOAH'eCTBOM pa6oTHHKoB, HmeUMCOHX

aAeKBaTHble HaBb1KH AAH Toro, MTo6bi CnpaBHTbCR C 3aAa4aMH AaHHOFO noApa3AeAeHHH. Bce

aTH SaAaqH paccMOTpeHbl B coAep2KaHHH AaHHOH rAaBbi.

CTp.ITyp pNofa Nme oprasHH3afNH

XOPOIIHM Ha-aAOM AAH ynpaBAeHHH 'eAoBemecKHMH pecypcamH HBAHeTCH opraHH3agHOHHOe

cTpyKTypHpoBaHHe. 3aAama 6aHKa, ero IIIHpOKHe CeAH, pa6onHe nAaHbi oTpa2KaioT ero

CTPaTerHio H TaKTHKy, KoHKpeTHbie 3aAatH H 4eAH, a TaK2Ke nyTH peaAH3aMHH H peiueHHH

npo6AeM. B HHX 3apHKCHOBaiHbl KOAHmeCTBeHHbie noKa3aTeAH pa6OTbl 6aHKa, OnHCaHbI BHAbi

npOAyK1%HH H ycAyr, oxapaKTepH3OBaHbl pbIHKH /CM. rAaBy HAaHHPOBaHHe/. B3 aHK

OCy7geCTBAHeT CBOIO CTpyKTYPHYIO opraHH3aIHJO 4AA TOrO, 'TO6bl PCaAH3OB Tb cBolo

cTpaTerHIO H OCyU4eCTBHTb nAaHbl. Pa3AHqHble cTpaTerHH, pa3AHqHbIe BHAbI npoAyKuHH H

yCAyr, pa3AHqHble K0opnOpaTHBHbie MeAH, pa3AH%HbIC KOHKpeTHbie YCAOBHR H pa3AH-IHbie

KAio'leBble palKTopbi - sce STO onpeAeAHeT xapaKTep opraHH3aglHOHHOA CTpyKTypbl, KOTOpa.S

HaHAy'qluHM o6pa3oM COOTBCTCTByeT oco6eHHOCTaM pa6oTbl KOHKpeTHOrO 6aHKa.

B HHTepecax AH pa3pa6oTKH HOBOH CTpaTerHH HAH nepeA AHIOM Heo6XoAHMOCTH

ycoBepiueHCTBOsaTb aHXpeKTHBHOCTb 6aHKa, MHOrHe 6aHKH ym2e CTOHT HAH CKOpO BCTaHyT

nepeA HeO6XOAHMOCTbIO peopraHH3aguH. HepecTpoiKa opraHn3agHH MO2KCT H4ATH paaHbiMH

riyTRmH, Ha4HHaH OT He6OAbULIHX CKOCMeTH'eCKHXX yAyquieHHH AO KaPAHHaAbHbIX H3MeHeHHH.

IepeA 6aHKoM B pa3BHBaoujeficfH CTpaHe CTOHT CAeAyio1UHe npo6AeMbI H TpyAHOCTH:

* HeAOCTaTOMHOe BHHMaHHe, yAeAHemoe KOHKpeTHbIM pbIHKaM HAH OTACAbHb!M

KAHeHTaM;

* PaSMbITaH PYKOBOAHRIaH CTpyKTypa, 6oAee COOTBCTCTBYIOigaHR o6ujeCTBeHHOH

opraHH3aljHH, 'eM AeAOBOii, - B OTAeAbHbIX, HCKAIO'iHTeAbHbIX CAy'laRX Bce

MmeIogUHecH 10-15 OTAeAOB YnpaBAeHai H 100 - 200 OTAeAeHHH noA'qHHHIOTCH

HenocpeAcTBeHHo "CoBeTy";

* HeCeTKaR OTBeTCTBCHHOCTb noApa3AeAeHHH H OTAeAbHbIX pa6oTHHKoB, B

oco6eHHocTH oTBeTcTBeHHocTb aa pe3yAbTaTbl;

* HeKOTOpbie Ba2KHbIC (PyHKIqHH npaKTH'ieCKH OTCYTCTBYIOT, HanpHMep [IAaHHpOBaHHC,

KpeAHTHoH nOAHTHKH H KOHTPOAH, ynpaBAeHqecKoa HpH¢OpMaUHH, MapKeTHHra,

ynpaBAeHHR aKTHBaMH H o6a3aTeAbcTBaMH, onepaUHoHHoro aHaAH3a, HHorFa OHH

HeAOyKoMnAeCKTOBaHbI nepCOHaAOM, /HanpHMep B CAy'iae o6ecnemeHHR

TeXHHmeCCKHMH CpeACTBaMH/, cAym6a ayAxTa HAH peBH3HOHHaH cAym6a, oTAeAbi

nOArOTOBKH H o6yqCHHH, ynpaBAeHHHs "npo6AeMHbIMH" KpeAHTaMH;

* Ba^2Hble (PyHKIHH pa3Apo6AeHbI MC2KAY AByMh-TpeMH He3aBHCHMbIMH

nOApa3AeAeHHMMH, HMeeT MeCTO Ay6AHpoBaHHe OTAeAbHbIX (pyHKUHHl;

* oujyigaeTcR cAa6ocTb ynpaBAeHHA KpeAHTaMH no BceHi opraHH3agHH, B oco6eHHocTH

B o6AacTH KCpeAHTHorO aHaAH3a, ynpaBAeHHH H KOHTpOAR 3acMJIHKOB H ynpaBAeHHR

npo6AeMHbIMH" KpeAHTaMH;

159

YapeizACMe pyJKUOOACTBa N iombIImeo vywcTrHTeAbHocrH Nr iepememar

* MaAoB4CpKTHBHbl onepagHOHHbie CTpYKTypbl H HeHaAe2KHbl npoMeAypblnIOCAeAOBaTeAbHOCTH pa6oTbl B oTAeAeHHRX, B nIOApa4ASAeHHRX ylpaBAeHHR H BCTPYKITypHblX nOApa3AeAeHHAX;

* yCTapeBIIIHH HAH HeCOOTBeTCTBYIOJIHH YPOBeHb pyKOBOACTBa, BO MHOrHX CAyqaRXCAHIIIKOM 3aHH2KeHHbXH sTo6bi MO02HO 6 bIAO o6ecneql4Tb 8eIXFCKTHBHOCTbynpaBAeHHR HAH CAHIIIKOM BbICOKHH, 'TO 3aTpyAHieT pa3yMHbIH / B3BeIIIeHHbli, /KOHTpOAb;

* 6lopoKpaTHmecKHe npogeccbx ynpaBAeHHR, B OCHOBHOM HanpaBAeHHbie Haco6AloAeHHe npogeAyp H q)OpMaAbHOCTeH, a He Ha atJxpeKTHBHbie, peHTa6eAbHbie,OpHeHTHPOBaHHbJe Ha HHTepecbi KAHeHTa AeHCTBHH;

* HeKoTopbie Ba2KHbie ynpaBAeHieCKHe npogeccbi pa3BHTbl HeAOcTaTOqHO, HanpHMep,cTpaTerH'IecKoe H AeAOBOe riAaHHpOBaHHe, ynpaBAeHHe pe3yAbTaTaMH H OUeHKapey3AbTaTOB pa6oTbl, nocTaHOBKa MeAeH H pa3pa6oTKa MeponpH9THH, KOHTpOAbynpaBAeHHM H CBH3b.

HaMe'IeHHbie YCOBeplUeHCTBOBaHHH moryT noTpe6oBaTb, -ITo6bi BHHMaHHe B OCHOBHOM 6blAoyAcAeHO YPOBHIO OTAeAeHHH - AAM Toro, qTo6bi nOAHHTb B(JXJeKTHBHOCTb o6CAymHBaHHRKAHeHTOB Ha ypoBHe oTAeAeHHR HAH AAA OnTHMH3saHH KOAH'eCTBa OTAeAeHHH H HXpa3Me1geHHR.

MOmHO COCPeAOTO%IHTb BHHMaHHe Ha perHOHaAbHOM ypOBHe: yCHAHTb POAb perHoHaAbHOHcHcTeMbI B ynpaiBAeHHH noKa-3aTeAHMH pa6oTbl oTAeAeHHH H KOHTPOAHPOBaTb HX onepaUHH, HAHHa YPOBHe ynpaBAeHHSI - nepeCTpOHTb KAIO'ieBbie nOApasAeAeHHH, npaBHAbHO OnpeAeAHTbnpHOPHTeTbl B Ka2mAOM q)YHKUHOHaAbHOM nOApa3AeAeHHH, yCHAHTb PYKOBOACTBO,yCOBeplleHCTBOBaTb ynpaBAeHHe H KOHTpOAb HAH yCHAHTb B(NXeKTHBHOCTb onepagjHH Ho6cAyMHBaHH.H KAHeHTOB, HAH B MeAoM rio 6aHKy: paclUHPHTb H YCOBepL1eHCTBOBaTb npOUecCynpaBAeHH9, yCOBepWleHCTBOBaTb MCTOAbI KOHTpOAH, rIepeCMOTPCTb H MOAePHH3HPOBaTbYPOBeHb PYKOBOACTBa HAH YCOBeplUeHCTBOBaTb opraHHsagHIo c6opa, o6pa6oTKH H nepeAaRHHHq3opMagHH, Heo6xOAHMOH AAA PYKOBOACTBa 6aHKOM.

BoAee q)yHAaMeHTaAbHaA nepecTpoiKa rioTpe6yeT KOHMeHTpaUHH BHHMaHHH Ha KOHKPeTHbiXCYUJeCTBYIOUIHX npo6AeMax H, OpHeHTHPYSCb Ha 6yAyWee pa3BHTHe, Heo6xOAHMOCTHpa3pa6OTKH COOTBeTCTBYIOJIHX CTpaTerHH 6aHKa CTPYKTYPHbIX Tpe6oBaHHRx. MoemeT 6biTbHeO6XOAHMO npOBeCTH HCCKOAbKO THnOB AeHcTBHH.

FlpemAe Bcero, OipeAeAHTb Heo6xOAHMbIe BaMHbie AAR pa6oTbi 6aHKa KAioqeBbienoApa3AeAeHHHl, peaAH.3yloWHe ero cTpaTerHIo H ynpaBAMlO1AHe HaqaBuie*Cl nepecTpoHKOH:

* CO3AaTb noApasAeAeHHH, OpHeHTHPOBaHHbie Ha npOAyKT/pbIHOK, KoTopbie OTBeCaAH6 bl 3a co3AaHHe H ynpaBAeHHe peHTa6eAbHbIMH HanpaBAeHHHMH 6aHKoBcKoro6HiHeca B OTA4AbHbIX cAy2m6ax camoro 6aHKa c y'eTOM ero onepaHoHHOrnO rrAama,TaKHe KaK o6cAy2HBaHHe HHAHBHAyaAbHbIX KAHeHToB, MaAOrO 6H3Heca, KoMnaHHHcpeAHero pa3Mepa, 6OAblllHX KOpnOpaUHiH, rCoyAapCTBeHHbIX y-ipemAeHHH, OKa3aHHeMeC2AYHaPOAHbIX YCAyr H HcnOAb3oBaHHe npOAYKTOB 3apy6e2Hblx 6aHKoB HKa3HaqeHCTBa.

160

CoaigaH,e veAoaeveciroro ranzTraAa 6aHra

* CO3AaTb nOAPa3AeAeHHH noAAepmKH rAaBHoro ynpaBAeHHM C 'eTKHMH H HCHbIMH

xapaKTepHCTHKaMH, npaBaMH H o6H3aHHoCTHiMH /C COOTBeTCTBY1o1uHM

KBaAHuHUHPOBaHHbIM nepCOHaAoM AA BbinIOAHeHHM 8THX o6s3aHHoCTeii/ B TaKHX

o6AacTMX KaK TeXHoAormH, onepaUHOHHaR nOAHTHKa H aHaAH3, KaCCOBbie Onepa,HH

/BKAJO%IaM ynpaBAeHHe aKTHBaMH H o6fl3aTeAbcTBaMH/, yteT, ynpaBAeH'iecKag

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179

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182

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186

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187

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CmTH6aHma

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* cpeAHHe 3HaHHH no y9eTy;

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* BKOHOMHKa;

* paSBHTaH pelb H yMeHHe teTKO H3AaraTb CBOH MblCAH nHCbMeHHO.

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* npOBeAeHHe BblHCHeHHH H o6cAeAoBaHHH B CBR3H C BbIAaqeH KpeAHTa;

* KpeAHTHblH aHaAH3;

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* 3aKOHbl H npaBHAa;

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- HHTepBbIO;

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* MeAH 6aHKa

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OMImT:

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* npeAOCTaBAeHHbIX Ha OCHOBe rapaHTHH aKTHBaMH npeAn4pHTHH.

188

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6aHKe. OCHoBHaH pOAb B 8TOH pa6OTe AOAMHa npHHaHAe2KaTb AHHeHHbIM pyKoBoAHTeARM.

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B UX aHaAH3e. 3HaRoMHTcSi C OTTIeToM H yTOqHfHOT pe3yAbTaTbi pa6oTbl C KafAbiM

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co6cTBeHHbli aHaAH3.

189

Yrpe,zAeHwe pyKro4oCcrBa o 1oomzlIeo5Ne vyBcTBNreAhHocrT K 7epememaa

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190

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BpeMH, 'iTo6bi npoAyMaTb H npaBHAbHO OpraHH3OBaTb TaKyiO aTTeCTa4HiO. B HeKoTOpblx

CAy'qaRX PYKOBOAHTeAH MaAO 3HaIOT CBOHX nOAqHHeHHbIX, He npeACTaBAHIOT, KaKHe HaBbIKH OHH

XOTeAH 6

bl B HHX BHAeTb, 'ITO HY2KHO HM AAH ycnelUlHOCTH B pa6OTe. B ApyrHx cAyqasax

PYKOBOAHTeAHM npOCTO He XBaTaeT AAH aToro MyMeCTBa. HeCOTOpble pyKOBOAHTeAH

HeO6beCTHBHbI B CBOHX oUeHKax, HIpH npOBeAeHHH aTTeCTag!HH OHH MOryT pylOBOACTBOBaTbC5I

ApyrHMH MOTHBaMH. HHorAa cyUgeCTBYIOI14a npogeAypa aTTeCTaUHH Tpe6yeT o0eHKH BCeX MepT

xapaKTepa pa6oTHHKa, a BoBce He CBR3aHa c pa6oTofi. HHorAa cyi1jeCTByiouHH npo4ecc

ogeHlcH npecAeAyeT CAHIIKOM MHOrO .seAeHi H B p yAbTaTe caM npo4ecc H oKa3biBaeTcR

nepBOH 2KepTBOH TaKoH Tpe6oBaTeAbHOCTH. HanpHMep, PYKOBOAHTeAb He XO'eT nOKa3aTb

cAa6oCTH HaBbIKOB, nOTOMY MTO aTO, no ero MHeHHIO, MO2KeT npHBeCTH K MeHbuieUH rpH6aBKe

B 2KaAOBaHHH.

