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u • ~~ -lSj ,,~, .. . - - .
~L;... 'i l ~I)J ~
J...a,! Co . !~ ';I.o~
P./~ English
@?@MM@? English - Arabie
.JJ~)J ~ ç...~ 4~.w.~~ a.ill~
çr/*Ç?*J~ •
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~~~ iJL-o~
Dar El Houda
Ain Mlila Algérie
,",",,' } , 05' r 2008 - 30 J 1 --II ~)I
<,;1.,l1 ~I 2008 - 969 J f LilI tU,)'1 ~ J
978 - 9961 - 60 - 994 - 1 :-!..Lo'J
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032 44 94 18 :,-,"",Lill www.elhouda .comdarelhouda@yahoo. fr
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.h.i::J.; 'i'>:ljl ;.;lBl) ,;.; .rJ.1) r-WI y )J> ~ <,i~ ..sJ.tlI » .:J~ . J' Lill .r->- ...,; lb,. ~ ~ P .I~ 4--.li; f5 if) ,;,.s:J..1
.j ).1.; lil;... ~ li.,b ;';li!JI) ;:.<JI i'>:L. ~ r.li; .:J'JI if l.»
. "pt.!.)l1 Wli .l.? lyiJ <::' Le- y l=S' i Jr" '" ." ~'" ..
;.; ...... ~ cP P <,.-L..)l1 ..;.,WJI if W ",1 r-W .:JI ...,; '-,-!J )lit)
~ ,,,pt.!.)l1 ~ .j L..)J» \..p~ SJ.; .:JI .J.., .. !.lliJ) ,l.>.l.?lj
. "pt.!.)l1 Wli ~ J 1...:5')1 d:>'JI (.}JI ts }.iJ1 ",Jo. <1 tyJ .j Jly.' J)l>. if ts}.iJ1 ~ iJo..l.? ~If yt:S::J1 1-4J)
l:.W- if.j,l.i .<J~I) C.,..,}I ,:ülJi :4=--.?..\;) ,yt:S::JI..;.,l,...<..., , -
.~},:.) )1)-1 J>b ~I J'Lill i'>:WI J,k'
- 3 -
C ___ a_O_'/1_t._e'/1_t._"S_O_1'_tiJ_e_lJ_tJ_Ok_~) Edilor's note ... ... .......................... .......................................................... 3
Parts of speech ................. .................................................... ............... 7
Chapter 1
The Noun ............................................................................................. 8
Kinds of oOllns .. ... .... ....... .... ... ....... ............ .. .............. .. ......... .... ............ 8
1 • The Proper noun ........ .................................................................... 8
2 - The Common noun ........................................................................ 8
3 - The Material noun ..... .. ...................................... ............................ 9
4 - The Collective noun ......................................................... .............. 9
5 - Compound no un ............................................................................ 9
Forma tion of the plura l .. ............... .............. .. ....................................... 10
Noun cases ... ..... .. ........... ..... ......... .. ........................... .......................... 13
Chapter 2
The Indefini te Article ........................................................................... 17
The Definite Article with coun ta ble and uncountable nouns .............. 19
Chapter 3
Pronouns .............. .............. .............. .............. ...................................... 23
Chapter 4
The Verbs .................................... ......................................................... 37
Kinds of verbs ....................................................................................... 37
The Tenses ................................................................... ................ ........ 57
Chapter 5
The Interrogat ive or quest ioning ............. .... ......................................... 83
- 4 -
Chapteè 6_ ,-J,
Active and Passive Voiee ............ ....... ........... ....................... 92
·Chapter 7
- Imperative form 1 The Gerunds .................................. ... ................... . 98
Chapler 8
Adjectives ........ ... .... ... ... ... ...... ... .......... ...... ....... ..... .... ........ .. ......... ..... 104
How to use Adjectives ............. ........................ .. ........ ... ................... 104
Comparison of Adjectives ..................................................... .. .......... 113
Negative Form .. .. ... . ................................................................. 114
Chapler 9
Adverbs .. ............ . .. .......... ...... ...... .. ............. ......... ... ............... ... 11 9
Functions of Adverbs ...................................................................... 11 9
The kinds of Adverbs .... .................... .... ...... .... ....... .. ... ..... .. . 11.1
Comparison with Adverbs .................. ... ........ .. ........ .... ....... ...... ... ... . 129
How to use Adverbs ...................................... ... ...... ..... ....... ..... .... ... 129
Adverbial particles .................................................................. I~
Chapter 10
Conjunctions .... ... ..... ... ..... ..... .... ....................... ...... ................. .... ..... 132
Chapler Il
- Use of sorne clauses with examples ..... ... ........ .. ........ .... .......... .......... 138
Chapter 12 .
- IF- Conditional ..................................................................... ......... 144
- 5 -
Direct speech ........ ......... ........................................................... .. .. . 148
Indirect Speech .......................................................... .. ............ ... .... 148
1 - Indirect Statement .. .. .... .. .. ......................................................... 148
2 - Indirect Questions ...................................... ........ ....... .... ............. 155
3 - Indirect Commands or Requests ................................................ 1 57
4 - Direct Exclalua tioll ..................................................................... 159
Chapter 14
Prepositions ........................ ... .......................... .......... ..... ........... .. ..... 160
The use of prepositions ..................... . . ............... .... ............ ........ IM
Chapter 15
- Interjections and Exclamations ...................... ......................... ....... 196
- Contraction ......... .. ....................................................................... ... . 196
" Irregular verbs .......... ... .. .. ...... ..... .... ... .... ....... ... ... .. ... .... ............ .. ... .... 196
- 6 -
Parts of speech
l - Nouns
2 - Pronouns
3 - Adjectives
4 - Verbs
5 - Prepositions
6 - Conjunctions
- 7 -
,1.--':11 )I-AJI
..:...I.i...:a.ll
JW':l1 ~I 0).;>
.k,IJjl
CHAPTEDf
1 The Nounl
A nouo is a word uscd for naming
anything
Man .rJ , Woman ;;'/ 1
Boy -uJ Girl ~
Lion .J..,.i
Box J)~
IKindS of Nounsi
1. The Proper Noun
A proper nouo is a oame for one
particular person, place or Cl'cnt,
as distinct from any other.
I~J,J\I ~ J--; W> l''"''jl
-..;. <.fÎ
Book
School
Fox
Song
Glass <CL,-j ) Ji .ft> Acto r J'l
k\rjJ\ t~il (~I r i) ,,,,\J.I 1'-'" "lI
1""' 1 JI' '-'" 1:>-1 1""''')1 ~.I>- )Î _..;. ,,,\S:... ,~
.• 1)-" ~ fl'>") .. :JI.:U1.! ~
Oran 0'.1') The Red sea ~'y , .,-JI .,,--lI-'y, .J.,>'I
.Ii . cr-:- ft'
The Revolut ion ;; )), The Atlanlic ocean
The Algerian 4..!)\)...\ The Mississipi river
2. The Comma" Noun (.!l ë-'JI 1 rWI 1'-'" "l\
A common nouo is a name which is .!l r-- r I Y' rWI r '1'1 common to any persen or thing
of the kind .
- 8 -
, . ~ .:.r' -..;. J I ...,a>.:.. ~ '1'
,t.y:ll
Lake 'ft""'-!
Hospita l ~ Dictionary ;yli
River
3. The Material Noun
A materi al noun is the name of
particular kinds of matter.
Water
M ilk
4. Th e Collective Noun
A collecth'c noun is the noun of
a group of persons or things as one
complete individual whole:
Examples
Jury (a group of judges).
Fleet (a group of warships).
Army (a group of soldiers).
Empire (a group of nations
under one rulership) .
lslamÎc empire.
Flock (a group of shecp).
S. Compound Nouns
'"
School master J' J.A.o
Shopkeepe r <.fjiJ. J>-.o -,....-t....
- 9 -
theatre Cr' Magazine ;J.,...
Garden U:!..b-Museum ~
c?,\ll l' .... :~ I .3
t yJ ri JI' <pll.l r~1 . i~lI.l '" .;,...
Gold
Silver
~I 1'="1 .4
~.,.;:. ri JI' ~I ri
J>- 4-}! .A< v"~ ~I '" . Î.i":"" ~ a.. \S' i.l>-J ~ i
• • ! ~ tl
. ~ ;,J.. ,~ ..".
. (;"')--1 er'--ll '" ,-", ) J .,h--i . (,yJ-1 '" '-"') ~
J /,11 '" '-"') <;J}:I.r'1 .(-'>-1) ~
·<,..')1....1 <;J}:I.r'1
· (t~ '1'1 '" ' -"') c:W ...s,.11 -k ')1 .5
Gunpowder
Moonlight
Housemaid ;"'.:1 L,::" Seashore ..N' c}>L:. Postcard -'<.1 ;;Ik, Tea-time ."WJI .;..;) Newspaper oJ..!.,r:-
• Sleam-enginc ~)~ B.,r-
k e-cream ~ Night-train J,lll u.; - )
Apple-tree c.lA.i or-!- Sand-storm ~) ~\s.
Nouns cau be singular or plural: :~ )i o~).- IJfo .u " ..... oI~1 A singular noun denotes one objec.t. .".,..,) ""r J l ~ ~.)1' r"i l
A plural noun dcnotes more than ;.,- pi J l ~ ~, ~"i' one objectA .".,..,) ",,;.
[ (.J.,ij~ ./~~~.II)~YIMUV..r"~.II Y:~>I- ]
formation of the plural d ' JJd.§.:;
AI By adding (s) to the singular noun >;ill ,..... ~I J! (,) ;jw,. / \
This applies to most nouns exccpt IJS.l.t ,,~~I ~~ '~t$;-:! somc cases that will be r- ~I ..:;"i~1 P explaincd lalcr on: :..w W ,~- ." • - -..-..,.. y
E 1 xame es: , " 1 , ~
/ Singular >p Plural ~ "1
Book : ~15 Books ...,.5 Ca t : ;j,; Cats .bJ,j
Map : Ok--.,> Maps .hll/,
Rose 0.:1)) Roses: .:1))) •
\.Hand -'< Hands : .,,-,<1 ./
• BI By adding (es) to the singular "L....... "lI JI (es) ow,~ / Y
fo r words ending in ; ~ ~, o.:lpl
- sh- -ch -x- -z- -0- :;"Jl:II ..j))-I, Examples: CH + ES
- 10 -
Singular 'l'-Branch : ~-t)
Bench : .w.
Church : '-$ Match: ylZ "'y
.. SH + ES Brush O\.:.. )
Bush • o ..r.f':'-"
"X+ES Box JJ..\.:..,p
Tax ~ ......... .. S + ES
Mass .l,.!.,.
Gas
Glass
jli.
<Cl",. j) y ç - cris'
"Z +ES Fez
Topaz
Plural c:'" Branches: 0~i - t.Jj 8enches : -",Li,.
Churches: ..,-lIS
Matches: ~W~\yi
Brushes .)) Bushes • 1 •
~~
Boxes . ~L,.,
'" Taxes ~\?
Masses ,~
Dresses (':";W) yI,:
Gases ü \}"-. , Gl"ses (Cl",. j) y l"sl- ,/,/1
Fezes
Topazes
C " By changing (Y) prcccdcd by ...; ri ./_.", /->: a consonan' '0 (lES) (lES) J! JL.. ,j.ru. J,r.-11 (Y)
Examples:
Lady
Story
Fly
Army
" 11 "
Ladies
Stories
Flies
Armies
1 toi
:ül~
:~ :'-:-'~~ .
:J-?-
But if (Y) is preceded by a vowel. . .,j ru. ;ij.!':-" (Y 1 ~ IS' I;! lo Î
the plural is by adding (s) only. .bll (SI ;';\..;01. ~fo e;--+-I ~~ !Ir-,
Valley :<,S,I) Valley, :~)J\
Boy :..ù) Boys :,'i} Key : CL:.<. Keys :&W , Day :rY- Days :r~1
Toy .<..,J .. Toys :...,.,WI D - By changing the (F) or (FE)
, )1 (F) ,j.r .1_;" /,
to (VES) (VES) J! (FE) ,
Leaf :op:.. 4,;)J Leaves :JI))I
Wife :~Jj Wives :..::A". )j Knife :~ Knives: :.§l5:....
Thief :vd Thieves : cf' "..,J Wolf :~~ Wolves : ... :,..>l~~
E - irregular Qlurals e' "y
Examples: d' ! t.oi
Man J-"-) Men JI.".) ,
Woman ,Ifl Women .L; ,
Tooth .:r Teeth JL..I ,
Foot r.û Feet rl.ûl
Ox ,
Oxen JI"'; ),J'
Child Jib Children JlAkl
, 12 -
Deec
Sheep
Duck
INoun-casesl
The noun has four cases
1 • Subjective case
2 • Objective case
3 : Possessive
4 . Vocative case
1 . The subjective case:
- It denotes the subjeet of the verb
Examples:
Ladies gossip
Readers read
Birds ny
Friends coopera le
The air is fresh
The sun is shining
2. The objective case
o ' • .,:.,l.J......Jl .Ir-. ,,};, ,I.,;JI
."ki ;.r.1J1
i.JjJ~ ~\iJ. ..... ~\ J,l< ,I.,.ll
e:k-' ~I
Teachers teach students.
Doctors treal patienls.
Girls pick nowers.
Ahmed likes music.
We speak English.
The poel composed an çlegy.
Deer
Sheep
Duck
iJ" j
<rl.;<.i) iJü.r'
Jo,
h-~I Jlyll ;,....,:) ..;.,,, L.. C:!) • L..... Su i..l:,ll } j>'\.iJI <JL.. - 1
~ Jy-i11 ;JL.. - 2 <$ill ;JL.. - 3
,-"UI ;JL.. - 4
:i..l:,ll } j>'\.iJI <JL.. - 1
i.l::,l.l. Ji J-.ill j>'1l ~ -7
The heal is unbearable J\,b; "j i})-1
The sky is clear yL,., ~ L.....J\ The sea is rough c1l..11 ~\ The rain is heavy .J.j- ):J.\ The dog is faithful ~\ ~\
The snake is dangerous , 0~\
~ J,..;.I.I ;JL.. - 2
. ..,,)lJ.J1 iJ ~ iJ.,.J.II
...?)I iJ)-1...., .1,). (yI •
.}" j 'il ~ ..;.,I.,:AJI
...;.,.-}. 1 ..,...,., ..l..>-i ·<.P"I ~ ~
.<.~) i~) <';.1' ...;.Ji fl.!JI
~ 13 -
3. The possessive case:
It denotes oWDership.
For singular nouos we use ('8)
Examples:
The boy's bail
The artist's touch
The cat's paw
The writer's mind
The singer 's voice
-Il)I '.f 0UIU
.b.iJ1 ~
--,.;15J1 J'>
~' "'7"
For singular Douns ending in
(8), use the apostrophe ooly.
Hercules' power.
Moses' law.
:~I ;Jl,... - 3
. ,,?' ;"s:.t. ~ (S) ..) f ~ "}l' ,L....',u
. (') lL.o \.il 4 ij.r.-' j
The actor's movement J!..ll ;s' .rThe tiger's strength ..,...JI~;
The mookey's look ~,;JI~)2.i
The girl's bag
The soldie r's gun <?4\ ~~
~ .,,:l' "}l' ,L....',u l.,..J4 • . .bil ;u." \AJ 1 J--.I (S) ..) f"
Ji ..... :;; ~y .Jj!;
For plural nOURS ending in (5),
use the apostrophe only.
(S) .,j.f"; );.6-.11 ~' ,L...,.,~ A.,-;!4 . ....;..a; 'J J .bil ;u." \AJI ;;"~I J--.I
:yU i .... (S) .,j.f
Examples:
The soldiers' camps.
The players' room.
The nations' hopes.
The dogs' lire.
The eagles' nest.
The teachers' room.
The doctors' office.
- 14 -
j
.>y.!-I u l.f.-.. .~)UI ;ij.f .y.,...=J1 Jt..Î
.,f;,J1 .l,>
.J.r--JI ~ .• xL. ~I ;ij.f .,l,k'J1 ~
• For plural nouns not ending
in (S), use ('S)
Examples:
The men 's society
The women's suffering
The children's nurse
4. The vocative case:
A noun is in the vocath'e case, when
it is used for the sake of address.
Examples:
Son, you must be carefu!.
l'm very sorry, grandpa.
Let us forget that, my friend .
Don't make such a fuss, Amina .
• Now can vou do ihis exercise ?
State the case of the oo uns in the
following sentences:
(S) ';' f";.,FI r-< ~I ,,--~ 4,.-J, • ('S) ..j f J ;u."WI ..jw,;
j
JI..,-)I ~ ,UI'ct..-
• JW.}I1 ..., • ..J"
,-"U.I ;Jb- .4
'-" U. 1 lJ b- .) 1'""'':/ 1 i> fo. .l.,l>~1 .} ~ lo-""
, .\6., ,,~ "i ..,..."., .,rI 4
• ~ J..o,- 4 IJ..o,- ..;..,. ici ..j<-'-"' 4 .!.Al; ..,-:J
. yi 4 ~.,.<JI ,.L. J!-- ';.Ji. 'J
YLll e11 loi.> ,Is' ,,1 ,:;l::.J , ,. lil , ' •
. W-I . ,; , L.... :YI ",,'JI..- ,ni -'"
:UWI -l. You opened my eyes. . .;~ ..1.il
2. My friend has just arrived. . (<bJJ) Pl ~-'-"' J--» J.iJ
3. Please, tell your brother another story .. \.S/Î l.....:ü ~~ <.$"))1 ~ if 4. Are you coming with us, Sami? ~ifL.... l.! \.:....... r .>\,j ~i j.A 5. 1 expeet m.ny guests. . ~\))I "" \~ b~ )2.:;i Use each of the following DOUDS 4::11;:11 ~t.-..~I ~ ri J5' ~I . in a suitable sentence: :i~ ~ J
Address ,,\ -"'- Music .r ~Y'
. 15 -
Words
Library
Train
Heart
* Write 5 sentcnces on each of the "":--"'" ~ ~ 4' following pattern: :.)WI ~I
A , ubject (noun) + verb JJ + y.~ IÎ B. subjccl + verb + complement (object) 4:! J~ + J.tl + ~\..i / "--:"
Express by using the possess ive form ~<.u\ ~ ~ ..r?
Examples:
The house of my uncle .
My unclc's housc.
1. The cat of his wife .
2. The book of her father.
3. The room of the teachers.
4. The toys of the boys.
5. The gun of my friend.
- 16 -
.~)j .ï..ki
.4"Î ~"' .i.\;\.... ~I ~\i .JW.~I -,...J
CHAPTeo2
The Articles
al The Indefinitc Article
Singular A 1 AN
(A) is used before singular nouns
beginning with a consonant sound
Examples:
A happy family.
A hag.
A compartment.
A man.
A beautiful garden.
A lcee.
A lucky fcHov.'.
A meeting.
A heap of broken images.
A niec morning.
(AN) is used bcfore a word
beginning with a \'owcl sound
or ,'oicclcss or wcak (H)
The vowels arc = A,O,U,E,I
An orange
An cgg
An inkpot
~\.i; .Ji
~
o~
- 17 -
t; MI ClI,.)i li
A/AN' .tWJ '.riil r~1 J:i J--3 (A)
. J'-' ";.f'" Î -':! ~.\J 1
•
. O~W~
.,lh....!. j~
. (}w ".1') i)""""" - i.f"'""
.Je-) .~ ~..l>-
.ôp-:. .j;~~
·t~1 .).,...dl r\b. if ... ç
.--YJ Cl,...>
.,.=II ~I J:i J--3 (AN) •
J Î "-' '"" JI !l...,..,.. .j /'! Î oU
.~ (H).j.r
:"j' <>.rdl j)}-I
An hour ",\...,
An hones' man . r 1_ 1..1:" ~)
An angry wornan ~\j:. 01/1
'" Some words slart with a \'owel
but the tirsl sound is
a consonant sound and
Ihus (A) must be used.
Examples:
A European
A useful thing
No article is uscd with
indcfinite plural nouns.
Examp1es:
Devils laugh.
Boys play.
Flowers wither.
Birds sing ..
Aeroplanes are fast.
Horses run .
Mothers are kind to childrell .
Acts speak louder than words.
'" Try to do Ibis exerCÎsc.:
Add (A) or (AN) when necessa ry
1. That is ... great idea. 2. Take .... advice from . . .. expert J. What .... wonderful surprise! 4. 1 am sta rling .. . . new life.
!J .f""-' .j .ru. loU '" i.$J 1 ~ • .J" "Jl.:l1 ~" JJ 'il "'.,..-J 1 .j:J J
01 ~ <#J J ..... "'J""
,AN) ~J ,A) ~
A university
A o ne-eyed man
,,-,1 J,j iI,l ~ ':1
.iPlI~1
.~ éJ..~1
. -J~ ,"}'I .J.i; .,J"')I . .,? .,.r-hI1
."".r ",1;L6J1
. <.?.J. J .,.)-1 • •
. Jlik"l ~ ~~y- ~lj..o" l
. ",l.KJ1 if Ij"oU" ~i Jl.};'1
: .. .,.JI 1';" ji 01 JJl>- •
i.,J.r;,l1 = (AN) } (A) .........
S. 1 want ... glass of lemo nade wÎth ... piece of sugar in il.
- 18 -
bl The Definite Article
nThe" is used:
1 - When we are thin king of one
particular thing
For example:
He is 100 king for a job.
Did he gel the job he applied for ?
2 - When it is clear in the situation
which thing or person we mean
The hotel we stayed in is very nice
(The) u..,....:W1.1.1/"" If" • ~
Th, '-"-",,"1. ibl ~
.:.r ...:....~ 1o ..l:.Y - 1
. :~
.J.." if ~ '"1 rlAo ",..\JI J....l1 Js. ? J.
Y.J.".Î if
if 1>...;.1) J ~ L.= - 2
..:..W ,~ )1 ~ '-$Î , - , J....,- .b,- '" WI ",..\JI J-,-,,"I
Vi J.Li ",Î ~)) 1 want to see the manager of the firm . .ë" rJI fiJ..A ~li! ~) 3 - When there is only one of
something: the sun, the moon,
the earth, etc
.:J' i.l,>-J 0./' <jll • t,.:..l..Il ~ - 3 , ... dl,h'il ,.,...;JI ,~I :~j
-1 - Before "same" (the sallie) (Same) 4.Jf J.:.i - 4 , Her dress is the same as mine. .Ju y.. ~u 5 - Before superlatives. ~\ ..:,...I...L,,:, J:i - 5
The Amazone is the longest river in the world . . ~W\ J -* J.."kÎ Y' 0 ) jlo ~\
6 - When we are thinking of J .f..A; \..t"l;; - 6
something as a general idea ~\s. 'ô..fJS' t.. ~~
He goes to the cinema every ~ J5' ~\ Ji ~~ weekend.
- 19 -
7 - The + adjective W(' use the + adjective
(withoui a noun) 10 talk about
groups of people.
Example:
The young, the o ld, the rich,
the poor, the injured etc ...
8 - Thc + nationality
We use "the" with sorne
nationality adjecth'cs to mcan
"the people of Ihat country.
For example:
The Algerians.
The French.
The English etc .. .
9 - Wc use thc + a singular
countable noun to talk about
a typc of animais, machines ctc ...
For example:
The girnfTe is the tallest animal.
Thc piano is my favourite instrument.
10 - With Ihe names of canals,
rivcrs, seas, oceans, etc ...
- 20 -
...... + ~.,.-:;JI il.i J--l-7 .r ':"-'"<:U <,..-1 ~J")
. ..,.. U 1 ,J' .;, ~ -'"""
"lc.? ~ l ,.) pl ,y I.,-!JI
. .. c?".J-1 "I.;.;JI
~I + ~.,.-:;JI il.i - 8
.p., c:' ~.,.-:;JI il.i J--l 1-4< ~) ~I ~LQ....
.• \l,JI 1';'" .) tS:.... .
,:>1---;.0
. .»)/)1)-1
..) .r.--" .,AlI . .. dl ;#-)'1
,..-1 r:: ....... pl il,i ~ - 9
.rJ I.\.> J .~ ~ ,}>
... .;,~'jl ,';'UIy.1 ,J' t< j
.,,",~Ir-l-I J}>i 01))1
.u.1.ii1 -Ii 'UI " y ..
, ~Ir<J1 .l...oi c:' - 10
... ·dl ~u",.:1 ,)b..,J1 ')4-l~1
and in Dames with "Republic l1 J:.- J).:iJ\ ~ ~k..,..t C;:J ... 11 " - , ".11" ".'-, ." ,,- " l'Kingdom'' "states" etc ... "'c- "-'':! Jy , ~ '~J~
such as the United States of America, ,~/ ~\ o • .l~1.I "':"' I..!)I yI The Uni ted Kingdom,
The D orninican Repu blic
Omission of the definitc article:
a .. \Ve don't use IIlhe ll when
wc a rc talking about things
or people in gencral
For example:
.. l'Ill afraid of dogs.
.. Ail cars have wheels.
b .. With uReountable oouns
.. Sugar is not good for you
.. \Ve use "the" with the oouns
,,-»dl <S:.WI
.~J..ul "J~ :~ ,.:JI ;I,i J~I e~ .:.'11>
\.0= ~~I ;Ii·~ '1 - i .t,.:..~1 ,:r ~
... ~ ....... ..,.\;,,;,,'11 Ji
• :)\........!...
.. ,-, . . . .." """,1 ";1.;.1 "1 -
...:-~ 4l ",I}, . ..JI J$' -, . I.>~ ~ '1 .;JI .1..->'11 ~ - .."
rncntioned abOl'c if they are qualified
.!.lI e" .r.<- ~I -.1..-> ~I ~ <.Â,!.J.,JI ;i>i J--i -
;,:""" ..:.;IS' I;! .~i ;)ft".ul
• For example: l')\......!..II
Cao you pass the sugar on the lable? , .\Jill Jj <?iJl j:..J1 ~I
* 1 .. Countable and uReountable Rouns
A nQun can be co unta ble
or uncountable
..f..<. , 1..-> Î ,,1..->"'1 .:r' J ~ j li L..
l.:"" ..f..<. 'J ,1..-> ÎJ l.:""
1) A coul1table noun ean be singula r (apple) ois. .:.r~ ,-:?1l\ r--")'\ (1
1 1 1 ) \.0...,.. Î 1;· . C . Î \.lI orpura (app es . J J" "y<" . - 1 eat an apple evcry day. · i~ j) ~\..Q; J5'ii -
- 21 -
2) An uncountable noun has 0~ o.:ls. ~ "'i ":FoUI l'',,.,''-'i l (2
only one forRl .bii .... 1) ~ J<-o • "
1 eat rice every day. ·i.J"!. JS' j) '1\ JS'\\
llike ricc . .j }l\ I...:-""'Î liÎ
3) Countablc nonns arc things we can count, \A.:ls. ~ ~I ~4,....~1 (3
so we can say "one apple" "lWO apples" etc . ."01.::>-11" "4,:,-\Âi" ~ 4) Uncountable nouns arc things wc cannot b.:ls. ~ "'i ~I $.4,....~1 (4
count Wc cannOl say "one rice "two .. j)" Jy4i 0i ~ ":J ":k.-. " nces etc ...
5) We can usc a/an with
singular countablc nouns:
a book, a sllldent , an egg.
6) Wc can' t usc singular countablc
nouus alone (without
a/an/the/nay ctc)
1 want an apple (nol 1 want apple)
7) We can' t use alaD with
uDcountablc nOUDS.
We do nOl say lia rice" or lia water"
BUl we cao say a bowl of rice,
a drop of watcr
- 22 -
". \. i" • 1,)))
t: ~I il,i .,)1.,.,0:...1 ~ (5
:,,:,. .:f..! .;JI i,)ll ,l...~1
.~ ,~I.k 'y1..::S"
CHAPTEOS
Ipronounsl
A pronoun is a word that replaces
a noun
1. Personal pronouns
~ lIbjeçtl --+
I SI Persan
We
2nd Person
I..JÇiJ\1 ,,~ y W> J" ~I
1'"'" ~I •• . , Il ., • '1 1 ~ ' oQû" ,/ J.!~ •
IObjeCl I +- (JJpo') yi J.,....
Me
Us
S i d
cl ~
...J,~I . . r.-"' You You !l ,;;i - r>i - w i - ..:...;i
3rd Persan
He
She
It
They
Examples:
1 respect her.
Wc met them.
You don'( like her.
He saw me.
She hates him.
Him (4../ .... )
Her (\10)
Il (lA , 4.)
Them ( I.J,/~) .,.
" 23 "
, ?) ..r- 'c:.- ' '':'';.YJ .? .i... (-:JWI j )JI) ......:WI d
1"
0/' jiWI ."J 1" Ji 0/'
":"';YJ '?:V "" - 1"" - \...0
jil. . i jil. rJ 1 ! '" ,i
.It--f>i ~i . .... '-'1,1; .;rù .~ '1 c.;i
'<li) ,.;1 ,-".f.; <1'
Il bit IllC .
Thcy tied it.
5ubjcct
Îx,.!cYü
He
1
She
We
Verb Object of preposition
J-i ? J.f"! ))f'"
played with me
talked wilh him
laughed all hem
Iislened 10 her
1 Iike him and he likes me. .~ f) .."..i ~i .r+' ~ crV) L; y .i->'< 1'"
• • .(? L..:; 0./') Lo..(? L..., f
They respect us and we respect them.
He helps her and she helps him.
Subjeet + Verb + Obj«t + Subj«1 + Verb + Obj«t + Prep + Objecl of prep
cYl; J-.' J ri-' cYti J-.' J ri-' ?.j? ))f'"
1 like him and he sends his regards to me
Jl <iL) J--fi f) ..".. i d We like (hem and they scnd their regmds to us
U r-o'L) j}--fi 1"') ~ crV Yo u li ke him and he sends hi s regards to you
.!.ll <iL) J--fi f) ..,i ~i She likes me and 1 send my regards to her
41 <iL) J--) d) ~ 0./' They like liS and we send our regards lo them
~ l:.;L) J-- j crV) L;.r.'"'< 1'" My Our· Your • His - Her - Its • Their
. These are possessive adjeçtives and they qualiry nouns
,t.....'>'\ ~) 4 ..;.,li.., 0./' .~i ':.1\ ..;.,ws:J\ -
• 24 •
S,b + "('rb
j?\i Jo' 1 put on
We respect
You waste
He revises
She cats
They water
lt feeds
S ubjeci Verb
yli J-' She gave
She wro te
They lo ld
1 wish
He did
She bought
+ possessh"e adj + Noun
;.,s:J.. '-'-" ('""""1
my clothes
our fathers
your time
his lessons
hec lunch
thcir fanus
its youngs
Indirect object Direct obj«t
'c. . J . r.~ ~ .,oc,. J,... me a nower
him a lettcr
me a story
yOll good luck
, o.F' 'j... 1.f';';;1
",loi t ~ .:r' é..6) c7-'" -:..; Î (r" Î)
J,..... )J~ l:"=" \.J. ...:;1
t..,I~ J)G
~;I.r.Jyi--< ~l
t..JI;.....~4'l
(J;W\ .r-"!)
