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v

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vi

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1.4. J+'-7* ........................................................................ 112

1.5. T*3*'7-3&67&'& +*6-%-++0? "#+'7(), "("*)G&? ) )0$(3'# ................................................... 113

1.6. S*C-67)-++0- *6"-'70 6(I&*%/+(.( (77(3=-+&B ......................................... 114

E#(&,3$'($ 2: ;6+$#$'($ +',-,+$#',-, /,0(1&2',-, ,**,#3$'() ............................................... 115

2.1. 4(673(-+&- &+<-'6* & )0$(3 &+<&'*7(3() 115

2.2. 43()-3'* +*<-=+(67& &+<&'*7(3() <%B &+<-'6* 6(I&*%/+(.( (77(3=-+&B .............. 118

2.3. 4(673(-+&- 1+(.(1-3+(.( K+<-'6* 9(I&*%/+(.( !77(3=-+&B ..................... 121

2.4. @0$(3 "(3(.() ...................................................... 122

2.5. ,-.&(+*%/+0- 63-<+&- – )>)-G-++0- &%& +-)>)-G-++0-? .................................................... 124

E#(&,3$'($ 3: E#,@(&( /,0(1&2',-, ,**,#3$'() ,*%$&2'5= /*#1' ................................... 126

E#(&,3$'($ 4: C"(/,7 /,7#1D$'(: .............................. 128

F"()"'A.$:"; ............................................................ 129


vii

<8"/'+ "))K/0.$?"%P))K/0.$?"; 1.1: !"#$%&'()"* %+,-. /+0&(+/+'1$% 2#"($3$+%, '&4$#0*56% &33&2,+5$+% $ '&4$#0*56% (&(0+/+5$+1 .....................13P))K/0.$?"; 1.2: «N-"(C'* 6(I&*%/+(.( (77(3=-+&B» .....................................................................................17P))K/0.$?"; 2.1: R-+<-+I&& @@4 +* <#G# +*6-%-+&B, 1990-2008 () "3(I-+7*? (7 #3()+B 1990 ..) .19P))K/0.$?"; 2.2: S(FEE&I&-+70 >*+B7(67& () "3(I-+7*?), 1990-2008 .............................................................20P))K/0.$?"; 2.3: K+<-'6 C-%()-C-6'(.( 3*>)&7&B (K[,), 1990-2007 ..............................................................................20P))K/0.$?"; 2.4: 5-3*)-+67)( <(?(<(), &>1-3-++(- "( '(FEE&I&-+7# H=&+&, 1989-2005 ..........20P))K/0.$?"; 2.5: H(?(< & +-3*)-+67)(, 2005................21P))K/0.$?"; 2.6: H(%B <(1(?(>BD67) 6 #3()+-1 "(73-$%-+&B +* '*=<(.( C%-+* +&=- 73-? C-37 $-<+(67& ........................................................................22P))K/0.$?"; 2.7: 43(I-+7 <-7-D, "3(=&)*2A&? ) <(1(?(>BD67)*? 6 "(73-$%-+&-1 +* (<+(.( C-%()-'* +&=- 2,50 <(%%*3() 9PJ 449 ) <-+/, 2005 .23P))K/0.$?"; 2.8: V3()+& $->3*$(7&I0 63-<& +*6-%-+&B 73#<(6"(6($+(.( )(>3*67* (15-64 %-7) ) 9-3$&& .............................................................................................24P))K/0.$?"; 2.9: H(%B <-7-D, (?)*C-++0? <(G'(%/+01 ($3*>()*+&-1, 3*67X7 6 <(?(<*1& ............26P))K/0.$?"; 2.10: H(%B .(6#<*367)-++0? 3*6?(<() +* ><3*)((?3*+-+&- ) @@4 (1995-2008)...........27P))K/0.$?"; 2.11: H(%B 3-6"(+<-+7(), >*B)&)G&? ( +-($?(<&1(67& +-(E&I&*%/+0? "%*7-=-D >* 1-<&I&+6'(- %-C-+&-, ) % ...................................................28P))K/0.$?"; 2.12: S(%&C-67)( <-7-D, 6(<-3=*A&?6B ) 6"-I&*%&>&3()*++0? #C3-=<-+&B?, +* 100 000 C-%()-' ) )(>3*67- 18 %-7 & 1%*<G- (2006) ......32P))K/0.$?"; 2.13: H(%B .(3(<6'(.( & 6-%/6'(.( +*6-%-+&B, "3(=&)*2A-.( ) <(1*?, +- "(<'%2C-++0? ' '(11#+*%/+(D )(<("3()(<+(D 6&67-1-, 2005-2006 .....................................33P))K/0.$?"; 3.1: 9(67*) «F'(+(1&C-6'(D» ($%*67& (77(3=-+&B .....................................................................45P))K/0.$?"; 3.2: 9(67*) ($%*67& (77(3=-+&B «6(I&*%/+0- #6%#.&» ....................................................................46P))K/0.$?"; 3.3: 9(67*) «.3*=<*+6'(D» ($%*67& (77(3=-+&B .....................................................................46P))K/0.$?"; 3.4: 9(I&*%/+(- (77(3=-+&- B)%B-76B 3->#%/7*7(1 G&3('(.( 3B<* %&G-+&D ..............47P))K/0.$?"; 3.5: [-%()-C-6'(- 3*>)&7&- & 6(I&*%/+(- (77(3=-+&- .........................................................48P))K/0.$?"; 3.6: 9(I&*%/+(- (77(3=-+&- & )(>3*67 ............................................................................................49P))K/0.$?"; 3.7: Q-67( "3(=&)*+&B &1--7 >+*C-+&- ...............................................................................50P))K/0.$?"; 3.9: S*C-67)( ($3*>()*+&B &1--7 >+*C-+&- ..............................................................................52P))K/0.$?"; 3.10: VB>)&10- .3#""0 & 6(I&*%/+(- (77(3=-+&- .........................................................53P))K/0.$?"; 3.11: 9?(<+0- #3()+& 6(I&*%/+(.(