ECAH MbI ynpOCTHM H pa3AeAHM Ha COCTaBAMIOUgHe TpaAHUHOHHbiH npomecc

HHAHBHAyaAbHOH aTTeCTaUHH, Mbi Mo2meM BbIAeAHTb OAHY rAaBHyIo geAb ee npOBeAeHHH:

OnpeACAHB HHAHBHAYaAbHy1o noTpe6HoCTb B BbIpa6OTKe HaBbIKOB, Heo6xoAHMbIx AAR AaHHOrO

pa6o'ero MecTa, Mbl Mo2KeM o6ecnem'iTb o6beKTHBHyIO OCHOBy AAH HHAHBHAYaAbHoro

COBepI1ueHCTBOBaHHH HaBbIKOB, AAH KOAH'eCTBeHHOH OieHKH Tpe6yeMoro o6y"eHHH, HCXOAH H3

Heo6xoAHMocTH q)OpMHpOBaHHA HH¢paCTPYKTypbl o6yqeHHR H flOArOTOBKH, a TaKHze AAR Toro,

'iTo6 bI HageAHTb BCIO AeCTeAbHOCTb no o6y'eHHIo H noAroTOBKe Ha peuleHHe 3aAaq BbICOKOH

npHOpHTeTHOCTH.

KaK MO2KeT 6bITb opraHu3oBaH npogecc HHAHBHAyaAbHOfi aTTeCTaIHH, HBgeAHHbIH Ha

Bbi.IBAeHHe H OgeHKY Heo6xOAHMbIx HaBbIKOB? 5AAH aToro HyMHO:

YcTaHoBHTh MeAb,. fJeAbiO aTTeCTaUHH RBAHCTCH onpeAeAeHme nOTpe6HoCTH KamAOro

pa6oTHHKa B COOTBeTCTBYIOUJHX HaBbIKaX AH6

o AAR ero pa6OTbI B HacTosUqeM, ecAH

BTO nppOpHTeTHO AAR AaHHOrO pa6OTHHKa, AH6o AAR ero nocAeAylou4eii pa6oTbi,

191

YAepeiueave pywoBqrocTaa o zROwueHme ICcrBCTAHTrAhHocTN Kr iepemeHam

eCAH OH HaMeteH Ha nOBbIlJleHHe, TaK wTo6 bI OH MOr npeAnpHHHTb KaKHe-TOAeHCTBHH, qTo6bi o6ecneqHTb COOTBeTCTBHe YPOBHIO Tpe6oBaHHH.

* Oupg4eAHmT, KTo JpOBO,4HT aTTecTaJwo. 3AeCb MOryT 6 bITb ABa OCHOBHbIX

yqaCTHHKa: PYKOBOAHTeAb aTreCTyeMOrO, KOTOpbli AOAmeH HMeTb nOAHOCnpe4CTaBAeHHe 0 TOM, KaKHMH HaBbIKaMH AOA2KeH BAaAeTb Ha AaHHoM pa6oeieMMecTe pa6OTHHK, H KOTOpblH iAOA2KeH HMeTb nOAHoe npeACTaBAeHHe o noKa3aTeARxpa6oTbi aTTecTyeMoro, H caM aTTecTyeMbiH, KOTOpbIH Tome AOA2KeH HMeTb 'eTKoeHPeACTaBAeHHe O TOM, KaKHMH HaBblKaMH OH AOA2KeH BAaAeTb H B qeM3aKAio'aIOTcCH ero nOTpe6HOcTH B rIOAroTOBKe.

* YCTaHOBHTh cTaHiapmbl aw aTTecTagUH. Tpe6oBaHHH K YPOBHIO 3HaHHH, HaBb1KOBH OTHOIIIeHHH 1AH OnpeAcAeHHOH AOAMHOCTH AOA2KHbl CAy2HHTb OCHOBOH AARcTaHAapTa npH aTTecTagHH. XopoLua3i AOA2KHOCTHaH HHCTpyKUIHR, eCAH TaKOBaMHMeeTcR, MO2KeT 6blTb euje OAHHM KPHTCPHeM OgeHKH npH aTTeCTaMHH.

* OJpeeAH7Tb pe3yAbTaT a77CT8aNH. OCHOBHbIM pe3yAbTaToM aTTecTalHH 6yAeTonpeAeAeHHe nOTpe6HOCTefi B nOArOTOBKe aTTecTyeMoro. rlpaKTHqecKH TaKaHHAeHTH(PHKaIH5H MO2KeT KaCaTbCH BCCX noTpe6HOcTefi B nOArOTOBAeHHOCTH K3aHHMaeMoHi pa6oTe. OnpeAeAHTb nepcneKTHBy AOArocpO'Hofi nporpaMMbI 06yqeHHRH o6o3HasHTb KOHKpeTHbie HaBbIKH, KOTOpbIMH AoAmeH oBAaAeTb pa6oTHHK B6AHmaiiIuHe 12 mecqUeB. ApyrHM Ba2KHblM PC3yAbTaTOM 6 yAeT noArOTOBKa nAaHa, BKOTOpOM 6yAyT OnHCaHbl JlarH, npeAnPHHHMaeMbJe 4AH AApemeHHA KamAoro aTanayAOBAeTBOpeHIH nOTpe6HOcTeH B o6y'ieHHH. HIocKOAbKy 6OAbmaA qaCTb nOArOTOBKHOCyJIeCTBAReTC.R Ha pa6OTe, Heo6xOAHMO BKAIOqHTb BO3MOKHOCTb HCriOAb3oBaHHRpa3HoO6pa3HbIX (OPM nOAroTOBKH H o6y'eHmH Ha pa6o'eM MeCTe, coqeTaIO1HXCH CcaMoo6y"eHHeM H nepHOAH1UeCKHMH KypcaMH, KoTopbie AOA2KeH OKOH9HTb pa6oTHHK.3 aKAio'eHHe o Heo6xoAHMbix HaBbIKaX, peKOMeHAyeMbiX (popMax 06y'eHHR H?eAaeMbIX Pe3yAbTaTaX Mo2KeT 6bITb HanHcaHo Ha OAHOM AHCTKe 6yMarH.

* 07HCaTh n'poge4ypy arrecTagiNH. HOCKOAbKy npOBOARl_qHH aTTecTagHiO HaTTecTyeMbNfi pa6oTaloT BMeCTe B TeCeHHe roAa KaK HaqaAbHHK H n1OA4HHeHHblH HnIOCKOAbKy CTapIUHfi H3 HHX 6yAeT CaM npOBOAHTb KaKHe-TO (pOpMbi o6yqeHHR HnoArOTOBKH nOAqHHeHHOrO, /HanpHMep, o6y'eHHe Ha pa6o'eM MeCTe,Bb[CKa3bIBaHHe KPHTHqeCKHX saMeaaHHfi no nOBOAY KaKoH-To pa6oTbl, BbiAa'apa6oqero 3aAaHHR, H T.A./ O4eHb Ba2KHO, 'To6bi OHH o6a npHUIAH K COrAaCH1OOTHOCHTeAbHO Heo6XOAHMOCTH COBepmieHCTBOBaHHH 3HaHHfi H HaBbIKOB aTTecTyemoroH rLAaHa AeiiCTBHHi B BTOM HanpaBAeHHH. HaAemHbiM cnoco6oM AOCTHmeHHR TaKoroCOrAaCHR RBASIeTC.R HCI1OAb3OBaHHe aTTecTyemoro AAR CaMOOUeHKH CBOHXpe3yAbTaToB. Hat1aAbHHK npeAAO2KHT CBOIO OUeHKy pa6oTHHKa. IOA4IHHeHHblHnpOBeAeT caMooMeHKy. OHH 3aTeM BcTpeTHTc.R, o6cyART pe3yAbTaTbI H npHAYT KCOrAaCHIO OTHOCHTeAbHO aTTecTa]HH, a 3aTeM BMecTe pa3pa6oTamoT nAaHnOArOTOBKH H o6yqeHHH nOAIIHHeHHoro.

* [Ipe,4CTaHTm Pe3-yAbT8aThr aT7eCTBgHJ H 1aHa8 PYKOBO,4CTBY AH A, )IpOBO4RBJUeTO

aTrecTagiNo, a TaKe B oT4Ce pa3BNTfHR YeIAOBeYeCXHX peCypCOB. PyKoBoAHTeAb

AOA2KeH O3HaKOMHTbCfl C nAaHoM H YAOCTOBePHTbC5I, qTO OH 6blA TJlaTeAbHOnpoAyMaH H aKKypaTHO COCTaB"eH. OTAeA pa3BHTHH qeAOBCe'eCKHX pecypcOB

192

Co.maHne qeAosevecxroro KramNTaAa 6aaHKa

AOA2KeH H3yqHTb BTOT nAaH C pa3AH-IHbIX TO'ieK 3peHHn. Bo-nepBblX,

yAOCTOBePHTbCB, -ITO TaKoe o6yMeHHe, B OcO6eHHOCTH Ha HaqaAbHbIX BTanaX

npHHeceT o02HAaeMoe Ka'ecTBo. Bo-BTOpbIX, qT06b1 BbIAeAHTb Ae4CTBHR, KoTopbie

MomeT npeAnPHHRTb OTAeA B OTHOiIIeHHH nOArOTOBKH aTTecTyemoro /HanpHMep,

o6yeieHHe, cMeHa xapaKTepa pa6oTbI/, H, B-TpeTbHx, 'TO6bi, co6paB BCe TaKHe

nAaHbl nOArOTOBKH, OgeHHTb 06ngyio nOTpe6HOcTb B npOBeAeHHH o6y4eHrH B 6aHKe

H HaMeTHTb, KaK aTa nOTpe6HOCTb MomeT 6blTb peaAH3oBaHa.

3 TH IruaHbi nOArOTOBKH MOryT 6blTb Ba2mHbIM HCTO'HHKOM HHq)OpMagHH AAR 6aHKa npH

pa3pa6oTKe ero nAaHOB pa3BHTHA HHq)paCTPYKTypbl o6yqeHH. H nOArOTOBKH COTpyAHHKOB.

KaK TOAbKO OTAeA pa3BHTHT 'ieAOBeqeCKHX pecypcOB onpeAeAHT, KaK OH co6HpaeTc.l

HCUOAb3OBaTb noAy'eHHbie HHAHBHAYaAbHbie nAaHbi nOArOTOBKH H aTTeCTaUHH, 6yAeT

Heo6xoAHMo pa3pa6OTaTb AOKYMCHTagH1o npogecca aTTeCTa]gHH, BKAio'aioueeH HecKOAbKO

KOHKpeTHbiX npHMepOB, 3aTeM Hy2KHO 6yAeT a6yqHTb AHHCiHbIX PYKOBOAHTCAeCH

HCnOAb3OBaHHIO aToro npoaecca. HOCKOAbKy nporpamma AOCTaTOiHO npOCTa H HMeeT

OTHOUIeHHe K HaBbiKaM, llpHMO CBH3aHHbIM C pa6OTOU, Heo6xOAHMbIM Ha pa6omeM MeCTe, BCe

yqaCTHHKH npoUecca o6y'eHHH nOAy'aT nOAb3y, H nOTOMy npoaeAypa nOArOTOBKH H

peaAH.3a!HH nAaHa AOAMHa 6bITb npOCTOM H npRMOA.

06yv'eHHe NH Jo4'FoBORKa

/to CHx nop 6aHK HcnoAb3OBaA aHaAH3 nOTpe6HOCTeH B pa6o'Hx HaBbIKaX Ha Ka2KAOM

pa6omeM MeCTe Ami onpeAeAeHHH HeO6xOAHMblX HaBbiKOB H OTHOiIIeHHA, CBSi3aHHbIX KOHKpeTHO

c Ka2KAbiM pa6oaHM MeCTOM B 6aHKe, PYKOBOAHTeAH npOBOAHAH HHAHBHAyaAbHyio arreCTagHio

CBOHX noAqHHeHHbIX H BbIHBARAH HX HHAHBHAYaAbHbie rIOTpe6HOCTH B o6y'IeHHH H noArOTOBKe.

OnmpaISCb Ha CBeAeHHR, nOAymeHHbIe B xoAe aHaAHsa nOTpe6HOCTef B Heo6xOAHMbIx HaBbIKax

Ha pa6oqeM MeCTe, a TaK2me Ha OCHOBaHHH HHAHBHAYaAbHbIX nAaHOB COBepmeHCTBOBaHUH 6aHK

Mo2KeT Ha'IHHaTb nepecTpoHKy CBoeC HHcppacTpyKTypbi o6yqeHHR H unOArOTOBKH. B HeKoTopbix

6aHKax Heo6xOAHMOCTb B TaKOM uware OqeHb BeAHKa. KaK yme ynOMHHaAOCb BblUle, MHOrHe

6aHKH B pa3BHBaoigUHxcH CTpaHax HMeIOT KpaUHe Hepa3BHTbie HH¢paCTpyKTypbi nOArOTOBKH H

o6yqeHHA CBOHX pa6OTHHKoB, npH TOM, HTO HeaACKBaTHOCTb HeO6xoAHMbix pa6o'Hx HaBbIKOB

HBAHeTCH npo6AeMofi HOMep OAHH, npeACTaBAiOuge4i caMoe 6OAbmioe npenRTCTBHe AOCTH2KeHHIO

3HanHTeAbHoro COBepuIeHCTBOBaHHH noKa3aTeAeH pa6oTbl 6aHKoB.

Mo2Ho CKa3aTb, -ITO HH(ppaCTpyKTypa nIOArOTOBKH H 06 yqeHHSi B 6aHKe BKAIO'iaeT TPH

COCTaBAIOiUjHx: yie6HbIif npoiecc, o6yqeHHe Ha pa6oqeM MecTe, ynpaBAeHHe

npO¢eCCHOHaAbHbIM pa3BHTHeM pa6oTHHKa. Ka2tAoe H3 BTHX HanpaBAeHUH (pOPMHPYeTCR TaKHM

o6pa3oM, 'ITo6 bi COOTBeTCTBOBaTb nOTpe6HocTHM 6aHKa B o6AacTH pa3BHTHR Heo6xOAHMblx

HaBbIKOB H pa3BHTUH AeAOBOI4 KyAbTypbl.