;;~.J) ~t ;J\... J.:.-5-'Ài J .
hec
~ t5:.,. J I.,s:.,. -'Ài
L;b lb- (~<J) c.lJ ..,Ji ~ v.l>- I,J (Ji ..Li!
~J.A 4J ..;... rI J.iJ
a great favour ~
her a present
"(SO)" as a pronoun "..-4' (So) J I..A::..I
1 was told 50
1 hope 50
1 believe 50
l'ru afraid 50
• 25 •
.0J~ ~ ..vil
.!.lI; J-i ~)~Î
.!.lI.i5" .r 'JI .Ji ~i
(ONE) as a pronoun ~ (ONE) J~I • •
One of you has wo n the first prize J) 'YI ;)t)-~ jÜ r5 ...l>-I
Do one of these exercises J';L..:J\ o~ ... l.,J J-Onc has to do one's best I)~ L»~ J~ 0Î ;)L.;)I\ Js- ~ lt is ail one to me Lf.J.;s.. J~ /,:.yl
One for ail and all for one .).,;.u c:J-1) ~ .).}JI
2. Possessive pronouns:
Possessive pronouns stand for
nouns and arc thus used instead
of the Douns to which they rc(er
IPossessive pronounsl
Thal house is mine.
That institu te is ours.
This suit is his.
This book is hers.
That pen is yours.
This horse is theirs.
Ipossessive adjectivesl
That is my house.
That is our institute.
This is his suit.
This is her book.
Thal is your pen.
That is tlteir horse.
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(lf» .)L.. .;JI)
;;..ml ,i\.W> .2
~L<. ~.;s ~I }l...:. '1 ~ ~ .!.ll.l!) • L...,., ~I .~! ;:-;; ifl .L...,.,~I .;J'
I<$J.. iL...:.1 . .p. .:..."JI .!.ll;
. Cl -4--i1 !lI;
..J <J-ûl ,.i.
.41 yl.:5Jl Il.
.U) ~I U);
. ~ .) L.a.J..1 Il.
1#1 ;;;J .0' U);
. ~-4-v U);
.d-.4 ""U .4<15 Il.
..!l..li !lI;
.~t-. !lI;
Arc you indeed in love with her?
Perhaps tbey will ring me up
al six o'clock.
G - Adverbs of manner
Badly (i,I>.I-) u,... Wisely ~ Carefully ~~
Foolishly o~
sadly i.>J'"
Ligh tly ~
Correclly ~ .... ;" Strongly 'J"i Polilely ~;ty ~p.
noisily ~ " ~rA! Proudly ,"~ Decently a.;.ü .... ;"
Simply <kt-" Secretly ('i.,....,) Ir'
Rapidly ;;r,
Urgently ;J"-"' .... ;,,
Slowly ~~
Weil \...",.
Carelessly J\....>~
Boldly ~~
Cleverly i)~
Heavily .)il=, Weakly ~
Clearly CYJ! Severely o~
Sharply o~
Silently J~' Wickedly ;.1-;':' .... .,6 Firmly r:r< Calmly ,)-4<
• Suddenly o~
Strongly o~
Promptly \Jj ,
You should not behave badly. .~ \S' yL &-ï '1 0\ ~
Il is raining hard. .o)jo.? )al ~l He did it cleverly. .oj~~ \..t.\Si J.iJ
We solve our problems wisely. .(JuiJ~) ~~ . w.n..:... j...; <f" The number of the inhabitants is increasing rapidly .. ;; r. ~\.?- 0tS:....J\ ;tJ.s.
- 127 -
Thal is not truc. . ~ ~ \~
Thesc are my relatives. .\."sutiÎ s.~jA Thosc are the actoes. ..J.f!..J.1 r-'" s. ~ Y' 1 will do the same as yOll. .~ Joo.iL If yOll are rcally my friend. show .f' fi ~.J......::> )i....; ..:.-:S' .J1 you rself as such. .1.!...lJ~ Js-Vou arc the boss heee and as such you ~I o~) \.;.;. ~)I ~l
are the onl y onc eesponsible before me if\"'\ J)j--1\ ~\ ...:....;Î
Why a re you teUing me ail this ? ~\.l..:b § J J~ I;,U
4. Rellexive and emphasizing pronouns: "".LoIS .;JI, :i .(ft iJ.\"":'\.G..QJ\
Myself
Ourself
Yourself
Yourselves
Himsetf
Hersetf
Itself
Themsetves
Onesetf
,!.L...i;
}
...,.JW\
Reflexive pronouns! ~ ;t....P When the action passes from the subject back ~I ~ I.,....l:$o
aga in to the same subject: oI,.......A,i J&-IAII ~
They arc te.ching thcmsclves Engli sh. ..,;,Li->' I ~\ .) ri-< ('"f'! Make yoursclf at home. .~ J ..:.-:S' "J w j."..,a;
- 28 -
Help yoursclf.
It hurt itsclf.
She dressed herself carefully.
Emphasizing pronouns: when
used for the sake of emphasis
They told me that themselves.
1 myself helped him.
Did you see that yourself ?
He suggcsted thal himsclf.
S. Interrogative pronouns:
,~~ rJ.>.! ,(.JWI ",.J) 4----'" w;i .l.iI
, "Gu 4----'" .:.-,lÎ
\...w. :;"JoS - 'L....;. - - y .T
.;,,? .,.:lI Joc '" J-..:...i 'r+-" ~ .!.lJ; .j)r' Î ,
,<i-"'L.. ~ \;1 , ! ~ .!.lJ; ,,-,1; J-
,<-.i.:, .!.lJ; Cfll .l.iI ~:tI ". ', r~ J-J~
Who? (.JWI j?WI Jo J IJ-ll) 0"
Whom? (.JWI J"..J.I Jo JIJ-ll) 0"
Whose? (.JWI .!.lJlll Jo JIJ-ll) J , ' ,
Which? (i>J.....< ,1,-:-1 0" 'o.? ; "",,1 Jo JIJ-ll) <$1
What? (i'':'"'''' .r-' ,I,-:-Î 0" 'o.? Jo JIJ-ll) I;\..
Interrogative pronouns arc uscd in J ~ ~~~I }4..Al1
forming questions and they .~I J.:-ï Wil J • .l!.}"il l$.~ always prccede the \'crb.
Who told you that? Y..:JJ':' ..:JJ Jü if Whom did you see? Y ... : .. ,)) if
Whose car is this? Yo )::-.!JI o~ ,J. Which do you prefer, the film or the story? YWI ii ~I ~ 4 i What did you do? Y ~ \,:,\'"
Who is responsible for that? Y..:JJ':' V JJj.-l.1 if
Whom do you like better? Y?i ~ ($..ut if
- 29 -
* Interrogative pronouns may introduce
a direct or an indirect question.
What ha ve yOLL said? (Direct rY) ~...:..J.i I~ L.. ..
Tell me what you have said (Indirect .".;.y ..rf:-) y ~ bL.. J.r.>1 Who will give the leçture? (Direct rY) Yo?~1 ~ 0'"
Let us see who will give the lecture o?LÀ\ ~ 0'" tSj ~.)
(Indiroct .r-y .r.'-) Who? ~WI if Jlj-ll~.;,'
For persons singular or plural (~ Ji J j.-) rJ"~'lI4.f' Jlj-U
masculine or feminine: (~.,;.. Ji }'j.,.)
Who came ficst? Y'ljÎ ~ 0'"
Who can answer thi s question? YJ\j-J1 \~ Js-~ 0' ~ 0'"
Who is your bcst Criend? YJ.kU ~~ r 0'"
Whom? :Jyui11 if Jlj-ll ~.;,'
For pmons: :..,.,I,;,..;.~I .r Jlj-ll
Wholl1 did you ask? Y...:.JL 0'"
Whom do you like beu,,? ?;5'i (J.Ai') .:,..;- 4i Whom does he respect? Yi ~ 0'"
Who,.? (.!ll11l ~ Jlj-ll) ?J For p.rsons: :..,.,t; ... ,)jl .r JI);......u
• Whose flag, are Ihese? ?t~ 'JI ,.\.0 J Whose papers are these? ~ J I)) ~I oh J. Whose car is this? YOjt:.-J1 oh J.
- 30 -
Which? i.:..... ,I,!-i .:.r' '.r ) \,;:>-1 <.:" Jlj-ll ~."i
For things and perl'ons ..r'L;".:.,~IJ s.~'J1 ~ Jlj-U singular or plural subject or object. .(..!...i j.a Ji j' j".) ~ Ji ~ j-t)
Which will you study, English ri ~P}fl U" Jx..... 4Î or French ? Y~}JI
Which of them can we invite ? YyJ..i Ji t.:.:5:..ç 4Î Which do you prefer, love or friendship ?
Which ward do yo u mean ?
!;;I.c...J1 ri "";'1 ~ 4 i ~.>..,a.i; W> <,$i
What? For things generally ,,~t iJ:! rj& ,,~ Y' Jlj-U ~I$i ~I jl,. singular or plural, subjcct or object. \.. ~ j:.~~ ,o,).l"..,.. .r-'-
.<J~ ) 'yu 'e:-- Ji ,.,.u) Whal are you lhinking or? ~j:.;,; l...:-' What are you talking about? YF L..s.
What is this? Ylh t..
What do you need? Yc.l.::i \;,)...
6. Indelinite pranouns: o,)~1 ~ ".jt......QJ\ .6 •
Something \.. ,.,,:- Anything ,.,,:- ,,1 •
Somebody \..~ anybody . • <.SI ~ .
• • • Someone \.. -1>-1 AnyaDe -,>-1 ,,1
• • Nothing ,.,,:- 'i One ,) )1 -1>-1
Nobody -I>-i 'i None -I>-i '>' Noone -I>-i'i Ail ~ Everything ,.,,:- J> Other .r' '11
Everybody ~J> Another .r' '11
Everyone ,) J> Much (~) .r.> A few <,.wJ) J,li Less J,J;
- 31 .
A litt le (~) J,li Enough '-'1.5' Each (-,>-1) y Eilher (,-",,':II -I>-i) <fi Many ('.wJ) r.> Neither !l\~ ~) Li.:. ~
Both ~>'I "YS Several ...l:!Js.
Eithcr or' "i
Eithcr means one or the other of IWO } J.~ 'lI) -l>Î ~ persons, things or matlers ? '1\ )i (~\
Either Ali or Sami will come Ihis morning.
1 don '( need either.
ft seems impossible for ei ther of
us 10 apologize.
Ncither . , , . Nor
Neilher money nor gold can
give yOll happiness.
We are neither hungry nor pOor.
Trust neither.
1 Iike neither.
Ali
• lt is singular ",hen it meaus
(everything).
Ali our love is for everyone of our
ch ildrell.
- 32 -
.... L. )i <f- loi (~II.i,. ~ . L...p ifi J.,) ':1
,:,1 L. <fi ~ J,>.:.--- d )"'" .)~
.!lI;' 'J, I.i,. 'J
':'1 ~ ~jJl ':1) 'yi:I' ':1 . ,,\......JI .!J;~
.~t". ':1) ,1';; LJ .;rV
. L...p <fI.} J!i ':1 . !lI; ':1) I.i,. - ..,...,.i ':1
,IS' 'b"""
<i'" lo~ ')ll ilb- .j ~fo . . if:'" 'J 'J>-.f' ,.;. J'
if -1>-1) j5J \.:.,>- y .ulihi
Ali is weil that ends weiL .~ ~ ~ 4.!~ ~ l,. .P That' ail. . .!JJL.. t. Y Li..
** lt is plural. ~'hcn it is lookcd j.:; I~! ~1 ;U~ J (Ali) ,-,.Ps <>0
upon aS:l numbcr of diffcrcnl .:r ~.JS. 4-ïÎ Js- 4Jl indh'iduals or things: .~ ~~i Ji ~I)Î
Ail the people li ke to live in peacc. .r"')....,. ,,} ~1 ~ ...,..U\ JS' Ait my friends are gen tlemen. .~;l,.;. Js- Jti...l...<:>Î JS' Ali of them respect the olhers. 'J? 'lI J.r ~ ~ 1 like ail my friends. . ~ Jli...l...<:>Î ~Î L;Î
E.ch ,}5" (, rW!) Each boy has brought his bail. . ...; .? ..li) Y ~Î Each o f Ihem came al a .~ ...:.j) .j ~ ..l.>-I) Y ~ different time.
Each nighl. we listen to the news. .) .. ~ Su ~ Y ~ ,
E,'cHone ..J..,-\, , [
Everyonc knows his place. .<l..iL<... j fi ..1.>\) Y 1 respect everyone of them. .~ ..1.>1) Y r.rÎ liÎ
If yOll go 10 the stadium, yOll can .;J.;\.5:.,.~ ~I Ji ~~ bl see everyone of the playe rs .~')lI\ if ..l.>-I) Y 4.!j)
Everyone has his own favourite ~b)' 1 ~t.; fi ~..lI ..1.>1) J5' radio programme ~\
Evcrvbodv ,lfi l (i,f) , ~ , }5"
Everybody enjoyed the match. .a:\.il~ j5J\ ~! Her beallty was admired by everybody. .4Jl......:,.; :J} JS' ~i
- 33 -
He tells everybody about his problem.
Everybody knows the f<let.
Ercrvthin g
.~ ,) JS" .r.'-<~! ---'1" UI '(" .~ .JYfi..f cr
"' ~ ! [ .,. Evcrything cames to him when he waits. .J~ r" ,f
..,J.)yi..f Y'~i;it.y JL:.... ~ ~ J!
",r- y
Everything 1 do is for my country.
If yOll wo rk hard , yO ll will get
everything.
Not cverythi ng you say is true.
Man\'
Many kiss the hand they wish ta
c ut o ff.
Many li ke ta pass without doing
anything.
You have made many mistakes.
Many will curse yOll after your death.
Many love ta praise right and do
wrong.
Roth
Bath we re barn in Nottingham.
They we re bath poor.
1 have two brothers, they are bath
rnarried.
Can 1 have bath, father?
Sorne
1 went to the bank ta draw
sorne money.
- 34 -
.~ .J -- \.. ,(" 1 - J'" cr..r-'
<,JAU) ré' J f-"< J I .c,J1 J # J J"';>
. 4---W J J' Cc,..J1 J r'"'< J J"';>
.J.>.i"? ,lk-i ~) .Cil
..!J.; y J..; ?JI ~ ..)--..lI) jJ-I t1.. ..;...,.., r.-<JI
.JkI;J\'
,;".:!"i 1 /'JS
'i~f ,j Illj L..>'JS .~ L..>'JS
L..>'JS) JI.>'''; <$=
'Or ~ .... i , ~>'I .i>-i Ji .:r<.c. J>
..e; •
~ >' -!.L,JI Ji ..;:...,>;
"'pI~
He went ta blly some fruit.
Some of you find English difficult
but il is not so .
Some oflhem agreed ta come with liS.
Somcthing
There is somelhing abOlit their lire.
There is something 1 don'I know.
Something is beuer Ihan Ilolhing.
Don'I you wallt 10 tell me something?
Somebodv
Somebody can do that.
Somebody enlered your office.
SOIl1COIiC
There is somconc behind the window.
Somcone came and asked for you.
Are you cxpecl ing someone Ihis evening ?
None
. ..,WI ..;u., <.? A -,...0;
.."....., ,,;).;'" ""'" ~ . .!-U.i5' ~ ~)
.l... ,.)" ,j>- ";;1) ~
1..0 !:- !_2 . ti'1.,>- .f \.. 'C? !.lb,
. ... f i , ,j !.lb,
.,.5- , ,f J..'>ii oc? ~0 J J.,., Ji J.;.J ·,i
I..o,~
. .!-U; J"'" Ji ,J...<. \.. ~ .~ J>'> \..~
\.0 .... i . i.i.;UI Jl>. \.0 ..l>-1 !.le..
..!.Lo JL) ,le- \.. -,>-1 ~,UI li. \.. I:c..i p J>
!:-!.,.;., 'i ,1 ~1 'i •
None of LIS is perfect. " J~ t.:.,. ...l>i '1 None of my friends is bad. .!:-'..5"'" Jli~i .y ...l>i '1 None 50 blind as those who won"t see. .!...W} .:." - ? pi ..l>-Î '1
.(,...,i) J ~ J-.ill Jl.ii) ' . ..' Ji J J> JI , J-.ill
~- ~, No olle believed him. "..l>-Î <Û..I.....:::! ~ No one can drink the sea \Vater. ~\ !:-~ '-:-' r- ..l>-'ï ~ '1 No one can have everything ,~J5)ç. ~ Ji J..>.1 ~ '1
.( # , , .. ";1 Wb !.lb,)
. 35 .
No one ever repented ofh aving held his tongue. ...:.5..- if i..lÎ L.. , , 1 asked man y questions but no onc ~ ~) ili.....1 oJ.s.. ..:JL... answe red me. - . J.>.\
alher, Another
Shc has no other.
He carried one melon in one.
hand and li bag in the other.
If this pen is not good.
buy another.
1 have bought one and now l'II
buy another.
He had a cup of tea , then
another and anolher.
7. Relative pronouns
Which
That
JM ,,;J
jiWI ,,;J) jiWJ
c> i~1 , ,,.<;1 oc>.;>'Î iJ.>-') 4<..u crJ
o ( ... 'h) ;.;..,k, J->- ..Li!
oc>.;>':Y, -y, J y.,..) -'< J 'd\... .r-'- ~'I.i.o. J\) J!
o.;>'i 'J.>-') .r=-! J'>') 'J.>-') ..:.....r=-' ..Li!
o.;>'i .,s.r=-L r-' .,sWI 0' l,ç J)G"
o.;>'\; .;>'i
J,.. ~I ,.l\.W
{
Whose } W hom
Who
The book which 1 bought is abou t r ~?\ ~.i.I\ ,,"-: .. A:5J\
the Algerian Revolution. . ~)\)-\ O).f.I' ,y-
Those who live in glass houses ü Jo::! d J ~ J.i.l1 '" 'J Y. must not throw others wi th slones .o}.'! •. .::l~ U"'Ullj~ ':J Ji ~ (~j ..:.T'
The boy, whose father is a tcacher, Y" r-Lv oJ"!Î t$.i.l1 ...u}1
is the best one in the c1ass. .~I d -\.>.1) j.aJÎ
The lady, whom you met, is our L:.; iL::......Î l/' ~ü ~\ o~\ new teacher. .o~..L:!- 1
He is a man that cao oever be trusted. . "-! :).Y. 'J ~) ..... 1
- 36 -
CHAPT.E.n4
jThe u erbsj IcJl.:,j)\1 The verb plays the mosr important J )J~ ~i Juill ~ role in the E.nglish sentence. .:i.:!~~1 ~I
The ",b i, a "ord that telIs Jyil J--' WS' r J-Ali somcthing about a person or a thing. . ~~ J Î ~ 4.F ~ ~~
Kinds of verbs JWSl fi ~i 1. Regular a nd Irregular verbs ~~L:Jl J w \rl) ~.:>W l Jw)r\
A. Regular "crbs ~~laJ\ JI.a.iSl .1
The rcgular \ubs arc those verbs in .;l' JW~\ JS' ~ Â:!,)Wl JW"11
which (ED) or ( D) is added to the ~ J! (0) Ji (ED) 4:i Jl.a,; infinith'c in ordcr to form the past ~\ll .y)1 .:.r..# ).l.A11
tcnse or the past participlc J~I r' Ji r J.l..all S. Pas! Pasi partici ple
(I nfinitive) .",...UI JJ"'11 ('"""I
Meil '-:-' )~ Mel ted ,-,b Melted , .... ..1.1 ..
Load ~ Londed ,
Loaded .)~ ;r-Laugh ~ Laughed ~ Laughed~~
Work ~ Worked ~ Worked Jr"" Open C'-" O pened 1:" Opened Cr'" Wa lk ~ Walked cr- Walked ..r' Need b... C . Needed Cb-I Needed Cb...
For the v<rb, th.t end in (Y) (Y ) .j P. ~.;JI JW';J;"..J, prcccded by a consonant, we change .r.fU \.:.j~ JI,..., J ~ J.r.-the (Y) into (1) bdorc adding (EO) (ED) J.,.a.; ,,1 J:! (1) J! (V)
. 37 .
E 1 .rame. ('s: • , .. ., In fi niti ve Simple Past Past participle
Dey ~ Oried Oried Deny .A Denied Oenied Occupy ~ Occupied Occupied Marry C).?- Married Married Accompany 1.,..';1; Accompanied Accompanied Classiry ~ Cla ssified Classified Satisry :Ç," S::lIisfied Sat isfied Tcy )1.>.., Tried T ried
For n~ rbs that end in
(Y) preecded by a ,·owel . we only
add (ED) a nd k ccp the (Y) as il is
(V) .j T" ~ .;J' JW';J LJ, ~ li~ !l r- .j T" J.r-
:../' W- ( V) ..j-:» .Jo.i.U (ED)
r Annoy (~j<) ",W- Annoyed
Play ~ Pla yed
Belray :.Jr Betrayed , Enjoy ~ Enjoycd
The final eonsonan t lelter is doubled before we :\dd (ED) if it is
preccdcd by a s ingle l"owel letler
r Inl"i nitive Simple Past
Stop .....o..i; Stoppee! Fit ,.-!)\, Filled Marvel J->.!.; Marvelled Worship
"""'" Worshipped
T ravel 'L-, .1 . Travelled Control ~I.I- Controlled Kid nap (Jw, ~ ') ...;.b., Kidnapped Drop .hi...., Dropped Admit fi Admitted Com mit ~<;" '? Commilted Rub ~~..!:lI~ Rubbed Rob ..J~ Robbed
- 38 -
Annoyed
Played
betrayed
Enjoyed
•
Past Participle
Stopped Fitted Marvelled Worshipped Ir:welled Cont rolled Kidnapped Dropped Admilled Committed Rubbcd Robbed
Some useful regular \'erbs: , . ~ Illurninate
~~ ,- J~ Neglect
..0..) -. J) Biarne • •
i~j - :;'8.j Confess , ))j Deny
.L,;,Î )Î J~Î • • , "'pl - J..-'I
.:JÎ - 8) - i 'J •
jl - J.r'-! ,-,k - , ~Î . .r
Encourage
Endure
Guide
Hire
Hesitate
Treat ~ - J-~ - cl~
J.ô J:,s - j j>'Î
Fry
Grieve
Grant
Facil itate
Fix
Deprive
Contain
Deserve
Earn
Overtu rn
'F" - f::,.> - C-, .
<.S?~ (~) J8~ , ' . .j.;2. ~ - JO \.,.. j
Increase
Decrease
Torture
Inquire
Insist
Notify
Object
Observe
Poilu te
Leak
Declare
Warn
Usurp
Testify
Jy. - ~) - ~ ~-~
jG - ty - ~ (~ ~ t..:.ÎJ) -;Ji
jy j>- - é? <.S}f - ~j
-.:. :i' - ~ - ~ Prevent
(~ -
;1) j! - ) \j
Jj; - ~Î J-.<:; - "'~~
<.Sr -~j
~ f"'Î - CJÎ ~Î - cL
Jo r:-~ --..JI - b-'J . J
Disappear
Recover (~}f) ,I..:...j - ~ :..i' - '.>'~I r) L5 "
iJ.; - é -R Î Pretend
Produce
St ruggle J-"~ - -">t.- - c'l5' SufTocate ? I}:;';' .' ' t; - ,.A;:; 1
J r' :..;15' - ~li - JI;.
Revenge
SufTer
... h - ~~\ Swullow )~) ~\ - .. bl --A.t ......JI ) L c--:· ç-'
y~ Threaten JJ-j - ).:k..;
Reproach f'J - .:j\i; Profit ~t - (0.;,0'-) if , ti1
~ ~ '. cr: -~Î
).1; \ - ).1.,..
~I . - Reform ..:.,~ - r)j - ~' Mu lt iply J.;.S - j~ - -,,1)
, 39 '
Wither
Wet
Roam ,_...l .. - 'L> , ; - r Sq lIeeze Js-.;4' - .b..;, -~
, '
Shelter J! L;.:I! - ? -~ - <.S JI
Stir f:? - 11;. - .!lj>-
Revea l l' ~ - ;.~ - .. I,i r, ,v ft"
Pro vide l..i - lii - Jy - , ~j . : -ii - is"Î Affirm
Belong
Alter
J!~! -;,;.
B. Irregular ycrbs:
Ali the ,'erbs that don't ha\'c
(D or ED) in the past, arc
irrcgular \'crbs.
OlTend 'jy-:. tft - jjS' Oppose rJli - j.j~ Flatter yl5 - J.Lë Improve ;"')I~! - :;.i -~ Cheat J>- J8-1 - t:c;. - jJ.
J? - jlJ - ,(3~ Exaggerate
Depart
Desire
Adopt
Demolish
Change
.!l; - )'~ - J>-j :;0 - J '
o • ~ )
(~ij) {)li1,) .ft ,.-1>- - r""" -- ' ~. - ~.
.r-"-?
• .iWJI ';WSI _.,..
""" ~ "j .}I JW~I JS' r." ...-"111 ci (ED) Ji (0)
.;;\:. '''jwi
aj lrregular verbs w!1Îch have no change .r.dü l$i ~ i~ ':1 ô.>L;. Jwi - i
Infinitive Simple Pas! Pas! Part id pie
)~I ..,..UI JyAll,-1
Bu rst --1 Bursl Burst , " ~ . C..IS! .,.;.;.; - cs'l' c.\st Cast Hil f:uw.! - .:;~ Hil Hit
Loi .' .!l/-H Let Loi
Sh,d t) - é? -f* Shed Shed Spread , ,;.-.:.:;\ :r-; Spread Spread Swe:1I J'i- - -J/' Sweat(swe,lIed) Sweat(Sweatro)
Rid J' ..;..t;.; Rid Rid
Cut ~/t!" Cul Cu t Bet .:,>,) Bol Bol
- 40 -
bl Some verbs have the same fo rm
In the past and past participle:
-'<r"I ~ t-" JW~I .?- - ..,.. Jyill r-I) ""UI <JI..- J
r Infi nitive Simple Past Past Participle " Beseeoh L;,J - j.:.; - A' Besought Besought
Buy ~ • $ <.Sr! Bo ught Bough t .j8 J8 -Creep • -' - • '$.- ......A>-j Crept Crept
Dig ..:...A.i - ;".- Dug Dug '- ~ ~ Foretell é!y - ,- _: - ~_ Foretold Foretold
sleep .Jj - - -~ Siepl Slept __ ) Î Keep J.> .6l;. - d '- KepI Kept - - ) Lie ,",;;1 - .:-i> Lied Lied Pa y w.,.. ti; Paid Paid Shool (;,;.wl) if) - '-'"'\ Shot Shot Spend (Ci)) ~ - ~! Spenl Spent
SpoLl ..l-,jl - ..;.1;1 Spoilt Spoilt , Think J,/:r<;i Thought Thought Weep ..:-;.j - ~ \Vept Wept • • I..S"" ... Win ' l> - .:..-:S Won Won ) .- , Sweep - 8.1 - .:rS Swepl Swept c -
cl Some verbs have diffcrent ~ ..:...~..,...aï 4J JW~\ ~ - -':"
conjugations in the three fonns: ..:...)ll>- ..:.-,')131 J Exumplcs:
Begin Blow Break Drive Forbid Forget
Fly
In finiti ve
--Fo rgive f$""
Simple Past
Began Blew
Broke Drove Forbllde Forgot Flew Forgave
- 41 -
, Past Participle
Begun Blown Broken Driven Forbidden Forgotten ·
Flown Fo rgiven
Grow p. - .(7"<) li Grew Grown Freeze ~ - J..!..;. Froze Frozen . .' Know F - ji; Knew Known Shrink ~. s::.:., .J..." - .J-li Shrank Shrunk ...,.- .
'. J.~ $,w j)~ - . Sewed Sewn Ride (<;b.,;J»..,h-! - ~) Rode Ridden Swim o~ ..:..i J)j-! - tf Swam Swum Shake ' . Shook Shaken ii) - /' , Spring 1 . - - Sprang Spnmg ~ ~J r'
Remark: there are Intransitive and transI/ive verbs
-!-.JA;. JW& -<-jY JWÎ ~f :b)i..
a/ llltunsith'c I"crbs:
They are the verbs tllat dOIl't take
an object.
Examp/e!>·:
Wc go to the stadium.
The sun shines.
The dog disappeared.
The shîp sank.
,Don 't come Jale.
l didn 't sJeep weil.
Live and let live.
bl Transitin~ ,·crbs
They are the verbs whîch tukc
an object.
EXllIllp/es:
He Iikes rootball very llluch.
Don't expect :lny help rrom me .
• 42 •
"'j:>U1 Jw)'i ,i i>-Î; 'J .JI Jw:", d'
. . . . '; 'J"..,...
. ..,......u 1 JI """ i; .:r' .J.r; ~I 'cP-'~1 .';:";j-~I
.I,,->-Î:.. ~Î; 'J
.I.t,>c lA r.I . ~ il.r.f é' J J->":-.....11 JW)'i ,,,,
• • i>-\; .JI Jw'Jl d'
. .'; 'J;'"
:" .1pS' t.c<J1 i.f -,....; .,;1 . ..;- i -'" L- ",i è ys 'J
ln a few yea rs, he wi ll carn fllme and
wealth.
We bought a new T.V set.
She is having her lunch.
Somc \'crbs tukc IWO objects:
Extl/"ples:
He made her happy.
They found him aslecp.
They set the prisoners frec.
These problems made me tired.
T hi s conversation l1ulde me sick.
2 - Auxilia ries
They are divided into two groups:
Gro up: A = The au xiliary verbs.
Groll p: B = The defect ivc verbs.