&6'%2C-+&B, +( 3*>+*B 673#'7#3* ..........................................54P))K/0.$?"; 3.12: ,-*%/+(- (77(3=-+&- (7%&C*-76B (7 )(6"3&+&1*-1(.( (77(3=-+&B .................55P))K/0.$?"; 3.13: 9(I&*%/+(- (77(3=-+&- 6)B>*+( 6( 67-"-+/2 +-<()(%/67)* #3()+-1 =&>+& .....55P))K/0.$?"; 4.1: 9)B>& $0%& )*=+0 7(.<*… & (67*276B )*=+01& 6-DC*6 ......................................................59P))K/0.$?"; 4.2: ,*>%&C&B ) .(6#<*367)-++(1 "3*)%-+&& ) 3-.&(+- ....................................................................59P))K/0.$?"; 4.3: YEE-'7&)+(- .(6#<*367)-++(- #"3*)%-+&- 6+&=*-7 #3()-+/ 6(I&*%/+(.( (77(3=-+&B ...........................................................60P))K/0.$?"; 4.4: ...S*' & $%*.("3&B7+*B <-%()*B 63-<* ..................................................................................61P))K/0.$?"; 4.5: V%#CG-+&- )-3?()-+67)* >*'(+* 6+&=*-7 #3()-+/ 6(I&*%/+(.( (77(3=-+&B ......................62P))K/0.$?"; 4.6: ,*>(C*3()*)G&-6B ) "-3-?(<+(1 "-3&(<- ................................................................63P))K/0.$?"; 4.7: 5-67*$&%/+*B >*+B7(67/ & 6(I&*%/+(- (77(3=-+&- .........................................................63P))K/0.$?"; 4.8: K+67&7#70 30+'* 73#<* 6"(6($67)#27 6(I&*%/+(1# )()%-C-+&2 ............................64P))K/0.$?"; 4.9: 9(1+&7-%/+0- "3-&1#A-67)* +-E(31*%/+(D >*+B7(67& ...........................................................67P))K/0.$?"; 4.10: !6%*$%-+&- 6(%&<*3+(67& &<-7 3#'* ($ 3#'# 6 6(I&*%/+01 (77(3=-+&-1................69P))K/0.$?"; 4.11: H(%=+0 %& <-7&-&+)*%&<0 "(6-A*7/ ($0C+0- G'(%0? .......................................................74P))K/0.$?"; 4.12: @()%-C-+&- (6($0? .3#"" <-7-D ) ($3*>()*+&- .....................................................................74P))K/0.$?"; 4.13: H(%B 6(I&*%/+( (77(3=-++(.( & ($A-.( +*6-%-+&B, 67(%'+#)G-.(6B 6 "3-<3*66#<'*1& >* "(6%-<+&- 73& 1-6BI* .......................76P))K/0.$?"; 5.1: ,*>+(($3*>+0- )(>1(=+(67& 73#<(#673(D67)* 6+&=*27 3&6' 6(I&*%/+(.( (77(3=-+&B .......................................................................................79P))K/0.$?"; 5.2: 5*6-%-++0- "#+'70 6 1+(=-67)(1 3*$(7(<*7-%-D %#CG- "3(7&)(67(B7 '3&>&6# ...................80P))K/0.$?"; 5.3: T(3(G*B &+E3*673#'7#3* 6"(6($67)#-7 6(I&*%/+(1# )()%-C-+&2 .............................81P))K/0.$?"; 5.4: Y'(%(.&C-6'&- '*7*673(E0 )-<#7 ' 6(I&*%/+(1# (77(3=-+&2 "( 73-1 "*3*1-73*1 ....................................................................81P))K/0.$?"; 5.5: ,&6' .(%(<* & )06-%-+&B (67*-76B ...................................................................82P))K/0.$?"; 5.6: 5*7#3*%/+(- ?(>BD67)( "(1(.*-7 #1-+/G&7/ (77(3=-+&- .........................................83P))K/0.$?"; 5.7: 9(I&*%/+(- (77(3=-+&- )-<-7 ' +-"(%+(I-++(1# ($3*>()*+&2 ...........................................83P))K/0.$?"; 5.8: …+( +*6'(%/'( F7( >*)&6&7 (7 1-67* "3(=&)*+&B ....................................................................84P))K/0.$?"; 5.10: K+)*%&<+(67/ "()0G*-7 3&6' 6(I&*%/+(.( (77(3=-+&B, +( +- "()6-1-67+(..................85P))K/0.$?"; 5.9: V3()-+/ 6(I&*%/+(.( (77(3=-+&B +&=- ) 6(($A-67)*?, '(7(30- +-7-3"&10 ' '(33#"I&& ..........................................85


viii

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N/0$,+$ 1: K66%-<()*+&B 4,!!5 "( )("3(6*1 6(I&*%/+(.( (77(3=-+&B & 6(I&*%/+(.( )()%-C-+&B .12N/0$,+$ 2: 4(<?(< ' 6(I&*%/+(1# (77(3=-+&2, (6+()*++0D +* "3*)*? C-%()-'* – C7(, '7( & '*' 6(I&*%/+(.( )'%2C-+&B .............................................................15N/0$,+$ 3: !"3-<-%-+&- 3-.&(+* .........................................19N/0$,+$ 4: ;-><(1+0- ................................................................34N/0$,+$ 5: V>0, '(7(30- 6)B>0)*27 ......................................39N/0$,+$ 6: 4(<?(< 89 ' &>1-3-+&2 $-<+(67& & 6(I&*%/+(.( (77(3=-+&B ......................................................41N/0$,+$ 7: Q+(.(($-A*2A&- 1-7(<0 6$(3* <*++0? ( 6(I&*%/+(1 (77(3=-+&& .......................................42N/0$,+$ 8: [7( >+*C&7 &6"070)*7/ %&G-+&B: "(B6+-+&- 1-7(<(%(.&& &66%-<()*+&B ..............................43N/0$,+$ 9: 9(I&*%/+(- (77(3=-+&- ) N-+73*%/+(D J>&& & )%&B+&- "3-=+&? 6&67-1................58N/0$,+$ 10: @%&B+&- +* 1-67+0- "(%&7&'&, (73*=*2A&-6B +* 6&7#*I&& =-+A&+ ) J%$*+&& .............70