Yve6mbTi npogecc. OCHOBaHHeM AAR pa3pa6OTKH y'e6Horo npoUecca HBAHeTcH nOAHTHKa

6aHKa B o6AaCTH 06 yqeHHR H U OpMHpOBaHHH geHHOCTeH H npHHUHnoB. HOAHTHKa AOAmHa

6blTb pa3pa6oTaHa TaKHM o6pa3oM, oTO6bI oHa noA0epKHBaAa 3Ha'eHHe H npIopHTeTbi

HanpaBAeHHH B a6ymeHHUH H nO4rOTOBKe pa6OTHHKOB. '4To euMe 6OAee Ba2HO, Heo6xOAHMO

pOpMaAbHO 3aq)HKcHpoBaTb nOAO2KeHHe npenoAaBaTeAeH-HaCTaBHHKOB H CAyllUaTeAeH-

o6y"aeMblx. CAHUIKOM YacTo, o6yqeHHe OTHOCHTCH K q)yHKIHRM, UHMelOUIHM HH3KyIO

193

YjrpeLIAeHNe p7EOwOACTrm N moBmIeoHHe yJcrBCBHreAbHocrTH ft mepememaa

COHaAbHY10 OgeHKy. 3 To MeCTO OTCTOH 4AH He lpORBHBI1HX ce6s pyKoBoAHTeAeii pa3HoroypOBHR. 3 To iloApbIBaeT a8)peKTHBHOCTb o6y'eHHR B 6aHKe. O6yqaeMble He OTHOCRTCHcepbe3Ho K o6yieHHIo, PYKOBOAHTeAH He CKAOHHbI OTnIYCKaTb Ha yqe6y noAqHHeHHbIX, anpHBAeCeHHe XOpOIUHX npenoAaBaTeAeH AAR BbIlnOAHeHHH BTOH 3aAaqH oqeHb TPYAHO.Heo6xoAHMo paccmaTPHBaTb yqe6Hbie UeAH KaK OCHOBHbIe MeAH 6aHKa, eCAH 6aHK HaMepeHAOCTHqb nocTaBAeHHbIX geAeH. AHaAH3 noTpe6HOcTeH B o6yqeHHH AoAmeH 6blTbHHCTHTyUHoHaAH3HpoBaH, TaK qTo6bX pyKOBOACTBO H yqe6Hbie noApa3AeAeHHH B 6aHKeAOA2mHbIM o6pa3oM oUeHHBaAH Ba2KHOCTb yqe6HoH AeRTeAbHoCTH.

Pa3pa6oTKa yqe6Horo nAaHa HBAHeTCH Ba2KHbiM uiaroM B opraiHsa!lHH o6yqeHHR B 6aHKe.CoAepmaHHe, rAy6HHa o6yqeHH. H qacToTa npoBOAHMbIX KypCOB A0A2KHbl onpeAeAHTb,HaCKOAbKo 6blcTpo 6aHKy yAaCTCH cnpaBHTbCB CO CTOJ1WHMH nepeA HHM sa4aQaMH. 3 To TaKmenomomeT OnpeAeAHTb o6'beM H 6ioAmeT AaHHOH (iYHKUHH B 6aHKe. AHaAH3 noTpe6HocTeHi Bo6yceHHH H riAaHbl HHAHBHAyaAbHOrO pa3BHTHR rioKam2Ky IIIHpOKHfi CneKTp Hy2KA o6yqeHHH.Bce 3aaqH, CTOHRiHe nepeA BTHM CeKTOPOM He CMOryT 6blTb pelOeHbl B TeqeHHe OAHOrO, ABYXHAH Aame Tpex AeT. Heo6xoAHMo 6y4eT YCTaHOBHTb npHopHTeTbl H c6aAaHcHpoBaTbnoTpe6HoCTb B o6yqeHHH, npeAAaraemom B 6aHKe, C ApyrHMH 3aTpaTaMH 6aHKa. Moii onbITroBOpHT, -ITO yqe6Hble HAaHbI H yqe6Hbie nporpaMMbI Bo MHOrHX 6aHKax HymAaxOTcH B3HaqHTeAbHOM pacHlHpeHHH, a o6yqeHHe, npOBOAHMOe B paMKaX KypcoB B CaMOM 6aHKe,AOA2KHo 6bITb 3Ha'HTeAbHO HHTeHCHcpHgHpOBaHO. HiCTOIHHKOM HHtpOpMaUHH npH paspa6oTKeyqe6Hblx nporpaMM MoryT CAY2mHTb CBeAeHHJS, roAy"eHHbie B xoAe aHaAH3a noTpe6HocTeH HHHAHBHAYaAbHbie nAaHbI pa6OTHHKOB. HHme npHBOAHTCH xapaKTepHblii AAR 6aHKoBPa3BHBa1OIHXCH cTpaH CnHCOK OTCYTCTBYOIMoHX HaBbIKOB, HMeCoIuHx B 6aHKe BbICOKY1O cTeneHbllpHOPHTeTHOCTH (CM. BCTaBKy 5.4).

Pa.3pa6oTKa KypcoB, npOBOAHMblx HenocpeACTBeHHO B 6aHKe - BTO HaBbIK, KOTOpblHHeo6xoAHMo pa3BHBaTb B caMoM 6aHKe. Pa3pa6oTqHKH TaKHX KYPCOB AOA2KHbi 6yAyT ogeHHTbBOMOfflHOCTb HCnOAb3OBaHHH Tex pa6OTHHKOB 6aHKa, KoTopbie o6AaAaIOT AocTaTo'HbIMUHaBbIKaMH H 3HaHHHMH, qTO6bi npOBOAHTb o6yqeHHe. 3 aTeM Heo6xoAHMo pa3pa6oTaTbAo6poTHbIA HaAe2KHblH KypC, HCnOAD3y3 XOpOIllYIO TeXHOAOrHIO. A Bbi6op KypCOB,opraHH3yeMbIx HAH cyUeCTBYIOIJHX 3a npeAeAaMH 6aHKa Heo6xOAHM AAR co3AaHHsBcecTopoHHero yqe6Horo nAaHa. He Bce yqe6Hbie noTpe6HoCTH MOryT 6blTb pelmeHbl CnOMOUJbIO BHyTpH6aHKoBCKoro o6yqeHHH, c nOMOlJbIO BHYTpeHHHX peCypcoB. Te, KTO3aHHMaeTcR pa3pa6oTKoH' yqe6Horo npo.Uecca, AOAKHbI BblHCHHTb, rAe B yqe6Hblii nAaHAOA2KHbi 6blTb BKAIO'eHbl BHelllHHe KypCbl, BHHMaTeAbHO H3yqHTb HX C TOqKH 3peHHHBO3MO2KHOCTH HCnOAb3OBaHHS B yqe6HoM nmaHe 6aHKOBCKoro nepcoHaAa H AoroBopHTbcR o6 HxnpoBeAeHHH. Bbi6op, ynpaBAeHHe KypcaMH o6yqeHHA H o6yqeHHe npenoAaBaTeAeH RBAReTCRrapaHTHeii ycnexa CTpaTerHH o6y'eHHR. BaHK o6H3aTeAbHo AOA2KeH HMeTb B CBoeM cocTaBeXOpOIUHX npenoAaBaTeAefi, KoTopbIe pa6oTaAH 6bM Ha nIoAHoH CTaBKe. Mx Heo6xo4HMoHCnOAb3OBaTb AAR OCHOBHbIX KypCOB. HeKoTopble npenoAaBaTeAH AOA2KHbl fIpHrAallaTbCR HaKoHTpaKTHOHi OCHOBe AAR BpeMeHHoro HcnOAb3OBaHHR no OMeHb CnlegaHAbHbIM npeCMmeTam HTeMaM. Ho OCHOBHaR Harpy3Ka npH o6y"eHHH AOAmHa naAaTb Ha AHHeHHbIx pyKoBoAHTeAefi HTeXHHqeCKHH nepcoHaA, HMeioLJHX AOCTaTOqHbie 3HaHHH H cnoco6HOCTH AeAaTb BTO. M4xHeo 6XOAHMO oT6HpaTb AAS aTofi UeAH H o6yqaTb npenoAaBaTeAbcKoMy HCKyCCTBy. 06y"eHHe

194

Cow,ja,Ne veAoseveciroro KazrITaAa 6iu,r

BCTaBKa 5.4HaBblKH, HMeOiJHe HaHBblCUHfi IpHopiHTeT A4A pa6oTHHKOB 6aHKa

YnpaBi4eHvecKHe HaBbMMH

* rAaHHpoBaHHe;

* nOCTaHOBKa geAeH;

* MOHHTOpHHr H KOHTpOAb;

* ynpaBAeHHe npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTbIO;

* ynpaBAeHHe 3aTpaTaMH;

* BbI5BAeHHe npo6 AeM;

* aHaAH3 H peuleHHe;

* KOHTpOAb KaqeCTBa;

* ynpaBAeHHe H3MeHeHHHMH.

ctlyHKgJOHaAbHbIe HaBbMKH

* ynpaBAeHHe aKTHBaMH H o603aTeAbCTBaMH;

* KPeAHTHbIU aHaAH3;

* MOHHTOpHHr KpeAHToB;

* ynpaBAeHHe npO6AeMHbIMH KpeAHTaMH;

* ayAHT;

* HCnOAb3OBaHHe KOMnblOTepHOH TeXHHKH;

* onepaUHOHHblI aHaAH3;

* ynpaBAeHHe 'ieAOB3eieCKHMH pecypcaMH;

* ynpaBAeHqeCKiHH yqeT.

FI7pHfMHgUbr

* OpHeHTHPOBaHHOCTb Ha pe3yAbTaT;

* OpHeHTHPOBaHHOCTb Ha nOAy'eHHe npH6 blAH;

* OpHeHHPOBaHHOCTb Ha COBepIUeHCTBOBaHHe;

* OpHeHTHpOBaHHOCTb Ha KAHeHTa;

* aKTHBHOe pyKOBoACTBO;

* OTKpbITOCTb o6u1eHHH;

*coBepueHCTBOBaHHe nepCoHaAa;

* KOHCTpyKTHBHaR KpHTHKa;

* yMeHHe CnpaBARTbCR c npo6AeMaMH;

* o6IbeKTHBHOCTb;

* nlpHSHTHe BbICOKHX HOpMaTHBOB;

* HHHUHaTHBa;

* yyTKOCTb K H3MeHeHH5IM;

* npHHSTHe OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH.

195

YrpeniAeCHe p,pwoBogcTAa i moAwnreime vyBcTBoHreA.Hocrn ar aepemdeHam

AOA2HO HanpaBA.9TbCH H ogeHHBaTbcR, HX neAarorHqecKHe YMeHHR AOA2lHbl COBepiIIeHCTBO-

BaTbcH. B Tex CAy'aHX, KorAa aToro CAeAaTb He yAaeTCa, OHH AOA2Hbl 6blTb 3aMeHeHbl

HOBbIMH ripenOAaBaTeAsMH, o6AaAaIOIIHMH 6oAee BblCOKOH KOMneTeHTHOCTbiO. OT6op RnOArOTOBKa npenoAaBaTeAbcKoro COCTaBa Hs3 qHCAa AHHeHHbIX pyrOBOAHTeAeH AOAmHbI

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206

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209

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210

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211

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OCHOBHbIX HrpOKOB npH npOBeAeHHH B CBOHX riOApa3AeAeHHHX B 6aHKe CAeAyIOIIHX Ae4eCTBHH:

* opraHH-3aHOHHoro CTpyKTypHpOBaHHH;

* OnpeAeAeHHR OTBCTCTBeHHOCTH Ka2KAoro;

* CTPYKTYPHPOBaHHR pa6oHx o6H3aHHoCTeii Ka2KAoro;

* OnTHMH3agHH HaCTOsRnero YPOBH.9 KoMneTeHTHOCTH nepcoHaAa, nOBbIUleHHH HaBbiKOB B

pa6oTe;

* nporHO3HPOBaHHH HaBbIKOB, KOTOpb[e B CKOpOM BpeMeHH OKa82KYTCH CoBepleHHO

Heo6xOAHMbIMH AAS1 BeAeHHq 6aHKOBCKOfi pa6oTbl;

* aHaAH3a Heo6xOAHMbIX HaBbIKOB H COOTBCTCTBYIOU4HX B3rAH4OB /ieHHoCTeH/;

* aTTeCTaUHH H COCTaBAeHHH nAaHOB pa3BHTHR H o6y'eHHR oTAeAbHbIX COTPYAHHKOB

oTAeAa;

* o6yqeHHR Ha pa6omeM MeCTe;

* pa3BHTHH npOH3BOACTBeHHOH KyAbTypbl;

* OT6opa HOBblX COTpyAHHKoB;

* nepeBoAa Ha pa6oTy B ApyrHe y4pe2KAeHHH H npHeMa Ha pa6oTy nepeBoAoM;

* nOCTaHOBKH 3aAaM H pa3pa6OTKH nAaHOB Ae4CTBHq;

* onpeAeAeHHH Pe3yAbTaTOB BbInoAHeHHH cAy2Ke6HbIx o6s3aHHocTeii H ocyIeCTBAeHHe

MoHHTopHHra;

* peKOMeHAagHH HeKOTOPbIX q)OpM nOOIIpeHHR /HanpHMep, nPOABH2KeHHe no cAy2K6e,

yBeAHqeHHe 3apa60THOH nAaTbi/;

* fOBbIi11eHHIO 3aHHTepecOBaHHOCTH B pa3BHTHH cAy2Ke6HOH Kapbepbl, nOBbI1UeHHIO

3aHHTepecoBaHHOCTH pa6OTHHKa;

0 aKTHBHOMy ynpaBAeHH[o.

Bo MHOrHX CAyqaHX B onHcaHHbIX npHMepax Ae.RTeAbHOCTH pyKOBOAHTeAH cama cAy2K6a

ynpaBAeHHH H pa3BHTHH 'eAOBeqeCKHX pecypcoB Mo2KeT C03AaTb UeAyIo BCnOMOraTeAbHYIO

HH(ppacTpyKTypy, ee HHCTpyMeHTbi, MomeT o6yqHTb AHHeHHbIX pyKOBOAHTeAeH noAbb3oBaTbcH

pa3pa6oTaHHbIMH CpeACTBaMH, nOMOqb Co3saTb YCA0BHR AAR peaAH3aMHH TaKoH B03MO2KHOCTH,

KOHTpOAHpOBaTb Ka'eCTBO peSyAbTaToB. B HeKOTOpbIX HanlpaBACHHRX pOAb pyKoBoAHTeAA

cAy*6b1 pa3BHTHH 'eAoBemeCKHX pecypCOB Mo2KeT HrpaTb 6oAee Ba2KHyol pOAb, %ieM B ApyrHx,

Mo2KeT o0UyigaTbCR HX 6oAblllaH aKTHBHOCTb, npHMOH BblXOA Ha COBeT AHpeKTOpOB.