A: The auxiliar\" \·crbs
The il llxiliary verbs a re TO DE,
TO HA VE und TO DO
The auxiliary verbs help the ma in
verb ta form the foll owing:
.:..,1 """ j,,;. b J W ~ l , ~ (.:..,1 t'# ~ ~)
: ~
,4,ü J>- )),r-l' Jo',i ..\.il
, W~ ' )-'e-) ..\.il
"L......J' C'...... l.,.<Jki ..\.il
,~i J5'L<..l1 o~ .(..» )\) ~~\ \ j -.:...:.:-- ~l:.il o~
l.,jw.)'1 ) Î l..Wl1 Jw~ 1 , 2
.:.,..-.i Ji .......... if ,i.\<oUI j w'>" :(i) ... ~I ,WiUI j w'>' l :(-,') ... -"",,,,1
,.\<oUI JW~I :Î
,,,Çi J-i) if '.\<oUI J w'>' l
(J-Ïi J-i , .;,.U.. i J-i Jw '>'I .\<oL...; ,.\<oUI jw'>'l
: J< \.. J-r<'; J>- ;""":)i
1 - The tenses ~ }oll - 1
2 · The voice (uctive, passive) J~ ~\; r;.......t! ~I ~ - 2
3 . The interrogat ion r~ 'lI 1 _ 3
4 - The Ilegat io n ~\ _ 4
5 - The emphasis ..J..$" 'pl _ 5
- 43 -
Ive'b 1o Bf - ,-,pl J.;I Formation ,.~ é\:JI
Present r )L.,a,.
Am 0;1
~ ~,~ Ace (-,...1.'-"1) 0o'y0 ,'oy0 ,0o'~ ,y;:, ,0~
Future ~,
ShaH - wi ll + be of.; - of; - Off-,. - Oy0 - 0;1 jy
Present 0-;"- Past ..,..~ Future j,.i:--'\
am .JÇi was (.;.,) 0\5' Will + jJ""
off<- 0y<O + b<
of-,. ,He were J - 1:) - If" sha ll ,
i, 0"" -of< .. (' - .;..5 - ~ r .
Being = Present Participle ~~ r-I
Been = Pas! Participle J.,.wr l
Affirmath'e (orm vl.r~h ~
,,- Pronouns Simple present Simple pas! Future simple"
;L...;.JI .h...., t L;... .. ) .h..., . \.. .. .r .k,..., ~
[ am was will, shall be We are were will , shall be
You are were will be
He} ~he l' was will be
11
they are were will be
• 44 •
Somc cxamplcs:
It is raini ng dogs and cats.
She is an ange!.
He is a bore.
You are the light of my eycs.
They were dead serious.
Vou are just like your brother.
1t was a bad moment.
lt is time to bed.
They a re funny persons.
1 shaH go Tommorow.
Wc will do il.
Nce:atiw (orm
V Pronouns Present simple
)I....AII .J,...,..., t \..4. -' )
1 am not We are not Vou are not
He} She is not It They are not
Somc cxamples:
This art icle is not worth read ing.
1 am not ail right.
It was not a nice time.
,j ,.. ..... . , . 4. 1 L.JQA:I
.(<,\.:5") i) ';- }>.ë 4'1 ..!l)\. 4'1
·(rjJl) Jkll J,Z ...;1
..,r)jd .Ii.". J.' t". Ij \5"
. \..\i ~Î ~ ..0;1 .;.".? <kl- .:..;\5" .>..il
. r.,J1 .:.:;) ,j \.,.. .>..il
.,j ~ .rI.;...:.Î ti'l .Ill ~iL
. .!..lb J-.L ,~ ..wl ~
'=t-
Past simple Future simple'
.J........ 'l. - . .r' ~ J,.i:--was not will/shaH not be were not will,shall not be were not will not be
was not will not be
were nOI will not be
...:..~ ..,;...,. . i, 1,;1 ~ ;.J.>, .r.'- J l.il \ \.i.o
. ri; \.. .}>- .:.-J
. \.i.kJ \:i . (". . 1 - ) .:r" r-
You a re not the master of the situation .
She will not disturb me again
. Ji} 1 .>;..- .:.-J .:..; Î
<,;~ ~y ..rs-J J ,jy
- 45 -
InlerrOJ!:lliw fOrln
1/ Simple Presen t Simple Past
() .. ..,.. Am I?
Are we?
Are you?
Is he?
ls she?
Is il?
Are they?
Some examples:
Will yO ll come tomo rrow?
Were yOll he re yesterday?
Is that clear?
Am 1 that bad?
Are you tired of waiting?
Why are you ail mixed up?
What are yOll planning?
..r"\.. \Vas I?
Were we?
Were you'!
Was he?
\Vas she?
\Vas il?
\Vere they?
Vcrb l' to ben is used to fOfln
:lI the continuous tcnscs:
Examples:
Th~y are listening to the radio.
They were playing football.
They will be doing theircxam tomorrow.
She is getting on weil.
- 46 -
~
F uture Simple "
~
Sha H 1 be?
Shall we be?
Will yOll be?
Will he be?
Will she be?
Will it be?
Will Ihey be?
~I~ ,).;;...... Jo \r-'-JI., c.. J Jo
~ ,......;:.\, l '" ~ - L ~
~~I li" J! 'c?' t;Î Jo ~ )\k'jl ,.:...lJ.. Jo ~J ç.. -/ 1"": H ,
~.hk>.; 1; \..
-t 1;..w.J J ~ r-'"'! -r..wl i.? Jy-l, Iyl> ..w
_"I..o..~\ "y';' "f;;""..1.0;; 1 -.1 -r ~,
Verb "to be" is IIscd to rOrln
bl p~ssin~ ,'oic('
To bc + past p:uticiplc
Exumples:
;;.;.".... ",-Y.;;.J 'ù~' ~ V .. - 0;
J~ , ..,JI 1..." • J"....:l' 1""' 1 + iJ h J..i
The ne\V hospital is built. ...I.:!JJ..\ ~\ ~~ ;; Ji ....r. ...I.:!JJ..1 •• i ·" li . , The agreement will be signed. . JlQ.;)l1 e ~ YOuf services are no longer needed . . ~.,..u:.. J.N ~ -!.J.;L.....I.>-
Crimina ls must he hanged. .~ ft l ..;:.;. ~
Many ho uses \Vere demolishcd. .(~) ..:...-lk .,,:... r-JI.;/ 1? el the subjuncth'e mood , .fl,;j'il M;..P le. E:mmples: , 1" Qi
If 1 \Vere yO ll . 1 \Vould kill him. .~ ~t5:... .:-:S yi Ifshe \Vas a fish.llobody would catch her. .J.>..i u..:llJ:...:,1 li 0:.-.....:..,;1$' ,}
If he \Vere yo u, he wou Id put an end \J.>.. ~ yi ~tS::... .)1.5'" yi to all thal. .• !..lb ~ If he was a lion. he \Vould hunt ail 'vUI JS" v./J)I LL.,..Î .)1,) yi the people.
Vcrb to have
Formation
Presen t ljw.- Past ..,-"\.. Future ~ ha ve ~-~i had .;..5J..-.;).\, sha ll '-14 + j,..
JA (Ipt. will (.J).!.ll.€
has .!lli - .:.Ll.€ + have (.)') (.J)
Having = Pre ' nt participle Jo- ,-' Had = Pasi p:lrticiple J.,...... ,-'
" :'7 -
Affirmath"e (orm
V Pronouns Present Simple Past Simple Future Simple"'\
)l....>.Il l;L.;.,. ,s-"\.. ~ 1 have had shall have We ha ve !lad shaH have You have had will ha ve
He} had will havc She has had will ha ve Il had will ha ve They h:IVe had wi ll ha ve
Examplel':
1 have my lunch at twelve thirty. .~I)? 41!11 ~ JIjJ;. J)L;Î
We had a happy lime al the sca-sidc. . .. ~l!J1 Js- \....::1 l::.i) ~
You have my ward.
They have il grcat many things to do.
1 have a reaso l1 or my OWIl.
He will have finished his work
Ihis evcning.
Negalh"c (orin
, Present Past
1:)':0.. .... \.. Has not (hasn't) Had not (hadn't)
Have not (haven·t)
Examplel':
1 haven't any idcu.
He has not any choice.
She hasn't ally rriend in the c1ass
- 48 -
. .}.r-< .!l ~ i .op> J~i ~.u
• CL 1 <5 s::.;; <5.u '-'" _ r . ..w c#l.û J~
.,UI Il.> , -II -. ~~
Future
~ ShaH
} ."Ol +h,", \ViII ~
.o.f.> <.fi <.f.u ..:. . :i . ~ '-'1) )t,>- ",.u c.r-J ,...-'l' J ,-,<-'-" ."i \;<.u ~
They have [lnl gal experiencc.
You h:lvc 11111 gUI Ihe ambition.
Inlcrrogalin' rorm Have (in Ihe appropri:l1e tense +
Exampfe.\·:
Have yO ll anything to say?
Has she reccivcJ her letter?
Subjecl .
. i.r." r-".u .;.". y. 'i . c.rk ~-~ J.>,. y. 'i
r~~1 .....,...,
~ J -"" \.. .!J,.u J.'> ~4:iL-) ~ Y.
Shall we have ;\ serio tls wlk? ~\.!..\.:l:- ~J.>. "::"'J.>...::.j ,Ji w y Will yOll have dinner with me tomorrow? ~ !..\i. '-tI'" "L.!..J\ J)O j..t> Have yOll a lot of Iroubles? ~~\.:.\.1 ..:.r \~ ~..u ~ Had Illey reviscd their lessons before
Illey went ta bcd'?
ImpcralÏ\'c t'orlll:
A. Affirll131h'c ImpCr3lil"c
I-Ial"c + Object
Do hrn 'c + Objcc!
,,<>1.11 .r' 'JI
JS' jll .r' 'JI
God. have mercy 011 me.
Have fai th.
Have patiençe.
Have the cOllfage ta face life.
Have 11 good time.
B. Negatil"c Impcrntil"c
Ncvcr h~n"c + Objec!
Don' t han + objeci
Neve!" have faith in liars.
Don't have mercy on traitors.
Never have a secret discJosed .
Don '1 have him herc.
- 49 -
....,..,~jJ l j.:.i r-'-" ))J 1~1) ~
~Îr!1 J! ...... ') \ ~
~I z'~1
.JJi " <f'">;1 .Lor J
.1)-,"" J . i\.)-l ~I} ~
.-!Jjy c! (,,,.dl /il) ,-,+11 .--'
. . I-'..<J\' IJ,Î '" 'i I..f.:! .. 1,.>
. u,.::\.J..1 J>- F 'i . ~ \, IJ,Î c:-ë 'i
.b <i;i 'i
The usage of nrb "10 h:l "c"
A • As a full ,"erb:
to express possession
ln conycrsation, GOT is
of tell added.
Examplc!i:
She has fi lot of English books.
Ali has a fai r complex ion.
1 haven't 1l111ch mo ncy.
They have privale cars.
We had no IÎme 10 spare.
B. As ail auxiliar" "crb
rO (ofm the perfecr tense
'..u.. ï ~J~I
e~ ,~ .i ~I..,., ~
U~ (GOT) ;ws- ".)1..;0;
. ,;:;li,\.:1 J •
. ,,~'J I ~I .:r .?JI 4<J.!
., L.,;", .j>- i A
.,,,..w' .:r p:..<J1 cfJ.! ~
.wl> ..:,.,\}~ ... tT. ..u
.~ u) l,J.! ~
~I..,... , ~ . ..."
r I:J 1 .J') l ""fol Fu ture Perree! Present Perreet Past Perfeet
ShaH } + P .. S! H"') + P oIS! Will h<l ve Participle Have Particip1c
Examples:
They have done thei r besl.
He hasn't finished his homework yel.
Wc had discovered the truth.
1 had never seen him berore.
Wc will ha ve prepared ol'··selves
by the end of the year.
- 50 -
Had + Past Participle
j
'r-"~ c5 JW> I}..c .J.i!
• ..M.,. ~l) ~ ~
.:ü,.iJ-1 ~I .J.i!
. j,i .:r ,) r-' L.A;i l;'" J,j j rC
·rWI "'4-'<
Ycrb to Do ~" ! W
formation -Present t JL;... Past '-""\.. Future JL--'
do j-W-J--'i (0)
J.-.i; -o~ did
does j-W
Doing = Present plIrticipJe
Done = Past purticiple
USi":e
Yerb to HOf)!I as a full l'erb
10 express pcrfur,ll ill!! an action
Examples:
.. - • \.: • .J.,;.! ShaH } Y;\....
d o
'r wil! 1..I~+Jy
. k . )\..<, J./ .-J .
y\i r--I Jy-i-or--I
J lç-"c .. :'J 1
.} IS" J...iS" .. J-di" J-i J-i Ji ~ ,I,i .:r ~
What arc they doing? ~.)~ bL.
He will do his best ta win the prise, ,o)W-~ jyiU o~ !.SJ\....a! J~
They did thcir work very weil, .1* ~ \yl ..ûl
At Rome. do as the Romans do .)L.))I ~ L.S Jo.il L.)J .j . (r-")." "--', \..)
We have do ne il as yotl likc. .~ L.S ~l:.::lf ..ûl Vcrb to "DO" as ail auxiliary \'crb ~\....0...4 J.a.AS 'J,Aj1' J.-..i al to Corm thc ncgath'c ~I ~ ,;.r..# li
Do not (don't)
D oes not (doesn' t)
Did not (d idn't)
- 5 1 -
•
Exumples:
1 don't lîke the talkati ve persons. .,j.ut!;.I\ (..!"~~\ ~i 'Y
He didn't tell the truth. .~\ ~ r..l She doesn'l respect him. . otA .;i. 'Y 4-il We don't build castIes on the air. .~\~, J (Ij~) t;')ü 0 'Y ~
Vou didn 't lislen carcrutly 10 his advicc.
bl to fonn the interrogative:
Formatioll:
Ooes Do
Did
+
Does he like English?
Do yo u prerer rcading?
Did Ihey belicve you?
What do you mean?
Where did yo u sec him?
How do yO tl come 10 school?
Subje<:t
cl to build the cmphalic fOfln ofvcrbs:
Examplej':
1 do see him every day.
She does trust you.
We do hale cowards.
He does see lire .
They do love hîm.
- 52 -
(J "";1) J'd J")
+ Infinitive . ?
~,,;# 'YI ..,....." J' ~i,I.r'l1 J.:..ii J'
~!ljL J' ~..l....aZ I.~\..
~~i) Ji ~,-).ul Ji di,; ~
:JW~I J.fb ;,;.,., :#,>.J le.
dl to make question tags:
Examples:
Hedoesn'tcareaboutthaL doeshe ? ~~..iS' ~; . ..!JJ~ "'::"'f-~ '1 <01
Vou understand me, don't yOll? ~~..iS' ~\ .~ ..:.Li She di d the ri ght thi ng, klJ.iS' ...,...,JÎ , ~Irdl :.;,>- c:.J.i .li!
didn 't she?
We don 't deny your rights, do we? ~.:.U..iS'~; ,..0i ~ .f..;:, '1 ~
el to give short ans\\'ers:
Yes, 1 did.
No, she doesn' t.
No, 1 don·{.
.:J.i!",
JAAi '1 4' l "jS'
"jS'
Please do.
fI to express urgcnt requesls:
Do help me this time.
Do trust me.
gl la forlU the IIcgativc Impcratiyc:
Don ' t disappoint me.
Don't do that agai n.
Don ' t blame me.
Don' t tort ure her.
B - The dcfectives
The defectÎ\'es do not folio\\' the same
rules of ordinary l'erbs.
- 53 -
J-".i' :, k pl t' .le- ,II :f: r::tdJ!)
,(.:1,;<) ;)1 , j", J~L. '
,(~ JJI,) ~-'-"
:, # l """" .ri,>::J ! <$
,.}' ~ '1
, <,; li .!.ll; JU' '1
'<F'~ '1 .4;.i...; '1
UjUI Jw~1 - ..."
... I} &' '1 UjUI Jw~1 .l;,WI Jw~1 ~.r'
Present
shaH
will
Can
May
Must
Ollghllo
Need
Used to
Dare
/t../~
..)r-
"'>y
~ ~. , '
4') 'jJ
Ji '. ~
r-"'r}···· b\w.... j\S .....
Ocf('cth'cs are always fo llowcd
by the infiniti\"c.
Pa" /...?\..
Should
Would
Could + intinitivc
MiglH
.... infinitive
Examplcs on the usc or the ~~~, ! ~ ~1
"efecl ivcs ~W, JwSl
The beadmastcr wouldn't come IOday. .r.,)1 p.J.1 .j~ .:)
1 would ralher wail ifyûll don't milld .. L.ù\...o ..:...~:.JJ.:..r~ ~ b!).1..:i')l\ .. J-~i Vou would better star( al once. .JlL\ J Î..l:i .Ji ~ 1 would l'al ber SI,lY al home J ~l J ~~\ ~i in Ramadhan. .J~) ~
- /" é" . 1 can speak many languages. ....:....W ~.J..Ç. r-L<.....;I JI ..,r-"'f Vou can llse Illy lIbrary if you bl .r~ ~k... ')Il ~LS:...~
want. . ...:.....:)
- 54 -
He CêllÙ bclieve yo u.
You can have Ill y car ir yO ll
are În a hurry.
Can yO ll get ro und that?
1 ca n see the diITerence.
C m wc talk?
Can yOll give me a hand?
1 cOllldn't remember h is \lame.
COllid yO Ll d o me a ra vour?
He couldn' l hclp her.
,~~ Ji )J.4: '1
.)! ,j)L,.. JL..,.,...I ~
.~ ci ë.-S ~ -'..l); J>- j<WI .!..L~ J
. J.rJ1 ~ ),i ifl ~ l...o ..:, -""'" .) i J-c. J
~ ,j_,A..... .!..L~i
.~I.? _d Ji ~I ~
~~).J'" JI <.?.J.-:i J.l;;-'>-L. ~ ~
He l11ay cOllle within a rew minutes. .Jfl.i.:l ~ J)6:. ~ 4") They ma y go wit h us. ,L:..v J rit. 4") May 1 use your telephone? ~.!.li # J\.......:......~ J ~Î
They might nOI pass the eX'lin. . Jb...;;..)1\ .} \~ ~ l/) May 1 join yon? ~r«,JI ~L...;,,;'1t, J .) ~ J- ' The martyrs d ied so that . j)?)rl ~ Ji ~î ,J" d~\ ..:...t...
othe rs might live.
1 ll1ay be olel bul l reel yo ung. ~\ -,r-<J) ..:rJI .r-$' j..fi -li ,
.~L:. if" Il might be il tra p , ,(o~) I..:;.....! li.:. .j.r~ Jj
Ma y yOll be happy. .o.:l\.........J\ .!.1l ~\
M ay you live lo ng. ..Br-'" .jJ\ J\.kÎ , . ,
May a il yOuf dreams co me truc. .~')\:...\ ~ ..u\ .... ~ YOll mU SI tell the t ruth ,J.:L \.ri- .. ~ ":l) J.:L I J ';; Ji ~ and llothing but the truth .
- 55 -
You must rcvise your lessons.
berore the cxam.
.:,L.. ).J) e-\; .Ji ~ ..)\,.;.. ~I J,i
YOlt must Ilot drive too fast. .;..:. ~\ J .1;; ':} .)i ~ You must Ilot miss that film . .~I \...Î.:l ~ ~ ':} Ji ~ 1 must sec him now. .0':;\ ~\) ,Ji ~ You ought 10 respect your parents. .~..ul) i.ri .)i ~ Sneh a monkey business . ~~I Jl...>-~\ ~...Î.:l ~ i~' ~ ':J
oughl not to be donc.
You ought to look beforc you leap. .;."k>- -$Î Js- iU,;':}' j:.i )1;; ,Ji ~ She ought to stop ealing too .,:..d) bl ',.$ §t- ':} ,Ji ~ much ir sile wants to be slim.
You oughl Ilot 10 go beyond the ma rk
YOli nccdn't be hmry.
You ncedn't come back.
YOli needn't have answcred ail
't he Qllest ions.
People used to think 50.
1 l1scd to go to the sladiulll
cvery Friday when 1 was in the
university.
Thcre lIsed to be an army camp.
Hc used 10 live alone.
You !lever lIsed to trcat me
like th is.
. 56 .
,:loi" :'~.J 0)-<; .)Î
.cLl li> j)~ ~ .)Î """""
.;J."...JJ .;' 1, ~
..!Ji, ri .;'1, ~
J- ;" le-JU t 1, .'.lL.> .:.r<o. r-l . ., .Uc..~1 J'
..!..lb .) A ;fUI.)\)
..,.....J11 Ji """,.il 1 ..:..= 1
.j ..:-S L.= ....... (fi J' ... , .. M·I
.~ I.f-... L.> J.o,. fi .)\)
.~..J...> -' ~ 01.5'
'-'<,.hll '-4< ej-L.l..i I-,<Î cf.; r-l
Dar..: he spcak (0 her ?
She d'lfe IlO I refuse.
How dare yOlL say slIch a th ing ?
IThe ' ensesl
Thcrc arc threc main lime divisions:
"/ - Tlle Present
2 • Tile Pasl
3 - The Future
Thcrc are Ilnce main forms
or lc nses:
A - The simple tenses
B - The continuous censes
C • The perlect censes
A - The simple tenses
Thl' present simple tense
1 - Affirmative farm
The infinitive \Vith L we, yotl. chey
1 Iisten
Wc li sten
You Iisten
They lislen
~~ jl)/,! Y. ,~)i .)>- ).J. 'J 4'!
" 10' i. ,<' Jy <5"" )ç ~
l ........ j~11 :~) ~j tUÎ;;~ ..l.>:-j
t.;LAl.I -1
.,....,111 - 2 J,iW1 - 3
~, ": .• /"j':; ..l:>:- ~ ~.J)~ ~
: '-'.. },u
l.h,....,J1 "") ~ 1 -1 ir-ll ",,)~I -..,.,
... 1;;)1 "" )~I -t ;ih ",II L',"ll .i
.l:,....,J 1 E) WoU 1
.;;w~\ 4...i.......o -1
("r) r-t> (-:..Ni) ~i ,.:..J ,t;i ~ )~l
~I cl
<,?""" J'"
j y....a; ~I} d j' y.-.a< r
The Infini tive + S \Vith the third person sÎn gula r (he- she-it)
S+ ).c..ll (he , she . il) " ,;lI -,..)WI ~
He lislens
. 57 ·
Shc listens
Ir barks
l\~ B: l(;e ad(/ ES
• ES for vcrbs cuding in: SH • CH • O· SS
~</' (ë") (JM ~) </' / r ~~ :~.,k.; J
i.}WI ..J)}-4 <,pl JW~I (ES).i>.b
Wish - catch· ki ss-Go
He wishes to sec you
Sile catches the .ball
He goes to school
She kÎsscs her baby.
•• 1 ES· for verbs ending in (Y)
preceded by a consonant
and we omit the (Y)
Cry - Crics
The baby cries
Dry - Ories
. ..:J.;..~) j.....J.. '"' ....:; 1 - .t 0.:; . .1"" <
. i .r<J\' .!.l-.i 4-'1 '-) _u.1 JI ..,...,; ';1
. t.. 1 ;, 1. '1 ~...r.- ~<
(Y) ..J.?'< '.,: \1 Jw)iJ '-,-J\,
JL.. j.?'< Jr-1' ( lES) ~) (Y) ..Ji.., r~
tr"" - ~ ~ JAWI
He dries his c10thes near tbe fin:.
~
.)U\ ~} ~;A. ~ ....:;1
J)i>."
".5- J5' ~ J)1.i 4-'1 .jJ1 ~ .2
Try - Trics
She trics 10 unders tand everything.
2 - Negatil'e lorm:
+
The other PronOllns +
Does not (doesn·l)
Do not (Don·t)
"pl .J.<UI wJl . -• 58 •
+ Infin itive
).l.all
Infini livc
She docs "01 gct up early.
He dOl'S liaI kce p his wo rd.
We do "01 hate yOll.
They do liaI a ttend the meetings.
3 . Interrogative form:
.C.r~ ~)I +; ....:.....JS • .::.:>v ) ....; \
\ ... - ,
. ..:.>t.Y~ 'lI, j)~ --; ~!
e~")\ ~ .3
Docs ~ Third persan +
+ ~;:\ ~W\ ~ ) -'-.d l
With the othe r prolloull s:
V~rb 10 Do
Docs he play chess?
Dacs sile listen to music?
Do yOll pre/er il cold drink'?
Do the)' accept the proposaI?
The main usages of the
simple present.
+ Subjcn + Infinime ~ "
~ Co.k..!J1 Cr) ~ .r .~y-I! V) ~ J-'
~b)~ ~ . ' )...:U;" ' J..r-" ..... .....
~. ~ ..JI l)~j \.::> '-' ... . .....
'-:--:l t 1 .;., ~ l.A:...> ~I
. .h,...J1-t ,i.=ll
1 - To express faets or genera l ;...\> .;.,~" .;.,WI } ,yIA>-I Y ~ stalclIlcnls
A . Etcrnal faets:
The eart h movcs round the-~.
The sun fi ses in the East and
se ls in the West.
Il rains in willl er.
l n Sl1mmer il gels very hot
in Ihe Sahara.
. 59 .
<
(-"'" 'i '" ~) i. Il \.>. • ;5\,i,.. -1
. .....-:JI Jr- 1..~ J~l\ -,..iU) J ~I ..... j ~ ....-:JI ~~-
.-' ,il! .j . ,\.:.!JI j J=!. L;;!
li". i"".L';, i ,1 ).1 ~ ....A;-.d 1 ci .,1 ".....dl ,/
B· Special fucts and genenll sla!ements: ~ ,~li>- , .... ~ Jl,ii - ,-"
1 like travelling very ll111ch. .I.?' JI.>-)l ,,-:--,"""i
We bclievc yO ll. . ..!..li~ ~
Active students alwa ys work hard. .~ j~ Wb ,-\k.!.J1 4bJI
Bad people !lever tell the trllth. .\J..:.Î JJ.....a.l1 j} ~ 'j /,;. \;1
c - Provcrbs (;);ÎJ.I JI";:"I) J\;.:"I -1:
Advcrsity trics friends. .,-t:i~ \;1 ~ jJI..l.!J1
Oiamond cm Oiamond. ·C.f'UI F V"111) ~ ~J.J.-~ J..!..u..\
A wise hcad makes a close mOlilh. . 04.iU jL.,., ,y yW\
Acis speak louder Ihan wo rds .J\j:.y\ ,y ~i Jw\;\ A light pursc makes a heavy heart . "~I )-'-" JI..;.
r i J>- J-i'.Il5" ;....all J ~I .rJ1 J>- J-i'.Il5" Pl J ~I)
"'-'1)4-- t:.,.; l,l5" r Ji ~ 'i)
JW~I) .;.,I,WI .:r ~ - 2
;)#1
You can Ilot teach an old dog new Iricks.
2 • To express habils aud
rcpea ted actions:
Pupils go 10 school every day.
1 revisc my lessons bcfore 1 go ta
bcd every night.
ory. § '-).0.1 Ji Jr"~ .i.,.-)ldl
"r.,J1 cP <-? ))> t""1) <l,I §
, 1 shave and have a b:llh cvery Frida y. .~ r Y- J5' ~i) ,..;;~ j,!;-i
1 have a cup of coffee cvcry morning. ·C~ J5" ~~ j~ J)GÎ
3· To express present actions ;.ri''J.-\ ~I..l>-'i\ ~ ..rU - 3
, ' 1 understand yO ll very weIl. . L~ ~\
- 60 -
1 live in a very nice house.
That makes me Ceel quite sick.
1 Ceel lircd out.
He repcats what he says.
Devclopmcnt starts with people.
The past simple tense
Formation
Affirmative Corm:
Weak verbs:
.~I) i.". J.r- j ~i \;i , .
. jI.r-:-'>'L "":'1 ~ 1»
. ,tp '>'~ .,..:.i . J"", \.. ).f-, ..;!
. jL....;'>'L i"", (tJ..i,Jl) WI
.k.....J\ ! gèUI
.. ~ ,?::lI ..;.. W~I ~
:(~I) <1.,-,)1 JW~I
Wc add (0) for vcrbs cnding in the "owcl (E) .
. (E) .:JJI .j r~ ~ .;lI JWSU (0) ~ Wc add (ED) for the verbs ending in a consonant Wc add (IEO) for the "crbs whieh end in (Y) preccded by a l'owel.
.;lI JWSU (IED) J.,.A; J Jt... .j.i'" ~ .;lI JWSU (ED) ~' . (!l f"") .;,J .j.i'" ..; J:-' (y) .j.i'" ~
Examp/es: (D) , dance - danced ..,.;) like - liked ~I
hate - hated if live - lived " li. cf
separate-separated j} ,j.:,; serve - served rJ.>. receive - received ,.w hope - hoped Ji EXUltll!./es: (ED)
, Cl\.>. annoy, annoyed (:" 1 betray, betrayed . )
play , plllyed ~ stay, stayed .:.S... . ~ . , ~
spray, spmyed ,
delay, delayed J"I ,J>-I of)
. 61 .
EXlllllp/('.\·: ( / ED)
cry. cned _1..0 L ..
:J:J
~
supply. suppliee!
envy. cnvied
dassify. da~si lled
Natif y, Notified
; .; Yy.<.~
r i - »-1 Strong verbs (lrregu lar verbs)
occupy.occupied ~ - j>-I muhiply. mulliplied Jû;.L.
copy, copied c-' apply. applied -",1 certify. certified J f ,~
IThese verbs should be lcarn! by heart:l .6i Ji ~ JW'l1 ,.i."
-,..!iRJ
E.Wll1lp//!S:
Dig Build Bring Bleed Flee Forelell
Nega tive (orm:
Subject
EXfll11p/es:
1 did not sec him.
Wc did not believe him.
..i' ,"'" J; ~/
Li
+
+
They did not discliss the matter.
He did not get up early.
Sile did not catch the bus
Interrogative (orm:
Dug Buill Broughl Bled Fied Foretold
Did n OI +
+
• Dug Buill Brought Bled FIed Foretold
cf'll ~ Infinitive
J.w11
.• ) r.l . ... ..c.a; r.l
. ./! 1 1""':'; L, r.l 1';'" Jo.B r.l . w lJ-1 J>-li r.l
r4,.i;....~1 ~
Interrogntive Pronoun + Did + Subject + Infiniti ve + (rest of sen tence) +?