N/0$,+$ 11: @'%2C-+&- ) 673#'7#30 ($A&++(.( 7&"* & "3*)( %&C+(67& +* 6($67)-++0D )0$(3 ) R*<=&'&67*+- ................................................................................73N/0$,+$ 12: 9(I&*%/+(- (77(3=-+&- %2<-D, =&)#A&? 6 @K[ ) @(67(C+(D 8)3("- & 95: ........................75N/0$,+$ 13: @>3(6%0- & <-7& 6 (.3*+&C-++01& )(>1(=+(67B1& ) 8)3("- & N-+73*%/+(D J>&& ..............86N/0$,+$ 14: S*' 8)3("-D6'&D 9(2> <($&)*-76B 6(I&*%/+(.( )()%-C-+&B ...........................................................93N/0$,+$ 15: 9(I&*%/+(- "3-<"3&B7&-: 4*+6&(+*7 «V "*+* S(.&7(» ) 4(%/G- ...................................97N/0$,+$ 16: H-+-=+0- "(6($&B, "3&)B>*++0- ' #6%()&B1, 1(.#7 6"(6($67)()*7/ 6(I&*%/+(1# )()%-C-+&2 .................................................................................. 100N/0$,+$ 17: 43(-'7 !$A-.( !$A-67)* ............................. 103N/0$,+$ 18: 9(I&*%/+(- )()%-C-+&- ) R#3I&&: "3(-'7 «J'*<-1&B 1-C70» ....................................................... 107

E$()"?$ 2.1: R-33&7(3&*%/+(- 3*6"3(673*+-+&- $-<+(67& "( #3()+2 "(73-$%-+&B (1998-2003) () "3(I-+7*? +*6-%-+&B) .............................................................22E$()"?$ 2.2: 43(I-+7+(- 6((7+(G-+&- %2<-D "( &? 67*7#6# >*+B7(67& (+(B$3/ 2009) .................................23E$()"?$ 2.3: !76#767)&- <(67#"* ' '(11#+*%/+(- $07()01 #6%#.*1 ("3(I-+7 <(1(?(>BD67)) ........................33E$()"?$ 2.4: 43(I-+7 %2<-D, '(7(30- +- 1(.#7 "(>)(%&7/ 6-$- "3-<1-70 F%-'73(+&'& .............................36E$()"?$ 2.5: 43(I-+7 %2<-D, +- 6(.%*6+0? 6 #7)-3=<-+&-1: «;(%/G&+67)# %2<-D 1(=+( <()-3B7/» ...........................................................................................38E$()"?$ 3.1: 9(I&*%/+(- (77(3=-+&- ) G-67& 673*+*?, (?)*C-++0? &66%-<()*+&-1 ..................................44 E$()"?$ 3.2: K67(C+&'& 6(I&*%/+(.( &6'%2C-+&B <%B I0.*+, @4U & +*6-%-+&B ) I-%(1 ) 9-3$&& ("3(I-+7+0D )'%*< '*=<(D ($%*67& ) 6(I&*%/+(- (77(3=-+&- "( .3#""*1) ................................53E$()"?$ 4.1: V3()-+/ *<*"7*I&& ' 7-'#A&1 #6%()&B1 =&>+& ) V'3*&+- .................................62

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P))K/0.$?"; 5.11: @>*&1(<-D67)&- &+<&)&<#*%/+0? 3&6'() & 1-67+(D 6"-I&E&'& )-<-7 ' 6(I&*%/+(1# (77(3=-+&2 .........................................86P))K/0.$?"; 5.12: Q(%(<-=/ & "(=&%0- %2<&, "3(=&)*2A&- ) 6-%*?, (6($-++( #B>)&10 ' 6(I&*%/+(1# (77(3=-+&2 .....................................................87P))K/0.$?"; A.1: ,*>+0- "(3(.&, +( 6?(=&- 3->#%/7*70 ............................................................... 123P))K/0.$?"; A.2. 43()-3'* +*<X=+(67& &+<-'6* M0 <%B "(3(.() (76-C-+&B k .................................123P))K/0.$?"; 43. H(%B 6(I&*%/+( (77(3=-++0? %2<-D – 3-.&(+*%/+0- 63-<+&- ()>)-G-++0- & +-)>)-G-++0- "( C&6%-++(67& +*6-%-+&B) ................ 124

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«J1/*,)D$$ B,-1*/*4, '10(( – <*, $$ &8%(. !/',4'1) 0$&2 #164(*() /,/*,(* 4 *,+, 9*,B5 /,6%1*2 B&1-,"#()*'>8 /#$%> %&) %,&-,:, 6%,#,4,: ( *4,#9$/7,: 3(6'( &8%$:». K1-++( 7*'&1& 6%()*-1& +*C&+*%6B H('%*< ( C-%()-C-6'(1 3*>)&7&& ) 1990 .(<#. H('%*< ( C-%()--C-6'(1 3*>)&7&& ) 1991 .(<# &>%(=&% '(+I-"I&2 ) "3(67(1 "3-<%(=-+&&: «G$-1&2'1) 61%191 #164(*() 617&891$*/) 4 #1/I(#$'(( 4,6+,3',/*$: 45B,#1 %&) &8%$:». H("(%+&7-%/+0- )*3&*+70 )0-$(3* )'%2C*27 ) 6-$B "(%&7&C-6'#2 6)(-$(<#, .*3*+7&3()*++0- "3*)* C-%()-'* & 6*1(#)*=-+&- – 7(, C7( J<*1 91&7 +*>)*% 6"(6($+(67/2 ($A*7/6B 6 <3#.&1& %2</-1&, «+- 670<B6/ "(B)%B7/6B +* "#$%&'-». !+ 7*'=- #7)-3=<*%, C7( <%B "3(<)&=--+&B 3*>)&7&B C-%()-'* F'(+(1&C-6'&D 3(67 <(%=-+ "3(?(<&7/ «+* (6+()- )6--($A-.( #C*67&B, $07/ 3*)+(1-3+01 & #67(DC&)01».