HanpHMep, B BOnpocax BHyTpH6aHKOBCKHx nepeBoAoB pa6OTHHKOB, pa3BHTHA KyAbTypbl

npOH3BOACTBa B ,eAOM, Ha6opa KaHAHAaToB H OT6opa npeTeHAeHTOB, onpeAeAeHHR Ha pa6oTy

MOAOAbIX AiOAeH, BnCpBbie nOCTynaKioIHX Ha cAy2K6 y, nOAroToBKH pyKOBOAHTeAeH,

npOABH2KeHH% no CAy2K6e H OnAaTbl TpyAa. Aio6oii 6aHK 6yAeT CTpeMHTbCSI HaHTH CBOH

Co6CTBeHHblii OnTHMaAbHbIH 6aAaHc Me2KAy POAbIO AHHeHHoro PYKOBOAHTeAH H PYKOBOAHTeAH

cA.ym6bl KaApOB. CAHIMIKOM MHOrO npaB H CHAbI c OAHOH CTOpOHbl B yujep6 ApyroH Tome

onaCHO. AHHeiiHbie pyKoBOAHTeAH AOA2KHbl BnAoTHyIo 3aHHMaTbCH pa60TOiH CO CBOHM

nepCOHaAoM. PyKOBOAHTeAb 2Ke cAy2K6bi KaApOB AOA2KeH HMeTb BO3MO2KHOCTb H cnoco6HocTb

CMOTpeTb Ha npo6AeMy 1IHpe, C TOMKH 3pCHHH HHTepeCOB 6aHKa.

218

CoEiiaNHe qeAoBevecxoro jranJIraAa 6auwa

OpraHHuagwir 0ywicgHH pagBHNTH YwAoBeYeCKNx pecypcoa

AAR TOMO, -To6bi HrpaTb BamHyio POAb B opraHHmagHH, pa3BHTHH H ynpaBAeHHH

qcAoBeC'ecKHMH pecypcamH 6aHKa cAy?K6a KaApoB AOA2KHa HMCTb AOCTaTo0Hbic 3HaHHH, OnbIT,

noAb3oBaTbcH AoBepHeM, HMeTb COOTBCTCTBYwOI4HC CPCACTBa H nepcoHaA. MHorHe (pyH1qUHHynpaBAeHHB 'eAOBeCeCKHMH pecypcaMH noKa ege nOpOH CBOAqTCH K aAMHHHCTPHPOBaHH1O,

T.C. K 'HCTO opraHH3agHoHHOH CTOPOHC AeAa. OHH He MorYT HrpaTb POAb aKTHBHOrO

PYKOBOAHTeAR ACHTCAbHOCTbIO CoTpyAHHKoB. A HMeHHO TaKOH POAH He XBaTaeT MHorHM

6aHKaM. Bo MHorHX 6aHKax CyJIeCTByeT Heo6xoAHMocTb pa3AeAHTb cIYHKUHH opraHH3agHH H

BeAeHHR 3anHCeH, T.e. o6pa6oTKH BCHKoro pOAa AOKYMeHTOB, BKAlOqaR o6pa6OTKy BeAOMOCTeH

Ha 3aprLAaTy, neHCHH, CTpaXOBaHHH, MHAHIHbIe Bonpocbil KoMaHAHpoBKH, nepeBoAbl. OHH

AOA2KHbI nepeHTH B a8cJeKTHBHbie, OPHCHTHPOBaHHbIe Ha BbinOAHeHHe KOHKpeTHbIX onepaIHH

noApa3AeAeHHH. COBeplmeHHO OTAeAbHO OT BbIUWerIepeCHCAeHHOrO Heo6xOAHMO CO3AaBaTb Hpa3BHBaTb 6oAee aKTHBHYIO cAy2K6y ynpaBAeHuH pecypcamH, OTHecH K ee AeHTCAbHOCTH

cAeAyiolgHe (fyHKIHH:

* pa3pa6oTKa nOAUTHKH H nporpaMMbl pa3BHTHH nepcoHaAa;

* nAaHHPOBaHHe pa3BHTHR CaMoH opraHH3ajHH;

* nAaHHPOBaHHe KOAHqeCTBa pa6OTHHKOB;

* aHaAH3 noTpe6HocTH B KBaAHcJHKaUHOHHOM H KaqeCTBCHHOM cocTaBe pa6oTHHKoB;

* OUCHKa pa6oTbI H BO3Mo2KHoCTeH pa6oTHHKoB;

* iAaHHPOBaHHC HHAHBH4YaAbHOrO pa3BHTHH H o6yqeHHH pa 6oTHHKoB;

* nOArOTOBKa H o6yqeHHe pa6oTHHKOB;

* pa3BHTHe IIpOH3BOACTBeHHOii KyAbTypbl;

* IIAaHHPOBaHHe H ynpaBAeHHC noou_peHHHMH.

B HeKOTOpbJX 6aHKax MO2KeT BO3HHKHyTb noTpe6HoCTb B H3MeHeHHH CTpaTerHH ynpaBAeHHH

pa3BHTHeM 'leAoBe'CcxHX peCypCOB. CAym6bl, 3aHHMaiOJijHeCC BTHMH BonpoCaMH, AOA2KHblHrpaTb, no MHCHHIO HeKOTOpbIX 6aHKoB, PYKOBOAqHgylO pOAb, HM HaAAemHT pa3pa6aTbiBaTm

UIHPOKHe nIpOrpaMMbi 6aHKOBCKoro pa3BHTHM, pa6oTaTb B pa6oqeM KOHTaKTe C AHHeHHbIMHpyKOBOAHTeA3IMH, BbIcTynaTb HX noCTOHHHblMH KOHCyAbTaHTaMH, ocyigeCTBA3ITb KOHTpOAb

xaqecTBa CeAOBeqCCKHX pecypcoB, OnpeAeAHTb pOAb AHHeCiHbIX pyKoBoAHTeAef B

(popMHpoBaHHH H 1IOBbIlIIeHHH BTorO Ka'eCTBa, OHH AOA2KHbi 6blTb B COCTORHHH OgeHHTb

JUHPOKYJO H AOArOCpOtHyiO nepcneKTHBy pa3BHTHR TPYAOBOrO KOAAeKTHBa. AIOAH, KOTOpbieMorAH 6bl OCyUeCTBAHTb aTH C.AOMHbI q)yHKIIHH, o6AaAaAH 6bl COOTBeTCTByiO%HMH HaBbiKaMH

H 3HaHHRMH, HMeAH 6bl AAR 6aHKa OqeHb 6oAbUiylo geHHOCTb.

OprawisagHru pOAH AHNeNNorO pyKo8o4HTeAHw

LHTo6bl AHHeHHblH pyKOBOAHTeAb Mor BqcJXeKTHBHO BblnOAHHTb CBOIO pOAb - pOAb

pacrpeAeAeHHH H yMeAoro HCrIOAb3OBaHHM CeAOBeCeCKHX peCypCOB, HaXOAHfIHXCH B eropacnopRmeHHH, Heo6xoAHMo, 'lTo6bi BTa ero pOAb 6bIAa qCTKO onHcaHa H XOpOIIuo nOHHMaAaCb

BceMH. ECAH HOBaq pOAb CylgeCTBeHHO OTAHiaeTCM OT TOrO, 'FTO eMy npHXOAHAOCb AeAaTb BnpOUIAOM, - a BTO BnOAHe BCpORTHO - HeKOTOpbie AHHeHHbie pyKOBOAHTeAH MOryT 6blTb

o6ecnoKoeHbl Ba2KHOCTbIO pOAH, KOTOpylO HM npHAeTCH HrpaTb B (OPMHPOBaHHH KOAAeKTHBa

6aHKa. TorAa Heo6xoAHMo 6yAeT npOBeCTH o6CyMAeHHe, BO BpeMR KOTOporo MomHo 6blAo 6 bl

219

Yxpenmemme pwo'oBocoTa N J7OuhIeHNe VyCTBAhHOCTN H nepemeHa

06 'bSCHHTb npHIHHbl TaKHX paAHKaAbHbiX nepeMeH, 3HaqeHHC 8TOH (pyH1UHH, noAo2KeHHe

pyKOBOAHTeAI, a TaK2me noAAep?KKy, KOTOpyIO BcerAa 6yAeT noAy'qaTb AHHeHHbIH PYKOBOAMTeAb

OT CBoerO BbllleCTO;iLMerO HaHaAbCTBa B 8TOM Bonpoce. HlpHAeTcM OTAeAbHO PaCCMOTPeTb

B03pa2KeHHH, KOTOpbI MOryT BO3HHKHYTb no 8TOMY BOnpOCy, H o3a6o0eHHOCTb H Aame

TpeBory. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOrO, HaCKOAbKO H3MeHHTCH pOAb AHHeHHoro pyKOBOAHTeAM,

momeT 6 bITb 3aAeT H Bonpoc H3MeHeHHR KyAbTypbi npeAnpHMTHM, KOTOpbIH Tome Hy2mHo 6yAeT

paccMOTpeTb 6oAee BHHMaTeAbHO H rAy6oKo, He OCTaHaBAHBaRCb Ha npOCTOM onHcaHHH 8THX

H3MeHeHHH.

B 8TOH cBoeH HOBOH pOAH AHHeHHble pYKOBOAHTeAH MOrYT CTOAKHyrbCM C HeO 6 XOAHMOCTbIO

o6yeCHH.R. OAHH AIOAH HBAMIOTCM PYKOBOAHTeAHMH no CBOHM npHPOAHbiM Ka t eCTBaM, a ApyrHe

HaytiHAHCb HAH MOrYT Hay4HTbCH 3TOMY mepe3 OnlbIT. Ho B o6yTeHHH HyvmAalOTcCS MHorHe.

BHamaAe BTO 6yAyT caMbie o6 LgHe H ILlHpOKHe BOnpOCbI pyKOBOACTBa H ynpaBAeHHH,

nOHHMaHHe KOH;enlgHH H COOTBeTCTBYIOU_He ynpaBAeHmeCKHe HaBbIKH. KpoMe o6qgHX HaBbIKOB,

MO2KeT BO3HHKHyrb Heo6xOAHMoCTb q)OpMHpOBaHHA HOBbIX HaBbIKOB, HMeKOIqHX 3HameHHe H

Heo6xoAHMbIx AAR Ka2KAorO KOHKpeTHoro 6aHKa. HanpHMep, 6aHK MomKeT c4HTaTb, 'ITO

PYKOBOAHTeAH AOA2KHbl yMeTb npOBOAHTb o6y'eHHe CBOHX COTpYAHHKOB Ha pa6oqeM MecTe,

npOBOAHTb HH4HBHAYaAbHyfO aTTeCTagHio, pa3pa6aTblBaTb HHAHBHAyaAbHbIe yqe6Hbie rAaHbi

AAM pa6oTHHKoB, npoBOAHTb B(peKTHBHy1O nOAHTHKy nOCTaHOBKH 3aAmaq H pa3pa6OTKH

MeponpHITHH nO HX AOCTH2KeHHIO. HlOBTOMy 6 aHK BKAIO'IHT STo B nporpammy o6y'eHiH

pyKOBOAHTeAeH. 4AH 3TOH AeHTeAbHOCTH AOA2KHbi 6bITb pa3pa6oTaHbl npOrpaMMbi,

CAeAoBaTeAbHO, Heo6xOAHMO pa3pa6aTblBaTb nporpaMMbl H yqHTb pyKoBoAHTeAeH BbInOAHMTb

aTH npOrpaMMbi. HIo CBoemy OrIbITy 3HaiO, 'ITO aTO He O'IeHb TpyAHO. 4AS 8TorO He Tpe6yeTcR

KaKHX-TO oco6blx yMeHHH. 3 To 'aCTb OnbITa KamAoro pyKOBOAHTeAA H, B UHlpOKOM CMbICAe

CAOBa, Bce aTH HaBbIKH B pa3HoH CTeneHH 3HaKOMbl AHHeuHbIM pyKOBOAHTeA3M.

BamHo nOAHOCTbIO HHCTHTygUOHaAHsHipOBaTb POAb AHHeHHbiX pyKOBOAHTeAeH. Hx 3aAa'H

AOA2KHbi 6bITb OTpa2KeHbI B Hx AOA2KHOCTHb]X o6siaaHHocTMx. O1eHb JP¢eKTHBHO BKAIOqHTh

8TO KaK KpuTepUHH HX O!eHKH npH aTTecTaUHH. B Kypce, pa3pa6oTaHHoM AAR o6yqeHHH

pyKOBOAHTeAei, 8TH BOnpOCbI TaKme AOA2KHbl HafiTH CBOe oTpameHHe. O6cym2AeHHA 8THX H

ApyrHX BOnpOCOB Me2KAY AHHeHHbIMH H BbimeCTOMU_HMH PYKOBOAHTeAHMH AOA2KHbI

IePHOAH'eCKH BKAIOMaTb OIAeHey H XapaKTePHCTHKY KOAAeKTHBa, pa6oTaioWero B OAHOM

noApa3AeAeHHH. HanpHMep, AOCTaTOMHO AH TaM pa6OTHHKOB, HeT AH AHIIIHHX pa6OTHHKOB,

KaKOB YPOBeHb noAroToBKH, YPOBeHb 3aHHTepecOBaHHOCTH pa6oTHHKoB, a TaK2Ke, KaKHe

Ae4CTBHM rpeAnpHHHMaeT pyKOBOAHTeAb 'To6bi nOBbICHTb YPOBeHb npocIeCCHOHaAbHbIX 3HaHHH

H KyAbTypbI CBOHX noAqHHeHHb[X.

TaKoii xapaKTep o6cy2KAeHHq BonpocoB oKa2KeT AAM AHHeHHoro PYKOBOAHTeAA

CyUgeCTBeHHyio noAAep2KKy npH OpHeHTHPOBaHHH cBoen pa6oTbl C KoAAeKTHBOM, AaCT eMy

BOSMO2KHOCTb Ayq'lle nOHMTb CBOH o6s3aHHocTH.

KaK yme OTMeCiaAOCb Bbluie, 8TO He KaKaR-HH6yAb AHUIHM pa6oTa AAR AHHeHHOrO

pyKOBOAHTeAM. 9 To H eCTb ynlpaBAeHHe. H OT aTOro AOAmHbl BbiHrpaTb Bce. FCAH pa6oTHHKH

HMelOT BblCOKYIO KBaAH(PHKaUHio, HMH Aer'e ynpaBAslTb. PyKOBOAHTeAio OCTaeTCM MeHbtue

npo6AeM AA.s peulellHi. MeHllble PHCKa cA4AaTb ouiH6Ky. Bce 3TO nomoraeT pyroBOAwreAio

220

CostaHHe veAosevecxoro JzHnTaAa 6aaHa

BbIrAHAeTb Aysine B rAa3aX CBOHX nOAsHHeHHb1x npH BbIr1OAHeHHH CBOHX 3aAaq H 3aAas

noApa3AeAeHHH. CoBepuleHHo oseBHAHo, sTO pa6oTHHKH nOApasAeAeHHR Tome noAy'aIOT

flOAb3y OT Ay'rnlero KameCTBa yripaBAeHHH 'eAOBe'eCKHM 4PaKTOpOM.