- 62 -
Examples: 1
Oid you mect the Minister? ~ . 1\ ..:....L\i 1 ~ ..J..JY . ..r Oid he help yo u? ~ ~~L.. ~
Oid they arnve on time? ~"-;--"'UI ...:..J}I J \~) Y. Oid the workers go on st rike? ~ '-:""' \~ ":J \ JU\ &G y. Did she win Ihe prize? (~~JL;...~ ..:..jI'; jA) ~~JL;...I ~J jA
Did 1 say something wrong? ~\.6..,:.. ~ ..:..Ji jA
Did your brother retllrn from abroad? ~C)L;l.... \ .:/ ~ .)\J:.. y. The main usages of the ,,-,",,1l1 .J')J <,...,l)1 .:;,>jl.A:.....>j1
past simple tcnse
[ - Tocxpress pasi repcaled actions
Examples:
.,...., III .) i ).J.:... J W i ,y- .,.,.,.dl - 1
Last year. 1 played tennis every day. (Y- J5' ?I -,...Ji G.S
. ,-,""Ill (WI
He always did his best. .o..lp.-- uJLa; J~ Wb .)lS'
She never spcnl her money foolishly. .~ !A.)yii ...j ~ J.; ~ He often set his face (0 opposit io n. .4..;:. J\......,jj LS...I.....a-::.: t... t)t&. ..)~
They kept thei r failh with us. .l..o r~ ~ l.,kil>- .ci!
You never la id me Ihe truth. . . -
.1-,,1 J.,.<JI ~..LA; r.l He a lways went to cxtremcs. .0'\11 .) ,-pL..:,) j).;, Wb jl>
They always paid him in the sa ille coin.
Wc look a bit o f wa lk, cve ry morning.
After lunch, he slcpt a while.
- 63 -
.<L.WI ~ Wb .;..~
. CL." J5' )\,li ~ 15
.,I.\Al1 .M; )\,li (c, jl>
(~.1 (c, ,IMI .M;)
2 - To express ac,ions ,h .. 'ook i ~ J~ .:...J J Jwi .:r ...",.,u -2
place du ring a pcriod of lime in the past .~Ul J j")' ~ The l)a51 simple tense is usually ;~\s. ~I ~LI.' ~
uscd will! time indicato rs such as: ~ ~ j .JI} ~
lronce UpOIl a tlllle (~~I J (ft./ I)L~~.)l5" Las! Monlh
Yeslerday ...,....i Las! night
LaSI week ~lll t"... ~I Las! friday
Las! ye<lf ~U.\ ï.:...J1 Long aga
I~' 199' 1991 (1. J Ago
Examplt·s:
-?~I ft-'JI" ~ll\~\
~ll\~\
0J.W1 :;t.. }}\ J ~o.J...b~
Why did the trame stop las! night? ~~U, U)J\ )))\ ~.T ..:.....0 i bU
Our tcum won the match yeslc rday. ....r" ';~ il)J\ 4) C:!J , They cul her out. . ~ 1f.1v ...\..il
He rcceivcd a letter from his falher -G .,..ut)..:.r .;JL.,) ~ ..w ,
a wcck ago. .~ t.r.-'" We enj oycd our holiday very much. . L:.; jl:.:-I.,. \~ ~\ J..i\
l lived in London fo r ri ve ycars. ''':''\.f-'"...r->- o.:ll J.\:J J ...:.......:.s- ..w They went 10 the wcdding party la SI Friday. .~I1\ ~\ jlj)l :ü..i..,I.. lyA)..l.iJ
The fururesimp/c tense h, ...JI , ~.ë·; .ll
Formatioll alll/lisage. .J~'il) ~#,
AffirmatÎve fonn:
A ~ Pure future:
~W>'I '"
~~I~I-i
'J J '-?-) t>- Jo lyoJ\ ~ Js- J.i:-l.1 ..;, -'>- ...."." \."'" ..,aJ t>- \ J.i:-I. \ j.o.o;--,
.";'~I ~\ '" Ji i,')~ ;;~ .ù 0fo
Pure future is uscd whcn the future action dcpcnds upon sOllle external
factors and not on any person's will or intention.
-64-
1/ + Sha ll/will + Infinitiv~ We + Shall/will + Infinitive
Vou + Will + Infinitive
He + Will + Infi nitive
She + Will + Infinitive
Il + Will + Infinitive
I\, They + Will + Infinitiv:;
Examples: •
1 shall see you tomorrow. .I...\S:. !.lI} ...
We shaU have dinner at my house. .~ J s:L!.J\ J)\..:.:.:...... •
She will Iravel abroad nexi week. .J,.il.1 /:..."...- 'JI UlJ-1 J! )~ He will be of age next month. ·Î.')\i.!\ ~\ J.!.)I j"" ~
They will gel what they are Jooking for . . 4!,j~ L.. Js- 0~
The president wi ll give an important I.,.~ ~\.b.:. ~)I ~
speech thi s evcning. ,s:Ll\ Lk
B - Coloured future
We lise ,,,;s type to falk abolll
fllturity mixed with sOllle other
feelillgs nlc" as
Determination ~I ,(.rJ1
Promise ~}t •
Commnnd ~I '/"1\
E:camples:
You will pay dearly fo r that.
1 will meet you Ihis morning.
- 65 -
v UJ.~ .:.)11) .:. fol J,.a;-ll -y
J,.a;-ll ,J' uJl 1':" J..."-' .:..rAI1 J,.a;-ll .:r ..."dJ
Willingness
Threat
Obligation
J!.o cS/Î .r~ <.?)I ,..,.)1
0,-4'11
Jw, '1'1 !Li
.l,I~ .!JJ, ,;rS c!~ .CL.al1 1':" ..!..U,\;Î J Y
You sha ll do as 1 say. .J}Î I..S' JU' jr-All shall be weil. ·rlJ! \.,. ,js- j ~ ,..;. J5' - , , . 1 will save yO Ll the trouble. .~l::.I..\ ..:.J.#. Ji)L..
We will never forget that as J.>- L.~ L. ..:1l~ ~ J long as wc are living. ô~\ ..l.J
You shall have this over my dead body. .? ~ :Jl -!.).b Jt:.; J He shall tell the truth. .'-.i,.i.J-1 J-", j r-
It shaH be donc immediately. .JY-\ J ./ ~\ J ~ C - Immediate futu« (<$)-,,"1) -,..;.;AII J:.i'-ll
To express immediate futurc, wc use the present continuous tcnsc
Examples:
He is buying a new car soon. .y} ;;...l.:!~ ;;J~ I.$~
She is getting married soon. . Y} [J?
He is coming to sec me this morning. 'c.~\ \.k ~J'4.J. ifr They are leaving at six o'c1ock. ,4...,..;.U\ 4s-U\ Js- jJ);'~
Wc are go ing out at seven. .~LJ\ ~U\ Js- Cr:---
FU/II1'e ;11 tire past ~U\ J A.J\ ;'L.:J.\ ~\
Examples:
ShOUld } + Infinitive Would
He said that he would be faithful to me J l..aJ.:;...... J ~ 4.i~ Jti .ûJ
Shc told him that she wo uld tuke ~ ~~ ...; r .. J ..vJ
care of everylhing. "-r ~ She thought he would fo rgive her ofTence. 4ï,L.l J' j)~ 4.iÎ 0~\
- 66 -
1 wantcd to know if you would
come with us.
She sa id that she would be my lady.
Negative forro :
• . L... .j1:-.
..r)j J~ ~l .::J.
,El ....,..., V Shall
Should
Will
+ Not (sha n' t
+ Not (shouldn't)
+ Not (won't)
+ Infinitive'
+ Infinitive
+ Infinitive
'-.. Would + Not (wouldn't) + Infiniti ve,../
Examples:
He will not send an answe r.
Yo u will not sec me again .
They wo uldn 't accept your invitation.
They shaH not agree on th is.
We will not congratulate you.
Interrogative form
(lnterrogatiw Shall
j '" Qi
V,.". Jo--' J ."'C .jl; J
..!J; r' Ij,<, J .U .• Js- 1.01.1' J
.ê.l4' J
pronou n) Should + Subject + Infinitive + (rest of sentence) + ?
Will
Would
J'Lill + (J-'ll) J.w11 + (<1..).1 y,) + ~
E:wmples:
Will you miss me indeed?
Shall wc go to the thea tre tonight?
Sh,d l 1 begin work now?
Will this bring about good results?
- 67 -
•
~lÂ>- .j~ Jo ~ <l,lJI ,.i. Cr .... li Ji -.,.....i.e- Jo
~J'J I J..JI L,i Jo ~i.l;e- C!"' .!.lJ; ~ Jo
Will you take this wornan as a wire? ~ ~ ~)j oi)1 o~ J:Zi Shall ! keep waiting for ages? ~,,4-i '1 l,. JI ) lk.:i'11 J ""i J>
Going ro' '1l,;1 ,1 Il~ lt is used to express futurity coloured with intention or a feeling of cerlainly or probability
",,1......-'11) yi ~ tr.all J,i:;-ll .r ~ (Going To) ~AA:...J
. J l.:.>-'11 ) i .:r.,A,l ~ It must nol be used to express simple or pure fulure.
• J ~ •
. "-":lI ) 1 .k,...,I1 J,.<:-ll .r .,.".:lJ ~ '11 "'"'"
Examp{es: 1 ,
1 understand what you are going to do. ..u...; ~; L. ~\
He is going ta buy a new car. .o~..l=o:- 0).::-..... t..?~
ls she going to walk home ~ ~\ Ji ~l;:..,. ~ or take a taxi? ~o?i o),-=- ~L ~i When are you going to finish this work? "J....J\ \~ ~ t?
It is going la rain. ."L.....J\ ~
She is going la have a baby. .b}.,.... ~
What are yOll gaing la have for dinner? ~"L:..J\ J JS'"\; 0i ~; bL.
They are going ta hold anothcr meeting tomorrow. .\..\..C:..ri "W ..J)~
He is going ta start work right now.
She is going to ring him up.
The continuous tenses
Formation:
.1)"; J-JI J t.A-. ~t. " JL..,,;'11 -'<J 4-i1
;,..;;..J.I <:.,. î:ll
",#1
Affirmative form. .• ':A,l'11 ..,..,
.iJ};pc <J' 0 ~ yS.J" <J' j Y' ~I <J')I
- 68 -
1 - The auxiliary (TO BE)
in lhe appropriale tense
2 - The main verb
(VERB + ING)
t,t.:... Am ls
Ace
r'--'
~" ....... ) (";:"') : .. U , J-.AI' - , J ,} .!.ll.iJ) ri .:..)-'>- .::..;)
• . JF-l1 J )1 ".-"lll J ,t) ..dl
':"-"'-1 j Y. '4') :."....,:)1 ri - 2
.J>-\; r-I ..". J .j~) <il;
..... ". ~ W" shall be } Were will be + Verb + ing
r'--' r'--'
He is playing He was playing He will he playing
......L .il . - . -,...1,JIS' -,...1, Jh--
Negative form
Be + Ilot + Verb + ing
He is not playing.
He was not playing.
He will not be playing.
Interrogative form:
. -,...1, 'J "'! .-,...1, ~ r-l
.c,-JJI J 1"...,...... J~ J rW; .. ::l1 ~
Be + Subjcct + Verb + ing ... + ? :J
Is he playing?
Was he playing?
Will he be playing?
- 69 -
~-,...1, Y' j> ~ -,...1, J IS' j>
~ -,...111 J 1"...,...... J h-- j>
Usage:
The continuous tenses are lIsed when the attention is foclIsscd on the action itself as a primary whercas timc indication comes in objecth'c thc second place .
......., ..;.,J.l.. 1 Jo-~ ~l..:> ~I ,,\5' I;! \.. <JI>- .} i r=-ll ""J'JI ~ . .,.;\:JI ~I.ill .} .,.;iJ .;)~ ;;..; ~ "t" \..Î '.,.-t...Î .» Jo>
The present continuous tense ~\ t 1L..a.ll
Usage Jl..o:....~1
1 - This lensc is lIscd to express an action that is happcning at the moment
of speaking.
~I ;;..;) ";")J.l.. 1 .} r"-' ..;.,~ ""' .rU ~ .:r' JI loU -1
Examples:
Il is raining.
You are asking for tro uble.
You arc hid ing the truth.
1 am not blaming yo u a l ail.
Your ea r is bleeding .
Am 1 intfuding?
1 hope 1 am nOI disturbing you.
She is gctting worried.
2 - To express the neUf future
Examples:
1 am not coming here uny mo re.
Evcrything is going 10 be a il righl.
- 70 -
. (";"-l>.; )dl J)} ,J'II) ~ 4'!
.J>~I ""' ~ .!.1) ~I ... "·1 •• ~.;.N, . ,
.J)U.~I Jo- & }I 'J \;1
. t.,..) j? ..:J.;~i .:>1
(~~) t;Ï Jo) ~jh;i t;Ï Jo .~ C~ j! ) .\...4.0 .)'pi ~i y )
...;Iii ",iJ., .li!
~.J'iJl J.4-l.1 if .,.,.;dl - 2 j
.<.Sf'i if G> J! .,.;i J ·rl..; l.o Jo- .) ~ '</- J>
You are spoiling the whole effort.
." Certain "crbs are not gcncrally used
in the continuous tcnscs. Thcy are:
A - Ycrbs of perception: •
s"" cS)
Smell
Taste
B - Ve,.bs of fe (! lùIgs amI
S1u/es of mimI
• Love .:..,..1
Hale ,j'
Notice .b-'i
Believe ~!
Know -.Jf
Care -:-p ! 'r i Like ..;..:.-i Oislike ,j'
Recognize .!l ) .>1 ,.y.;. , Think - s::; Jj...47 - r' Understand r-+' C - Verbs dcnoting rcla tionships:
Belong 10
Seem, appear
- 71 -
lib*", Y ~ .:11 J--1'i ~ JwÎ !lia ,
: <l') .,...=-.lI .J')I J (!lI),~I) "";-1 Jwi -i
Hear
Touch
Fee l
e::-cr1 ri
r WI .r irll Jw~1 -..,., .f..iil .:" -; \,. )
Remember .fj;
Forget ~ Mean ?
• Wan! .>1)
Forgive e; L:
Recoileci c..w ,j'j;
Galher t"'" Su ppose .J' .r'!
Wish .si ,~)
Refuse ..,a;J Observe .b-~
Appear
ConsiSl of
Con tain
Suit
Own
<?~
'-:-" l.! 'rl~ é..L4
ln thcse three cases the present
simple instead of the present
continuous
EXQmpfes:
Ha ve, possess
Matter
Fit
é..L4 ./'1 r-"
r!':!., ,~ tJ L:oli J.4.i .:.., ">i':I1 .:,,'i\>.1 • .\0 J
U.4l1 .:r 'J ~ .l:,....,J1 V Lall
.r-J.I
We hear the roar of aeroplanes everyday Î ~ § .,:..,\)lb.l\ ~ ~
We smell fumes come out ~\ ~I))I )~I.: ~
of the facto ries. .~L...J.\ 0'"
We sec heaps of rubbish everhwhere. .:"t>'.,. y J 4.,.L....i!\ il.!i )~4 ...voL:.;
1 feel a very sharp pain . .)~ ~~ ~\
This shop belongs to my family. ..}5W -!,l.l. (0\5' JJI) ü j\.J.-1 1.\0
1 suppose they want to sel! it. .~ .) )..I.:!.;:! ~t ..wi They hate singing but love music ~}\.:" ~ JJ) j:W\ l>y:. ~ ~1
1 smell something burning. J ~ j:-? ~\) r--=-i She tastes the quant ity of sa lt in the food. il...bJ\ J eUl ~ J)..i; 4-il That suits me very weIl. . L.IJ 0""l.! ..!.lJ~ 01 However, these "crbs can be used in the present continuous whcn they have special mcanings
4l0h. 1.0= ~I U.4l1 J 4l~1 ~ Jw~1 ,.\o.:>li , .!lJ.~) ..... \>- 01.0.0
Examples:
1 am seeÎng her off at the aÎrport. •
. ).6.1.1 J ~')L.. 1 am seeing you tomorrow. .I~ !l1)L
- 72 -
He is feeling his way in the darkness.
Are you forgetting your promise?
* Usage of the past continuous
. ·i)I.kJ1 ci '-'<Jo ~ .01
~ ~~ J <f'l;:;Î
,...:....11 ,,..p 1.\ 1 J 1...0;...1 •
1 - To express an action which was going on during a certain time in the past
...... \11 J iJ;A' .;J J J')I.:. .;, J~ 1 J Ir-' "IS" .;,.\>- .:r p,& _1
Examples: l'i .1
They were studying ail this morning. 'c.~\ LiA ~ JYJ~ IiI.$" .ûJ
1 was hoping against hope. . ~ J-Î 'Y ~~ J J-i J
Were yo u spying on them? ~~ ~ J ~
They were plundering. .) ~ IjlS J.il
She was busy doing her homework. .J)I ~\}I ~b~ ;j~ ..:...ilS' ..ûJ 2 - To indicate that an action was going on at a time wben anotber action
took place:
fi Jd .w.; ~jJl .;J .,II J Ir-' "IS" (~.\>-) ~ "i ~.P - 2
Examples:
While we were studying English,
it began to rain.
She \Vas relu rning home, when
the thieves kidnapped her.
.::.1" ".r.li. '1' 1 cf)-" \5 L,;
)ai ,\...JI
\..= -:..,JI Ji i.llt? -:...;IS" ..Li!
. cT' ~I 4Al=' 1
While 1 was sleeping, the telephone rang. .....Ai4Jl J' f. J;, Wli ..:...5 ~ , ,
While the teacher was ;c.... '1'1 JIS" L,; 4.,t? ~I ..Li!
talking 10 her, she fainted o ut. .I.f.v ~ When they arrived, we were watching T.V. '\~J \...~ jW;J\ .lAl.!..; l:S' ..ûJ
While he was playi ng football i..Li!1 i.f ~ JIS" L,;
he fell and broke his arm. . .u;.\), .r-S' J ..k.i....
- 73 -
Usage of tlle future eontinuous: ~\ ! }...i:;..J\ ! I~\
1 - To express a (uture action I~ i.;~ ~ 0'" ~ _1
that wiU bc going on at a gh'en lime. ,~I J ~ ..:.j J J ..!J J»I J Examples: •
When you ca li me up. 1 will be ..)"s-L ~u. r..I ~ \....J..:s.. ~ .,
lying in Illy bed. .~\) J \...L:l
What will you be doing tOlllorrow? ~\...l? .J...A; j ~ -$ll\ L.
They will be working for two more ~..u. J-ll J J)~ weeks, .. ".t~\· ",:, i .~,~ • V~ J"""
2 ' To express definite future: 0)11) .IS' jll J,A:-li .:r ...,,& - 2
Examples: jj
• • 1 will be seci ng yau in a fcw minutes .. (., .. ,'Jli.) J')\:.:. ~ j çL..) ~6- ..!.ll:oliL.
We will be Leaving in a few days. .,j:!).'ltA". j ~ Î~i ~ J)\>.. The bus will be moving in a few minutes. .Jm.) ~ J')\:.:. ili1j.1 !J ~
The Perlee' Tenses:
Formatiol/:
Affirmative
4.,...\;.l\ 4.,.:....)'1\
",#1
.:..t,:'Y1 ~
::.rJ? if J~ tl;)l if)!
l ,The auxiliary (TO HAVE) in (.!,.I.l.Î) ... WI J.-'ll _ 1
the appropria" tense .j~ .!.lI.\J) .!J.!.>-I e}) .;,-'j e;-PY- r) J,i::-ll } ..,..,UI } O...J.I J
2 - Thc main \'crb (past participle) J !J~J ~)I ~\ _ 2
, 74 ..
...., r:J1) J.,...u 1 1'""" 1 jJ ~
.(,,1; .!J.!.>-I . W ~ -:.J\':JI " .. -v')
l)L,;...
Hos
Have
They have come
They had come
They will have come
Negative form:
"",L. ~ Had Shalt haVe }
Will have Jyil' t'" + PllS( Participle
to Have + not + Past participle of the main verb
They have not come
They had Ilo t come
They will nol have come
Interrogative form
,)~ ,.-1
I)r"->- .û If.,s:, ,.-1
I)r"->- .û If.,s:, J e~':; .. ·:)1 ~
to Have + $ubject + Past participle of the main vel'b?
Have they come? ~\)~ ~
Had .hey come' ~I)r"->- .û IflS' J> Will they have come? ~\).......:=- J.j If ~ .Y> * Usage of the present pcrfcct (ense rl:.JI t)1..4l1 J~1 Q
Il is used in the J ~ following cases: : 481 .,:.. :ILl!
al to express an action which ~..r! .l.:..a f ~ r:r ~ li is just finishcd (Ô F) 0 ~
J have J' lIst received yo ur letter ~ ..:..J \ .. ~L.. ~ ~ ~)cr- J .
She has just fini shed her work :J I.>- 4L>- \'.:..;.;1 .til
- 75 .
You have misunderstood me ~ ""Li .li!
He has just phoned me , " . ' ; I:.A;\,. , - " .li! .r-- "" " <$ ..r-
Have you heard anything about him? y"", ,..;- <$ i "'--"-" J> b/lo express an action that bcgan in the past and is still going on at present
. .,.:-1>-' ci}'? 'r--- J'j~J ..... 11' J Î.., (.:- .... ) J.i,y- ""dI!y
Examples:
• He has lived in Algeria for • .:...1..,.:--~ o..u )I.J.' J J~ .J...ij {)
nine years (He still li ves in Algeria). ·UI.J.' J ~ JI}.,,)
• He lived in Algeria for nine yea rs .. ..:...'f- ~ o-U ) I}-' d J-~ ..û! "
(Now. he is no longer living in Aigeria). .:}-j\ U'.J.\ J w~ ...loo.:! ~) Wc have learnt Spanish for two ~ o..u 4l:--'.lI L..J.,.; J.il
years (still learning). .(~ LI j'1)
1 have never secn sllch a wOllderful film. .;,y)} o~ t.....Y LI.) ..v.L:J ~ They havcn't finished yet. . ..l.oo.? ~ \* ~
1 haven' , galle over Iheir answers yet. .~ ~~~I ~,) ~ He has always becn dear 10 me. .Js- 'fi/' Wb j\) ..tA}
1 have never heard of that. W • I~i .!.lI~ c:---Î ~ We haven't decided yet . ..l.oo.? .J~ ~
cl to refcr to the present result of an 41J..\ ~\ J! 0 )L.;..J'J Ir::...
action ~
Examples:
He has ruined his career. .dl)" " ~ .J...ij
1 have read many English ~Ij -y5 ,y Pl ...:..Î} J.il
grammar books. .~#.'11 ;.JJ\
Shehaswrittenmanyshortstories .. ~~I ~\.J r.SJI (~) ..:...Jl-Lil
" 76 "
They have enjoyed their stay in
Constantine very much
We have revised nearly half of the programme. .~li).1 ~ ~? ~I) ..lÂl
He has given up smoking.
1 have had a rough time.
You have done enough work
for the day .
.0»'...;)1 .:.r tlii ..Li! . L....= \,i .::......;...i..Li! .. ).
J..JI if ,,~I ..,. le "---" ..Li!
·r ..,lI 1 have missed yo u .!J;J...Â;;ÎI .J.Âl
He has broken his engagement with her 4-.:.- ~"b>- t-' .J.Âl
dl for actions that took place al an ci J J ..:.J...\.>- ~I J~~I Il indetinite time l..b...t ~
Extllllp les
1 have seen Ihis man before.
Have you seen the film at
the cinema?
He has often treated her nicely.
1 have often heard people
saylllg 50.
We have already sludied Ihis subjecl.
You have told me that before.
'cP if Je-)I I.e. ..:..,ij ..Li!
YL.:.,...JI .j J' ).,.11 ~I ..:..,ij Jo-
. ....Ah!, 4l--t.." J IS" \.. I.,I~
..!.J); J}.ri< cr L:J 1 ..:......- \.. Ir.>
'cP if tr"}1 I.e. L..j , ..Li!
. cP if .!.Il; If.r." i ..Li! - For actions that took place at a definite time , the simple pas! must he used
. .b,-,JI .".:-111 J\.wo;...I ~ , ....... ci) J .;.l .... ..rI JW',ij ;.,...J4 -1 heard this news las! sunday. ,~lI.\ ..L- 'YI ~I 1.lA ...:.....-.-...
He met his friend a t seven o'dock. .~UI ~UI Js- ~...l.,.::o JI,; ..!..Al
- The present perCeee lense is usually used Ol\&. r\;;11 Û\..:I:ÙI ~ -
with the Collowing lime indicators: 4iWI ~)I J"'jJJI ~
·77·
5incc -w Already (t.i, l..) J,i ;r Ever Wb (\~i
.. Never \~\
Just J,ü .G ,<b.JJ1 ,'16- Latcly \?Y 1\~1 50 far j'il cr Not yet .Cv ' . '-'""" Up to now j'i' Ji Up to the present ?]J..l .:...i ,li ...s> Now j'YI Today r.J1 This morning C~\ Li .. :. Often jl,>-';, pi J ,U~ This week tr-'11 li> Always Wb
This month ..<-'!' li> This year ;.:...JI o..iA.
.. Present Perrect and Past Simple can be round in one sentence \Vith S INCE
.(SINeE) c: ,-,>-1) lJ..." J .!:,-,II ".., ~I c: ~I.f< ,) fo ~I:J I U.Al.1 -
Examples:
.. Since they arrived here, they have
made a lot o f problems.
.. We haven ' t received anything
from [hem sÎnce they lefl.
.. They havell't come here since they
fini shed the work.
* Since: from a fixed lime in
the past up till now.
cP W 1 Cr" ?JI ,;-,>-i -Cil -
.LA ~r"') b
-lc< r+" ,,,r. cfi Jl:; ,J -.1yL--J Ji
Ji b LA Ji 'A ,J --J....J 1 ' .. ".3
...; .:....G-.....o ...:...j) :.A.:,.o .:>
* For: for a length of lime up to now
JJI c.? ""Ill --:...i)1 Cr" ~ i? : ,.Il •
.J'>I c.? .~L. 15 i.u \..l..b J)L:;Î ,J
...L- b J ~ 1
1 haven', caten for lïfteen hours.
He hasn't \Vritten to me since his departure. .. J ... r-'
She has lived in Oran for seven years. . . iJ.. JI .. ).,· c:...,;.~ .li! -<oh-' c:- .T '-'
Vou haven't spoken to me for more tha n
th ree duys.
-lc< ~ ,J -!.Li . -ri'; ;;)\;
. 78 .
He has visited me cvcry day for the
last fonnight.
He has telephoned me every
week since the beginning of the yea r.
* Usage olt/te past pel'{ect tellSe
To express an action that was complctcd bcforc: :J.,i ." J-.i ~ ~
.r' i "'" \.. J'" - Î "",11\ J .:- .:-ô) - .."
.j"-Û\ J y\..
A - Ano ther past action
B - A particular past lime
wc have in mind
Examples: • ! Jo oi
- He lold me that he had met ~lQj if .P J.i ..;~ J j..J -her at las1. - .\..r.>-Î
- He had studied an English course ~#. ':JI 4iû~ ~I.i /. v J:) .J.iJ -. , before he started working with C::' .J-..ç. I..l::! 01 J:i an English Company. ~#.I ~ ;:,.
- After wc had finished dinner wc "L;.J\ W)w 0\ ..l..oo-;> -
lalked a bit .~ uJ.:i
- She thanked him for what he .J...i L.. Js- ~ ~ .J.iJ -
had done fo r her. .4J.:.:-Î if
- 1 gave my son the present which if' ~~I ~I ~Î -
1 had boughl for him. .J ~.r-\ .li d - After Ihey had gODe away, he feliionesomcness. .~) ~ ô.k>-.,.t~ ,r::. .ûJ -
As soon as they had a rrived, they \)J~ \~) 0i :) ~ decided to leave .oJ:)WI
- 79 -
The past Prefec! tense is used with
the following time indicators:
Defore
After
As soon as
Example:,.:
C;' rl:l l Ii"lI.l ~ :<,;"JI .",. yi Jl'i.lll
Already J' if Until
When
He said that he had al~eady visitcd Algeria. .y.y JI)-I )j ~ ~~ Jli -•
1 knew that tbey had gone ta the 1..r.A-> J.i ~~ ..:....J; ..li! -
cinema. . L..;,...JI Ji ACter wc had had tea, wc relaxed .
They cOllld not arrive on time
because they had missed the train.
They d id not know the truth
until they had found the cvidcnce.
When he had finîshed his work he went ouI. .C? ~ ~i \...~ -• Usage of the future perfecllense rt;J\ ! h·qp JI ( 1Jr;.:1 *
p To express an action that will bc :~ ~ ...j r Jd ,y-~ complcted before:
A p Another future action
B - A particular future moment
wc have in mind.
Examples:
They will have fin ished the
project before next summer.
- 80 -
.r' ï J,.i:-- J-.i - i J,.i:;-ll J iJ:!U cJ J -y
."".\JI J JlLo
Urtl if 1.*1 .(i If ~ ·t,WI ~I
- He will have telephoned us befo re
6o'clock.
- By nexl yeur, 1 shaH have
written five plays.
- We shall have done everythi ng
in an hour.
..... >UI ~UI J,i c...,5 ..li J;-L e\.iJ1 ~WI Jp,.,
..;..,\,,>-r-" ~
J ',F- Y u.... ..li J~ -.~L.. jj;
- 1 hope yO ll will nol have forgotten ..li J~ 'J JI y) .-".11 Jl,l~ ~~ J yOuf promise by tomorrow,
The Perlect Conlinuous Tenses ~ ~\ ~t;j\ w./i\ Formation :, '!:! tf.!1
C 1'0 have (in the appropria te tense) + been + verb T ing ~
:if:! f" ;r ~I ~WI ;r)1 iJfo;. } "'-pUI JÎ é:}~1 (BEEN) ~WI ;r)1 J .j4J (BE) ~UI J<.ill
.~I -.,.-.- ~I
Usage ~"'I
* The perfeet eontinuous tenses arc used ofo-LI ~WI :i.:,..j~1 ~ .. to eXI>ress the duration of an action: :~ /,~I ~ ,~
J - Up,o ,Ire p,.esellf: :?lj..\ ~yl? -1
- Prese"t pel/ect COl/tÙl/lOUS ~ rb Cl l.,;:..o
- He has been talking sincc
he arrived,
- They have been working for
many hours,
2 - Up to a certain past time:
- Past perfect continuous
F JI) .. Y'J J.'-"J .L.
.(t. \6;i;1 0 J»
J ~ r J i-'<_\.Ç .;..,~L.. .L. -
.(t. \6;i;1 0;»
:"'"" .,.-"" ci J ? - 2 .r'--' ~ li .,.-pt..
- 81 -
· When the te lephone rang 1 had been
sleeping for len hours.
· He had been listening IO music
for several ho urs when
his falher returned home.
3 - Up 10 a certain future time:
· Futu re perfeet continuous
At the end o f this year, 1 shal l
have been teaching English for
fifteen years.