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4/ )*7$," (Alkire ) (2009) 45". $-9",+:35DJ$? %80%, >3%*D=$$ @%7*54%3 % 9"*%3"9"-7%6 ,503$.$$.

5/ Sen 1999.


6/ E!FFG R",&%#%,$2 2009.

7/ Lenoir 1974.

8/ Lister 2004.

9/ Sen 2000.

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11/ Atkinson 1998.

12/ Steward et al. 2006.

13/ Silver 1995.


15

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17/ ILO 2010.

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19/ EBRD 2007a. EBRD (2007b) %8-1A45". 35,$5&.: 1*19;"&$2 1-*1# 95-.&%#% -"7.%,5, &% .57A" %.6"95". &$07$? 1,%3"&/ 14%3*".3%,"&-&%-.$ *D4"? 759"-.3%6 #%-145,-.3"&&:< 1-*1#, $&%#45 &"-6%.,2 &5 %.&%-$."*/&% 3:-%7$" 05.,5.:.

18/ Sarma 2008.

25

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20/ Kertesi, Kezdi 2006.

21/ UNICEF 2009: 25.

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22/ Hoelscher 2007.

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1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

K%%2673*I&B 2.10: H(%B .(6#<*367)-++0? 3*6?(<() +* ><3*)((?3*+-+&- ) @@4 (1995-2008)

23/ ERRC 2005.

24/ ECHR 2007.

25/ Sammon 2001.


28

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H%&7-%/+0- "-3&(<0 $->3*$(7&I0 – ) C*67+(67& 63-<& 1(%(<-=& –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

,&6. 2.11: H(%B 3-6"(+<-+7(), >*B)&)G&? ( +-($?(<&1(67& +-(E&I&*%/+0? "%*7-=-D >* 1-<&I&+6'(- %-C-+&-, ) %

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9-3$&B R*<=&'&67*+ V'3*&+*

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26/ EBRD 2007a; Cazes and Nesporova 2007a; $ Nesporova 2002.


29/ Balabanova et al. 2004.

32/ European Commission 2009.

33/ World Bank 2007a.

34/ ESN 2009.

30/ Skeldon 2005: 7.

31/ European Commission 2008: 147-8.

29

+* ><3*)((?3*+-+&-, >* &6'%2C-+&-1 S*>*?67*+*.27 Y7( "()0G*-7 3&6' &6'%2-C-+&B &> 1-<&I&+6'&? #6%#. <%B $(%-- $-<+0? <(1(?(>BD67).

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28/ UNICEF 2009: 76.

27/ UNICEF 2009: 75.


30

<-=+01 (76#767)&-1 "6&?&*73&C-6'&? 6%#=$ +* #3()+- 6(($A-67)*. @( 1+(.&? 6%#C*B?, #6%()&B =&>+& ) &+7-3+*7*? 1(.#7 +*3#G&7/ "3*)* C-%()-'*. 4(6%- "-3-?(<+(.( "-3&(<* #<*%(6/ <($&7/6B %&G/ (.3*+&C-++(.( "3(.3-66*, <*=- ) +()0? .(6#<*367)*?-C%-+*? 89, 6 «(C*.*-1&» $(%-- "3(.3-66&)+(.( ($-6"-C-+&B (?3*+0 "6&?&C-6'(.( ><(3()/B +* E(+- "()6-1-67+0? "3&6'(3$+0? "3*'7&'.35

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4-+6&B B)%B-76B )*=+01 &67(C+&'(1 <(?(<* <%B "(=&%0? )(>3*67+0? .3#"", "(F7(1# E#+'I&(+&3()*+&- "-+6&(+-+0? 6&67-1 &1--7 )*=+0- "(6%-<67)&B <%B 6(I&*%/+(.( (77(3=-+&B. 97*3*B 3*6"3-<-%&7-%/+*B "-+6&(++*B 6&67--1* ('*>*%*6/ E&+*+6()( +-#67(DC&)(D ) 673*+*? 6( 67*3-2A&1 +*6-%-+&-1. 5&>-'&- & "(+&=*2A&-6B )>+(60 6(I&*%/+(-.( 673*?()*+&B &>->* )06('&? #3()+-D +-E(31*%/+(D >*+B7(67&, +&>'&? '(FE-

36/ UNDP 2008.

35/ http://www.soros.org/initiatives/health/focus/mhi/about/about/more.

37/ UNAIDS 2009: 11.

38/ http://www.avert.org/aids-russia.htm.

39/ Cerami and Stubbs 2010.


31

E&I&-+7() >*+B7(67& & )06('&? #3()-+-D $->3*$(7&I0 63-<& 1(%(<-=& (1-3*C*27 "-36"-'7&)0 )( 1+(.&? 673*+*? 8NJ. 5&>'&- '(FEE&I&-+70 >*1-A-+&B <-67&1#%&3#27 >*+B7(67/ ) E(31*%/+(1 6-'7(3- & )67#"%-+&- )'%*<C&'() ) 6&6-7-1#.