Bo MHOrHx pa3BHBaioWHXCH CTpaHax aTOMy yAeAHeTCH HeAOCTaTO'IHO BHHMaHHR HH C TOsKH

3peHHH B03MOmHOCTeH, HH C TO9KH 3peHHR pecypcoB. IlpOBeAeHHe T1jaTeAbHoro aHaAH3a

Heo6xoAHMbIx AAR pa6oTbl HaBbIKOB H Bbipa6oTKa npaBHAbHbIX B3rARAoB, cnoco6CTByJOUJHX

FOPMHPOBaHHIO pa6oseii KyAbTypbl, oMeHb Ba2KHbl AAH 6aHKa. HpoeeAeHHe HHAHBHAyaAbHOii

aTTeCTaUHH MO2KeT nOMOsb BblHIBHTb CyUgeCTByIOUIHH 4Ae4pH!HT OnpeAeAeHHb1X HaBbIKOB H

CO3AaTb nporpammy ero ycTpaHeHHH.

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HH(3paCTPYKTYPbI TO?Ke npH3BaHbI CbirpaTb Bam2Hpo pOAb. 1HHCTHTygHOHaAbHaA KyAbTypa

6aHKa Mo2KeT CYJCCTBeHHbIM o6pa3oM H3MeHHTb AeAOBbie xapaKTepHCTHKH B pa6oTe. OHa

AOA2Ha HCXOAHTb HS AOArocpO'IHOH CTpaTerHH H 3aAas 6aHKa. IlpHrAamueHHe Ha pa6ory H

oT6op KaHAHAaTOB HCXOA$ H3 HX cnoco6HocTeii H nOTeHUHaAbHbIX BO3MOMHOCTeH noMo2KeT

nOAH$rTb YpOBeHb nOArOTOBKH H pa6OTOcUoco6HOCTH pa6oTHHKoB B geAOM. CTapmuee

pyKOBOACTBO AOA2KHO npaBHAbHO OleHHBaTb cHTyagHIO B 6aHKe, OnpeAeABTb rpHOpHTeTHbie

HaBbIKH AAH nOBbllleHHH KyAbTypbI H ycnexa 6aHKa, AOA2tHO Bo3rAaBHTb YCHAHH Bbipa6OTaTb

Heo6xoAHMbie HaBbIKH H pa3BHTb KyAbTypy B COOTBCTCTBHH C 3aAauaMH H CTpaTerHeH 6aHKa.

3aiwAjoeHHe

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6OAee BbICOKHe Pe3yAbTaTbi ynpaBAeHseCCKHx yCHAHH Ha KOHKpeTHOM npeAnpHATHH, B geAOM,

BbIXOAHT 3a paMKH nOAHTHKH H npOrpaMMbi y9pe2AeHHH. AHHeHHb1M PYKOBOAHTeAAM H

pa6oTHHKaM CAym6b] KaApOB OTBOAHTCH aKTHBHHaH pOAb. 3Ta pOAb AOA2KHa 6blTb

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OTBOAHTCH !eHTpaAbHaA pOAb B HCnOAHeHHH. 3a pa6OTHHKaMH KaAPOBOH cAym6bi OCTaeTCA

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pecypcaMH npeAnpHRTHA AHHeHHbie pyKOBOAHTeAH Hy2KAaiOTCH B o6yseHHH H yCHAeHHH pHAOB,

a q)YHKUHH pa3BHTHA AIOACKHX pecypcoB Tpe6yeT (POpMHpOBaHHB CnegHaAbHbiX HaBbiKOB H

pa3BHTHR peCypCOB.

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221

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KaK ynpaBARTb aTHMH nepeMeHaMH 4To6bI AOCTHsb nOCTOHHHblx nOAo2mHTeAbHbIX pe3yAbTaToB.

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229

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230

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231

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232

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233

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HHqHopMagHOHHOA TexHoAorHeH.

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3 IXeKTHBHoe H cTa6HAbHoe HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHoe pa3BHTHe He MO2KeT HMeTb MeCTa B

He6AaronpHsRTHoH cpeAe. Cos3AaHHio npeAnocblAOK AAR cTa6HAbHoro HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHOro

pa3BHTHR CTaAH yAeAHTb OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe B 8 0-x r.r. HporpaMMbi, noCTnoeHHbie 6e3 y'eTa

MaKPOBKOHOMHmecKorO H HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHoro KoHTeKCTa, He npHHOCHAH nOAO?KHTeAbHbIX

pe3yAbTaTOB. HpHMeHHTeAbHO K KOMMePmeCKHM 6aHKaM YCTOH'qHBOCTb HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHbIX

peq)opM 3HaxHTeAbHO B03paCTaeT npH HaAHqHe CTpaTerHH H HHCTHTyIHOHaAbHb1X OCHOB,

cnoco6cTBy1ouHHx noRBAeHHIO a"eeKTHBHblX, 6e3y6blTOaHbIx, 2rHsHecnoco6Hb1x 6aHKOBCXHX

yqpe2KAeHHH. IOA nOAo6HbIMH HHCTHTYIHOHaAbHbIMH OCHOBaMH noApa3ymeBaioTci CTa6HAbHaH

B MaKpoBKoHoMH'eCKoM CMbICAe cpeAa: pa3yMHaR AeHe2KHO-KpeAHTHaa nOAHTHKa; HaAHqHe

npoAymaHHoro 3aKOHOAaTeAbCTBa 0 KOMemeeCKoH AeRTeAbHOCTH (BXAIOiaH 3aKOH O

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HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHOF0 pa3BHTHR.5 1 HeKOTOpble Ba2KHbie BbIBOAbI AaHHbIX pa6oT npHAo0HMbi K

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* HapaTjBaHrne YCTOkYiBOCTH paSBHrw. XoTH peaAH3a;IHH npoeKToS HMeeT 6oAbuxoe

3HaqeHHe, Ba2KHee YCTOHqHBOCTb pa3BHTHR, 'eMy -3aqacTyio yAeAReTCH MaAO BHHMaHHH.

51 HoA 1990; BbiomrK 1991.

234

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236

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237

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* YnpasAeHHe, HMeEogee cBoeH geAb1o noMOyb B co03aBmueHcs CHTYa3HH, npeACTaBAAReTco6oA caMocToRTeAbHbliH BHA AeTeAbHOCTH, KOTOpblH KOHUeHTpHpyeTCR HaHcnpaBAeHHH HeAoCTaTKOB, BCTpeqaioujHxcC B XoAe o6bxsHoro ynpaBAeHHH nopTqIeAeM.

* OpraHH3agtHl H noA6 op nepcoHaAa npeACTaBAReT co6ofi 'eTbipe BHAa AeRTeAbHOCTH:OpraHH3aHHJO H pa3MeigeHHe cAy2K6 (oTAeAeeHHA) 6aHKa, nOA6 op COOTBeTCTBY0OUCeronepcoHaAa, o6ecneqeHHe npeeMCTBeHHOCTH a pa6oTe nepcoHaAa, noAroToBKa Ho6yTeHHe nepcoHaAa. KpHTHqecKaH pOAb BTHX BHAoB AeRTeAbHOCTH 06 bl-NHOHeA0OJeHHBa8OTCH B y1pasAeHHH pHCKaMH.

52 TaoHi OTrAeA MOMT HaSbIBaTbCJ no-pasHoMy: oTAeA Ha6AJUAeHHR sa COcTOqHmeM Kpe4HTOB, OTAeA O0eHKHaKTHBOB InOBbluIIeHHOro pHCKa, OT4eA KOHTpOAR KpeAHTOBaHHR, OT4eA Ha6AwAeHHx sa KpeAHTaMH.

239

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240

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241

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242

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243

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CpeACTB (FIB).

244

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- AeBepeA2Ka no OTHOILIeHHIO K InpOIIIAbIM nepHoAaM, no cpaBHeHH1O C nAaHOM,

HOpMaTHBaMH no oTpacAH, H T.A.;

- Hs6bITOK UeHHOCTeii Ha cKAaAe H 6 OAblllOH o6beM Ae6HTOpCKoii 3aAoA2KeHHOCTH

(npo6AeMbl B o6AaCTH aBToMaTH3HpOBaHHbIX HHq)OpMagHOHHb1X cHCTeM AAA

PYKOBOACTBa H B o6AaCTH KOHTpOAH);

- 3aAepuKKH c noraiuJeHHeM ToproBoro KpeAHTa.

* B OTHOiueHHH onepaynii.

245

YJicpeAiHCHH pyKWODO4CTBa N HOBrIErCHNHC q"CTDNHTAbNOCTN K "iepe naM

- OTCYTCTBHe HTOrOBbIX onepaUHH noAsHuja1oujHx pesyAbTaTbi BpeMeHHOrO OTpesKa,

nOCT0SIHHbie H nPOAOA2HTeAbHbie H3bflTHR CyMM, npeBbllaIOgJHX AOnYCTHMbie

HOpMbI;

- HapyMeHHe YCAOBHH no CPO-HbIM onepagHHm (BHeceHHe nonpaBoK, yKAOHeHHe OT

HCnOAHeHHB H T.A.);

- (PHHaHCHpOBaHHe AOAroCPOsHbIX HymA KpaTKOCPOsHbIMH HHCTPYMeHTaMH;

- HepeaAHCTHqeCKHi rpaPHK norauiIeHHA CCyAbl;

- OTBAemeHHe CpeACTB, nOAy'IaeMbIX B qpopMe CCyAHoro npogeHTa Ha ApyrHe HymAbl,

OTAH9ailoUHeCR OT sapaHee onpeAeAeHHbIX.

* Ilpoqee.

- OTCyTCTBHe KOHTaKTa c KAHeHTaMH, HenocegeHHe npeAnpHHTHri;

- cAa6biH KOHTpOAb 3a OnepaijHRMH H 3a q)HHaHCaMH H cAa6ocTb BHyTpeHHeH CHCTeMbi

ynpaBAeHqecKoH HHPOpMaUHH H KOHTpOAA;

- HeaAeKBaTHbie HAH ycTapeBenHe (HHaHCOBbie AaHHbie;

- KBaAHPHUHpOBaHHoe ayAHTOpcKoe 3aKAio'eHHe;

- cyAe6Hbie pa36HpaTeAbCTBa.

11 (HeKOHAHUHOHHbIe)

* To me, 'ITO H B npeAbiAyUgeM cAy'ae, TOAbKO cHTyaUHE npeACTaBAeTc 6oAee

Cepbe3HOH, 9eM B CAy-Iae C KpeAHTaMH KAacca IA.* nIposec.

- saMOpamHBaHHe KpeAHTHbIX AHHHH BCAeACTBHe nOAHTHseCKOro AaBAeHHS HAH

IOpHAHxieCKHX OCAOmHeHHHi H T.n.;

- npeKpaugeHHe pa6oTbl 6aHKa no KpeAHTOBaHHIO H3-3a HeAOCTaTKa aAbTepHaTHBHbNX

HCTOsHHKOB (pHHaHCHpOBaHHI;

- HeBcIeKTHBHa5i KOOP4HHaaHS KpeAHTOpOB;

- 3aAor aKTHBOB;

- H3MeHeHHe CTpyKTypbl AoAra;

- 6aHKpoTcTBo, 3aKpblTHe HAH BbIHymAeHHaA AHKBHAagHH.

III (COMHHTeAbHble)

FepcneKTHBa nOTepH KpeAHTHbIX CpeACTB BbI3bIBaeT Heo6XOAHMOCTb xAacCHpHUHpOBaTb

3aeM KaK KpeAHT III rpynnbl. XapaKTepHCTHKH 6oAee He6AaronpHsrHble 9eM xapaKTepHCTHxH

II rpynnbi, K TOMY me cpeAH HHX MoryT 6bITb H CAeAyoloUHe o6cToRTeAbcTBa:

* OT3blB ayAHTopa H KBaAH(PHKxaHR cHTyaUHH KaK HemH3Hecnoco6HoA.

* HeonpeAeAeHHaH 3aAoroBaH rapaHTHH.

* OTpH4aTeAbHaJ1 sHCTaS TeKyljaH CTOHMOCTb H OTpHiaTeAbHaR BeAHsHHa o 6 opOTHblX

CpeACTB.

* 3

aMopomeHHbie TOpFOBbIe KpeAHTbI.

* 3aBHCHMOCTb BO3MOmHOCTH Bo3BpaTa nOAHOrO KpeAHTa OT HeBepOSITHb1X

o6CTOnTeAbCTB.

* Heaq8XeKTHBHOCTb KoppeKTHBHbIX Mep, npeAnpHHRTbIX 3aeMUJHKOM HAH KpeAHTOPOM.

* IOCTORHHaR nOBTOPIOWaRHCJ9 HecnoCo6HOCTb BblnOAHeHI o6sI3aTeAbCTB.

IV (Y6blTmIH)

246

UPIAONEHH E . O6sop yiiparAeN.ff aETEBaMm iIoMIr1IemHoro pwcxa

CyMMbI y6bITKOB Onpe4eACAIOTCM:

* KOAH'ieCTBeHHbIM BblpameeHHM HeAOCTaTO-iHOCTH 3aAoroBoro o6ecneqeHHH;

* O6Wei CyMMoH npeTeHsHHH H cyAe6HbIx cnopOB, KoTopbie orpaHH'HBalOT CyMMy

npH6bIAH K nOAyqeHHio.

HaYaAo KiaCCmmwKag!KHI

3 a KAaccH¢HKxaHIO KPCAHTOB OCHOBHyIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb HeceT pYKOBOACTBo 6aHKa.

HOArOTOBKa o6sopa COCTOAHHH aKTHBOB nOBbIlueHHoro PHCKa MOmeT 3aKoHqwHTbci

KAacCH¢HKaUHeH KpeAHTOB HAH Bbl3BaTb Heo6XOAHMOCTb CMeHbi KAaCCHcpHKaUHH B xoAe BTOH

nIOArOTOBKH. BaMHO, 'To6bI B BTO BpeMH 6bIAH npeAnpHHMTbI BCe YCHAHM AOCTHqb COrAamleHHM

C pyKOBOACTBOM o6 onpeAeAeHHH KAaccH(pHKaUHH AAR Ka2KAOFO yqpe2KAeHHM. ECAH TaKoro

COrAaCHH AOCTH4b He yAaeTCM, TOrAa OIeHKa, AaHHaH B 0630pe COCTOIHHH aKTHBOB

nOBbIII1eHHOrO pHCKa, OCTaCTCH KaK rAaBHaHI O!eHKa (B TaKHX CAy'IaMX MOKeT OKa3aTbCfl

noAe3Hb1M BbIHeCTH o6cymAeHHe Ha 6oAee BbICOKHH ypOBeHb).

AHAAM3 H KAMECTBO YnPABAEHHH PHCKOM

BReeieHHe

YnpaBAeHHe pHCKOM npeACTaBASeT co6oH Ha6op CAeAyioHiiHH AeHcTBHH:

* HpH o6bIqHOM ynpaBAeHHH:

- onpeAeAeHHe ,eAeBoro pbIHKa;

- nOArOTOBKa H aHaAH3 KpeAHTa;

- AOKYMCHTaiHM H cJaKTHmeCKOe npeAOCTaBAeHHe cpeAcTB;

- aAMHHHCTpaUHM KpeAHTa H PHCKa;

- BbIRBACHHe pHCKa, nOpTq)eAb H npogecc;

- UOAHTHKa, npaKTHKa H npoleAypbl.