. .c-t.L.. i? i..u t.,JI .j ~}<:--I ~ rU e-'-' Jly. 'J Jl5" -
1.o..J.:s. ..:...\s. L.. o..w .,.ul) J..»
iJ:'-' J..<;--o .::.J J .? - 3
.r'-" t~ j,i:-- -. . .l.i j çL.. 'tWI 1.Loo <,1.;; .} -
<,# 'JI Wli ..r-).J;; ~ .~ 15 o:Ü
By the end of this month, he will have
becn play ing football
j ~ ft-'-ll <,1.;; c: t-CiJ 1 i.? ..,....J .l.i
. .c-I.f--" é'-" i:Ù for seven yems.
- 82 -
CHAPTEDS
The interrogative or Questioning
The Interrogative form of the vcrbs can be made as follows: ln case of the
simple present and the simple past wc introduce the auxiliary verb "To Do" before the subjcct.
.k,...JI tJ W:lI Al 1>- J :.}. W- JW:,u .,.~ 'il AA,..oJI iJ fo ~ \.il 1 J.,i (J-.i;) ~ WI JMlI J-.-' .k,...J 1 -F"I1IJ
r. \..,;v{ Does (it-she-he """
(j Do hi,. + ee-}+ Subj"" + Infin"'" + (Ros'of "n:onool + ?
, ,,,,C D,d('.I"'+ee-l + J-WI + ).c..ll + (<W-1 ~l + ~
Do you believe me?
Do yOll fee l weil enough?
Docs he make himself clear?
Docs she agree to work with him?
Does he know the motive?
Did yOll visit Oran?
Did he want to see me alone?
Did they come by train?
ln case there is an auxiliary:
There will be a subject inversion
~)W tif. L. Js- ,!.l; t ~ J" ~,.LAi ~) J"
~ "'" J-.JI Js- wlr if J" ~c'I:UI j fi J" ~ .)If') "" ~j J"
~ ,1';;1 Js- li'j~ ,,) J" ~ ~ \k.iJ l, 1) j \,,- J"
,~L.. .y..; 'y.J AlI>- .j , -"1, ~ loLilI . -...Li, 1/" "·U é"")."
..Li ..\?WI J-ill
Auxiliary + subject + (verb + ing) ... ? :J
- 83 "
Presen t Perreet Past Perreet
l , Was + s + v + ing? + S + V + ing ... ?
Me Were
Present Perreet Past Perreet
Has +s+ verb +ed? Had + S + verb + ed . . ?
Have
Would Will Should Shall }
Can + , + verb? Could May + S +
Must Ought (verb) ... ?
Mighl Need
Dare
J <,]....Î )1WÎ ~\S" , Ir- i-",WI JWSIJ <,.....JI, J..-;-J ~I .i.) .i-"'w )1WÎ ) <W-I
- ln ail thcse cases, the answers .,:.,t~b:- 'il !J~ .,:.,t'i1J.1 ".lA ~ J -must begin with "Yes or No" "'i Ji ~" ;.y !Ji ~
Examples:
Is your rather al home?
Is her mother angry wit h her?
Is the teacher absent today?
Are they ail traitors?
Are they still playi ng chess?
Have you anything rurther to say?
Has she hea rd abou t that?
- 84 -
k . ..,,)1 J .!Lul) J> ~4.:.. ;.,..;,~ \;'..ul) J> ~t.r.ll ..,.;~ ;~ ~I J>
~;.; -"" ~ J> ~tJo..'.lI J yJ, I}lj LoÎ
~<.S.r'Î JljÎ .!.l,..u J> k.lJ.i, ~ J>
Have you been there? Y.!.I~ ~ ~ • •
Can one command love? Y~\ ~ fi jl ..l>1 ~ ~ •
Need yo u leave 50 soon? Y~.;-ll o~ ;.J.>1;....ll ~ G-i' ~ Dare they speak 50 about us? Y\.:s.. lfu ~..lJ-I Js- 'j/,:! ~ ShaH we ha ve sa me coITee? Y;~\ ~ J)L:.ii ean you describe yo ur home- town? y'.!..~J.,. ~ -' ~ ~
• • Might they come this afternoon? Y ~\ ~ \j"~ jl ~ ~
Can you prove it? Y~) .. :.A~\ ~i Would it surpri se you to discover the truth? y~\ ~ Ji ~~i
Question words
Who? j>WJ Y./
Whom? Jyuill Y./
Whose? .!lJWJ Y./ (.})
What? ,l;.. SI.! Ybt..
Whîch? JI.::>:-Al ~~i When? .)L.)J d-'
Wherc? .:>l5:...U ~Ji Why? Jo )JI Ji ~ YI;~ How? JI.l-I } y,..<.u y..;..,>
How many? 1,-" ,.s-How much? (.r"') Y}""", L.
<..SJI i - J Who? Subjccl
It is uscd for pcrsons
to ask about the subjcct
without subject inversion
- 85 -
How old?
How taH?
How hîgh?
How long?
How wide?
How deep?
How large?
How fn r?
How henvy?
How fast?
How orten?
Yrs- \.. U). \..
Yt lii) \..
(if )!) YJ). \..
YJ>.r \.. YJ.->- \..
Yt L.il \.. Y~ \..
• YJZ )1 Jj) \..
y~ j" \..
Y'/ r5
J'I,;,.;..~~ Jo""1 ,;r JIJ-ll Jo""1 -,Ji J)-'!
Exumples:
Who met yo u first?
Who a llowed him ta get in?
Who told her thi s nonsense?
Who can la y me a hand'?
Who wish to drive him to Blida?
Who put off the light?
Who cou Id survive the accident?
Whom? Object
~..,} .!.l.t,t; :/'
~ J y' _>Ji, .J c--- :/' ~,I...oli li" 4J J\i :/'
~ô~LJ.1 J.; J -'-€ Ji ~ :/' ~ô )l,..-J~ ô.yJI J! .i>.i J ~ .1- :/'
~(CL.dI ) ).,.01 w,i ",..\JI .:.r ~ ..:..~u- \ if ON! ~ if
"J.,... It is used: 1f'1.>-:..)u
to ask abolit persons (complemen t) or objeet. ·)Jftl Ji J.,.....J.' .:.r J'J--ll
• WhOIn \Vere you talking \Vith?
1 was lalking with the landlady.
· WhoIn did they invite to the pany?
They in vited most of thei r friends.
· Wholll did yO ll aecompany in yo ur
journey?
1 aœompa nied Illy yO llnger brothe r.
· Whom wo uld yO ll like 10 sec?
1 would like ta sec the head lllaster
of thi s school.
· Who1l1 could yO lL ge t in touch
with?
- 86 -
• !" Qi
~ ~ .o.S .:.r c: -. -;.llll ;w.. t... c: ~-""i .o.S
\}J-I J! Ir' .:.r -. ~\i ..... i ~ Ir' J..iJ
.'J... ~I .:.r -~;j,.) 1 . . ..;
.)0-->'->1 ....... i ~I J..iJ
~",jJ J 0; ",..\JI .:.r -J..J..,. ~j) J~)
.4..... )..ll\ o~
Js- .ft Ji ~I ",..\JI .:.r ~ ..... JL.a;1
Whosc?
1 t is used for perSOIlS to ask about the possessor
".rJ1 ,?L.o, ~ ~I ~ Jlj-lI ..,.,I,;.;.'>I! ~ Examp/es:
· Whose gardell is this ?
lt is ours.
· Whose is this dog?
lt is mine.
- Whose Illfl1 is it?
It is hers.
- Whose is this beautiful house?
It is Samia 's.
· Whose book did yO li borrow?
1 borrowed Nabil 's book.
· Whose poem did you learn by heart?
It is El Moutanabi's poem.
- Whose hOllse did the thieves rob?
They robbed ou r teacher's hOll se.
Whal?
il
~ o~ if ~J.:,- -
.«U 1·'1. Lâ,..\.>. 1· '1 ..,... • '"ë-'.
«oC.>- L.o Cf" ~ cJS:J1 Ij", J. -"JI} ~ '-'1
~..:.r" Jj:J -
.• 4J. Lo. JY '-'1 ~ J,J-I .::..dl Ij", J. -
.~L.....:..,..., ~\ . ... ~..:.. ~\ if '-:""t:S' -
. J,,; ,,",15 "" .;" ... .1 .li!
~ -,...Ij R y -:..JID- Cf' i.J.,..ci -
• ~ 1 i.J.,..a.i 4'1 ~..,.,.rdJ 1 Jj""" Cf' ~ -
. ~;l:....1 ~ I} j""" .li!
A - It is used to ask about things in gcneral IISubject or Object ll
." ~ J.,.... )1 ,yli" \.. ~ .\,.)~\.:.f" Jlj-U J..-:-s-I
Examples:
What is wro ng with your wateh ?
Il loses five minutes.
It is live minutes fast.
- 87 -
~~u '-'? b\.. • .fli, ~ i;'-b 4'1
..fü,~
- \Vhat places did yOll sec?
1 saw the citadel and the old
royal palaces.
- What wo uld he say about liS?
He wou Id say we are not polile.
They are intending 10 occupy the building.
- What so rt of men is he?
~L< Jyi,-- I;\.. -
. i,. . l;t J . . J)i,..,. /. . ~
.~I J~I J)Y. ~1
~Y' Jl,-)i J ti ",Î -" "" " He is a serious onc. . Î Jl.,.o, ~\.:.:. t..f.h:-~ 001
- What do yOll hide under yo m overcoat? ~~ J ~ bL. -
Nothi ng at aiL . J)I.k 'lI J>. '<? " - \Vhal do Ihey want?
They want nothing.
B - to ask about a pcrson's profession
\Vhat is he?
He is an cnginee r.
He is a dOCIOr.
C - What ... like?
- What is he like?
He is la ll wi th broad shoulders and
curt Y black hair.
- Wha! is (his bird like ?
Il is like the owi.
- What is his work like?
It is no t good enough.
. 88 .
~ J )--4..1- bL. -
. ~ Cl )-\!,,< "
~ 4.0 .r Jlj-U -y
~ "'+' \..
'J'-4' "1 .~ "1
~l .:r Jlj-ll ''"
~.JS:.::. \.. -. <'.1 1· 1. " ·1 ~ v"'-" J'y " •
. ~ .) r...Î .."..::. ) ~ ) ~ )\kJI li.> J-<":' \.. -
.... r.l l ~ "1 .~';"Î\..-• u-~)
." l6jl ..,; l< I.l,e- ~
Which? ~ 1$1 ft is used to ask about a limited ~ JJ$I )~~, 4.J" Jlj-lI ~ 0
choie. ~ Ji ,t,.:..i "-' .:J' ,~ 0" JI) .. J),
Examples:
· Whieh o r these singers is
yo ur favollrite?
· Whieh one do you ehoose?
· Whieh priee does suit you?
· Whieh hand do yo u use in writing?
- Whieh sllbjeel do you prerer?
· Whieh o r thcse girls is your sister?
When?
• ..,.l>...\. i "-' .:J'
, éJ, j,. "".,111 ,'! Y. .:J' <? i
~~I •
~)~ o...l-I) I.?' kl.,...l, j'-' <.Si
~;,,1.:5:J1 = ~ ~ "i ~J.'W t.r" y <?i
~ ~i ..:..L::..JI o..k <.SI " "
* Jt is used to ask about the lime .~)I 4f Jlj-U ~ 0
· When eould you see her? ~LA\j 0Î ~ r..? -
· \Vhen will these da ys finish? ~Î~)rl o..k ~ ~ -- When are yOli going to put lin js:J \...l-~ ~ -
end to ail these troubles? ~"--",,W.\ o..k
· Whcn did yOll see him ror the last time? ~o/ ? ~ "-=:!i) d-" -
Where? ~..J.!1
* It is uscd 10 ask about the place .IJ~I 4f Jlj-U ~ 0
• • - Where are you? ~~I JI
• • From where shaH we start lhis year? ~ÎW\ \..k \~ JI if
· Where has she been? ~ ~IS' Ji - Where were yOll gOÎng? ~~\.) ..::...:S Ji Ji
" 89 "
Where ca n 1 find such ac reature? ~Jfol L~ J!-o ~Î,,:,i ~ Ji Whe re d id you waste ail Ihis lime? ~...:...i}' L~ J5' ~i Ji Why? ~\JU
If is used to ask about the reason or purpose ..f' j H J1 ~\ .:.f' J'j-U ~ Why didn'I you listen 10 her? ~4-:Jl ~ ~ bU
Why cou Id you not come earl ier? ~\~ .J..,...aJ-I ~ ~ \.)U
Why ' Ire yO ll bored rriend? ~~...L..,.::. ~ <.#~ ...:..,.;i bU
But why? ~bU ~)
Wh y do you prerer ro ma ntic poet ry ? \s-,jl,.. ))\ ~\ ~ \.:oU
How? , ..;..) . -It is uscd Co ask about the manner
or stafe
- How is he gelling on?
- How did Ihey know Ihal?
- How arc yo u now? Do yO LL rcel
bette l"?
- How d id yOLL get thcrc?
- How cO llld 1 know that he
is a cunning person?
Examples:
;yi$J1 .r Jlj-JJ J.-::-i .lJl.>-l }
~.w. .j .r.-' ...:..? -~.!-Il; I} f ...:..? -
~ J> ~.J 'JI .!-Ill>- ...:..? -~~
~.!lu. J! ..:.L) ...:..? -"'~ j fi .Ji J ...:..? -
~.?\.. ~-
• l 'i Qi
~ <$i - L - .? - .? - ~ - ~ - How o ld are yO ll? ~.!l r rS -- How much d id Ihal cOsI yo u? ~~.:o ..!..LJS' r5 -- How long ago was Iha l?
- How orten have 1 asked yO li
10 stop wasting yom lime?
- 90 -
k.lh .JI) ........ ..y <$i L -
:':""<0 .;,i -!J.:.. -:..J1 iy ~ -
~$)~.r
- How long must we go on waiting?
- How far is it from Constantine
to Annaba?
- How tall are you?
- How heavy are my bags?
- How many friends are yOll
going 10 in vite?
- How much does he owe yOll?
- 91 -
~)\k~ 1 "' JA-- <.? ? '.6' • if ~WI rS
~;.,~ J! k U). \..
~~l.i.- :.Jj) rS J.lli ,1i_,.,,'1'1 ,~ rS
~I""" y-'"-' k JJ . _ -'-"... s:,
~- .T r·
CHAPTER6
Active and Passive
Voice
A - Active Voice
("..,.J .... lJ ~'
cJ~.JJ c.r.J' ...
* The "crb is in the actÏ\'c voiee ,,.hen the subject is the docr of the action .
. J..ill ~\i JA i~1 iJp., \.-'" r~ .,r.ll ..,... J J..ill iJh • Wc ail love our country ~.lL -....,..; l......>-" . '. ." J"
B - Passive Voice ,l~ ..;JI ."" The vcrb Îs in the passive \'oiec when the subjcct undcrgocs the action.
th ;?.ill JA LI:.,J.I iJ fo \.= J~ .r.ll ;;.;.,.... J J-Ali iJfo • . J-Al1 ...);
Our counlry is loved by us
How to for," the passh'c voiec:
t...,...". \;... y F'"" ~-lI,
" l.."..u, \Ml' .i-< ..;,..5
The passive l'OieC is formcd by using the approprialc tense of the verb "to
ben with the past participlc of the ,'crb
1'"""1 t''' to b," J-.ill..,....,L\1 ..:r' )1 rl.l.%:.....~ J~ .r.ll ;;.;.,.... iJfo • . J-Ali J"....
Examples:
Sile sings Hice songs .
• Nice songs arc sung by her.
She sang nicc songs.
.. Nice Songs \Vere sung by 11er.
. 92 .
, ;,,;j,J "t?1 ~ . . <!
. '-.L 1 ~ .. ';,,;j,J ~t?Î • ~y .
She wîU sing nice songs. . i..iJ:J J\.i.Î ~ Nice songs will be sung by he r. . 4-=k--1):' ~ ~ 0\.i.Î
She is singing nice songs. .4A.J=J J\S.Î ~ '+il Nice songs are being sung by her. ,4-=k--I):' J.N ~ J\.i.i She has sung Ilice songs. ,~ J\S.\ ~ J.AJ
Nice songs ha\'c been sung by her. . ~IJ'I ~ ~ 0\S.Î
"By + Agent" is always omitted, "~WI + ~I)!" o)L:;..jj).
where the doer is either c1ear from l,.l j&-WI I.Jh ~ WI~ the meaning, of no interest ~i I.$~ ~ ,~I ,;r ~IJ or unknown to us ' ~J;A-- ~ Ji I.:J
1 - Simple present, past simple and future: .6.:-:31 ~\J ~1l1 ,t)l.41\ -1 , Present
'? Is
~ A"
Examples:
The shock dazed him
• He was dazed by the shock.
He drives his own car
• His own car is driven by him.
We shaH know the result.
• The result will be known.
Rights are never granted but
taken by force
Future
Shall Will be
Will be
.. 93 ..
Pasl
+ ( PaSI Was J Were Parliciplc)
~
jj 1" 01
- , ....... \..."lI 0"' ~;
'-.p \;1..1 <i J t,... , >'< .;1 .-.:h....ly ,\.i; <i Jt,...
~I~"";r''''';y
." l, "";'.B ""; ;.,...01 ...,..- J- Y,,, , PJ C'-' 'Y JyiJ-1
ôA i>.y
2 - Dcfccth'c V crbs
Formatioll:
1 D.v "'-';UI j...J1
Exumples:
They should arrange everything.
- Everything should be arrunged.
~L, -,..Jl.hll j..,.; L. J
...... W\ ,lw":lI-2
""p:;;.I \ + B,
Op.., + pp 1
Jr<il,-' d
- The mystcry muy be c1eared up 500n.
What can not be cured 11H151
be cndured.
This system must be changed
3 The Co fi - n Il uous cnscs
t)-"" ,.;- l ,
~ Ac,
Examplcs:
Someonc is black mailing him
He is being blackmailcd
He \Vas rcading an English book
An English book was being rcad
Wc are not being neglect ing you
You are Ilot being neglected
...-"\.. • ,
. ~ Ji ~ rLI2.JI \.k
- ,....:;..J 1 ;;;... ":II
W'IS } W + being + P.P
'"
Jlyi ? \.. .l>-i , .
? .Jlyl ~l
I,~I ,~ ifi ~\5' ifi .;,\5' I,~I ,~
~ 'J lel ~ /.:.êl
- 94 -
4- The Pcrfect tcnses:
Formation:
C)L;,.. ...... l-
Ha>
Have
Examples:
They have made a grea l success
A greal success has been made
He has double - crossed us
We have been double - crossed
Saille body has told him thal
He has been lold thal
Had
He had already broken hi s promise
His promise had already been broken
5- The Imperath'c
+ Object + Be
"J.,..<l'"
Take aU thiogs iota consideration
- Let aU lhîngs be ta ken into
considera tion.
- or: Ali things should be taken into considera tion.
+ Been + P.P
i Itell
L..,J;.o l>-~ lyi-i>- ..Li!
........ .û ~é.~
~..\.>- ..Li!
~.;; ..Li!
. Î \.. .• or.- ~ .!..U.i, J"'Î ..Li!
of'") ...;J.;.Î ..Li!
...;J.;. Î .û JI) oJ,s.) ,
~ .5
Give your work more interest il...:;;:. ':1\ if \..\,!)-~ k\
- Let you r work be given more interest. 'i~ 'Y! if !~f ~ dl..s- t) or: Vour work must be given more interesl.
- 95 -
Do this qu ick ly
Let this be done quickly.
or : This should be done qllickly.
"'.ri liA> Jdl
. "'.ri .!.U; J..;,I
6- Question" " ~~ "JI" ili... "JI -6
Apply the fo rement ioned rules and .?.i.l\ wl.. ..u:. \yAJ\ ~
notice the subject inversion .~W\ t!' J 0 ..12-':J J
[ Be J-..> J 1 JJ-'" Do J-..> ]
Examples: , 1" QI
Did they sec you? \' ~ JÎ) ~ We re you seen? \'~..5 ~
Have yo u had lunch? ~~Li.;J\ ~ JG jA Has lunch been had? ~~\.w\ JJ; jA
" , Have any questions becn asked about me? ~~ ~I ~I ...:....>-):0 jA How have 1hey been received? ~\~\ J.? When will the next meeting be held? ~i.)l.iJI t.. ~ ':JI ~ d-"
* N.B: Sentences conta ining twa abjects: :~ ~ Js- ~~\ J.J-I <>
Either of those objects may bccome the subject of the passive voice .
. ~ Il ~ ,) ~ .;,:J .,..u 1 .ft~ '-" <.fi -Usually, the personal object is made the subjcct of the passive .
. ~WJ L,lU ~I J.,..ul ~ \. i,~ Exampl(!!>':
1 bought her a nice present
She was bOllght a nice present
- 96 -
A nice present was bought for her.
He will give me something
1 will be given something
Something will be given to me.
7 - Passive Infinitive
FOl"matioll:
.' ., c:.- -' 1 l.A...6J ;".co '<' -.r' - -
\.. \.0,.:. ~ j r' - , \.. \.0,.:. ~ L,
-J ~\..i~ "I~ ,_,;.JI ,.....a.ll -7
:.:r-#I C To Be (in the infinitive) + P.P .=J , '
There are laws ta be issued .J~ J\ ~ 0:,-i\ji ~l:A , '
His life is to be saved .;.,il:>- ..i.4.:; J\ ~
There is nothing to be worried about
8- Intransitive Verbs
J l,J1 Jo.-" \.. ~"" crJ .... j)'JI JW'l1 -8
Intransitive verbs that can be made transitive by the addition of a preposition, can be used in the passive voice.
~ .r. .j.r. ;ijw.~ '-l-'""" Jwi Ji ~~ ~ .jl ... j'>\ll JW~I -J~ ,r.il AA,..# J 4-1~1
Examples:
She was laughed at by everybody
This matter must be looked into
He was looked upon as a great hero
- 97 -
C The Imperative Form ] 1/ The second Derson Im/Jerative c::.....P~ jJ\ ~ I I L
Positive Form: 'Ir Roth singular and plural second person imperative
",I".,I ;u.... (orms are formed with the infinitive without "to", M' .~. •
J Î 1 ~.;A-o .., IS' <1>-, ..,..., l>..JJ .!' ~ 1 AA,...> .., fo • . "To" "'J.l.! )J..o1I ~I~I; ~
Sil down! I..,..J>.-I Stand up! (..,.#' ,y) IJ>.<'I
Clean il! ~\ Go 8ack! ~IJI' 1 , c:-) Negative Form: " is used with "do not" (don't) + the infinitive
.j:J 1 ;;.,J 1...> ;u...,.. without " to" ,
rrTd ' .j)~ JMlI J..\...a...o + :'do not" ~\ ~b\ Î\~~ ~_ (0
Don't smoke! I.}--" 'i Don't lie! ,",J$:; 'i
Don't write on walls! Don't go Dear the faire
JI).c!-1 Js- -,-5.; ''1 ):JI J' ..." fo'1 IIJ The (lrstand the third persan imperative .I.,)ùl.t? ...... jll ~ I II (l, He, She) (~ 'J") ..,...:WI
Positive Corm: is used with "let" + subject or pronoun + the a:...~1 a.l.o,;.- infinitive wi thout "to",
M' .~. •
)~ + ~I } j<LilI + "let" tl..L>.:....l, J.""-' ,"to" 0)~ ~\
Let me go out let him 1 her do as he 1 she Knows
C.r'Î <.j'" (J .1") J fi W' (~) j..;, (~') "', Let them practise what sports they prefer.
·JA .}JI WoUI Jr-.Jl.ç ~'
- 98 -
Negative form: is used with "let" + Subject or Pronoun + not + the V) 4.:JL... ~ infini tive without "to".
Negative Form:
Usage:
~I + ~I } j<-WI + "let" rl..G.:..,.1, ~ . "To" 0)~ ~l )...1...,.:2..- + "'.}"
- Let me not out.
Let's not go (nlet us golf is usually contracted to: let's go).
:ih.iI JI?,I c: I;Jlio 0 Let us ~j; ''1 ~; -.(Le!'s go :Jèl y.:J1 J;. pi) j.T"
, Let them no' drink a' ail :J)(l,)'1 Js- Iy..r'; '1 r-I'" -Remark: This form is Jess used, and we prefer to say:
: J yill j.;.;; '-'" w. J" J J l....;..,. )' 1 J,li .h..!I1 l.i.o ::u..-~ - 1 mustn', go out C.f"i 0i J>-~ ~ -- We mustn' t go. y~..ul l:.);:. ~ '.} -
- They mus'n', drink a' ail il~! y l).!1 ~ ..,...,., 'J -
The imperative is used to tell or, ask somebody (usually a cmld) to do or not to do something in a very direct and familiar way.
J"-' r~ } j..A, (\;,..0 I;Jlio) \.. ~ cJl, Ji )y.)' ./'1 ~ ~ .~"li.. J i';'t,. <A,j>, ,.;-
The imperative is used also for formai public notices. I{' ":.1 ~ • ...... ...-JI ~I .:,,1; .:"Ci')U1 J;. .!Jj.i5' .7" 'lI ~ ~
Or for asking permission or ordering a permission with ficst or tmrd person .
.r--" } ,Pl F I .r--" c: u:""'.? ".i } 0;1 ..,.JJJ ~ } 'WI .y
,99,
Examples
,--------[ ~}~J ;r~ ...... '-'Î_J-----------, • Come and si t dawn! !~!) JW -. Don't go near the electric power! !J~.:PJ! J\.iJ! fl;;Î ..;...;l; 'ï -
c:::: .::>L::..l'>tJi)
- Oon'( walk on the grass! ..... )JJ ':J !~\ J.>- J.l '1 -r ,-
- Dan't smoke! !.,:r=-JJ '1 -- Dan't use your mobile phone! !J~\ o.-iü4JI J-.=-7 ~'l -
~';;Ji0)l ~~ - Let her Come with me ta revîse together.
- Let me help you ta solve your problems .
• 1;... L.. )~, e-- I) <,?"" <lb- ~, -. -!lli' w... jJ- !l-lo 1..,3 ci'" -
- 100-
[ The GERUNDS (ING).., ~..JI ~WI \,",",,1 J Definition: A gerund is a verb used as a noun, it is called verbal noun.
r-I ~ ~) r-I' ~ .Y' (ING) ~ Ji)1 ",,\.ill r-I : ,-,,'pl .• .;.; r-I.
A· Form: :c.P\ -Î
Gerunds are formed exactly like the present participle by adding "ing l1 to the infinitive without "to".
"'.J. LiA) l:1..i Jyuill } ",,\.ill r-I J'- (ing) -! Ji)1 JAAlI r-I Cl~ ."To" Cl)"" JAAlI J.i..d (ing)
- Infinitive: To run, to work, to tell, to write, to be, to read , to
- Gerunds:
B· USE
fi sh, to teach, to film, .. Running, Working, Telling, WrÎting. being, rcading,
fi shing, Teaching, filming. ~ ~ ~ .. .
,(.fy,/J.,; ,~ '<?? :(ING) ~ w)1 JAAlI ,L.....I ~ } .. .. ~
... "r')l.!')f \ ~~ .~ h! . .l-J\ ~ 'ô~\} ,ri # cJy..:....J,.>\ -c:.J
--+ as the subject of the sentence. A Gerund can be used: _ ACter prepositions.
--+ AfteT certain verbs. --+ ln compound nouns.
<L,JJ ""L.;5" <-
)-~ J)? ..Vu <--"(',,,. n",g),-,~,,-. ..:J"'y"'),...I .... JAAl=,...lr"::;-1 . JW>'I ~ 1..; <- ,JI....;;...I h
.;j )1 ,L..... ':il = <-
1- As a subjecl of a sentence:
- We use the gerund as a subject of a sentence, when the action is being considered in a general sense, this implies that the speaker has had a personal experience of it .
. JO 1 .
Js. ~ J--ill j\5' 1;1 '.L,..lI -ylA> (ing) ~ Ji)1 J--ill ri ~ -. J--ill I~ '"" l>- ;, fi ",.Il .:-J....,ll 5 i ci"< I.e.) 'r WI .... *"
eg * Speaking English is easier than speaking-French .
. <,....;...-JI ~ Cr' ~i ;,;,l.f)'1 ~ :JI!.. - Or when the action is being considered as a habit one .
. ;,1..5" :rl J--ill j\5' 1;1 } -eg * Fishing is my favorite pastime .
. ",.u ~I ~I cl' .!J...-jl i,- :JI!..
2· A{ter prepositions:
- Wc use the gerund Corm when the verb is placed immediately aCter a preposition.
"')r- J..; \1..,.:0 Y J--ill j ~ \..= (ing) ~ Ji)1 J--ill ri ~ -.;.;.1.,. }-I
'" J am thînking of emigrating.
'" 1 am sorry for keeping yOll waiting.
'" He insisted on seeing her.
" li;... , , .;~I .j .,s::;i d -
.)kl d .!.Js:") J...-ï d • - 4-:;jj Js. (:li -
'" cao yOll touch yOUf toes wÎthout bending your knees?
. ~ ~ <-f J Y .!JJ.". ~ ë--"! ;r F Jo • 3- A[ter certain verbs: '1 \W~\ ! ~ ..uu -3
These are common verbs which ~ ~}L -' ~,:,\s. Jwi oh -, .
could be followed by gerunds: :(ing) -i Ji/' j..J r~ es jl
"admit, anticipate, avoid, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dread, enjoy, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, hate, imagine, involve, keep (continue), like, mind (object) miss, pardon, prevent, postpolle, Recollect, Resent, Resist, Risk, save (save oneself the trouble 00, stop, suggest, understand,"
- 102 -
",1> '(Jk;) }-1 ,y1 ,fol ,..;. f~ ,(~l) ..;.,.- ,(Jy-..ù4) e--i j?; 'Oii.) ~ ,(~jj;) E-'--l ,(f) ~ '(''?) ..;:.;;1 J:;i) J.;.I) ,(1)) ) ~ 'J) '~; ',("- ;') .j ,vJ.) w. ,~1 ,(~Ji)
~, ~ ,.' . E' 'o.t?) Wc ,(""';1) IW-I ,(,l,..:.'J4 ?l) J-j ,& 1 ,~l) , ",1-,;._._
,(:,kt;.) '-'j li- ,(J....;.) f)ti 'Cr' i~ 'On):?.li ,(li-!I) y..1 ,(JI» , _, • f, _'0<
.• ~ 'cp) ,-».)1 ,(~) .i.iol . ego * she hates getting up early. .. .I~~ ..f> ~I ô~ :JI;..