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@ 3-.&(+- +*$%2<*-76B &>%&G+&D *'I-+7 +* 6(<-3=*+&& ) 6"-I&*%&>&3()*++0? #C3-=<-+&B? +-'(7(30? .3#"", C7( 6"(-6($67)#-7 &? 6(I&*%/+(1# (77(3=-+&2. H*++(D #.3(>- "(<)-3=-+0 $3(G-++0- & $-6"3&>(3+0- <-7&, <-7&-6&3(70 & <-7&, )?(<BA&- ) ("3-<-%-++0- .3#""0 3&6'*, 1(%(<-=/ ) '(+E%&'7- 6 >*'(+(1, * 7*'=- <-7& & )>3(6%0- 6 (.3*+&C-++01&

«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» (S(*$&2 ,*%1&$'',: %$#$4'(, ?161=/*1').

40/ Rutkowski et al 2005.


32

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

,-.&(+ "(-"3-=+-1# ?*3*'7-3&>#-76B +--.&$'&1& 6&67-1*1& 6(I&*%/+(D >*A&70. !+& +- #6"-)*27 (7'%&'*7/6B +* +()0- "(73-$+(67&, «(73*=*B 6%*$(67/ 73*<&-I&D 6(I&*%/+(D 3*$(70, "3-<(67*)%-+&B #6%#. +* $*>- 1-67+0? 6(($A-67) & 6(-

C-7*+&B <-+-=+0? )0"%*7 6 &+<&)&<#*-%/+01 6(I&*%/+01 "*73(+&3()*+&-1».42 ;(%-- 7(.(, ) 6%#C*- <-7-D & )>3(6%0? 6 (.3*+&C-++01& )(>1(=+(67B1&, (+& "(-"3-=+-1# (6+()0)*276B +* .3#$0? 1-<&I&+6'&? (I-+'*? &? )(>1(=+(67-D, 6"(6($67)#27 "*66&)+(67& & >*)&6&1(-67& ()1-67( "(<<-3='& 3*>%&C+0? E(31 6(I&*%/+(D &+7-.3*I&&) & 3-<'( <("(%-+B276B &+<&)&<#*%/+( "(<($3*++01& #6%#.*1&, #<()%-7)(3B2A&1& (6($0- "(73-$+(67& <*++(D .3#""0 +*6-%-+&B.

[")"L&5- " (50',5- B/)',";

5-61(73B +* )06('&- "('*>*7-%& )%*<--+&B =&%/-1, =&%&A+*B +-($-6"-C-++(6-7/ ) 3-.&(+- $(%/G- 6)B>*+* 6 '*C-67)(1 =&%/B & <(67#"+(67/2 (6+()+(D &+E3*-673#'7#30, C-1 6 +-<(67#"+(67/2 =&%/B '*' 7*'()(.( (>* &6'%2C-+&-1 +-'(7(30? I0.*+6'&? 6(($A-67)). !$A-D "3($%--1(D B)%B-76B &>+(6 =&%&A+(.( E(+<*, '(7(30D +* "3(7B=-+&& <-6B7&%-7&D $0% %&G-+ 6((7)-767)#2A-.( 7-?+&C--

42/ UNICEF 2009.

K%%2673*I&B 2.12: S(%&C-67)( <-7-D, 6(<-3=*A&?6B ) 6"-I&*%&>&3()*++0? #C3-=<-+&B?, +* 100 000 C-%()-' ) )(>3*67- 18 %-7 & 1%*<G- (2006)

!"#$%&'(: Q505 45&&:< TRANSMONEE, MGKH'N (2010)

41/ Everychild 2005.

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33

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43/ UNHCR 2009.


44/ UNDP Montenegro 2009.

45/ World Bank 2005: 174.

35

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47/ http://www.worldbank.org/transport/transportresults/headline/rural-access/rai-updated-modelbasedscores5-20070305.pdf.

46/ World Bank 2010.


36

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48/ Putnam et al. 1993.

49/ Kuzio 2001.


37

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51/ Collins 2006.

50/ Social organizations are largely involuntary, promoting communal norms and values, unlike the individualist and voluntary associations that de Tocqueville and others have argued are the basis of Western and democratic civil society.

52/ Rose-Ackeman 2001.

53/ In Albania, the Republic of Moldova and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the numbers of people volunteering in organizations are higher than in the EU. Voluntary participation in religious and cultural organizations is the most popular form of volunteerism, followed by sport organizations, and labour movements. Youth, and people with higher education are more active volunteers, and volunteer rates are slightly higher for men.


38

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54/ UNDP 2010c.


39

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58/ On the selection of capability indicators and dimensions see Alkire (2008), Robeyns, (2005), and Sen (2004).

57/ Nussbaum 2000.


44

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59/ Alkire and Foster 2007.

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78/ Cook 2007.

79/ Richardson et al. 2008.

77/ Drahokoupil and Myant 2009, 2010.


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23% 20% 13% 37% 10% 30%

Z<3*)((?3*+-+&-: 4(73-$+(67& ) 1-<&I&+6'(D "(1(A& +- #<()-%-7)(3B276B 6&67-1(D ><3*)((?-3*+-+&B

42% 58% 30% 60% 28% 55%

9(I&*%/+*B &+E3*673#'7#3*: !76#767)&- )(>1(=+(67-D #C*67)()*7/ ) 1-3("3&B7&B? &>->* 3*667(B+&B ((76#767)&- 73*+6"(37*)

47% 48% 33% 40% 25% 41%

C. K6'%2-C-+&- &> #C*67&B ) .3*=<*+-6'(D & 6(-I&*%/+(D =&>+& & 6-7B?

9(I&*%/+0D '*"&7*%: 9(I&*%/-+0- '(+7*'70 6 6-1/-D &%& 3(<-67)-++&'*1& "3(&6?(<B7 3-<'( &%& +-C*67( 3% 16% 7% 4% 4% 6%

9(I&*%/+0D '*"&7*%: S(+7*'7 6 <3#>/B1& "3(&6?(<&7 3-<'( 4% 8% 2% 7% 1% 9%

9(I&*%/+0D '*"&7*%: !76#767)&- 6-7-D "(<<-3='&, '(7(30- 1(.%& $0 "(1(C/ ) '3&7&C-6'(D 6&7#*-I&&

20% 12% 13% 12% 11% 19%

9(I&*%/+(- #C*67&-: @ 7-C-+&- '3*D+&? 12 1-6BI-), <(1(?(>BD-67)( +- 1(.%( "(>)(%&7/ 6-$- "3&.%*6&7/ <3#>-D &%& 6-1/2 +* 73*"-># &%& )(>%&B+&-, "( '3*D-+-D 1-3-, (<&+ 3*> ) 1-6BI