* KoppeKTHBHoe ynpaBAeHHe nOpTIpeAcM H npo,ecc ynpaBAeHHH.

* OpraHH3agHm H nOA6op nepcoHaAa.

- opraHH3aUHA H pa3MeigeHHe;

- aAeKBaTHOCTb noA6HpaeMoro AAA pa6oTbl nepcoHaAa, BKAIOqaH BCnOMOraTeAbHbie

cAym6bl;

- npeeMCTBeHHOCTb H COXpaHeHHe uITaTa COTpyAHHKOB;

- nOArOTOBKa H o6yleHHe nepcOHaAa.

06sopbi COCTOHHHH KpeAHTOB noBbiuLieHHoro pHCKa OgeHHBaiOT H paH2HpyIOT KaAbliH BHA

AeHCTBHH. PeiiTHHr OnpeAeAMeTC.R KaK o6o6igeHHoe cpeAHeB3BCeIeHHoe AAR onpeAeAeHHH

o6nlero peuTHira npoUecca, ocyWecTBA3iemoro AaHHbIM noApasAeAeHHeM.

Pa3AKqHble AaHHbIe, HaKanAHBaembie npH nOArOTOBKe o63opa, AOAMHbi 6 bITb

HHTerpHpoBaRbI B c6aAaHCHpOBaHHyIO H o6beKTHBHyIO ogeHKy npogecca ynpaBAeHHH pHCKOM B

AaHHOM noApa3AeAeHHH. Ha STY OgeeHKy, CpeAH iinpOHX caKTOpOB, HeH36e2KHo oKa2KyT

BAHRHHe HOpMaTHBbl, npHHMTbie B AaHHOM yqpe2KAeHHH, H orpaHHqeHHOCTb co6cTBeHHoro

onbiTa AHUa, npoBoAugero TaKoH o63op COCTORHHH aKTHBOB. O0eHb cyi1eCTBeHHO,

CAeAoBaTeAbHO, qTo6bi Cy2KAeHHH aHaAHTHKa noATBep2KAaAOCb 6bl aXKTaMH Ha BeeM

247

YxpelmeaHe pmWooxCTBa H HOBbIIIeHHe hf' TyNCTBTeAbHOCTN K HepemeHam

npOT,R2KCHHH pa6oTbi no COCTaBAeHHIO UlHpOKOrO, BCeoXBaTbIBalOu4erO H XOPOIIO

AOKyMeHTHPOBaHHOrO o63opa COCTORHHHH aKTHBOB nOBbimIIeHHOrO pHCKa. KaK npaBHAO, meM6oAbiue AeAOBOH PHCK norIpa3AeAeHHH HAH opraHH3aMHH, TeM 6oAee PaAHKaAbHbIM AOA2KeH

6blTb npoMecc ogeHKH.

HopMaAbHoe yHpa&ieHHe

FIOCTORHHOe qpOpMHpOBaHHe, ynpaBAeHHe H, B KOHe4HOM, HTore AHKBHAaUHH aKTHBOB

nOBbliueHHOrO pHCKa H ynpaBAeHHe AeAOBbIMH pHCKaMH B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aAaxiaMH H nAaHaMH

opraHH3agHH npeACTaBAReT co6oH HOpMaAbHOe ynpaBAeHHe".

UJeAeDo,i pbImOic

3 aAo2KeHHaA B nOHRTHe geAeBOH pbIHOK KOHUHengiH OTpamaeT AHCUHnAHHy 6H3Heca H ero

H36HpaTeAbHOCTb. OnpeAeAeHHe AeAOBoro nOTeHUHaAbHOFO nOTCHUHaAa opraHH3aUHH,

BblHBACHHe 2KeAaeMbIX BO3MO2KHOCTeH H HpHBep2KCHHOCTb 3aAa8aM H CTpaTerHH MapKeTHHra

npeACTaBAHIOT co6oii KpHTHqeCKHe acneKTbI AaHHOrO npogecca. FOAXOA K pbIHKy 6es

AOAMHOH KOH;geHTpaUHH YCHAHH H HHTepecOB MOMeT AaTO B P.3yAbTaTe He3anAaHHPoBaHHyio

KOHMeHTpa]Hio aKTHBOB, HMelOIIHX pa3Hoe KaqeCTBO, npH BbIAeAcHHH HCaAeKBaTHOrO saAaqamKOAHqeCTBa pecypcOB B BHAe nepcOHaAa. CAeAoBaTeAbHo, KaRecTBo aHaAH3a geAeBoro pbiHKa

BAHHeT KaK Ha npogecc q)OpMHpOBsaHH TaK H Ha KaqeCTBO nOpT.eAsi.

[lAaHHPOBaHHe Pa3BHTHH geAeeoro PbIHKa He HBAReTCA TeOpCTHmeCKHM ynpa2KHeHHeM,

npOBOAHMbIM pa3 B roAy. OHO npeAcTaBA&eT co6o0i HenpepblBHblIH 8BOAIOllHOHHbiH npogecc,

OXBaTbIBaioJiHH pa3BHTHe H HaKOnAeHHe aAbTepHaTHBHb]X AeAOBbIX cTpaTerHfi. HAaHbi

pa3BHTHR geAeBoro pbIHKa AOA2KHbI CyIeCTBOBaTb B nHCbMeHHOH q)opme H AOA2KHbl

COrAaCOBb!BaTbCR C CyuIeCTBYIOUHMH nAaHaMH pa3BHTHH 6H3Heca B MeAoM, ynpaeBAHHH

6HsHecoM, c rIAaHaMH nOAy4eHHA KpeAHTOB U ripOBeAeHH.R onepagaHH.

AorHKa AoKyMeHTaAbHOH pa3pa6OTKH H nOCAeAOBaTeAbHOCTb B BbinOAHeHHH riAaHOB

pa8BHTHR MeAeBoro pbIHKa AOA2KHbI CTaTb npeAMCTOM HCCAeAOBaHHH. CTpaTerHH AOA2KHbl

COOTBCTCTBOBaTb CYUgCCTBY1OIIHM BHCIHHHM orpaHHHBaloLgHM qaKTOpaM pa3BHTHS, C

BO3MO2KHOCTHMH H BHyrpeHHHMH pecypcaMH opraHH3aUHH. Bblcmeii ripOBepKOH aToro HBAHeTCR

TeCT Ha TO, KaK COCTaB rIOpTcpeAs H npOqlHAb PHCKa OTpa2KalOT aTH HHHUHaTHBbl C TOqKH

3peHHH BbITCCHeHHH cTaporo 6H3Heca H 3aMeHbi ero HOBblMH BHAaMH.

HopMaTHBbl AaHHOH rpynnbi npoUeccoB MeHRIOTCR B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT AeAOBbIX PHCKOB H

npHOpHTeTOB, HO KaK npaBHAO BKAioqafOT CAeAyiougee:

* Mc CcAg4OBa7bCKAre o6sopht. YKa3aHHS1 Ha TO, 'ITO 6 blA HCCAeAOBaH BeCb pbIHOK H

BbIABAeH BeCb BO3MOmHbIH nOTeH%HaA AaHHOrO BHAa 6H3Heca. KaKHe CyjgeCTBYIOT

pHCKH H BOSMOMHOCTH nOAy'eHHA AOXOAOBd C KeM? ZAA KaKHX BHAOB npOAyKIHH?

* AEraAH.N N pa36op. HoATBepKACHHC Toro, 'TTO CyWeCTBYIOT KpHTepHH AOnyCTHMOrO

pHCKa aKTHBOB, C KOTOPbIMH MomHO pa6oTaTb, ITO aTH KpHTepHH nepeAaioTcs H

noHHMmalOTC BO BceH opraHH3aUHH H HCnOAb3ylOTCH AAA InpOCBe4HBaHHR" pbiHKa C

TOqKH 3peHHH cTpyKTypbI. TaKaH AonyCTHMOCTb YPOBHH pHcKa no aKTHBaM AoA2KHa

y'IHTbIBaTb pHCK OTHOUIeHHH H !eAAH (B OnpeAeAeHHbIX BpCMeHHbIX paMKaX),

248

IPHA O EHHE . 06sop y7pa&oAeHHIw aAETHDamN I1ooilIcoNoro pHcera

ynpaBAeH-IeCKHe H CPHHaHCOBbie xapaKTCpHCTHKH 3aeMJiHKa, cOaHaAbHoe, FIOAHTHweCKOe

H BKOHOMH'lecKoe 3Ha'eHHe, COCTaB nOpTcPeAH H T.A. O0IeHb BamHO, qTo6bi 3aHBKH Ha

nOAyqeHHe KPCAHTa 6blAH corAacOBaHbl C KpHTepHHMH "npocBeHBaHHH (wmy-eHHA).

KpHTepHH AOnYCTHMOCTH pHCKa no ripOAYKHH AOA2tHbl "pMYAHpOBaTbCH H noAyqaTb

oAo6peHHe no mepe pa3pa6oTKH HOBbIX BHAOB npoAyKUHH.

* Fpmoparemm. HepCrIKTHBbI pa3BHTHH AOA2tHbi 6

blTb paH2HpOBaHbl B riopsAe

AOrH'IeCKOH npHOpHTeTHOCTH B COOTBCTCTBHH C HCnOAb.3yeMbiMH noKa.3aTeAnMH

Hsy'eHHR. CoAepmaHHe nOA60pKH AOKyMeHTOB (BKAJomIOaJOHX naMRTHbIe 3anHCKH,

MeMopaHAyMbi, (IHHaHCOBbie OTMCTbI H T.A.) AOA2Hbl nOATBep2AaTb o6ocHoBaHHocTb

Bbi6opa MeAeBoro pbIHKa.

FepcneKTHBbI H onepaIHH, oTBepraeMbIe opraHH3agHeH, AOA2KHbl OTpam2aTb HcnOAb3OBaHHe

KpHTepHeB OUeHKH AOnYCTHMOCTH pHCKa B OTHOiIIcHHH aKTHBOB.

* HepcneirmBb. (aiaHA nepCneKTHB AOA2KeH CBHAeTeAbCTBOBaTb o6 HMelOJHXCR

BO3Mo0mHOCTHX H qpHHaHCOBoM nOTeHUHaAC H noKa3biBaTb, qTO nOA6HpaeTcR,

PaCfflHPHeTCH H nOAAep4KHBaCTCH 6a3a AaHHbIX no 3HaxlHMbiM nepcneKTHBaM.

* 3

ZaNNHHH. FIepCnenKTHBHbIe oppraHmagH C paCHCbiBalOTCH no COOTBeTCTBYIOI1HM

COTpyAHHKaM. OTBeIaiOUgHM 3a CBR3H C KAHeHTaMH H nAaH pa3BHTHR geAeBoro pb!HKa

nepHOAH'ICCKH o6HoBAAeTcH H nepecMaTpHBaeTCH.

* YCTpaHeHHe. 4OA2KHa 6bITb pa3pa6oTaHa H BHeApeHa nporpamma npopemKHBaHH B

OTHOIIICHHH opraHH3agHH, He BXOASIEHX B Kpyr nepCneKTHBHOrO pa3BHTHR (3a

HCKAIO'IeHHeM HeMHOrOMHCAeHHbIX H CneUHaAbHO OrOBOpeHHbIX HcKAIO'IeHHM). OHa

AOAMHa BKAIO'aTb AaTbl peaAH3agHH nepCneKTHBbl.

* BMro70AHHeHe. 4OA2KHO CygieCTBOBaTb noATBepmKAeHHe TOrO, 'TO HOBbiH 6H.3Hec

npHAepmHBaeTCH HAH BbInOAHHeT rnAaH pa3BHTHR pbbHKa H 'rTO r?pHMeHeHHe KpHTepHeB

npHeMACMOCTH pHCKa B OTHOIIIlHHH aKTHBOB HBAHeTCH npaKTHKoH, a He BbinOAHSeTCsi

AHlIb nOTOMy, 'ITO 8TO M02KHO BbinOAHHTb.

* CKAIOVelNHH. HCiKAIo'eHHH ieAeBoro PbIHKa AOAHKHbi 6

blTb OnpaBAaHHbIMH KaK no

o6bemy, TaK H no KOAH'ieCTBy, AOA2KHbI nOAyaTb npaBHAbHoe BHHMaHHe, oAo6peHHe H

COOTBeTCTBYIOIIYIO AOKyMeHTaUH10. AOA2KHa CyIgeCTBOBaTb rH6KOCTb AAH y'eTa

opraHH3agHOHHbIX coo6paŽIeHHfi H HeCTaHAAaPTHb]X BO3MO2KHOcTeH pOCTa.

* OpraHnisagHil. YpOBeHb KOMnAeKTOBaHHII UITaTaMH, OnbIT nepcoHaAa AOA2KHbl

y'iHTbiBaTbCR HapHAy C 06y1eHHeM npaKTHKe pa6oTbl C KpeAHTaMH AAR AOnOAHeHHH H

paCiIHpeHHrI nAaHa pa3BHTHR pbIHKa.

* oJHHMaHHC. Pa6OTHHKH y-ipemAeHHR AOA2KHbI y'iaCTBoBaTb, nOHHMaTb H OAo6prTb

npogecc pa3BHTHA MeACeoro pbIHKa, Tpe6yioJI4HH nepeopHeHTalHH HX HaBbiKOB H

YCHAHH. HpOBepKOii 3AeCb M02KCT CAym2HTb CAeAyiOHi4HH TeCT: HMeeT AH MeCTO TaKOe

noAo2meHHe, ITO pa6OTHHKH opraHH3agHH Bce BpeMS CO3AalOT TaKoe HanpaBAeHHe

6H3Heca, C KOTOpbIM BbIHy2KAeHbi 60pOTbCS H KOTOpblH BblHy2AeHbi '3apy6aTb" HX

pyKOBOAHTeAH? YnpaeAionjHe cAy2K6aMH CBR3H C KAHeHTaMH B HAeaAe AOAMHbl Taxme

OTBe'iaTb 3a nOArOTOBKY H o6HoBAeHHe AaHHbIX, HcnOAb3yeMbix npH nOArOTOBKce

o6 3opoB o COCTORHHH OTpaCAH aKOHOMHKH, OnpeAeAeHHH KpHTHICCKHX qJaKTopoB

ycnexa OTpaCAH, TCM CaMbIM pa3pa6aTblias KOHKpeTHbie KpHTepHH npHeMAeMOCTH

249

YzDpeILAeDne pyroBOeTcTBa N JIOBhIileINHe f yWCTaHreAbHOCTN Jr iepeMeIaM

pHCKa no aKTHBaM, nOABepMeHHbIM nOBbJllleHHOMY pHCKy AAR oTpacAeH

npoMbiiuAeHHOCTH AAH oAo6peHHs BTHX KPHTepHeB Ha 6oAee BbICOKOM ypOBHe. 3 To

RBAAeTCM AeMOHCTpagHeH rAy6HHbl npOHHKHOBeHH HsAeH MeAeBoro pbIHKa B

OpraHHsaUHIO H TOT (PaKT, MTO CMHTaeTC9, 9TO geAeBoA pbIHOK 06bl'IHO Co3AaeTCR

CHH3y BBepx, nO KpaHHeH mepe TaK npHHRTO cqHTaTb.