, " - ! • 1 like reading before sleeping. .~ jOl J;i iil~1 ~I * IF we buy plenty of food DOW, it will save shopping again this week.
1.1> J~ ~I Cr' ~ ,,,'JI ~~'11 .;J"' ~I ~r j • •
·t...,....~1
4- ln Compound IIOU"S: :A..S JI f.k'91 ~
- NounsConsislingofaCombination ~ ~111 ~ 1.$# ~I..-I -pi}
• A driving lesson - A driving ;jL::Jl 4...a.>j - ~~l J r..fJ) -
- A Swimming pool. - A Living Room. J~ ~\ ~.f - ~~j ~.J. -
- A bird wa tching. - A washing machine. j.:-.J\ ~i - ~..,;.l l · }l.k -
- A dry d eaning. - A pu.blic speaking. ,4,. ~1 ~ - j~1 ~I -
, 103 -
CHAPTEDB ~
1 Adjectives 1
An adjecth'e is a word used to qualify a noun. . ~_/.~, ,j....., j ~ 4IS' 4i.AII
Ex: Wc ncver forgel great men ,-L...1.,.J\ J~)I \~i ~ ':} :J:.Adjectives add to the mcaning of oouos but limit their application .
. ~ ,J' ~ ~ J < I. ... }~I <?" ,J' "<.J .:"Li....oJI
Ex: The pen. , .. \.ill :cP The IlCW pen. ....\,!JJ.- \ r-W' -The new blue pen.
The small new blue pen.
The more adject ives we add
the morc limitations wc impose
• . -,<-,-*-I JJj'il r-lill -
.~' -'<-'-*-, JJ}" r-lil' -
" j l..J5' ..;:,li...> ,J' ~Î l..J5'
-'<~ ,J' r-)l1 JI- "';'.1" \.. Adjectives arc invariable for numbcr, gcndcr, person or case.
aJ~1 JÎ ~I ,~I " .WJ I.i.,l> .:"I..i..<>ll ;:i<J 'i
A green dress.
Green trces.
Green ink.
Green pens
Green grass
How 10 lise adjectioes
Attributively
Belore the noun
Happy drcams
A Beautiful nower
• . r"-'" yi
. < 'r"-" J J."...;. Î .r"-"Î ~
,Ir"-" t)li Î •
r"-'" ~ ",,\.i...aJ \ 1 I~' ~
Predicatively
As a complement to the verb
i~ r)6..i Thal sounds good
~ &,J)J Vou seem happy
• 104 •
~)~Lu
1..L..oo...- .J...>-.:...;Î . ) .
He did useless efforts i,iJ.:o:v ~ .;..b ~ r\j His thoughts are quick ~~~)~i
Jl~ .j\i.c..i
u.- .J.,,; - . ) .
Thal is 3 grcal idca ~~;:.:. o.l...t. His friends are few
Poor fellow ~ ~ She looks preHy
Kinds o[Adjectives:
1 - Proper Adjectives
2 - Descriptive Adjectives
3 - Quantitative Adjectives
4 - N umeral Adjectives
5 - Demonstrative Adjectives
6 .. Interroga tive Adjectives
7 - Distributive Adjectives
8 .. Possessive Adjectives
1 .. Propcr Adjecthes
The Aigerian people.
The Arab league.
The British embassy .
The Roman an tiquities .
The Turkish delight.
2 - Descriptive Adjectives
... To explain the quality or the state:
û\i..aJ1 E9 ~.;:..L<.,.
c...; ..,:..I...L,.,
<,S.;:..L<.,.
~.:l~":"'~
;;) .. : .. l..,:..~ ..,..~I .;:..L<.,.
~..:...~
~ .;:..L<.,.
~ .;:..Li...>- 1
. <.,> JI.f.-1 ..,......:J 1
.<.".rJ1 w~1 . <,; 11,.)1 i }":..JI
. <';l..))1 )U'JI
.~)I <S}>
«~""JI ~ ":"'~-2
;;J~I ) i Cyll ~.fI •
C Adj + NOim ~\ + ~~
;.,;.:;,JI 1 i \II ~ s:, <., -II W11, ~)J' 1 -"" "::i .b-)\,. cr r'. J-'.. . .f" . .
An awkward situation
Fresh news
The Pllplic opinion
- 105 -
C? "';';y
«~..\;>o.» ;;.À:!~ j~i •
tWI <.,>1)1
The cold war
Big powers
A populated area
Mutual understanding
Peaceful co-existence
Peaceful relations
A brutal aggression
F aise allega tions
Fair means
Decisive decisiol1s
A republic decree
The diplomatic corps
Economie blockade
Cultural Exchange
Legislative authority
A general assembly
Military alliances
Special occasions
Modern concepts
Foreign capital
National struggle
The middle East
Postal exhibition
Armed forces
Human rights
International peace
- 106 -
;,}.,JI y.J-1
~I cSyi\1 ,,15:..J, <l.o. i <Ak;..
J, G r-" li; .1. 'W ~cr< 6..!~) ..:...ü-::u.
~) ,'-~I
~~IS' 0\'"t?~\
~)r-- yl.)
~l>. ..,:...\)}
c?)~ )} Ir" 1.. .,J,.ùl .!.lUI
c?,L,.,:;1 )l.a>
Jlii J,t,; - ,- i.bL ~~
~t?~
,,~ j)\,..Î
~ l>- ..:...1.:--- \..:... ~ -"- ,.,.1.;..
< <
~' JI.. <fI)
.;k) CliS" h..}11 JrJl
-,<.), uP /" <...L 01}
"Le'>'1 Jyi>
Jl<o (;}. ..
The broad tines
Conerete proof
The red cross
The national spirit
False promises
Armed intervention
Internai affairs
Positive neutrality
Economie planning
Agrarian reform
3 ~ Quantitative Adjectives
Much / Sorne
Little j.,J; No
Ali ~ Half
C Adj + Noun
Much work pJ-> Much food /rW. M uch pleasure ..$ J)r
• Any work J-> <.fI . Any lime ~ (.$\
) -"-R'-,"I U ' " . '.J,; 'i No smoking ~
Ali the money 'yiJl J' SufficÎent rest ~IS' ;",..\)
Half solution J>-J...;
.J-; 'i
~
~.rll .1.#1 e:1\i J,I'
• ~}lI~1
~}I O}
~::,IS' :JYJ
d-' J>-X Uocb J .' - )y
Il",,1 ,\,>-
<.f,WI .b,k;..;
</,IJj C")lpl
....,.- ":;'\A.p -3 •
Any .,si Enough JI5"
Sufficient .j\~
__ 1""""\ + ll..o J Sorne water ,UI .J-;
Sorne food rw.J1 .J-;
Sorne rnoney ,.,;.JI .J-;
Little money j.,J; JI.. Little hope j.,J; J-Î Liltle knowledge U)j4j."...
Ali the tÎme "'-'}IJ' The whole book y~lJ'
HalftÎme "'-'.,II"';"";
- 107 -
Much cry li ttle wool.
Ts there any diffic ulty?
There is no harm done.
Have you gO! any money?
That does not make any sense.
4 - Numeral Adjectives
For countable nouns
A - Dcfinite numeral adjectiws
, Cardinals ~J ~\...Is-I
Zero ./'-" 000 -'>-1)
Two .:>lOl
Three ~)I.;
Etc ... '.r'ï Ji B - lndefinite Itumeral adjectives
Ali cl' Several
Sorne """ F,w
No 'i Enough
Many p.) A lot of
Many of ifp.)
Examples:
Four eyes see more than two.
Of two evils, choose the least.
Ali people afe mortal.
No success without tiredness.
.l>.1 ,,) 'J) ~ e:-i 1"r--' <.fi ~Lo J.." ,i <.fi -.:,_ r.I
1,.,;.; <.fi .;J.... J;; J.. ~ <.fi 1-4J cr-l
Ordinals
Firs!
Second
Third
Fourth
Etc ...
OJ~ ~JJS. ~1.A.,p -1
~;~\ ...Is-i J}!I
·\:11 <.1 -'.J\:II
c,l)! '.r'ï Ji
",,," Plenty of if.;? , t..>..wh J.=l.i Any of if <.fI ,
--.ilS" Any <.fI
ifp.) Sorne of ifJ";
l
. .G-I}I ,If. '! L. Jlé'!l "f. .J).rAJ1 J>.Î ?,I
.Jo ~ if cl' . ..,...; J)-'-' Cl>.' 'J
- 108 -
Some people like to be great. .'"~ If ~ 0i 0 ~ dU! ~ Life has many ups and downs. .J6- Js- ~..ù! .;::...-; "Y He has made few mistakes. .,"\.b.:.\r\ if ~ ~) .J.Aj
Several subjects must he tackled. . W~ ~ ;-\!js;. ...:..\s.."....,.r
We have enough troubles. .~I.:l\ if ~ ~ ~JJ
They have bought a lot of things.
He has much money and little sense
• A few (means a small numher)
Few (means a sma ll numher
but less than (a few)
We have a few friends.
1 have read few books though
r am free.
ln comparison with the free time
in my possession, The number of books
1 have read is small .
. i.r.S ' L,.!. i 1)';':'1 .cil
J.,ll .!lIA.! .r.S J\.. ..,.0
~ \)js;. ~ A few 0-
Ji cfJ) ~ b.l<- <.j'Ü Few
(a Few) if
.Cl},li ,~-w>i \;,.0
t'-~ ~I if ~ .c-i) .cil . ;
'é.:P JI \é.iJ1 t/AlI ..:..i}1 c: ~ ~I.:il.~ ~I '"": :,~ ,';jY"
.I.e.,. J.,ll .cA) .}I
Many cooks and few eaters. .#'11 if J.,ll) i4kJ1 if .r.S •
A few of my friends Iike footbaH. .r.cill i.? iJ Y" Iim ....... 1 if J,Lil1
A lot of my frieods Iike foot baH. .r.cill i.? iJ Y" lim ....... i if ~\ Many of my friends Iike football. ·r.cill i.? iJY" J~ ....... i if ~I Many = a great number ..r-$' ,:,js;. ~ ' Many.
A great deal = much = "a large grea t" ;..r-$' ~ ~ A large quantity ~ Ji ~ ,:,js;. ~ lA 10 l of)
<J..;..I J 4Jt......:...\ ..,..... ir-?
. 109 .
5 - Demonstrative ad' t' jet /\les
'J.. c::""
Such
The same
Examples:
1 saw a cow walking on the other
side of the street.
Such crazy persons sometimes
surprise you.
1 know tha t place very weil.
He has won a prize and is looking
for another one.
Do not talk with such a fool.
Those flowers are for you.
1 do not like the other one.
.1 will meel you at the same place.
1 hope you will come al the same time
6 - Interrogative adjectives
What
What towns have you seen?
Whic~ book are you going to buy?
!
.,...,;.0 W This That
These Those
The other
Another
-"";C!-I Js- .r--" ; fi ~iJ ·tJl.:J1 if J"-'\II
~I v"~:,rl ,'Yy. J-• . ~ \.,>-1 .!.1 frli,
.I~ "t5:.l1 .!.li; j fi ..) ~) ;)k- r;<J -Cil - .
. <5J"-1 Js- J~I . ~I Li.. t: ":"..I.>..:i 'Y
. .!.li ..... J1')I .!.lli .<5 J"-:,rl .,.....i 'Y
. "t5:.l1 ..,-i' ,j .!.lW L . . -. ~}I ..,-i' ,j ..JI; ,,1 Joi
.... 1fA:..o1 .:..\A.;> -6
Which
• • ~~IJ "..\lI ,,1 . .
~"I';' -"<J y\5 ,,1
- 110 -
Whal an illluck?
What do you prefer?
Which time suits you?
7 - Distributive adjectives
Each
Either
1 ga ve a pen 10 each one.
Each one has rus own hobby.
Evcryone should stay at his place.
Neither bail appeals to him.
Eithcr one will suit me.
Pupils have a rest every
two hours.
8 - Possessive adjectives
Subject Possessive adj
My
We Our
you Your
He His
She Her
1. los <j;WI .r-"!l They Their
Examples:
Il is your desire.
Old people always lose their ways.
Malice drinks its poison.
~ '-'""" .b- if J ~ ~J.,;,.i; ..... IJ ",i
• kj~ t;, ..:...i J '" 1
;;, .,.,:;.; .:.,,\.Q..,p -7
Every
Neither
...... IJ j5J Wi ~i . ...... \.;1..1 ""1 .......... IJ j5J
. "lS:,. ci ~ Ji ..,.."., ..... IJ J> .J ,jJ) .:r,;.fjl if ; ..... IJ 'iJ
..; ..... IJ J""L. \..Jo1 ..... l ~*--J> .... 1.;--1 Js. J y......... ..\,.o)\:)1
.0>"'L..
<.s:.t. .;.. u;",., -8 . Adj + Noun
My umbrella
Our dreams
Your activities
His son
Her daughter
Its hair
Their will
~\
\pl
o""":"'}1.A~ t"i',IJl
~ Ito\
'~J 4'1 'i*")o J ~ ;,\;0 .;,-II JLf
. • .......;; J:.i< .ûJ.1. ,,,..... .... IJ 'i
. III .
Let us cali up our old days.
We vîsited him at his office.
Don't eat yOUf words.
His heart was in his mou th.
• Nouns used as adJectives
A noun may he uscd to qualify
another noun
Examples:
Dog days
World news
i.!:-- r~i ,JWI )I.,>-i
Gold ring ~.iJI d (\..:.
Population explosion Jts::..... J~l
.ylll t:.."i .f.i:.....; ~,
..p... J ,C Jj .cil
. ..!.J.. ')1.5" J t:"'" 1.;' '1 . j yL 1 .l,!.L:. .) 15'
",,\.<..aS .k~1 , 11&-=11< ....u} 1'"""1 JI..A:....I ~
-.1" ï 1'""" 1
Constan tine bridge
Security counei l
Social diseases
Football fans
•
~r"" ,:r';1 ~
~4' '-"".t"i (..\.iI1 ôj" JI..!..
The nouos uscd as an adjective precede the qualified noun and any change
of position changes the meaniog in return.
,:r .fi ~). ~ ,,1) ,j J4'}.1 1'"""'11 ..;,...; .;;,\.i..,oS' '1 .. " 11 ,'-'~I .~I .r-'< ,.,;!l.'-'~I
~ Cornfield
Field eorn
Race horse
Horse race
c--<J1jA>
Ji'-I~ Jl,.- .)i...=
j,J-1 Jl,.-
• Adjectives used as f10uns
• The rich ,,,,'11
The wise ,w:J-1
The blind .)L,...JI
The brave ,:,t..,...:.J1
- 11 2 -
:$
School boy ;..,.. J.J.,o l:-oJ.i Boy school .i.:-- ')1.; ;..,.. J.M
Love righ ts JI J....,. Rights love J#-I_
~~t5 ;i\ .... p 11 ""Li...all 1<
The poor ,lj..iIl
The happy t.I...u..!J\
The sick ,-,",,)1
The old ':'pl
Using the present particlple js.W\ 1':""'\ J~\
as an adjective .6.i..a5 (verb + ing)
The dreaming boy. ,.J\.J..I ~I
Let sleeping dogs lie. .W\.i dl t:l
A drowning man will catch a straw. -~~ ~ J:!jJI
He used to tell us amusing stories ~ ...:...~~ l:J J~ 0Î :lb.1
The smiling girl. .~I ôl:.AJI
Uslng the past participfe as an ! le-Ü1 1"="'\ ! l~\ adjecli,. :ü..a5
Opened doors encourage the thieves. -if.,..JII ~ ~ .. ,:.il.! ~IJ"! ~I Married men respect their wives. .~\.:.:-)j 0.r ~ 0 y.-J;ll Jl:.:-)I Satisfied people accept what .. ~..I.:!Î J 4" J ~ 0 yUl;.1\ c.J"I.:JI
they have.
The kidnapped boy was found. .J':~J ..l.Ï ,j~\ ..u}\ My friend is a gifted person. . y r r ~ ~J...,:; Broken hearts will never forgive \~i C:""L..; J ôJJ-'s:'U y}ill
A fixed priee. .:l~ ./"""" •
Only registered persons are ~ ..h..ü 0 ~\ if~ "il
allowed to enter. .Jy:-..u4 ~ Comparisoll or adjectives ùli..a.l\ ~)\.i..
There are three degrees of comparison ;,;)Lt....U ..:..L.:-):. .!..o'j.; ~ f
1 - The positive degree 4k.-:Jl ~,)W\ ii,,; ,.u\ - 1
The positive degree denotes the simple quality and it is thus the simple form
of the adjective
.l..i..& ïJ......JI i ."" .!lJj" ïJ......JI ~I .- - .. ,\.JI ... .Ill _. J.r-' . </,J _. ~ - .J
- 11 3 -
Happy ~ Rich ,? Lucky J;,~ Nice ~
Strong 9} Weak ~
1 have a lucky friend. .J;~ ..J.!~ J 1 will be a rich man. .~ k) ~L He gave me a nice story. .~ ~ J~i
• The positive degree is uscd
to express equality in quality
~AA::...:; ~, W 1 ;;",.):il 1 •
~I .j ôlJWI 4r .",dl
As + Adjective + as
He is as strong as a lion.
She is as beaut iful as a flower.
It is as plain as daylight.
His face is as black as coal.
He is as stupid as his brother.
As white as snow.
Negative (orm:
, . .c..)l1S' <?.; "1
." )}IS' a,...". ~l .)4-J1 ,~ e-P1) "1
, ... AlIS' , yi ~)
. "'" ts- ~ "1 . cBlS' """ i ~I~
C ____ Not as + Adjective + as __ ~ ,
Today is not ascold as yesterday. .<f"')l1S' I,)~ crd r."ll You are not as happy as the others. 'J..? ':JlS"" !~ ...:.-J .... :. .. ..iÎ , She is not as polite as her sister. ..lf:..>lS"" 4.:4- ...:-..-:J ~1 They are not as clever as ,"\.?~i !.r--:l ~1 the other class. ,? ':J\ ~lS""
2 .. The comparative degrec
• The comparative degree denotes
a higher or /ower degree of the quality
-114 -
~W.I ;;",. >' - 2
~)~.:J:.:i J.l.j,\Â\.1 ~)~ •
ï..i..A1J u',i Ji .;.i
Il is rormed as rollows:
A - By adding 11er" to the positive adjective ifit ends in a consonant
JL.. ..,) r-; ~ ..:...lI$' I;'! ;u",..,J1 u...J1 J! "er" ~w.~-I Posithe Adjectives Comparative Adjectives
"~I .. :..\i...a.lt" "-.w.W,\ ,.; . ..I.i .... " ,
Great ~ Greater ~I , Clear c:-"IJ Clearer e-"J1
TaU J» Taller J»I , Sweet }>- Sweeter ~I Old .:r-' OIder L. .",1 Thin ~ Thinner ~i
B - By adding "r" to the positive adjective cnding in "e" .
. "e" ..,) r-; ~ ..:...ll$',,! ;u",..,J 1 u...J 1 J! "r" ~w. ~ -.." ,
Brave t~ Braver '1 c:-Simple .h,..., Simpler <bL, pi Ripe '0 ~ Riper t.,...;.; pi Fine Y-'/~ Finer 1 .......... pi/.:,-->i
C - By changing lIy" into "i" and adding lIer ll when the positive adjective
ends in "y" preceded by a consonant
~;u",..,J1 u...J1 ..:...lI$' I;'! 'erl~W.!J IiI J! Iyl ..,) f JW"'! -r .JL.. ..,) f ~ Iyl ..,) r-;
, Happy ..,..... Happier -,-,-1
, Dirty ) .ii Dirtier J.iil , Ea,y J<- Easier J+.-I , Ugly C:'" Uglier "\ 1::" Early .f,.. Earlier ;:'1
- 115 -
If the lIyll is preceded by a vowel, the "y" remains as it is
...... W-~ 4J~ "& .j.r-" :J -""'"" .j.T". ;ij J:--' "y" ..:..ilS" I,! Gay Gayer
D - By using "more" with a positil'e adjecth'c in case of adjectives of more than two syllables
,;r iJ fo .;J 1 ..:;., \A..all ;U 1>- J l.b.,....,Il l.A..aJ 1 (:: "more" ~ 1 AA;;.., ~ -, .~,;r jS"Î
Beautiful J,->c More beautifu! 'lk,- ..$Î
li,r" ..$i '-<)) ..$Î
Interesting J--/.;0 More interesting
Splendid cll) More sp!endid
E - By using "lcss'! to express a lower degree. , :.},~I "")J.l1 .:r p "Iess' J'-"-'~ -.A
,lS"; yi Intelligent J~ Less intelligent
Less charming lé p/I.r-- yi Charming
Carefu! Less careful )1;.. Jil * The comparativc degree expresses
superiority or inferiority
1 - Supe";oritv
She is more intelligent than her husband
He is richer than his brother
He is taller than me
2 - In{erioritv
Her husband is Jess intelligent than her.
He is less careful than his friend.
She is Jess happy than her sister.
- 116 -
~ ;J.;.\A1I ;"'J'
. iJ \.;.) 1 m ) Î J.P \.i::ll .:r J.P \.i::ll -1
~)j .y ,15"; ..$i ~l
..."..i .y c?Î "1 , <i' J}>I "1
"";,~I" iJ\.;.)1 ill -2 ,
.~ ,15"; Jil ~)j
. '-'<..l.p .y ;Jo.;, Ji Î "! , ,
.\pl .y i,1...,. Jil ~!
"l'han" is usually used with Ihe comparative degree, howe\'er il may nOI be used .
. J--l ':1 .Ii .!.Il; t;') l.i) 1.AI.1 ;.".) ' t;' i,~ J--l "Th. n" • - " Are you better now? ~,)':ll ')fb. ~I ....:...il ~
Are yOlI lookîng for a betler job? ~~i ~ J .:..r ~ ~ It is hotter lhis day.
Keep your town clean.
' i..,J1 ,.e. ;).". pi -.;1 . ~ .!.8.Co J-e-l . .!.8.Co ;,; \k; ~ j;; l,..
3 - The superlative degree ..!.dl .... ' -3 , . ) • * The superlative degree denotes the highcst degree of the quality .
. ll..oJ 1 .;:, b,. ) ' ,j' ;.".) ' ~ i ~ J.u ..... 81 ;.".) ' •
* It ;s IIset! when we compaJ'e one ,IIit'g
w;,11 ail otJœl' tJrillgs of the same
1:,.-" ,,;Ii.; \.o~ J-:--' • ,j' .,.=l'l -S.t" 'J l ,t,:.. 'J 1 J5:.,
·uJl ..,...;; kiml.
Ali is the tallest boy in the class. ...---<JI J .u J J}>i Y' J'-" . ~ ;'} J"" ë"" ,j' J}>I
• The superlative degree îs formed by using: :JL....o.:.....~ ,)fo ifl:dl ~J~. "est'" "st", "iest!! or "most" in accordancc with the same rules applicd to the comparative degree .
. U,.;:,\lI.1 ~),) 4lb- J U:hll ~1.".aJ1 ~ t,a; J IImost ll yi lI iest", "st '\ lIest ll
Posi tive degree Comparati ve degree Superlalive degree
Fol J~ Falier ~I"" ?i The falles t ~I"" ?'II Small .J"'-' Sm aller ~i The smallest ~'JI Simple .J..,..., Simpler .L.,i The simples! i1L., ?'JI
1<1) ?i ,
Empty . ü Emptier The empt iest 1<1) ?'II é,J -i
, Ugly ~ Uglier The ugliest ' '11 ~ ~
cFi ,
Expensive .;u.\/J" More expensive The mosi expensive cF'Il
- 11 7 -
Irregular compar;son
Adjective Comparat ive Superlative '\
"-"II u.,;"Wl ~;.:l .... 81 ;,.. , .J
• • Bad "r.?.:l; Worse b) The worst o"b; ?~, III JoV Worse L.;,.,. ;>i The worst L.;,.,. ;>'11
.:ly.-Î •
Good ~ Setter The best .:ly.-~,
cYi • Little J,li Less The least cY'jl Much ~Ip.> More Il> ;>i The most Il> ;>'11 Many ,..\JI p.> More 1,-,- ;>i The most b-,- ;>'11 Old • • Older/Elder l... ;>i The oldest/Eldest l... ;>~I .:r-' fne
""'" Farther ~Î The farchest .J.A}il
- 11 8 -
IAdverbsl
An adverb is a word which describes aDy part of speech other than a DOUD
or a prODoun .
. .,..,...:.:JI JI l'''''''~I I~ l.,l ~~I ~ .7- <$1 ..;..... J'. ~.;; WS" J~I Thcrefore, the adverb may describe verbs, adjectives, adverbs, participles, prepositions, conjunctions, phrases, and sentences.
,~I..ill .t......1 ,JI.r~1 ,..;..\A..aJ1 ,JW~I ~ <JI JWJ .;.., ~ J .J...*-IJ ..;..I},.JI , ~IJ)I ,';'-1 .j J.r ,Jr'il
fURetions of adverbs
1 - To describe verbs:
- 1 was absen t yesterday.
- That deeply concerns me.
- Let us speak frankly.
- Keep quiet.
- 1 sincerely wish you good luck.
2 - To describe adjectives:
Thal is very kind of you.
1 feel much better (his morning.
Is he still fast asleep?
Are you quÎtc sure?
Jly ~I ...:.;\l;,
:JW~I "-'-") - 1 ,
. cr' '11; t,:l? .::.-5 -. I.e,. ~ 1.iJ. -
.;"'1"..." ~ "'" -
.,)-4l1 t)l -
.I~ iJ;.,.. .!..ll ",,1 c.J")\.>.1 ~ -
..;..\UJI "-'-") - 2
. ~ .!,l. t.? 1.iJ. , 'C~I 1.iJ. ~ cr""'! r'-I
He is strong enough to challenge a bear.
~trll .j \;~ Jlj '11 ~~Ii .\5"b d Jo>
y' <$..c,.,J "u>J1 .,; I.e ~ >' "1 :Jly~I~ - 3 3 - To describc adverbs:
- You play perfectly weil . . \.Ii .;.". -.....J; .:11 -.. , - He drives too fast.
. 119 .
- He works very hard.
- Thank you sa much.
A You spend tao lavishly.
,.l.>,- J5:, Jo.-< .c! -.I~ .!lJ 1;:":' -
, <' ,L>......, -"-.!.J.;I -fl":'" . ~ <
4 A To describe participles: :J"..<ll) J&LiII ,l.,..,Î ...u) - 4
- You look rather confused.
A This result is very promising.
- He is tired out.
- 1 am mostly honoured to mect you.
, I.l.>,- tS:.; J...:i.!.J.; 1 -, ,f), •
. L~o~~lo~ -
\..l> ~,j,jl-. '. . - He lold us an exceedingly amusingstory. .~L;Jj Y---~ LI Jü -
5 A To describe prepositions: ';'-1 ..j J-r ....A..; J - 5
- He arrived long before the rime. .J):- ...:..j.J"! ..J..?"ll ~ j..P J -
- They came just in time . . ;)~\ ...:..j}1 J \)~ -- The bullet passed exactly over his head. .0\..,.01.; ~ vL,.,:. )1 ~ ./' J....oij -
- Your ability is certainly above the average .. .k.....pl J} 4W4 ~).û JI-6 A To desctibe conjunctions: ~IJ)I ....A..; J - 6
- 1 hale him simply because he is not hones!. .~.r- ~I ~ ",;Î ;) ft oU.fi -- 1 feel happy only when 1 work hard. .~ ~I \.,...J...:.? o;)~ r:-Î -- They respect him merely because he is rich .. ~ ,j,jÎ ;) ft .;.". ~ ~l -- He came to himself shortly artel' ~ ~ o..t,;.) Ji ;)U:. J..A.l -
a fcw minutes. .JJÜ;) • •
- 1 will tell you precisely \Vhat to do. .4ui; J\ ~ \...s. J.:i..t:.l4 ~.r.=-L.. -7 - 1'0 dcscribe phrases: :"':"'I)~I ....A..; J - 7
Let us gct right to the point. .0';"1.:-- tr""ll J J>-..l.i \,.:s.;)
They live exactly at the corner ~)\j J ~l:o J ~ ~1 of the main st reet. .~)I t)L:J\
You are not right with me. .~ b...!.r'" ...:.....J
- 120 -
8 - To dcscribe scntcnces: :~I J..;) - 8
Luckdy. they came la te. 'J..r'L I)jle- r-t'i YI .;r-!-Fortunately, we have not missed much. ..r.SJ1 ~ r.I d ..b:l \ .:..r-> ..:.r Indeed. 1 <lm at your disposaI. · .!..t}·!. l ~) dl ,~ . -Obviously, they were not in the Js- 1.,,; J-~ r.I ~I L""'I}\ ..:.r m_. .~~
• TI .. kÙ,ds of ad""bs J I". 'il 1 t"i 1< •
1 - Simple adverb,: <k,-.,JI Jly'Jl _ 1
2 - Interrogative adverbs ~~ ":JI Jly-~I _ 2
3 - Conjunctive adverb, • ....okJI Jlyi. <.6,1)1 Jly:Y1 _ 3
t - Simple advcrbs ~I J'F~I - 1
A - Adverb, oftime and frequency. , ';:'1.;' >"'" ".;ll) ';'I.oJI Jly; (i)
Before .P . W Ago ~ _
Since b Now J~I
Theil ~~ ACter .Nu,
Immediately I)j Early 1;:" •
Late I.r'l:.o Soon 'Jl>-
Presemly l,Il>- Instantly JlJ-I.j
Oaîly \'-JI Today r ."JI . Yesterday u-'I Always Wb
Ever ~/ ..:..1) - Wb Already J'if Recently 1.:;-1>- Tomorrow 1-"
• Next .. !.1b -lA: Never 1->,1
• ACterwards ~l...;.t Lately 1 '1 ~ Shortly \..,-.-.1 Still Jlj'J
- 121 -
Frequently lJ/" Once '/ ... :...1.)
Tonight ~Wl1h Vot -"i "
, • ".fi Seldom lJ.:Ili Repealedly cS .r'i -"i 0/ 1jl "
Generally Lor" Onen l,l\i. ,
Hardly ,IS' Lo Sometimes ~l,>-I •
Conlinuously }r:-~ Occasionally ~l,>-I
Conslanlly rl)..ul J-- Scarcely IJ.:Ili
Rarely lJ.:Ili Regula rly r\k;~
ExolIIl!Jes: • 1" Qi
Vou have 10 finish Ihis work right now. . "Y\.;... J-JI L.lA ~ JÎ .!.J.#. 1 haven't seen this man before. .j.:i if ~)I 1.1.A ) ~ They always make fun of him . ."Woo (j)~ Wb ~1
Sometimes we watch the la te film. . o~1 ~ ,uL:..; lil:>-Î
Do you know what will happen next? ~~.1.b ~ ~ \... j..,-; .]A Vou wi ll never unders1and me. .\..I..:>Î ~ J ~1 They hardly paid their debts. .~~ ~ J:!.) I)$..L.,..