8% 9% 3% 22% 9% 13%

9(I&*%/+(- #C*67&-: @ 7-C-+&- '3*D+&? 12 1-6BI-), <(1(?(>BD-67)( +- 1(.%( "(>)(%&7/ 6-$- '#"&7/ '+&.&, $&%-70 ) '&+( &%& 7-*73

51% 49% 46% 65% 38% 37%

:3*=<*+6'(- #C*67&-: 5-6"(6($-+(67/ "3(.(%(6()*7/ +* +-<*)+&? )0$(3*? &>->* (.3*+&C-++0? "3*) &%& $(%/G(.( 3*667(B+&B <( &>$&3*7-%/+(.( #C*67'*

2% 2% 1% 6% 1% 1%

:3*=<*+6'(- #C*67&-: 5-#C*67&- ) *66(I&*I&B?, '(1*+<*? &%& '%#$*?

92% 83% 88% 86% 78% 85%

:3*=<*+6'(- #C*67&-: 5-#C*67&- ) "(%&7&C-6'(D/.3*=<*+6'(D <-B7-%/+(67&

77% 59% 59% 65% 54% 69%


118

E$()"?$ 4.3. U$+0'.&5- &$A.B#+" " B&"+$)3&5- ,$."$?""

4('*>*7-%& 4-3-1-++*B M*'7(31 M*'7(32 M*'7(33 V+ & ' * % / -+(67/

5-3*)-+67)(: 4(<)-3=-++(67/ 3&6'# $-<+(67& (60% 1-<&*++0? F')&)*%-+7+0? 3*6?(<() ) 673*-+-)

ex_incpov 0.2763 -0.0557 0.1824 0.8873

9#$\-'7&)+0- (6+()+0- "(73-$-+(67&: @ 7-C-+&- '3*D+&? 12 1--6BI-), <(1(?(>BD67)( +- 1(.%( "(>)(%&7/ 6-$- 73-?3*>()(- "&-7*+&-, &%& 3-.#%B3+( ("%*C&)*7/ 6C-7*, (7*"%&)*7/ <(1 6((7)-7-67)#2A&1 ($3*>(1, &%& '#"&7/ +()#2 (<-=<# & ($#)/

ex_subjpovbn 0.2683 0.2045 -0.1071 0.8747

R3#<(#673(D67)(: 97*7#6 $->3*-$(7+(.( &%& C-%()-'*, "-3-6-7*)G-.( &6'*7/ 3*$(7#

ex_labmark 0.0777 -0.0200 0.1527 0.9702

M&+*+6()0- #6%#.&: !76#767)&- <(67#"* ' $*+'()6'(1# 6C-7# +* 6)(- &1B

ex_bank 0.4733 -0.0626 0.0551 0.7691

Q*7-3&*%/+0- %&G-+&B — =&-%/-: H(1(?(>BD67)( +- 1(=-7 "(>)(%&7/ 6-$- '3()*7/ <%B '*=-<(.( C%-+* 6-1/&

ex_living 0.5146 -0.3432 -0.2044 0.5756

Q*7-3&*%/+0- %&G-+&B — $07(-)0- #<($67)*: H(1(?(>BD67)# +#=+* 67&3*%/+*B 1*G&+*, ?(-%(<&%/+&' &%& 1&'3()(%+()*B "-C/, +( (+( +- 1(=-7 6-$- F7( "(>)(%&7/

ex_housing 0.6016 -0.2677 -0.1216 0.5516

Q*7-3&*%/+0- %&G-+&B — KSR: H(1(?(>BD67)# +#=-+ '(1"/27-3 &%& K+7-3+-7, +( (+( +- 1(=-7 6-$- F7( "(>)(%&7/

ex_ictxs 0.4807 -0.3168 0.0015 0.6685

2.2. 1.',-.+$ &$6-*&'/0" "&6"+$0'.', 6); "&6-+/$ /'?"$)3&'A' '00'.*-&";

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


119

4-3-+*6-%-++(67/: @ <(1(?(>BD-67)- +* '*=<(.( C%-+* "3&?(<&7-6B 1-+-- 6 ').1.

ex_crowd 0.2076 -0.1592 -0.0896 0.9235

S(11#+*%/+(-$07()0- #6%#.&: H(1(?(>BD67)( $-> )(<("3()(<-+(D )(<0 &%& '*+*%&>*I&(++(D 6&67-10

ex_water 0.5173 -0.1665 0.0662 0.7003

S(11#+*%/+(-$07()0- #6%#.&: H(1(?(>BD67)( (7*"%&)*-76B <3()*1& &%& +- &1--7 6&67-10 (7("%-+&B

ex_heating 0.1780 -0.1534 0.0931 0.9361

!$3*>()*+&-: H(67&.+#7 7(%/'( +&>'&D #3()-+/ ($3*>()*+&B (+*-C*%/+(- ($3*>()*+&-) & "3-=<--)3-1-++0D #?(< &> G'(%0

ex_lowedu 0.3262 0.0915 0.0949 0.8762

!$3*>()*+&-: @ 7-C-+&- '3*D-+&? 12 1-6BI-), <(1(?(>BD67)( +- 1(.%( "(>)(%&7/ 6-$- '#"&7/ G'(%/+0- "3&+*<%-=+(67& <%B '*=<(.( 3-$-+'*