HCCAeAoBaHHH no aeAeBbIM pbIHKaM AHHaMH4Hbl no xapaKTepy, noABepraioTca nOCTOJJHHbIM

yTO-iHeHHHM no Mepe TOrO, KaK opraHH3agsH CTaHOBHTCR 6oAee 3peAoi, KaK HaKanAHBaeTCH

HHq)OpMaMHR HAH no Mepe TOrO KaK MeH5ieTCR xapaKTep pHCKOB, THnbI npOAYKIHH H

oKpy2Kaiou;an cpeAa. KpHTePHH npHeMAeMOCTH PHCKa AAA aKTHBOB, pyKOBOACTBO, B paMKax

KOTOpOrO H3y'aIOTcH pbIHKH (3aeMugHKH, CAeAKH H onepagHH), AOA2KHbl OTpamaTb KaK

KpeAHTHble, TaK H pbIHO4Hbie HHTepecbi. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT o6CTOHTeAbCTBa OHH AeAHTCJ Ha

CAO2KHbie H npOCTbie. AHHeiiHbie PYKOBOAHTeAH OnpeAeAHIOT CBOH co6CTBeHHbie 3aAa4H B

6H3Hece, paBHO KaK nOHHMaHHe H peaAH33agHio nOAOm?eHHH pyKOBOACTBa B OTHOIJIeHHH

CeAeBoro pbIHKa, KpHTepHeB npHeMAeMOCTH pHCKa no aKTHBaM H KpHTepHH AOrIyCTHMOCTH

pHCKa no HOBbIM BHAaM npoAyK,HH.

fogromoRa mpexNra N aHaAHs

3TOT pa3AeA OXBaTbiBaeT O,eHKy, aHaAH3 H OAo6peHHe (yraepmAeHHe) OTAeAbHb1X

onepaHgHH, BKAio-iaH H ApyrHe q)OpMbl BAeMeHTOB pHCKa, npHHOCM11HX npH6 blAb. HO4ArOTOBKa K

BbiAa'1e KpeAHTa BKAIO'jaeT n1pHHHTHe pemueHHH 0 B03paCTaHHH pHCKa (pacMHpeHHe, pOCT,

nepecTpoHKa, pa3BHTHe HOBblX HanlpaBAeHHH H e2KerOAHbie HAH nepHoAHqeCKHe o63opbi,

o6ecne'iHaaJogjHe Bo3o6HoBAeHHe KpeAHTHbIX AHHHH, CpO'IHb1X 3aHMOB H T.A.). CIo4a Tazme

OTHOCHTCH c6op nOAHOH HHq)OpMaUHH, (PHHaHCOBbiH aHaAH3 H ApyrHe 9AeMeHTbl npogecca,

BeAyigero K BbinOAHeHHIO pemiieHHH. OgeHKa pHCKa - BTO nOCTOqHHbIH npo,ecc, He

orpaHHqHBaioHicHHCM nepecMOTPOM o6cToRTeAbcTB H YCAOBHH pa3 B roA.

HloAroTOBKa KpeAHTOB H aHaAH3 HOpMaTHBOB MeHRIOTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cermeHTa

6H3Heca, npoAYKUHH H pbIHKa. COOTBeTCTBHe TaKHX HOpMaTHBOB o6AaCTH A4HTeAbHOCTH

OpraHH3aUHH AOA2KHO nepecMaTpHBaTbCH peryARpHO. XapaKTepHCTHKH onepaUHH, Ka4eCTBO

3aeMujHKa, npo6Aembi OKpyYaiou0eU cpeAbi a TaK2Ke HMel0oJ_HeC$ pHCKH, - Bce oKa3biBaaor

BAHRHHC Ha 4IOpMHpOBaHHe BAHHHHH no BOnpOCy BbinOAHeHHH opraHH3agHeH yCTaHOBAeHHbIX

HOpMaTHBoB.

CAeAymou_He coo6panKeHHH cAymKaT OCHOBOHi, B pamKax KOTOpOU o6o3peBaTeAb MomKeT

BbIHOCHTb cy2KAeHHH 0 Ka4ecTBe nOArOTOBKH KpeAHTa (o6paueHtm 3a KpeAHToM) H aHaAH3e

npeAOCTaBAHemorO KpeAHTa.

Ipofecc o0.o6peoxr irpe.NToB

Fo mepe AeUeHTpaAH3aljHH BAaCTeH, peiuaioiiHx BOnpOCbI 0 KpeAHTaX, geAeBbie pblHKH

pacu1HpmIoTcR, a BpeMR peaK%HH Ha HX nOHBAeHHe COKpagaeTcm. 3aAaIH CAy2KaigHx,

HaXOARHUJHXCR Ha BbICOKOM YPOBHe H npeAOCTaBARHiojHX BblCIIHU ypOBeHb oAo6peHHR,

CTaHOBRTCH Bce 6oAee TpyAHbIMH. 3 To oco6eHHo cnpaBeAAHBO B OTHOiIIeHHH noAy4eHHR

oAo6peHH9 npH 3HaJHTeAbHOH pa36pocaHHocTH yqpe2KAeHCH, COOTBeTCTBeHHo, BHHMaHHe

HCCAeAOBaTeAR AOAMHO KOHgeHTPHPOBaTbCH Ha:

250

IPIAOhi%EHIHE 1. 06Bop ylpaaiemwf aiKTAraMN HoIosrmIeIHoro pNcra

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pa6oTHHKoM, npHHHMaiOUIHM pellieHHe 0 BbJAaqe KpeAHTa. OHO AOA2HO BKAIOqaTb

KOHTaKTbl C pyKOBOACTBOM KoMnaHHH KAHeHTa, o6yqeHHe, BonpOCbl H OTBeTbl B

nHCbMeHHOM BHAe no KpeAHTaM, 3aMeqiaHHH no Mapme H T.A. H pacnpocTpaHeHHe

npoMemyroqHoro memopaHAyma no KpeAHTaM, Aaiougero peKOMeHAagHH TeM, KTO

npHHHMaenT peUleHHHI OTHOCHTeAbHO pa3BHTHR npoeKTOB.

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PeoreHNm nio NHHgHRKxyaAbHhIm mpexHNTMm

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npHHUHnbi nO3BOAAIOT o6o3peBaTeAIO COCpeAOTO'IHTbCH Ha KAIO'eBbiX qpaKTOpaX npH

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CpeACTBa - HeAoHyCTHMaS OpMYAHpOBKa geAH).

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o6ecne4HBalOT AOCTaTo4Hoe BpeMH AAA npOBeAeHHH KoppeKTHBHbIX Ae4CTBHf B ckyqae

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norameeH8H 3aeMHbIX cpeACTB. O6paTlrTe oco6oe BHHMaHHe OCHOBaHHIO H ynpaBAseH-o

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* KOHKpeTHOM OHnpeeAAeHH H OlleHKe aAbTepHaTHBHbIX cnoco6oB norameHe HAH

cnoco6oB pemeeHxH cHTya,HH.

251

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OTPaCAb saHHTMaeT B perHOHe HAH B CTpaHe.

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HaAor, TOprOBbie 6apbepbI H HaAHYHe H AOCTYnHOCTb HHoCTpaHHoHi BaAlOTbI).

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YnrpaBAeHYecKHR aHlaAHN. HpOBOAHTCH9 nOCTOHHHO, C 'ieTKHM o6baCHeHHeM nlpHIHH H

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nepeMeHaMH, cnoco6

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noApa3AeAeHHR.

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AH nOCTOHHaH nporpamma CHCTeMaTHieCKHX BCTpeM C KAHeHTOM? IBAHIOTCH AH TaKHe BCTpe9H

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cAy2K6 'leTHKoe nOHHMaHHe (pHHaHCOBOrO nAaHa KAHeHTa H pOAH 6aHKa? ECTb AH nOHHMaHHe,

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JpOEepwK Jpe=HTa. BKAio'eHHe npOBepOK B KpeAHTHbie npeAAO2KeHHR H aHaAH3 Ao6oH

oTpHi2aTeAbHoA HH(popMaUHH. 2KeAaTeAbHO, 'ITO6bi OXBaT H cOAep2KaHHe npOBepOK noApo6Ho

pa3pa6aTbiBaAHCb B oTAeAbHbIX MeMopaHAyMaX H BKAioiaAHCb 6bl B COOTBeTCTBYlOwHe

pa3ACAbl KCpeHTHOrO AeAa. MaCTO HCq)OMaAbHbie paCCAeAOBaHHH, npOBeAeHHbIe Ha pbZHKe,

OKa3biBsaOTCR 6oAee Ba2KHbiMH, 9eM q0oMaAbHbie 6aHKoBcKHe npoBepKH, nOaTOMy OHH AOAmHbi

nepHOAH'leCKH AoKyMeHTHpoBaTbCR.

EwemIrgHbze o6s9opMr. CBoeBpeMeHHOCTb H KaqeCTBo eC2erOAHbIX o6SOpoB npeAocTaBAeHHb[X

KpeAHTOB H KpeAHTHb1X CpeACTB, BKAio9aioJiHe Bce BAeMeHTbi npo!ecca nOArOTOBKH K BbNAane

KpeAHTa. Oco6oe BHHMaHHe CAeAyeT yAeAHTb cpaBHeHHIO q3aKTHMeCKOrO noAO2KeHHR C

252

I PHA OAKEHHE 1. 0630op yHpam9emiN aiwKraMN o0RIirieNHHoro pHcxa

npeAnoAaraeMbiMH OIeHKaMH, Heo6xoAHMo BCKpblBaTb npHqHHbl pacxo2KAeHHH, eCAH OHO HMeeT

MeCTO.

TpaCToBaH H areHrCmaH o6HzsaHHocrb. AHaAH3 Aio6oro nOTeHUHaAbHOrO KOH(PMHKTa Me2KAy

o6H3aHHOCTHMH TpaCTa HAH areHTa, BbiCTynalOUgHX npeACTBHTeARMH HHTepecOB KAHeHTa, H

HHTepecaMH 6aHKa KaK npqmoro KpeAHTopa.

04o6peHHe H nepeKpecTHaHL npoBepKa. COOTBeTCTByIOUgHiH YPOBCHb nOAyiqeHHH oAo6peHH.R,

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6yxraATepcKoro yqeTa H OTMeTHOCTH B opraHH3agHH a TaKme Aio6bie ApyrHe Ba2KHbIe

KOHCYAbTagHH aKCnepToB. HaCTO xopoluo npOAyMaHHa5i KOHCyAbTagHR CTaHOBHTCH Ba2HbIM

noKa3aTTARM 6AaronOAyqHOCTH CHTyaUHH.

JOKYMCHTHpoRaHwe H HpeIOCTUaRAHHe cpe4'crn

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CHcTeMbi, o6ycAaBAHBaioigHe nOAHOTY AoKyMeHTaUHH, CBoeBpeMeHHOCTb H XOpOIUIHH KOHTpOAb;

a Taime B3aHMOCBH3b MemAy npaKTHKOH npeAoCTaBAeHHSI CpeACTB H HaAH4He nOAHOTOH

AoKyMeHTagHH. OgeHKa npoMecca COOTBCTCTBY1Oigero KOHTpoAR Co CTOPOHbl ynpaBAeHH3i

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AOKyMeHTHpOBaHHH AemHT Ha pYKOBOAHTeAe, OTBeqaiowem 3a OTHOluleHHI C KAHeHTaMH, BHe

3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, HBAHeTCH AH HenOCpeACTBCHHaH pa6oTa c AoKyMcHTaMH o6R3aHHOCTbIO

AHHeHHoro PYKOBOACTBa AaHHorO roApa3AeAeHHH.

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PYKOBOACTBO Ka2A2iOH OTpaCAbiO 6aHKoBcKoro AeAa AOAMHO pa3pa6oTaTb KOHKpeTHble

Tpe6oBaHH.I K Ka2lAOMy BHAy IpOAYKXHH, AAH Toro 'iTO6bi 6blAO BO3MOmKHO BCKpblTb

XapaKTePHCTHKH CBH3aHHOrO C AaHHblM npOAyKTOM pHCKa. HaH6oAee BsaHbie acneKTbI aToro

cAeAylolHe:

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KpeAHTHOrO KoMHTeTa, eCAH 8TO Heo6xoAHMo); Ha3HaqeHHe, oAo6peHHe H OCeHKa

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IopHAH'IecKoro OT-ieTa, Heo6xOAHMoro AAA npA4OCTaBAeHHH KpeAHTa; HHCTpyKUHH C

yKa3aHHeM MHHHMaAbHOrO Ha6opa AOKyMeHTOB, Heo6XoAHMoro AAA KamAOH onepaUHH.

* HpoBepoYHbJh AHCr oi7epagHH H HeSABwCHmOe Ho4mrepPI(4eHHe. KamAaaH onepauHR

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nOATBCPMACHHe Toro, MTO AoKyMeHTbi 6 bIAH nOAyieIHbi A0 (paKTHqecKoro

npeAOCTaBAeHHH KIpeAHTHbIX CpeACTB H 6blAH npaBHAbHO O0oMpAeHbi (HanpHMep, ZITO

OHH HMeIOT npaBHAbHbie noAnmcH, perHCTpaUHI0, MapKH o6 yrAaTe noUAHH,

COOTBeTCTBYIOUJYIO iOpHAHMeCKylO opMy) H COOTBeTCTBYIOT Tpe6oBaHUHM H

HOpMaTHBaM YCAOBHH.

253

YmpeAeirNe pyEoBoxcra N irombmueHNe cyRcTBNTeAbHocrN hr nepeMeHam

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(cTpaxoBoro nOAHca, rapaHTHH H np.); AOKYMCHTaAbHOe noATBep2KACHHe HCKAIoqeHHH,

CAeAaHHbIX BO BpeMH1 npeAOCTaBAeHHR cpeACTB H o6HapymeHHblx noS3AHee B xoAenOCAeAYIOUJHx npOBepOK. TuaTeAbHoe H3yqeHHe H TO'qHOe OTpa2KeHHH co6AioAeHH.u

Bcex o6s3taTeAbHblx nOCAeAy1OigHX npogeAyp.

* HHcamemNpoBaHHe. ICepHoAHqecKoe nOATBepmAeHHe (He peme 1 pa3a B roA) HaAH'IHs

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CBH3H C KAHeHTaMH. HlHcneKgHH MO2KeT npOBOAHTbCS1 OAHOBpeMeHHO C nOArOTOBKOH

roAoBoro oT"eTa HAH, npH onpeAeAeHHbIX o6CToRTeAbCTBax, npoBoAHTcR

OAHOBpeMeHHO no BCeMy KPCAHTHOMy nopTcpeAio, HO H B BTOM cAy4ae OTBeTCTBeHHbIM

3a npOBeAeHHe ee HBAneTC.R PYKOBOAHTeAb cAy2K6bi no CBH3.qM c KAHHTaMH.