He ,eldom gelS up early. . (I:f~) lM ~;: ! Lo IJ'~ <il b - Ad\'crbs of place 01.S:.1I J 1.ri - ~
Abroad Ul!!-I J Above J; Afar -"id" Across :ft. Anywhere JI.(. <,St Along J.,k ~ Ashore '.)oL!J1 = Around Jy 8ack ,IJJIi J! Away 1...,., 8elow Ji-i 8ehind ....Al>-DownSlairs .)'-JI J)..u~ Down y--i/J Hence W,if F" 1...,.,
122 -
Hithcr Loo
Nca r ~)
0", 0"" Pas! 0" ",.,.il" Thithcr !iL.
There !.lL.
Under J Upslairs ",}.JI JJ-"4 Wilhout te) '>" 0)..l..!
Examl!Jes:
- Our troops gathered behind
the mountain .
Hcre Loo
ln Il Nowhere JI>:.. ",4 ~ On .P Somewhere \.. Jt5:.< Together 'r' Through .J:>l>-. J Up J} Within J>'b J
; Itoi
~ ~ ;;,,}:-.JI li-c>-) -
.JJ-I - You will und me here. .l:.AI J~
- There are roses everywhere. . JLS:... Jf ~ J~ j ~ j . Go . head. .j.PI) - ~I - rJ..i; -; , - She will travel abroad with her family. .4J r i c: C.J~ )L...:..... -The train went out leaving me behind . . \.Q.L;...,;:,. .;S j) }.6Â.JI ~
- Please, come nearer. .~ if y p l C - Ad\'erbs of number: ~..uJ1 Jlyi --:?;
, Always Again cS? 1 • .;"
, Once Never 1...,1
Sometimes Seldom I),~
Twice Thrice c:A.;" ~~
Examples: l It 01
A fau!t once denied is
twice committed .
- 123 -
- 1 never play cards. .l.iI..bo J)}\ ~Î "Y -
- They always find the right answers .. ~I~.r. 'JI J)~ Wb ~I-- Do not leave me ever again. .L~i ~\j ...sS.? 'j -
- He somelimes goes to the shore. .~~l.!J\ Ji ~~ -\..;~i 4..il -
- He always lega lizes the sin . ' i l}-\ r Wb 4..il -
- Let us say lhis again. .iS?! 0/ ..:D~ Ji.:.! -d-Adverbsofquantity,extentordegree: :~)",\,H )ÎI..5.û\ ,~\ J\yÎ -~
Too 1.J.e- Quite \..li
Enough ~l5' ~J~ AlmOSI L, .. .. T'
Rather \.. l> . y Very 1.J.e-
Little ':>\,li A linle ')lJ;
Partly \;.r- Much 1-""
Somewhal \.. l> . y Half ~ . Loss Jil Wholly (\}5") <,l5"
more ;s-i Hardly ,\5' \.. •
Scarcely IJ':'\..; Least Ji'll Nearly \.., .. .. T' So 1.J.e- "WJ Ail <,JS" Abundantly o\~ ) . Really lb- Completely \..li
Distinctly CY"'Y Enlirely lli'
Exactly \..li Absolulely ~~I
Enormously <1:" ~J~ Greatly ~ ~J..l:>
Extremely 1.J.e- Just .L;,J~
Slighlly ':>\,li Equally ")~ ~)..l:> Perfectly \..li Practically \"l..< Utterly <,JS" Dceply ~
- 124 -
Sumciently
Constantly
Examples:
~l5' ~)..lt
r l).ul ~
- This work is not so bad.
- Are yO ll quite sure?
· He is halC mad.
- 1 mect him almost everyday.
- He did not drink much milk.
· We have nearly finished
ail the programme.
- We drink coffee especially
in the morning.
· 1 feel rather tired.
1 Thoroughly t..Lë
Especially L....r"'""
• 1 t Qi
.1-"," u,.... ...,...,J J.-JI Il,.
Yt..Lë .t5'l:.. .:..,;Î J> .0~ ~..;1
.\,;,;; rY- J5' ~üÎ jl .(..,..,u.I) .:JJI 0" Ir.> ~ A r-l
C ~I J5' l,,';; 4iÎ ..Li!
.(C"~ )1)
J L.... r"'"" i"..<J1 ~ r .:r'" ·C\.,..4J1
. t.. ~ j ..,....d, "...:.Î
- 1 will give yOll a very good piece oC advice .. L~ ô~ ~ ..!.U (..ûL
·1 am ab~olutely sure that he is the thief. .(J)UI) ~I r ~~ t..Lë .IS"\;. ~i. •
· Think deeply of the matter .~ .r 'YI J ~ - We really don't understand you. .~ )1 ~ ~
E - Advcrbs of orderlsequencers ~..rH Jlyt -~
Firs( -;) Firstly
} Next • 1'"
Then
- First, let us do this exercise.
- Lastly, 1 must remind yOll
of an important matter.
1 Î .r->
. .;r-"..,}I Il,. Js- ...,...). "", 'J} -
.ri;, .A ~ ,;>;Î "i ~ I.r-"i-
- 125 -
- Who spoke last? ~I.r.>'i ~ ",.ill 0' -
- Last but not least. . '.r:-ï ~) Ip>-i -
. Firstly, we are going to solve this problem. .4.lS:..!J.\ ok ~ 'Y} -
F- Adverbsof Affirmation and Negation: ~IJ ~~'J\ J1ri - J
Perhaps 4; Truly );-,-,
Certainly 4hJL Proba bly Jd'-10'
Sm' } ,
.J.S" Ji 1 if" Surely
ObvÎously '.;.1:"/ Cr" Ji
Quite \..li
May he 4; Entirely l.\i - <,15"
Precisely Lol..ë - ~~
Examples:
. Are you satisfied?
Certainly.
- Do you agree with him?
Sure.
- Could they gel you?
Yeso
- Do you accept my invitation?
Most wiUingly.
- 1 did not expect that.
- 126 -
Really Li.-
y" r-'" Indeed Li.-
Obviously .:,i e:-"I}I if"
Naturally \...,1
No 'i
Possibly ~10' No. '-'"'" • Never 1-'11
W illingly j. \.>. -,...,k cr
ï ~ . 1 -'i 1. _ .~ ) .......... v
..s'Wc . - . ~wly J>
·.!Sr ~!lr-f' J> -
'r-'" ~..; y' JZ Jo -
. (;).r') yI..-; .;.s:, . .!.lb é yi r-l -
Are you indeed in love with her?
Perhaps they will ring me up
at six o'dock.
G - Adverbs or manner
Badly (0,1, fi) L:,...
Wisely ~ Carefully ~~
Foolishly ;;~
sadly 0~
Lightly ~
Correctly ~ "';" Strongly o~
Polilely ~~y~~
noisily ~ ,~w.~
Proudly ,~~ Decently ;J.;,\; "';"
Simply <J,L.;
Secretly (".ri) Ir
Rapidly ~r.
Urgently ;.l.-t.",;"
You should not behave badly.
Slowly ,.k" Weil 1..",.
Care1essly Ju~
Boldly ~~
Cleverly ;)4-<
Heavily ';;1.::, Weakly ~
Clearly Cr-Y-Severely , .r-'i
Sharply o~
Silently ;;~ Wickedly o j:!j-!. ",j>, Finnly t?'i Calmly ,)-41
• Suddenly o~
• Strongly o~
Promptly I.J"; • . \!,- \5' .,L .!..ll.-; 'J ;; 1 ~
It is raining hard. .o)~ )d lti! He did it cleverly. .o.J4-ç 1A\~i ...w We solve our problems wisely. .(J-.iJ~) ~~ un.:'" j,..; ~ The number of the inhabitants is increasing rapidly . . 4&-r. ~\?- ~lS:...J\ .)Js:.
. 127 .
He answered me sharply. " ·\...Î.lil .o~ ..,F .
They behaved proudly. .ç.~~ 'j ~ ..L4J
They answered ail the cxercises clearly. 'CrP J'! ~JL. .. :.U § ~ ''y~i J.4.l
1 will gladly accepl yOU f oiTer. . J)r ~ ~ f j.:.iL Vou will not find yOuf way easily. .;j.ri--< .!JA,}> ~ J
, Weil done. . 1, " ~I , ~ ~
H - Sentence adn~rbs: ~4 a.." J! r .rI Jlyt;1 -.JO
Theo
Hellee
So
Yet
Howevcr
Nevertheless
Moreover
0)1 Indeed li> • 1" .y)
..!JJ~)
.!-Il; c:) J' c:)
.!-Il; c:) .!-Il; .:r 'j..,;ù
Therefore
Besides
Thus
Perhaps
Olherwise
COllsequently
.!-Il..iJ
I.u -,..; 1..,- J! .:.U~)
l<J >'lJ
.!-Il..iJ ~
Accordingly ~.lb ~ ç. ~
In addition to this. . ~~ Ji ~w,)I~ ,
Added to this. ..!.U~ Ji ~\ Therefore, 1 don't agree with you. .~ J.iji ':J ~..u
Perhaps. he docs not descrvc Ihis trcalment. .~WI"..lA ~ )1 ~J
Hence, 1 considcr him as a bad persan Ç-t.?' ~ 41 }.d t.f~ ~ d J
However, this can't la st very long. . '>\!.,1I.:i) ~ J Li,A J~ ..:J.l~ r::) Thus, he drew dust in Iheir cyes. . I~J.>. ' r+ r. .j ~\...)! j) ..w ~-4J Then, drop the mask. . <el.;;J1 eyl) .!.l.:.i,.i.. J<- RI,);!
, 128 '
Compllrison with adverbs:
.. The compar;sOl. with adverbs is simital'
to ,/lat of adjectb'es:
t.,.,.. Fast Fas ter
c:'r "'~ Loud Louder
~~ Rapidly More rapid ly
( "'"") .:r'" Weil Betler
'r.>' Much More
I l Il e ~I ~)\i...
l.f< L..:.o J I Y ~ 1 ;.; J La. •
: .:" LUlI ;';}.il
Fastest
Loudest
Most rapidly
Best
Most
How ro use Adverbs:
A - Attributivelv:
_JI,.. ')1 JJr:;.-1 4."i,5
~ >1)1 ws:J4 or\'- J~I J~4 -i He is extremely intelligent ~I.AU J~ <\.il
Better be silent than speak ill ~\ } \..r:>- Ji B . Predicat ively: J...i1l ~ J~I iJ h) i.t.:,l.l r= e - y
Do not be long
You are not out yet
The game is over
Ad\'erbial Parlides:
They are like prepositions in form but not in function .
:>\,)0 ~ 'J I~ ..:Jj \.:
<,.ill ~I ..\.il
: ;Y~I ...;, J}-I
. .....,., JI .} '+il\;.; ~ J 4' J-"'" .} )-1 ...;, JY 4,-!J 4'! .!ll.» l.> ,j Y.
• About Forw::ud r\... 'JI Ji Across .;>-'1 ~I..:- .:/ ,:;s- In J>-I.ul J
• Along rl.,.'YI Ji \....û Off 1",,",
Around J,.. On W\i ,J,,; ,L...û
Away \~ Out t",. JI.>- 'OI.;!..I J Behind JI>. Over J,,; ".{.
- 129 -
Between
By
Down
Past
Round
Through
Up
r\..Î
JyJ>-b,j
.jji ,~Î jl * Most of the adverbial particles have the same form as their corresponding prepositions .
. .rl ..j J~ '" 4l<~ \.. i Jr" ..,...<; 4l J~I ..j J~ ~ • - However, the following criterion helps .l?~ JL::.II )~I J~ .!JJ~ t:) a great deal to distinguish between them. ~ ~\ J.>- 1.r.=5'
- A preposition is closely attached lbW) ~.;:! «)--1 ~j.r- »
to the no un it modifies "y~ 4 } r" 'i~ li})
- An adverb particle is c10sely .k.,;.1- Il J\.J..I cJ .rI, attached to the verb il modifies. ....." ..\JI '-" l, LW \1.L.; 1 .<.,? <.1"'" .• ) .)
They are sitting in the room.
Come in , please.
He put hisjacket on the chair.
He put on his jacket.
1 followed him up the hill.
1 get up early in the morning.
* = An Adrerbial pal·tiele is placed as follows:
.II? cJ? "')JI J J~ ~l .IIJl> cJ? ~ if J>-,I
.II?" cJ? ",}JI J";';.;-~) . «Jl>- ...j.r-D IÜ;:--- lSJ.j) .ûJ
.'? cJ?, J'lI ~Î JI "",1 .\.il
.'Jl> cJ?, Cl,.-all J l.fl, ~Î :..}. W- J~I ..j}-I C=" Y- •
A - Immcdiately anef the verb, when the sentence contains no direct object:
.? l,- J.,.... .;s. ~ 1 <.,? ~ ':1 \...(:; i? l,- J-Ali ~ _Î
ego They got in at once. .J\.J..I J ,}>-,.\.il :$
B· After apronoun ,grect object: . .fol,. 'JyJ.o dlyl ~I ;.., i;-"'. Y eg: Take il off ~1 :$
Bring them in ~.>i
• 130 .
C - After the verb or after the direct object if it is a noun.
01..-01 il\S" I;! -,",,\.,lI J yuil.1 ~ } J-Ali ~ -i: o
eg: Take off yo ur clo thes ~')4... &\ :$
Take your c10thes off
D - ACter the verb, when the direct object is long.
o 'J.i.y. -,",, \.,lI J yuil.1 il \S" I;! J-Ali ~ - ~
eg: Look up ail the difficult J ~I ..:.,..L.J.5.JI ..:.r ~I :$ words in the dictionary rJ' -",Lill
Look the word up in the dictionary . J" -,,"Lill J ~I Y ~I
• A preposition precedes its object l)))?I , .J~ r~ r.1 j.r . Look up the tower C.)I J.>Î J! p l Look up it .~Î p l
• Prepositions and Adverbial particles .y1J-1 J ))-1) r.1 .j).r •
may be used to form compound JW~I J..~ 4--\J .. ~ .. \ J..f verb,. y)1
verb + Preposition
.r; + ?Jj"
Come up ~fo.. Give in r-'-'-< Go in J>-o, Keep on .r'-< Lock up J.i.i, Pay back 'JI Play about -*'
Verb + Adverbial particles
- I3 1 -
.r; + Jl.- J j"
Blow up
Cryouc
Go away
Go on
Leave off
Make out
Pick up
'--""'" o • -
J>-JI .r'--<
.:r~ r+"
1.i;Ï! /~ .o.:,i ~ ,\";""I
,
IConjunctionsl I~'-'..J\I Conjunctlons are used to join:
Phrdses
Sentences
• Conjunctions are subdivided
ioto tWQ main classes:
1 - Coordinaling conjunctions
2 - Subordinating conjunctions
t - Coordinating conjunctions:
Words
Clauses
. '. "JI.61 )1 "." ~.J 0>--' • .) r-= 0
w}1 .hel))! " 1 ..,WI .hel))! "2
:<.ai}1 .hel))!' 1
Coordinating conjunctions join words, phrases ôr sentences of co-ordinale or cqual rank (of similar functional value) .
...,.).111 J l,:;\S:;. J-. } ~IN ,~ws- .hef. :<.ai}1 .he1))1 ~;; 0
.(c.i,l;) .Jbi J ..... ~I ,J' "'"'" \p JS' ~ <,fi) * ln tbis case, none of the sentences is dependent on the othee. nor cnters inta its construction.
J-'oIJ 'JJ <>.r'i ~ .... ~ ~I ,J' <,fi i.Jfo 'J ~~I • .l.o JJ 0
." <'" . \i~1 _.J' <1 An eye ror an eye and a IOOlh ror a IOOlh. ..:r-J~ .:r-JI) ~~ ~I
Fiee is a good servant but .~ .J.;...o 4-SJ.J ~ i.)\">' )UI
a bad master.
Neither a borrower nor a lender he. . Wb ':/.) ~J.,.. ~ ':/
The book is nol worlh .~p 'J 1-4J ,i,I.;J~ fi~ .r-i' ",~I rcading, 50, don't buy il.
" 132 "
Coordinélfin~ conjunctions con tain four mail) eroups:
a ~ The "ANOu group:
T he conjunctions of this group suggest addition:
And .. a tso
80th .. and
As weil as
Moreover
4l W, ~ 1 J Î ...AbJ 1 .l,oil ~ ~ l ,,:,.,. ..b., 1 J)
L..::.!Î • . J
w.)IS' .. J
w.,ÎJ J'S .!.lI; Ji "L.;,~,
Not only .. . But also
w.,i J.I J ... ~ ..,..,1
Fu rlhermore
Besides
Likewise
Again
.'JJ; J-- i) ':J.>
.'JJ; ,y-~
J't') , , JI l.S L,a,1)
Men and wornen arc equal in front ofGod.Jn i\...Î ~I.,...... ,-WI) J~)I -
80th you and your ~.l.."o J--) ~ ~ r}ll -friend are to blame. . L.5')1.5'
He is a poli te perso n, Js- O)"':N- '-:""-4---~ <\.i l -
furthermore he is of a noble family. ."4...f llil.&- if ~ -!..U.>
She as weil as her husband J \~ )1.$' L...a.!Î 4t. )j) ~ -
are very old (JJ"'--').:rJ1
Thal is out o f question, ,t~)1 .:.r C).~· Li..t. 0} -
moreover. il mea ns nOlhing to us. .,-.? J ~ "Y 4.i~ ,.!.m Ji 4j'-" "Y4 Hislorical leaders and their ~ ) ... .:2.iÎ) 0 ~).::l\ o.)W\
followers did the impossible. .j:.-:-J.\ \~
b ~ The "BUT" group "~L:i\" .!l1)'.I.:,.,,~1 ~\J) :\s. ~ -~
The conjunctions of Ihis group suggesl contrasl .
. l...al UI J Î .!ll)",,-, ~ 1 .l,oil ~ ~ l ,,:,.,. ..b., 1 J)
BUI J.lJ However JI> 4)/J> t:) Yot ,.! • .lb ~J NeverlheJess
- 133 -
Still
Whereas
only
- He has done his best,
but it did Ilot work.
- 1 am not bored, on the
contrary, 1 am very pleased.
- Fathers want ta keep up
their traditions. whereas sons,
waot to live the modern lire ..
- He gave her everything,
sti ll she docsll't love him.
On the contrary
While
~I ,}>L.c." / 0 Î Cr.>- J
cf!) ,* <.5 Jkü J-i, J..iJ
. <.il t..., r! C. t..J1 ,~I J ,l.i;~ .:......J
.I.e.,. J).r-' .J~
r-"..c)\.i; ,}>- .l;L;,L 1 0)""".r- ,~'II • •
I~ 01 0)""".r- ,\':' 'JI L.c." .,,~I ilf-I
.!.lJ; c:) "<? Y -t..~Î J..iJ
. ...,i. 'J 4'~
- He is a wicked persan , JI 0:>- J '.l-r-~ .!"jl
white his brother is good hearted. .~I ~ ~
- 1 will forgive you, only, tell me the truth . . ~I J Ji ~..kM ,,-~..J._ .. L...L Many people ' pend their ~L;- 0.r"-f J'WI J' .r.> life gathering money, 'J .!.lJ; c:) '.,.;JI ~ J nevertheless, they don't enjoy il. .41 J~
c - The 1Ior1l group )~"l l ~IJ) ;is. ~ -c. The conjunctions of this group suggest choice (alternative) .
. )\,?-~I .y; ~.,...fl • .:u. .1:,1))
Or ii ~ Ji Neither ... Nor "j) - "j
Either ... Or
Otherwise
Enemy o r fr iend ?
Neither boys nor girls
gOI good marks.
- 134 -
Or else
~J!-'-" tÎ )~ - . I)...a>' ,:.kJI 'J) , 'J) 'JI 'J
. i~ .l. li; ,}>-
- You must respect the laws,
otherwise, you will no t be_
aUowed to ente r this place
- 1 neit her smoke nor drink.
'J 'lU ~I.r'll r ~ "i ...,..".. . "i5:.l1 l.i.o J J""" .!-IJ e-<
• • • . .,.J.I y';' l 'J) .:r',1 'J Cl
Either peace or war wi ll solve Ihis problem. .I,.r- } I..L 1..1 ~ ~I ,.u ~I .1:,1)) ~.,..... -> d - The "50" group
The conjunctions of Ihis group suggest consequence .
So
Thus
Then. Thcrefore
~\ ~lt ,.!Jj.i!
1-41)
.!.ll.iJ
- He respects ail people.
accordingly, he lives in peace.
. ~I .;".ii ~ ~I • .u. .1:,1)) •
Hence
Accordîngly
Consequently ~.u ~.J
You have done a 101 or mistakes, Ihererore,
yo u have lost many marks.
.w .!-IJ.iJ û UI J5' rr-< -.;1 ·r"Y-- ci ~
"Ib-:;I if Pl ~) .>.il
. i.r.> lblZ '-'.r->- J..ij .!.ll.iJ - She does not like you, so, if ~ J :>Ii ,~ 'J 4-'1
don' t disturb her a nymo rc. .L>?i , ,' ..
- 1 did nOlhing wrong, hence why blaming me? \f' P \~l..ü ,t,b:. 0} r-'~!
2 - 5 ubordinating conjunctions: ~I.::JI ~'J)I _ 2
Subordinate conjunctions are used 10 introduce noun and adverbial clauses. '. . ).,)1.>-1) ;;".....~I ~I 'l,:.ol r""'" ~l:ll .1:,1))1 ~
a - wilh oouo clau$Cs:
Th" Whet her
b - \Vilh adverbial clauses of place ~lSll 4~1 ~I ol:-!li e - y
Where (as) Wherever
- 135 -
,
e - \Vi th adverbial cla uses of lime .,..)1 ;y 1>-1 J..!-I • t,;. i (;:' - "" When t.= Whenever L$
• While t.." As ,\.CI J d.~ Afler
""" Berore j.,;
Since ...- lill "W - c?-Until c?- As saon as , .r.-' As long as ~lk Now ~'YI
Once ;if ,,:A,;, 1°f No sooner c?- - .D:,~ tha n
d - \Vith adl'erbial clauses of cause ~:;~ ~ Il ~~I ~, o~l ~ _ ...:J
Because
As
e - \Vith adverbial clauses of
purpose
Thal
ln order Iha t
For fea r Iha t
./J-c?
~i..»c" 01 d ij~
f - \Vith adverbial clauses
of result
Thal
Sa .. thal
Such . thal
.!.U.iJ 01 "-:o:-)..u
.)i "-:o:-)..u
The wa ter was so cold
tha t we cou ldn' l swim
g - With adverbial clauses
of contrast
Although
Even though
Since
;y 1>-1 J..!-I • t,;. i (;:' _ .:.)> .,oJ 1 Js. lJ l.!ll
Sa Ihal . i ,- " u..r Lest 'J ' /~i ~ ..r- -In case \<.,li
lJ l.!l 1 ;y 1>-1 J..!-I • t,;. i (;:' - c. ~1Js.
Sa Ihat
Sa as 10
..»c~
..»c~
~ d <.-).!l b), ,lll ~I> ,--LJI d'-'-'
;y 1>-1 J..!-I • t,;. i (;:' - t .,Wdl. :w.lW,1 Js. lJl.!l1
Though ~i cr r')" (b!)}) c?-Even i fJthough
- 136-
. A,
Whalever
Whenever
No matler whethcr . Or nol ~ ri .. bJ ~ I"....
h - With ad\'crbial clauses
of manner
A,
As though
in Ihat
i - With ad"crbial clauses
of comparison
As .. As ~
Not as .. as J!-o ~ Th'n , .• '. ...w.lLJJ.,
~~ J!
- The more you forgive.
the grealer yOll arc
j - \Vith ad"crbial clauses of condition
If
Whclher
bj ,}
'J i . L!\ ) r .
• You may go OUI 011 condition Ihat
yOll are back by tcn o'clock.
- You will have nothing
unless you keep yOuf word.
As long as yOll are in love \Vith her
why don't yOll ask ror her hand?
Whoever
H owever
Whether. or not '1 i i .. 1'>1 ~ Ir No matter how 4 ~\)-"
;y 1>-1 J.o.>-I '1.,.'> i t' - , ;.,.;,sJ 1 Js- ;U I.IJ 1
As ;[ }W'
How ~
;Yl>-I J.o.>-I ,w.i t' ~ l.l)\.ill Js- ;UI.IJI
Such as J:.-Not '0 .. As J'S ..,..,1 The .. the WS' . . \..J.S"
~i 1.$ pi 0~ 1.$
~pi .,., ri 1 ;y 1>-1 J.o.>-I '1.,.'> i t' - '
Unless ,J b! ' ,J } Provided thal .Ji J,. A SupposÎng Ihat HJÎ \...p}
On condition Ihal (.Ji ~.r- Js As lo~g as u.u..
, yS .) i .l. ri CJ)-I .!.-L \5:,. ~
.ifi-WI j;i ..!J:.$ r ~ r-! 1;1 I!,.:. J.,cÎ; J
r= '1 1;\\ ,~ .!.-Li \\\1.
~t"."" .,.JhJ
- 137 -
Use of sorne clauses
with exarnples
- 138 -
[ Time clal/ses ] IAsl al used with "just" to express an interrupted action
.J-i t \l:.i;1 ..,.. pd "\.1<" ~ J--Î l i examples: *1 / Just as 1 was watching the match on TV set, the
light came off.
. ;,:. 81 J>- <L WI ..v. L:. i .::..c.5' \...u L: 1< '"} ) JlI .w *2/ Just as she was rcading the paper the phone rang. , .
. 0) """411 ,o-,<}-I e::'-"" u\5" 1...:", L:li ./2 bl used to express two actions that accnT at the same rime .
. .;..i}1 .,...<; J ~ .!.»J.>. ..,.. pd J..o:.-l 1 y examples: *1 / She eut her finger, as she was preparing lunch .
IWhonl
examplc:
. ,I..wl ~ u\5" \...u ~l G->-? Il "'2/ 1 dropped my glasses, as 1 stood uP.: , -, .
. -:..E) \...u JJk " b; .1/2 al used to express (wo act;olts when -olle follows the
othe,..
f"J l tfi J.>.ljl \fi J:"!\:::o ~ ..,.. ~ J..o:.-l l i .. when he pressed the button, the machine stopped. ,
.(<J'JI) <S'lIl -:..E f )jJl J>-~ .u • hl used to express Iwo actions that occu,. together .
• 1Â.o UJ.>. ~ ..,.. ~ J..o:.-l 1 y examples: • when 1 came home, shc was having a bath .
. r" u\5" ~I .:...L.) \...u • '" she was an intelligent girl, when she was fifteen .
. O? ....... i:l-I 0'"' ci u\5" \...u '-?;, ~ u\5" •
cl lIsed ;11 future clauses .J:A:-ll J J..o:.-l 1(. * 1'11 do my bed, when l've finished reading the book.
,. , ,.....! • ·<f.l-r ~)L. ,"",1;.>,)1 0,1) 0' csPl \...u •
dl IIsed to express an ùtferl'Ilpted action. -
(..J J' \fi) J.i t \l:.i;1 ..,.. ~ J..o:.-l l' eg: * 1 \Vas watching the film, when the light came off .
• 139 -
IWhilel al used to express an interrupted action .
. (..;Î j ",i) J...i t \k.ill ~ .,."..w J-.J li cg: ... While 1 was watching the film, the light came off .
• , '.11 ., ,. ,1 ," .l>L:.Î ~ w "..-.. JY ~ ~ -.
hl used to express two actions tha. Geeor together .
. ,;..i} 1 ..,...;.; J .;:.,W .;.,) """ ~ .,."..w J-.J 1"" cg: ... While 1 \Vas watering thë flowers. he \Vas repairing his car .
. ô).,:..]1 ~ y J\5' 'Jy}ll .j--Î ~ ~ .Je.. cl "whilell cali IUcan "but" l "",hereas" to emplaize contrast.
(an opposing clause) . • L.:; 1< ... .I..!3J"· ." l " . CI" ." i . C - "W i~" 1 __
.:1-. cr· ~ cs' ..r'..r" '" '""" .) .. . .. .;;;}" }
cg: '" 1 wo rk eight hO,ufs a duy, while she works only six .
. ~ )/1 J-.-i <./' .:fJ "'" \? L.. J L..: j.-? Î l; Î .J e.. '" While our country has plenty of oil, others have none .
. "? ~I JI.uJ1 J oC> ,.;- ..c,. Ji '1 ,.6J1 J ôh Js. l;.u, '" J"". 0»- J .Je.. IBetorel as a conjunction used to join twc actions \Vhen olle
happened berGre the second .
. .1'':/1 Jj ~ ~I) .;.,)~ J§.,. 1,."," .;:.,W J.,) J..:.-' ~ ,j A -""FTERI as a conjunction, used to join two succeeded actions .
. .;,)b .;:.,W J.,) J--' ,~ ,j.rS -cg: ... Aner he had left. 1 arrived .
. ilij 'J;\? J!I,. • Il oéJ,t;.,. -"'! ~j .Je.. '" He examined him. aftef he had taken the temperatu re .
. ~ ~)? ~)~ ..l>.i Ji L. Il ~J~ 4.:.:-J~ ..L.:.\ L..~ ~ <tJl:.o ... 110st my watch. aner 1 had left the meeting. _
't ke-~I "'" J,l? J) \.. / / t ke-{\l JJ't;.,. -"'! \f"'L.. -:"""';'Î .J~ '\f"'L.. ~I
- 140 .
trill L Untill means: "up to", used to join rime clauses. (here are used as conjunctions)
;u..- • ;U~I • .:u. Jl ."",]1 J..!-I J.,} J.--J ,'-< t.~! ~I -i'" • . (~ J.r-S"
cg: >1< l'm Ilot going till j untill get my money.
'u-"IJ> .i>-ÏI ? ..,....;1 J .J~ >1< He won't came till j uutil he -is invited. --
~ '" . . iy~1 .J .J,. f JI JI Cs'l, J .J~
>1< 1 won't go out till j until the rain stops ---, .).ll .fi r. J>- c.r'i J .J~
ISincel as a conjunction, used in general with perCect tenses. It means: After a past rime .