ex_nobooks 0.1764 0.5577 -0.0837 0.6509

!$3*>()*+&-: H(1(?(>BD67)( 6 1*%-+/'&1& <-7/1&, '(7(30- +- ?(<B7 ) G'(%# &%& <(G'(%/+(- #C3-=<-+&-

ex_nosch 0.1309 -0.1461 -0.0623 0.9576

Z<3*)((?3*+-+&-: @ 7-C-+&- '3*D+&? 12 1-6BI-), <(1(?(>BD-67)( +- 1(.%( "(>)(%&7/ 6-$- %--'*367)* &%& #6%#.& 67(1*7(%(.* <%B '*=<(.( 3-$-+'*

ex_hlthaff 0.3834 0.4404 -0.1881 0.6236

Z<3*)((?3*+-+&-: 4(73-$+(67& ) 1-<&I&+6'(D "(1(A& +- #<(-)%-7)(3B276B 6&67-1(D ><3*)(-(?3*+-+&B

ex_hltsrv 0.3047 -0.0398 -0.0825 0.8988

9(I&*%/+*B &+E3*673#'7#-3*: !76#767)&- )(>1(=+(67-D #C*67)()*7/ ) 1-3("3&B7&B? &>->* 3*667(B+&B ((76#767)&- 73*+6-"(37*)

ex_culturev 0.2861 0.0081 0.2031 0.8768

9(I&*%/+0D '*"&7*%: 9(I&*%/+0- '(+7*'70 6 6-1/-D &%& 3(<67)-+-+&'*1& "3(&6?(<B7 3-<'( &%& +-C*67(

ex_norelnet 0.0988 0.1883 -0.0848 0.9476

9(I&*%/+0D '*"&7*%: S(+7*'7 6 <3#>/B1& "3(&6?(<&7 3-<'( ex_nofrdnet 0.1775 0.2392 -0.0493 0.9088

9(I&*%/+0D '*"&7*%: !76#767)&- 6-7-D "(<<-3='&, '(7(30- 1(.%& $0 "(1(C/ ) '3&7&C-6'(D 6&7#*-I&&

ex_nohelp500 0.2005 0.2584 0.0377 0.8916

9(I&*%/+(- #C*67&-: @ 7-C-+&- '3*D+&? 12 1-6BI-), <(1(?(>BD-67)( +- 1(.%( "(>)(%&7/ 6-$- "3&.%*6&7/ <3#>-D &%& 6-1/2 +* 73*"-># &%& )(>%&B+&-, "( '3*D-+-D 1-3-, (<&+ 3*> ) 1-6BI

ex_noout 0.2984 0.2345 -0.1309 0.8388


120

9(I&*%/+(- #C*67&-: @ 7-C-+&- '3*D+&? 12 1-6BI-), <(1(?(>BD-67)( +- 1(.%( "(>)(%&7/ 6-$- '#"&7/ '+&.&, $&%-70 ) '&+( &%& 7-*73

ex_nocultr 0.5050 0.2248 0.1021 0.6840

:3*=<*+6'(- #C*67&-: 5-6"(6($-+(67/ "3(.(%(6()*7/ +* +-<*)-+&? )0$(3*? &>->* (.3*+&C-++0? "3*) &%& $(%/G(.( 3*667(B+&B <( &>$&3*7-%/+(.( #C*67'*

ex_voting 0.0709 -0.0343 -0.0652 0.9896

:3*=<*+6'(- #C*67&-: 5-#C*67&- ) *66(I&*I&B?, '(1*+<*? &%& '%#-$*?

ex_nomember 0.2988 0.1790 0.3071 0.7843

:3*=<*+6'(- #C*67&-: 5-#C*67&- ) "(%&7&C-6'(D/.3*=<*+6'(D <--B7-%/+(67&

ex_nocivact 0.1214 0.1033 0.2205 0.9260

S(33-%BI&(++0D *+*%&> (61. 7*$%&I# J.4) 7*'=- )0B)&% (76#767)&- C3->1-3+( 6&%/-+0? '(33-%BI&D 1-=<# "('*>*7-%B1& &+<-'6*. 8<&+67)-++01 &6'%2C-+&-1 B)%B27-6B "('*>*7-%& =&%/B & KSR, "3(<-1(+673&3()*)G&- '(33-%BI&2, $%&>'#2 ' 0.45. Y7( 1(=-7 ($\B6+B7/6B 6?(=-D 67(&1(67/2 "3-<1-7(), '(7(30- +- 1(.#7 "(>)(%&7/ 6-$- <(1(?(>BD67)* (67&3*%/+*B 1*G&+*, ?(%(<&%/+&' &%& 1&'3()(%+()*B "-C/, 6 (<+(D 67(3(+0, & '(1"/27-3 & "(<'%2C-+&- ' K+7-3+-7#, 6 <3#.(D 67(3(+0). !<+*'(, "3&+&1*B )( )+&1*+&- (.3*+&C-++#2 '(33-%BI&2, 6&%/+( (7%&C*2A&D6B ?*3*'7-3 "3-<1-7() & >+*C&7-%/+0- 3*>%&C&B 1-=<# 673*+*1&, $0%( 3-G-+( (67*)&7/ ($* F7& "('*>*7-%B ) &+<-'6-.