YBeAoMAeHHe 0 AonyujeHHbIX HcKA1oieHHMX H nepHOAHqecKoe HX OTCAe2KHBaHHe C

nepeAaqeu HH(POpMaUHH Ha CaMbi14 BbICOKHH COOTBeTCTByIOIIHH YPOBeHb AAA noAy'eHHH

oAo6peHHH .

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COOTBeTCTBHe OTCAeMHBaeTCH nyTem o63opa COCTOHHHH oTAeAbHbIX KpeAHTOB H H3yqeHHRCHCTeMbl nOAAep2KKH, TaKoH KaK noApa3AeAeHHe no KOHTpOA1O sa AoKyMeHTaMH.

PeKoMeHuagHH AAA pa6oTHHKa, rOTOBqsuerO TaKOH o63op, BKAIo'ialOT:

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nocAeAHero OTqeTa 0 COCTOHHHH CBH3aHHOrO C AaHHbIM KpeAHTOM pHCKa; AaAbHeHmeeOTCAe2HBBaHHe OTAeAbHbIX 3aMemaHHi4 HAH OTKAOHeHHH OT HOpMbl AAA BbIRBAeHHR

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* lpoBepKy noCAeAHero oTieTa pa6OTbi noApa3AeAeHHH, OTBeTCTBeHHoro sa nOAIrOTOBKY

H ocpopMAeHHe AOKyMeHTOB.

* OTieT 0 COCTORHHH npOrpaMMb1 "lOpMaAbHOrO H HeCOpMaAbHOrO o6yqeHHR H

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TeMy HMeCOTcH B OTAeAe H KaKHe Tpe6yiOTcR?

* FpoBepKa ABoHHoro KOHTPOAH, AocTyn K OpHrHHaAbHblM AoKyMeHTaM. lpoBepKaKpeAHTHoro AeAa Ha npeAMeT Heo6XoAHMocTH Bo3o6HoBAeHHS cTpaxoBaHHR HAH

npoAAeHHH rapaHTHH H T.n.

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* IOAHOTa. npoBepKa nOAHOTbI HaAH'qHR AOKyMeHTOB, HalqHHaR C KpeH4THOrO

3aMBAeHHH, npOBepKH no AHCTy KpeAHTHOrO AeAa, KBHTaHUHH o npMeme 3aAora H T.n.

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254

1JPHA ONEHHE 1. 06iop yupaseHmNH aAETEramK mosmrheImNmoro pscJra

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OH xpaHHTCSI.

* AAeKBaTHOCTb npaBoBoro o6ecneqeHHH KpeAHTa. MaAo KTO H3 Hac RBAAeTCH iOpHCTOM.

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aAeKBaTHOCTb AoKyMeHTaUHH B AeAe H MeTOAbi ee o6ecne'ieHHH.

- HpoBepbTe no AAOKYMCHTaM KAioxieBble yCAOBHR rapaHTHHH, 3aAoroB (THun H

coBeplmeHCTBO), AoroBopbi noIAqHHeHHOCTH H T.n., -{To6bi yBHAeTb, ITO OHH

COCTaBAeHbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C OCHOBHbIMH YCAOBHRMH BbIAa'lH KpeAHTa. CTpyKTypa

3aHMa (oco6bie YCAOBHH H ApyrHe oroBOpKH) o6cymAaloTcA B pa3AeAe

"IOArOTOBKa KPeAHTa K BbiAa t e H aHaAH3".

- KTO HMeeT iOpHAHMeCKHH H (PH3HmecKHH AOCTyn K 3aAory? 5 IBAHeTcR AH 3aAor

HCKAIOMHTeAbHblM npaBoM OAHOro HAH HeCKOAbKHX KpeAHTopoB? He cyUjecTBYeT AH

YCAOBHHi B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpbIMH npaBo 6aHKa Ha 3aAor MomeT 6blTb

aHHYAHpOBaHO ApyrHMH KpeAHTOpaMH? HpaBoBaH

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255

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258

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259

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260

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261

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262

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264

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orpaHH'ieHHH nO3H%HH no HHOCTpaHHOH BaAlOTe Co CTOpOHbl peryAHpyKouHX opraHoB. BaH K6yAyr 3aHHMaTb nOsHMHJO no HHOcTpaHHoH BaAIOTe no CBoemy 2KeAaHHIO, npH HaAHqHHaAeKBaTHOrO KanHTaAa AA! noAAePmKH nowtUHH. Ho TaKHe Tpe6oBaHHsl K XanHTaAy HeCHH2airOT HeO6XOAHMOCTH npaBHAbHO (PHKUHOHHpylO_HX BHyTpeHHHX orpaHHiqeHHH nO3HMHH.

290

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pesyAbTaTbi, a TaK2me OTMeC'aiOTCA peKoMeHAyeMbie qOpMbl KOHTpOAR. TaKaa nepcnexTHBa

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npHHRTOH nOAHTHKH H npoIeAyp. 82

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npHeMbl TaKOro KOHTpOAH H COOTBeTCTBYlOUlHe OpraHH3agUHOHHbie OTHpOuieHHR. HpHAaraeTcx

npoBepOsHbli AHCT AAM OnpeAeAeHHR ax4peKTHBHOCTH BHyTpeHHerO rOHTpOAH.

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KOHTPOAJI KpeAHTHOrO H qHHaHCOBOrO ynpaBAeHHI.

291

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onepaHuuH C HaAHqHOCTblO.

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* pa3AeAeHHe (PyHKHH';

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* flpHeMbi 3aIAHTbl OT OIIIH6 0K nepCOHaAa;

* KOHTpOAb 3a OIIIH6KaMH B paCqeTax.

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AOnOAHRI0OgHHi AeRTeAbHOCTb aHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAH.

292

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OHH o6AerqalOT o6 30p CAeAOK H pa6OTY BHyTpeHHerO H BHeEIHerO ayAHTa. OHH cyuCcTBeHHO

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BbInOAHeHHR HHAHBHAYaAbHbIX H KOAAeKTHBHblX 3aAaq.

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AocTyna H oxpaHy AaHHbIX npH nepeAaqe. OxpaHHb!e yCTpOHCTBa, TaKHe KaK S3anHpaiou Hec

CeHi(pbi C HaAHqHOCTbIO, nOABaAbi-XpaHHAHula, coopy2KeHHC CneHHaAbHblX ABepeH H yCTaHOBKa

Kamep o6ecneMHBaIoT .3aWHTy OT HeCaHKcHOHHpOBaHHoro AocTyna H/HAH OT

HecaHKgHOHHpOBaHHb!X onepagHHH, H AOAmHbl HcnOAb3OBaTbCR AAR oxpaHbl qrnSH'eCKHX H

qIHHaHCOBbiX aKTHBOB Be3Ae, rAe BTO BOSMOKHO.

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BHyrpeHHero KOHTpOAR 3a c'eT o6ecne'eHtM TOMHOCTH npH 3anHcH-oTqeTe o npoBeAeHHbIX

onepagHfx H npo¢HAaKTHKe HenpeAHamepeHHbX oIuH6OK. OHH BKAoIiaioT MexaHH'ecKHe

yCTpOHCTBa (KaAbKyAHTOpbl, KaCCOBbie annapaTbi, 6yxraATepcKHe MaHHHbl) a TaKme

HeMexaHH'IeCKHe yCTpOHCTBa, HanpHMep, BeAeHHe ABOHHOH 3anHCH B 6yxraATepcoKM y'ieTe,

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pyKOBOACTBa, onpeAeAHiOT Heo6xOAHMOCTb npHHHTHH mep AAR nOBbllleHHH YPOBHR BHyTpeHHerO

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H3MeHM101oqHMC.R o6CTOSITeAbCTBaM H MeHAIOioeHCH OnlepagHOHHOH cpeAe, BKAIOlaR POCT

HCnOAb3OBaHHH HHqOpMmaHOHHOH TeXHoAorHH, KOTOpaR MOmKeT CAeAaTb YCTaPCBUIHMH H

6ecnoAe.3HbIMH CyUMeCTByIOUJHe qOpMbi KOHTpOAH H noTpe6oBaTb pa3pa6oTKH H BHeApeHHR

HOBbIX. OT HMCHH CoBeTa AHpeKTopOB pyKOBOACTBO AOA2tHpO npOBOAHTb peryAMPHb!C 0630pbl

COCTOSHHS¶ CHCTeMbl BHyTpeHHero KOHTpOAR, He3aBHCHMO OT Aio 6 of ayAHTOpCKOH AeHTeAbHOCTH

H BHOCHTb COOTBCTCTByIOIIHe KOppeKTHBbi AAA o6ecneneHHA noAAepmaHHR o6uyero BblCOKOrO

YPOBHH KOHTpOAR, COOTBeTCTBylOlCerO HOpMaTHBaM 6

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ayAHT TaKme o6ecneqHsaeT, YTo6bI BCe pa3pa6oTaHHbie npoUcAypbi Ami o6 pa6 oTKH onepaJumi -

293

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B leAoM H OCHOBHOM, oTAeA BHyTpeHHero ayAHTa OTBe'iaeT 3a coxpaHHOCTb 6aHKoBcKaHxaKTHBOB, HX q)HHaHcoByio MenAocTHOcTb, H, TeM CaMbIM, oxpaHy Ao6poro HMeHH 6aHKa. Ho8TOT OTAeA TaKme AOA2KCH OTBeqaTb H 3a aq4peKTHBHOCTb HCnOAb3OBaHHH Bcex 6

aHKoBCKHXpecypcoB. :Ta HanpaBAeHHOCTb Ha CHH2KeHHe ce6ecToHMocTH H nOBbilmIeHHe peHTa6eAbHocTHMo2KeT 6

blTb Ha3BaHa orepagHOHHbIi ayAHT H AOA2KHa ocyUgeCTBARTbcR COBMeCTHO CnpOBeAeHHeM (pHHaHCOBOrO ayAHTa. CAeAoBaTeAbHo o6H3aHHocTH BHyTpeHHero ayAHTopa (KaKBTO KpaTKO HT3AaraeTCH B MaTepHaAaX HHCTHTyTa AHnAOMHPoBaHHbIx 6yxraATepoB-peBH3opoB,(UHTHpyeMbix BbiLIIe no BayBHy H YoAKepy, 1978) CBOAHTCH K CAeAyiOgeMy:

* o6 3op COCTOHHHH H OleHKa HaAe2NHOCTH, aAeKBaTHOCTH H npHmeHeHHH 6yxraATepcKoro,qJHHaHcOBorO H ApyrHXBHAOB onepagHoHHoro KOHTpOAH H crioco6CTBOBaHHe pa3BHTHio8q4peKTHBHOrO KOHTpOAH, OCYUJCCTBAHeMOrO npH yMepeHHbIX SaTpaTax.

* onpeAeAeHHe CTCneHH co6A0oAeHHA npHHRTOH nOAHTHKH, nAaHOB H npogeAyp.* onpeAeAeHHe CTeneHH yMeTa aKTHBOB KoMriaHHH H CTeneHH HX OXpaHbl OT BC^KOrO pOAa

nOTepb.

* onpeAeAeHHe HaAemHOCTH ynpaBAeHqecKHx AaHHbIx, noAyqaeMbIX B CHCTeMe camoro6aHKa.

* oMeHKa Ka-ieCTBa HcnOAHeHHH o6H3aHHOCTeH H 3aAaHHH.

* peKoMeHAaU5HH opraHHsagHoHHoro COBepICeHCTBoBaHHR.

,4AH o6ecneqeHHA o6beKTHBHOCTH BHyTpeHHHH ayAHTOp B HAeaAe AOA2IeH nOAqHHBThbCSHenOCPeACTBeHHO CoBeTy AHPeKTOPOB 6aHKa, KOTOpbliH BAAeTC3i rAaBHbIM opraHoM,OTBeCqaioUWHM 3a 6e3onacHocTb H (3HHaHCOBOe 6AaronoAyqHe 6aHKa. BHyTpeHHHe ayAHTOpcKHenpoBePKH BCKpbIBaIOT BBCHKy1O Heo6xoAHMocTb npoBeAeHHH KoppeKTHBHbIX MeponpHHTHH Ho6ecneMHBaIoT HX peaAH3agHio noA KOHTPOAeM CoBeTa H/HAH PYKOBOAHTeAR 6aHKa. locAeaToro HH)OpMa&gHq, co6paHHaq cAy2K6o01 BHyTpeHHerO ayAHTa, AOA2Ha 6 blTb nepeAaHaKBaAHc)HUHpOBaHHoMy He3aBHCHMOMY AHnAoMHPOBaHHOMy 6yxraATepy-peBH30py, KOTOpbiHnIpOBOAHT emeroAHbIH BHeMllHHH ayAHT 6aHKOBCKHX onepagHH (CM. PHCYHOK A4.1 BHYTpeHHHiKOHTPOAb).

KonrpoALb plera: Me2r0NAHaAhbHbMe o Mem6aKORcOsKe cirepi

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294

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295

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296

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* AaTbl OKOH'iaTeAbHOA BbinAaTbi.

HMeL TaKY1O HHqopMaIAHIo, Ka3HaeCeHcTBo AOA2KeH OCeHHTb PHCK H ynpaBARTb HM H

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297

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* o6a3aTeAbcTBa no 3a6aAaHcoBbIM onepagHRM.

CTaH4apTHblIi KOHTPaKT no saiiMy. BaHKH 'ieTKO COXpaHHiOT 3a co6oi npaBo oT3biBaTbnpeAocTaBAeHHbIe KpeAHTbl, eCAH KAHeHT He RBAH.eTc 6oAee KpeAHToHaAe2KHbIM, H aTo npasono'TH BcerAa 3anHCbIBaeTCH B CTaHAapTHOM KOHTpaKTe Ha npeAoCTaBAeHHe 3aHMa. KpoMeToro, B KoHTpaKTe o6R3aTeAbHO COAep2mHTCR yCAoBHe, KOTOpoe nO3BOAHeT 6aHKy HMeTb AocTynK 6yxraATepcKoH OTTieTHoCTH H AOKyMeHTaM 3aeMUJHKa AAA TOrO 1To6bJ rapaHTHpoBaTbCOCTOAHHe KpeAHTocnoCo6HOCTH 3aeMU4HKa.

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298

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AaHHOH o6AaCTH CBOHX onepagMHM.

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Pa3pa6oTaA AH COBeT AHpeKToPOB neTKyIO CHCTeMy BHyTpeHHero KOHTPOAA H

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o6HiaTeAbcTB? HMeeT AH 6aHK CHCTeMy ynpaBAeH'iecKOH HHq)OpMaaHH, aAeKBaTHYIO

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AOKyMeHTbi no npoCeAypam cAeAOK H o6pa6oTOK B pyKOBOACTBe no npoBeAeHHio

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313

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