!$%*67/ A. K6'%2C-+&- &> F'(+(1&C-6'(D =&>+&

ex_incpov ex_subjpovbn ex_labmark ex_bank ex_living ex_housing ex_ictxs ex_crowd

ex_incpov 1.0000

ex_subjpovbn 0.0740 1.0000

ex_labmark 0.1169 0.0166 1.0000

ex_bank 0.1267 0.0736 0.0939 1.0000

ex_living 0.0921 0.1104 0.0023 0.2619 1.0000

ex_housing 0.1245 0.1142 0.0290 0.2821 0.4793 1.0000

ex_ictxs 0.1231 0.0481 0.0481 0.2575 0.3613 0.4692 1.0000

ex_crowd 0.0735 0.0593 -0.0110 0.1040 0.2114 0.1526 0.1594 1.0000

!$%*67/ B . K6'%2C-+&- &> 6(I&*%/+0? #6%#.

ex_water ex_heating ex_lowedu ex_nobooks ex_nosch ex_hlthaff ex_hltsrv ex_culturev

ex_water 1.0000

ex_heating 0.1818 1.0000

ex_lowedu 0.1669 0.1618 1.0000

ex_nobooks -0.0126 -0.0792 0.0827 1.0000

ex_nosch 0.0740 0.0913 0.0550 -0.0944 1.0000

ex_hlthaff 0.1363 -0.0367 0.1218 0.4408 0.0223 1.0000

ex_hltsrv 0.1385 0.0298 0.1066 0.0345 0.0285 0.0998 1.0000

ex_culturev 0.1398 0.0439 0.0611 0.0286 0.0046 0.0757 0.1398 1.0000

E$()"?$ 4.4. X$/0"2&5- +'..-);?"'&&5- 9$0."?597

97/ Variable names as per previous table.


121

!$%*67/ C. K6'%2C-+&- &> #C*67&B ) .3*=<*+6'(D & 6(I&*%/+(D =&>+& & 6-7B?

ex_norelnet ex_nofrdnet ex_nohelp500 ex_noout ex_nocultr ex_voting ex_nomember ex_nocivact

ex_norelnet 1.0000

ex_nofrdnet 0.1412 1.0000

ex_nohelp500 0.0938 0.1710 1.0000

ex_noout 0.0627 0.1540 0.1311 1.0000

ex_nocultr 0.0737 0.1177 0.1493 0.2036 1.0000

ex_voting 0.0517 0.0207 0.0174 0.0046 0.0008 1.0000

ex_nomember 0.0320 0.0926 0.1242 0.0806 0.2275 -0.0142 1.0000

ex_nocivact -0.0378 0.0171 0.0533 0.0027 0.0720 0.0051 0.2309 1.0000

2.3. 1'/0.'-&"- 9&'A'9-.&'A' P&6-+/$ <'?"$)3&'A' >00'.*-&";

H*++0D <('%*< &6"(%/>#-7 1-7(<(%(.&2 "3-<%(=-++#2 J%'&3- & M(67-3(1 (Alkire and Foster, 2009). 5* F7*-"- &<-+7&E&'*I&& &6"(%/>#276B <)* 7&"* «"(3(.() $-<+(67&»: "( '*=<(1# (7<-%/+(1# "('*>*7-%2 & <%B 6()('#"+(67& "('*>*7-%-D (k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

973*+* S(%&C-67)( 3-6"(+<-+7() S(%&C-67)( C%-+() <(1(?(>BD67)

S*>*?67*+ 1,274 4,595

Q(%<()* 932 2,878

;L, Q*'-<(+&B 995 3,878

9-3$&B 865 2,874

R*<=&'&67*+ 953 5,371

V'3*&+* 1,166 3,495

@6-.( 6,185 23,091

E$()"?$ 4.5. >+'&2$0-)3&$; .$('2$; ,5('.+$ 6); 8'/0.'-&"; "&6-+/$ /'?"$)3&'A' '00'.*-&";

@7(3(D "(3(. k ("3-<-%B-7 «6(I&*%/+( (77(3=-++0?» "#7-1 «"(<6C-7*» '(%&C-67)* "('*>*7-%-D "( 73-1 ($%*67B1, ) '(7(30? &+<&)&< &6"070)*-7 %&G-+&B. ;0%& "3(7-67&3()*+0 )6- )(>1(=+0- >+*C-+&B k, +*-C&+*B 6 1 ("(<?(< «($\-<&+-+&B») & >*'*+C&)*B 24 ("(<?(< «"-3-6-C-+&B»). S*' (71-C*%(6/ J%'&3- & M(6-7-3(1 (2009), "(3(. (76-C-+&B k 1-+-- (6B>*-1, "(6'(%/'# (+ +*?(<&76B ) "3(673*+67)- 1-=<# ($%*67B1&, * +- ) '*'(D-7( ("3-<-%-++(D ($%*67&. U&7-3*7#3* ($0C+( +- 6(<-3=&7 +&'*'&? '(+'3-7+0? "3(I-<#3 1+(.(1-3+(D &<-+7&E&'*I&&, >* &6'%2C-+&-1 "(<?(<* «($\-<&+-+&B» (&+<&)&< &6"070)*-7 %&G-+&B, "( '3*D+-D 1-3-, "( (<+(1# "('*>*7-%2) & "(<?(<* «"-3-6-C-+&B» (&+<&)&< &6"070)*-7 %&G-+&B "( )6-1 "('*>*7-%B1) "(<?(<(). V67*+()'* k (73*=*-7 6#=<-+&- ) (7+(G-+&& 1*'6&1*%/+( <("#67&1(.( 1+(=-67)* %&G-+&D. [-%()-'#, &6"070)*2A-1# $(%/G-- '(%&C-67)( %&G-+&D, (7<*-76B $(%-- )06('&D "3&(3&7-7, C-1 7(1#, '7( &6"070)*-7 %&G-+&B %&G/ "( (<+(1# &%& <)#1 "('*>*7-%B1. 9(.%*6+( J%'&3- & M(67-3# (2009), )0$(3 k 1(=-7 $07/ +(31*7&)+01, (73*=*B 1&+&1*%/+(- C&6%( %&G-+&D, +-($?(<&10?, C7($0 6C&7*7/6B «$-<+01» &%&, ) +*G-1 &+<-'6-, «6(I&*%/+( (77(3=-++01» ) ("3-<-%-++(1 '(+7-'67-. @0$(3 k 1(=-7 7*'-=- (73*=*7/ '(+'3-7+0- "(%&7&C-6'&- I-%& & "3&(3&7-70. 5*"3&1-3, C7($0 6(63-<(7(C&7/6B +* +*&$(-


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Documents

Региональный доклад о человеческом развитии на тему социального отторжения