.lA! :-i'" <i') ( ...... 111 Jl ~Sl Jo<ill &; C;' .. \0 J.--J ,~ J .r-S" .~ci)
eg: >1< Since being in Aigiers, we've visited "MAKAM. ECHAHID" .
.' ... ....,WI )1)-4 "-"clf -'-'"' .~I rLi... "J) .J~ cg: >1< Since you can't answer the question, 1 shall ask sorne one else.
• • M" ...",...".,""" .... .,.;~ / J>- J 1J-l1 C» 1..... ''-! l,,-)' 1 e:k'-' 'J ~ 1 l< .J \.\0 lAS SOON Asi
- used for time clauses. (l,,;j yll "",)1 J.."Jl J.--J -
cg: >1< 1 shall see hirn as soon as he comes.
A~L J-"< Il\.,... IJ-"< Il\.,... •. WL .J~ >1< 1'11 inforrn you as soon as 1 have a sign. 1
.(i).:'!) J), J>-~ JI l,. ~L .J~ Iwheneverl
- used (or rime clauses. It means: At any time. eg: >1< Phone me whenever yOll want. , ,
.ù» c::..j) <,>1 d ~\,o. .J~ >1< This is rny car, you can use it whenever you like. - - -
. ..:.."..-i c::..j) <,>1 J 4lt.....:...,.1 ~ ,j J~ • .:u. .J~
- \4\ -
[ Place ciaust!!~_(.:J~L~i1I~1 ~ IWh_r_v_rI
• used to express place clauses, il means: at BOy place at ail.
(~i) "IS:. ~i J :.rJ <l.,;1S:. ~ .r ~ ~ -cg: ... wherever he goes, he faces the problems .
. j>l.!ll .".1-" ..,...,.; ~Î • :JI:.. ... Sit wherever you like.
( "",) ..:...".. Î ,,\5:.. <? i J ..,..te.1 • : JI:.. ... He will be Beneficiai wherever he works .
. J.--< L..:,Î 1...,... ,,~ • :JI:..
[ R_~Q~on] Callse c/a'!.....ses ,,,.:.11 1 JI _ .. ~ ] IB.eaus.1 Sine.1 Asi
cg:
- used in the same ",ay to express causes! Reasons
... 1 can't help you because 1 Sincel As l'm late. . '-:" ' " . .r'1:.. ~, .!J;~L.... FI , :JI:.. • • She stayed at home becausel Sincel As it nined a lot.
.op., .kil...; )01.1 :,~ ~I d " ,i, :JI:.. • ... Because/ Sincel As it raind a lot, she stayed at home. --
. '
IB"eause ofl Froml .~I J ~ <op., .kil...; )01.1 "..,
- (Tllese are prepositions, used onlv ",;th nouns, pronouns or gerunds to express causesl Reasom') The same as "Because".
W)I ~\.ill ,l...-i) ) w.J1 "l...-~I ~ ~! ~ J" ..:JJ? • .i.o) ." [/'1" ~ .,.Ai J.N (yl,..o 'il ,:r .,.,....;u (lNG) -!
cg: ... He died from smoking .
. 142 .
'" She rerurns back because of the snow.
'CfiJl ~ ~ ~ ~J :JI;.. . '" From his aCtÎvity, we wouldn't think he was aged .
. (:;,..... .;i JI." W ~ 'il . .:,...; .Ji .f.;,; 'i J.~ ~ :JI;.. •
[ J rn -used to express condition clauses .
. 'Jo)JI ~I .;r p J-:--l -It means: supposing that 1 on condition that.
&i j, r< l "i J>?J :",ro -eg: '" If yOll poor oil on water, it floats .
. ,\ll ~ ~I)! ;J\.,.. ci "",,)JI yi.b, .JI;.. If 1 were yOll, 1 wOllld accept. - --
. .!.1l5:.. J.{i "i ,l,.r- ~L / ..:.J.,AJ .!.1l5:.. Ji w. pl } .JI;.. '" If yOll heat ice, lt melts.
IWHETHERI .~ <k,';' ~I y).i, :JI;.. •
- It means: nIf ..... or not" "sed to show a choice between possibilities. 1
. .:" ~ I..>! i~ .J:>! .ft) ~ l "I.,,::l J-:--l "(~) ~ ri " . .}" :",ro -eg: '" He asked me wherher she was coming .
. .."i ..:..;\5" .)1 .}L :JI;.. • eg: '" 1 do ,not know whether is true.
'(l:"""") ? Y' bl j.ri ~ • IUNLEssl - It meaRS nIf not", "except if' . , .
. "I;! ~r "~ &1 ,~l." ",ro -eg: '" He will do nothîng unless you ask him. -."'-' ~ bl 'il,";' J..i< J :JI;.. • cg: '" Oon't leave the building unless 1 tell yop to.
~ J • ~
. .!.JJ.i, ~ 1 ~ l,. cr.l 1 J> \;.; 'i • eg: '" 1 shall go to the party unless she phones.
• . \;iil. ~ ~ 01 <W.I Jl -,...;1...- •
- 143 .
t CHAPTED;,8 l [ /F- COND/T/ONAL ~)JI } ]
tiF clause
* Condition:.1 sentences have '\Va parts Rcsult clause. (main clause)
"F"IF"~}~ Jl4>~1 jJ.-I r-"i (i,-) )llW-I) lW-1 t li . ,
The Fi,st conditional , ),)1\ ...-k j.fJ\
(IF clause) "}" "IF" u.." (Result clause) 'a.J..I te IF + Present simple + shall/will + infinitive (simple future).
} + .?l!-I ;;.,.... + "shall! will" + ).L.o11 (.k,-,)I J.,.i:-ll)
- IF it Rains )dl .hA......, jl - JF yOll hurry.
~.,..Î ~
r shall get wet
j,;L yOll will catch the train. ,
11.iI1, ~ ) , . The first conditional is used for a direct or immediate possibilitv a probable condition. . " .~ Jo';' :,;.\.,.0 JL..:"..I Joel if ~ Li .• J) 'JI J-".!JI
Possible variations of the tClIses rules JW~' 6-'" ,.I$I..t'l ~, ..:.t'~1 IF + simple present + simple present
IF yOll pour oil on water It floats (Natural 10\\'5)
.?l!-I ;;.,.... + .?l!-I ;;.,.... + } • <....k '1' ( .. ' 0>'".)
, . yik; ,UI J;. .:."jJI " :: " } •
IF yOll heat ice •
(y."k ""I}) ,\... ~ 'J - IF [ say "yes" .;,,~! ~ ;) ,'J, J-",
It tUfilS water (Natural Laws)
~I~} He says "No" (Habituai Reaction)
'r ' ~ }
, 144 .
uscd for Natural laws and habituai Reactions. . , ,<;>~! JL.;I »») ~I ';";I?J ~
IF + Simple present + IMPERATIVE TENSE/MUST/SHOUlD/ OUGH TO • •
,())I1 / ...... y)1 /..,.."., /,/'11 + ,...;,Ll-I ~ + } - IF you see him
- IF he comes again
- IF she phones you
,l»Y') ~I}I.y
uscd for gh'ing ad\'ice or command IF + Simple present
;y \5:...)'1 Ji i.,I L.,.. )' 1 - IF you hurry
~.r'i } Compare with
- IF you !lUrry
d:;.i ~ - IF you are out of cash
r"'1).01 -!.L. ~l.;:; (1;1) }
Tell him to return back
""i) } -you must prevent him
I)W,~ ~-you ought toI should inform her
-!.b;l> } -
,-!.b;l> } \,0, )L>.) ~I}I .y 0
.,..."i Ji ~\.a; .\ks.~ J .. '; ,,; + Mayor can
+ ,...;,Ll-I ~ + (1;) } you may catch the train.
\kiJ~ .!.Li li' .J. ..J
:-1 J}i you will catch the train ,
\kiJ~ .!.L.!.'..;. ) , -
you c;m gh'e me a cheque
1,(., J\W) ~
used to lalk, about something to happen or to ask for permission
,C#; } .);) c,JkJ } 0-'>- ,..;:. ~ P J...:..J IF + Present Perfeel 1 Present Continions + Simple fnture
,.h,-.,JI J,.i:-ll ~ + r-=--JI ,...;,Ll-I ~ / (!:JI ,...;,Ll-I + } - lF you have finished your meal 1 shall give you some desserl
~) ~i } ~I ~ .!.t,w.L:. - IF you are still learning english 1 shall show you Illy new grammar
book,
- 145 -
, "fl)'1 ~ ~jl,. yi j .,.;,JI) y.3l ...,.c!-I "",\5 ,j>-~L used for direct, immediate, certain possibility. - ,
·.JS"YJ <$)} ,';'y Jl.=-'J ~ The second conditional ..;~\ <.;.-1~\
lF clause --+ (j~) (~, ~)_ Result clause IF + simple past (past subjunctire) + would + Infinith'e (present conditional)
" -J"-"-' + ,1)'1 J>;WI ...... ~I + (J>;WI ...... ~I) ..6.,-,J1 "...~I ...,.., + yi
- IF it rained
- IF you hurried
. ).6.iJ~ .!.l-l j r ~ - IF 1 \Vere rich
t..r' i )."... ",-<pl GS j.,....J
. (J>).ll ?~I) J-.ill 1 would get wct
you would catch the train
GJj-!-i yi 1 would buy a speed car
\?- GS yi The second conditional is used for a less likelv possibilitv .
. .:f.l Jl.:.>-I j;~ .,.;WI J>j-ÎJI J--l * Note that the tcuse used in the "IF clause" ius't the simple past but it's the past subjunctive, that's why in the third example wc say (1 \Vere) and Dot (1 \Vas). But, as bath tellses han the sante Carm, It doesn't matter to use the simple past, except \Vith "Ta Be", we use (were) instead of (was) .
..6.,-,J1 I?"'\ll J .:-.,J ."" rDl 4 , j .1 •• - li J-.ill ...,.., Ji .b-'Y • - " ,
. "1 was" ..,..,J J "Iwere" J.,;; .!.JWI Jl:tl J) 1.i.,J ,,,,,:,.'JI ..,...,lil d ~ J
J..""-' Ji ~l,. 'J J v"~ 'Y ,Pl ~ 4<-" JW\t1 ~ Ji lr~ , P .(was) JtS:.. J (were) J..""-' ,"Tobe" ,c=...~ ..6.,-,J1 .,,-"~ I
Possible variatiolls of ,Ile tellse ru/es JW~I &"" JS.\ ~ 4L.:$:1 ..;.J1.z:A:l1
IF + Simple past + Might 1 Could
(I?'" \lI J) .." ~ )' 1 Ji ;.,J 1..;.-)' 1 + J.,-,ll I?'" ~ 1 + yi IF you hurried yOD might catch the train
- 146 -
\kAlI, .::...C..i ..:..5 lé) ) . .
Compare \Vith: -! IJ)W IF you hurried you would catch the train \kAlI, .!.Li ..:..5 j . 1 ) . r-' ..::..<-.r' i }
IF it stopped snowing yOll could go out.
U}-I .!.1 LS:..~ JlSJ ~I j, y<.- Ji Ji ) uscd about possible rcsult and about abilitv or permission .
. ~ ~ JÎ J1~ , ;)J.QJ , iJ...:>,.. ~ J--Î . , THE THIRD CONDlTlNAL ...:J\.:J\ ,:,J:;..FJ\
} u..". (IF Clause) ...... ' ;",..,:; (Result clause) IF + Past Perreet + Would + Have + Past Participle
Juill ~"""" + .c.UI Juill + j Y' + r~1I .".-"111 + jl IF it had rained 1 would have stayed ho~me
. -::..,J, ~ ..:..5 j ri 0 j.:i jÎ IF you had hurried You would have got the tr:Jin .
\kAlI, ~i ..:...s j . 1 .) . .r-- ..::..<-.r' i jÎ '* The third conditional is used for a past possibilitv, ",hich didn't happe": impossible condition .
. ~ j,';' :..:.""" r.l JI..".-'J ..:JWI Jo)J1 ~ Possible variations of the tcuse rules .
. Jw~1 ~ ~1.;iJ u..:,:1 .:,,1.-*11 lF + past perfeet + would + infinitive
IF you had listened my ad vice you would be at university now .
.J'Yi ...... V-I .} ..:..5 j ri ~ ~! } '* used wlle" the action in "IF clause" is a past acÏion, and the action in "Result clause" is a present one .
.} Juill) ,1;..;>1.. )W "<,).,;.JI }" u..". J Juill j ~ 1..= ~ • - - . i.J,.1 . "a.J-I · .!'
'.1"" <1 . ~
- 147 -
IDirect and Indirect speech l
A - Direct speech:
l'''':''I:JI ~ ... "":"I:JI <:' ..YI1l11
.rWI (,,~I _i The very words used by the speaker are quoted without any change .
. J..w <?Î i.» • .;,obdl ~I <?.\JI ~~I ..,.;.; .f J.; • She said "1 am tired todaylt
• He said "We are not
kids 10 be treated like that"
Direct words arc always
put between brackets
Indirect speech:
" r -"JI Il. <.p ~ r .cJ 0 • . - " JoW ci> 'l'WoI L..J \;;1 Jo.
"<.i, pl • .i;,
"" Wb t:"' J' ;.rt,l.l -:..W5JI • . ! . ~ . ~.~
. .:F >"'"' 0l--.i'
.rWI.d' ()\~I -Y '
- The words of the speaker are reported with sorne changes in construction .
. -.,..f.rl l .j .:..I~I ,;.., ';'I.I>-! t' .;..obdl .:..WS' .f j.; • She said that she was lired that day. .r.r.ll .:J,I.> ~ ...:,.j\5' 4-i~ ...:.JI,; 0
• • • He sa id that they are not ci> 'l'WoI 1"....,1 r-i'~ Jo • kids to be treated like that. .~....,6J\ ~ \j.-~
forms of Indirect Speech pWI ;;f r~1 J\S:..!.i
1 . Indirect statements r-w,\ ~ ~\ . 1
2 - Indirect questions .rt,l.l .ri- JIJ-l1 - 2 • •
3 - Indirect commands or requests ;;.w,\ ~ ,,1...:-)l)I./' ':J\. 3
4 - Indirect exclamations .;.w,\ ~ ~\ -4
1 - Indirect statements: ,;.W\ cf J-I. 1
General Rules: .... \s. Js..\,i
To change from direct to indirect speech, we must apply the following general rules:
- 148 -
~I..tAI' J"ki ~ ..,.."., pl,- ~ (J.S' J! pt,. tJ.S' .:J' ,.\1."& -:4,I\:J1 ;"'WI
A - Change of pronouns:
- Change tlle prOIlOll"S and possessÏJ'e adjectitJes QccOl'ding to ('0''''''011 sense lise the prOIlOllllS and possessive adjectives wl,ic/t correspond to the speaker and to ,lte pel'son to w!tom ,lte speech
is llddressed .
.:,,\.i..p) }UI Jwo:--I rWI ~ Lii) ;,s:ul .:,,\.i..p) }UI ~ -•
.• .,....\;01, ""' .... 1 .,J! ",)., ~I) ~I J!1i .;JI ;,s:ul
B - Change of (cuses: ,'r' ~I t;;N I~
Do nOl change the tenses of the verbs if the principal verb is in the:
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Prescnt Perrcel
Future
EXQmples:
says:
Ho is saying:
has said:
will say:
say:
:J"""':)I JMlI ,JI> I,! JW~I l.;.. jÎ .r.N 'J ~I tJL.<.l1
",.::....LI tJ L.<.ll Uli L.<.ll ~ tJ ~I
j
"They are beilutifu l flowers"
"<J.,..e. 'J)J 4'( J-", Ihal Ihey are beau tiful flowers r-y .r-'-
a..... '··L J' " . ::IJ)J ~. ~
"We have ail the necessary things" 'l.,. .r" .
They are saying:
have said:
'\)J.r"l' ,L,;.'y, J' l<.lJ"
Ihat Ihey have ail the necessary things
J) -'" ":'1.,-
will say: ~)J"..;,J' ,L,;.~ ' J' ,...,.lJ ~L '"} -'" - If t!Je maill Irerh is ;11 tire plut. we make the folloJllil'g cha liges:
: 4,1 \:JI ':"1.,."d" r".a; ,,,...:-\lI J ~ )1 JMlI ,J IS" I,! -
- 149 -
Î Direct speech
• L.. .'%' .r' - \
Present simple
Present conl illuous
Present perreet
Past simple
F uture simple
Future perCee!
Conditio nal
Examplel':
Plays
Is playing
Has played
Played
Shall "will" play
.b.,.-, t)-'"-'
~t..jL:...
r~ t..jL:...
.L.., - l.o - - ..r' .b.,.-, J,i'-'
r~ J,i'-'
Jo.r- ,;rj
Shall "wi ll" have played
Should "would" play
May play
Can play
Could play
Might play
Examples:
. He said. "1 am quite wclP' .
He said lhat he \Vas quite weil.
- The man sa id II I have secn the thief.
He said that he had seen the thier. - The manager said, "1 am
Indirect speech
r- t.,.. .r-'- r '%'
Past simple .L., -\.. - - cF" Past contÎnuous .r"-" ,,-" \.. Past perreet li -\.. r cF" Past perfect r" ,,-"\.. Conditional ..}> r- </j
Conditio nal r" ..}> r- </ j perree!
Conditio nal perreet il; ..}> r- </ j
Played
Was playing
Had played
Had played
Should "would" pl:ly
Should "would" have played
Should "would" have played
Mi ght play
Could play
Could have played
Might have played
!" oÎ
- 150 -
going to tire you ail",
- The manager said that he
was going to tire them ail,
- She said, "1 waited for you
for six ho urs" ,
- She said that she had
waited for him for six hours.
- He said "If 1 had moncy, 1
would buy a new car".
He said that if he had had money,
he would have bought a new car ..
- She said "1 wish 1 could do that".
- She said that she wished
she could have done that..
She sa id "1 do Ilot bclieve what he sayslt,
She said that she did not
believe what he said.
He said "1 shall sec you at my office".
He said that he should see
him at his office.
.::.- i.u ".,k' .û t,.;~ .;.lU
,..:...t&.L
.ji5J1 JUI ~.J ;,\5' } ,;i JU
,éJ..!..1.:>:- é;l::- tSr' J.i 0lS:J
4'Î } Lo ')! ;,\5' ~I .;.lU
,.!..U~ J.,s. ..:..s.lk...\
The present tense may he used to the reported speech, when the sentence expresses a unh'ersal or a habit fact.
If ~I .r." l.o~ .f'L,11 .r-< ~~I <i t)L..4i1 ..... )1 ~'~' jy..; .;,~ Ji ... ~ ~
General FuelS: :~\; ~\i J
Ali naturallaws and eternal fact. .o..ùl;l\ ~W.I) ~I ~\yAJl J5'
- 151 -
He said. "the earth is round lt.
He said that the earth is round.
They said. "Angels and
Devils can not be round in one place".
They sa id that Angels and
Devils can not be round in one place.
Habituai Faels:
He said. "We get up carly every mornillg"
':J .:J..I,.!JI) ~)lJ.1 J~ I}~
,-'>-1) Jl5:.. J ~ :.,1::.,. ci\! ,
He sa id tha l they gel up carly every morning c.~ JS' \?~ ,) ~ ~~ J\.i
She sa id. "After dinner. wc sit and
la lk or watch tclevision programmes lt
She sa id Ihat <l ftcr dinner, Ihey si l
and talk or walch television programmes.
J ~ ,LcJI "'" 1"" ~ .;.JIJ
ô.;.w\ ~\.I J)..v.~ } Jy~)
C • Change of nearncss indicators: ",}II Jli ;:1" -.,;;., Whcn tenses arc ehangcd, words indieating nearness must be ehangcd into eorresponding words illdicatillg remotcncss.
",}JI ~ J.I; .;JI .,;;.,w.s::J1 J-;; ~ , .... .i~1 J ydü .,:.,1.1.>-1 J.;.;
,-IA,II .j; J.I; ..:;, WS" J!
This
These
Here
Thus
Now
Today
Direct Indirect ""'\
Il> That
,'i J> Those
l.> there
I~ So
J'JI Theo
(-"" Iha l duy
- 152 -
~ - -!..U~
.!-W) .!ll:..
.!.\liS'
Yesterday -ri
Tomorrow ,-"
Tomorrow morning...LJ\ C~
Las! Ilight
Ago
Come
Examples:
He said, "l watched the late
!ihn la st night"
He said tha t he had
watched the late Iilm the
previo lls night.
The Iusi duy
or : the previous day = the day before yesterday
The next duy
or : the following day = Ihe day after tommorow
The following morning
The previous night
Before
Go
J\.:1i C!.,..JI
j
• i.;rJ1 ,..t,; .U> L:. J.i ,,~ J li . "-" III a,1J1
She said. "I met my c1ass-mate
in this place yesterday"
She said that she had met
her class-mate in that place
the previolls day.
She said, "this is the Jast
straw, 1 am completely ou't
of pat ience with you l1
She said that was the
1ast straw and she WOlS
completely out of patience
with him .
- 153 -
.} 4-:J.,.. j ..:.J, li J.i 4' ~ c:..! li
• i."J1 .!.I.b .J 15:.1.1 .!JJ;
.Ji) ~I e.ib .cil c:..!li
• \..11 .i.i; J.i ~ lo.r-"
Notice that in indir«t speech it is not always necessary to replace words indicating nearness as the past tense of the introducing verb is often quitc sufficient.
.;;, ~ 1 ..)ai.)'Ü Wb .,,)) yol2ll 4J' ..,..,J ...,:.l,lI .r-< ~ ~ 1 J '" i Ji:... "i
.lot< !,ilS" iJ~ lo U~ ..... I.;;i"il J-All ..,..,lI.l 4J'}1 iJi ;! ..." fil ~ 1.I1JJI He sa id to her, "yo u arc
court ing danger now"
he told her that she was courting danger. , )U~ ~ 4-i~ lot..r.>-i Special Rules For Indirect ~ &1:1 JI ti':l~ ~\::I..I ...u.\ tAJl
S tatements: :0 r?l:ll r!-
i - Use tlte l'erbs "SllY 01' leU' ".r.'""Î ."i J Ij" Jd ~1. 1
Say J.,.. Sa;d JIi Tell
2 - Instead of the quotation
marks, use the word "THAT"
He sa id , "1 am deeply sorry"
He sa id tha t he was deeply sorry.
He sa id 10 me, "1 highly
appreciate your hospita lity"
He told me that he high ly
appreciated my hospitality.
He said te his rrjeod, "1 cao
not see yOll loday as lIsual"
He told his fr icnd that he
could not see him that
day as usual.
She sa id nIt is time for me
to go home"
- 154 -
Told
...... l,;i~ 1 l:.o ~ oJ' "i J., - 2
" iJ i" ;ws- J-.-I
Shc said that il was time
for her ta go home.
He sa id , "1 will do my best
ta help my friendl!.
He said that he would do
his best ta help his friend.
He said, "We advised him
not ta \Vaste his time"
He SJ id that they had
advised him not ta \Vaste
his lime
...,......i; Ji 41 JI -Ii ...;~ ..:J\i
. ..::...,JI Ji
• ,* LSJL.ü J.i."... ...;L J\i .~J...,.,:t o.JsU
~""" ,~ -Ii r+~ J\i ..a) ... 1..,;.1
or: They advised him not ta waste lime. .ci) 4,.ç.L;,\ i~ o~ )
2 - Indirect Questions: ~l;J.1 ..r.:'- Jlj-JI - 2:
General Ru les: : .... WI ~I".<ll
Apply the general rules of ~\..;LI ~W\ .JsI..,il\ ~' indire,,, speech ';'LlI .r-'- ~)\.Çjt,
Special mies: : ~L;ll .JsI.tJ1
1 - Use the verbs ask or inquire
Ask
inquire
JL j' LI - ii"-'
Wonder
Wanl 10 know
2 - Link the introducing l'crb with the rcporlcd question using:
A - the saille question ward
which introduces the question
, 155 -
~.J..i; .}' ~~)l1 ibi '-"""" j JIJ-l1
B - the word III Fil or IIWHETHERII
when the q uestÎon has
no question word
" ' "WH ETHER' JI IF ~ - ~
Js. '-? J'>-< 'J Jlj-ll JI> 1;1 , r4-'-'-"1 ibl
3 - Replace the interrogath'e construction by a statement construction,
changing the question inta a subardinatc clause,
Jlj-ll ..4-",,", .!.Il;) '-?) y;.1 ...,.,?? .... ~ 'JI ...,.,?)I J "",",I -3 . "-! ~ :u.-. ..,.:.. JI
Examples:
- He sa id. IIA re yOll still cross
with me?1I
He asked if 1 was st ill cross
with him.
- He sa id lit s this the man yO ll
are 100 king for ?"
He w .. nted to know if that
was the man 1 was tooking for.
- He said, 11 00 you know the
right answer ?II
He asked if 1 kncw the
right answer.
- He said. "Have yOli invcnted
all y means of communication ?I!
He asked if we had
in vcnted any means of
cOl1ullunicat ion.
,
. '-"
Y' .!lI; JI> JI j fi JÎ ,1)
. "'" .:..,., Î .:..S '-? 1)1 Je-)I
yl)-I j fÎ .:..S 1;1 ~ JL .~I
- 156 -
,-?Î Wc?,1 J.i lS 1;1 ~ JL .Jl...a;'!1 JI....) .J' ;u,....)
- He said I1Where is the
ncarest post office?11
He inquired where Ihe
!learest post office was.
- She said ItHow sha ll we get
there1"
She asked how they would
gel there.
- She said "Who called while
1 was out ? did he leave a message 1"
She asked who called while
she was oui and whelher he
had left a message.
- He said "When will you
finish Ihe programme of
this year 1"
He wanled to know when
we would finish the
programme of Ihat year.
- He said "What is the matter 111
He asked what the matter was.
3 -Indirect conunands or requests:
Apply the general rules of
indirect speech
Special rules
~ 4-:JL . .!lLo J.,...}I
. . 4- J.ail ",-'lI if -:JL..
• JI5" bl W) 4-~ ,l;;I l;.i;lA
.;JL.. J .!l J J.i
~~.I ~ ..? j fi Ji ,1)
.UI .!..lJ;
.. /"1 '-i,.i>- j fi Ji ,1) r 1.,11 .r-'- ,I.:-} 1 Ji ./., 1 • 3
.r-'- t ~ ;... WI -'" l.,-il 1 .;,J, 'UI r' .
,",,~I .. 1,Al1
Use a suitablc introducing verb according to the kind of the imperative . •
J'~I t.rl 1..,; W'l\,. 1.,>-81 ';Ml J-.-I
- 157 -
Command ) Order )
Tell -,.l1
Ask cJkJL Request b- I~' J _
Beg tS~! Pray l.-J IJ-y Advise c:-=
. Cha nge the (orm of the
imperative as follows:
The imperat ive /' ~\ ~ "Go" ~j\ ~
The negative imperative ~\ ~
Don't go ...,.....,...i; ") ~
EXQmp/es:
He sa id to his friend, "Write ail this information"
He told his friend 10 wrile
ail that information.
The officer sa id , tlFire"
The officer commanded his
soldiers to fire.
He sa id to his friend,
Don't spend aIl your money, save sorne for the future.
Cl>! ..JkJ 1 <J l.- d _ <,;)1 ..,-" if <J" b.:. i
,1.,)1 <Jl.- J -J---,"1 <Jl.- J -
~' <Jb- d
""yi ~ f~1 ..,.., jy :.;'JI
To infinitive )~\
.. To go ~-4 .)i Ta negati ve infinitive ~\ )~\
- .-; . , Not 10 go ~-4 ~ J\
• J> ~ jl ""-,--,, if -,-lj, _"-'L.}-1I.!JJ;
lA JI, "r'c J.,I.;.)I ri _):11
- 158 -
He advised his friend nOl to
spend ail his money and to
save some for the future
4 - Direct Exclamation:
"yi' J5' ~ ''J j t '"" -'-" ~ .Ji' . 11 lr- w,..., .,;", Ji)
Apply the rules or indirect stalemenls and rcflecl the spirit of the exclamation .
. ~I CJ) III ~ r-l,I.l ~ "';-1 ~Ij J:1> Suitable introducing verbs
Say with sorry.
Exclaim (with regret).
Exclaim (wi th surprise).
Exc1aim (bitterly).
Remark.
Admire.
Shout (with joy) .
He said "What a charming actress 1"
He remarked what
a charming actress she was.
She said "Oh dear ! 1 have
10st my neck1ace"
She excla imed bitterly tha t
she had lost her necklace.
, 159 '
;.,.. \;... ;",-b 1 J w i ,
. li.... \;... J-",
. li.... i C7'" . .. . (L».c..c;) w.,.-l:,. C7'"
.ô) ./ C7'" L..:.......::.. •.
' .' ~
.~~\ l$~
.l>-) C7'"
i.l:..11 " ~ Le "c,...I <S -'1 i .Jk,. if
J.i 4i! <.l:\i ô)./ ..:,.,.L.,.,
.\A..w:. ...:.."w
IPrep ositionsl
A Preposition is a word uscd for showillg the relation betwccn Iwo things .
. <J.' :' ~ ~')I.l1 "l"l J--l W> /.-1 .j ~ Prepositions arc uscd \Vith nouns or pronouns to show the relationship
bctwccn the lIoun or pronouo and anothcr word "or words".
Ji l'""'~I ~ ~')I.l1 .:r.-;:I }l...:dl Ji ,t-.~I ~ J--l /.-1 .j J~ .~ f i ..:..WS' Ji W> ~J .,.,....:.>JI
Prepositions arc closcly lied to the Douns or pronouns which Ihey control.
.~ .jl }l...:dl Ji ,t-.~~ \.i.,iJ I,bLi) .k.,lj /.-1 .jJ~ Examples:
0 011' ( cntc r inlO details.
He gave \Vay to her \Vishes.
He entercd upon a new li re.
Don', put me in yO uf black liSl
You are hard on me.
For better, fo r \Varse.
Let hint stay beside me.
He hand led her withoui gloves.
It is no use crying ovec spih mil k.
DOll '[ d o tha t bchind Illy back
From the bo ttom of Illy hemt
1 will not look a l your face
.~\.i:ll J J>--" 'J
. lfiLf) ~' J..iJ ..;~ J i-4~ ~ Î--'-! ..ûJ
,by-ll ~I.i J ~ 'J 10 . . , '-1
.~ y-AJ .,;...u •
. 160 .
. ,Ipall) , I:,-JI J .~ h ". J ~ "",
.;,; ~ 4J..lto J..iJ
. t \..;, \.. .j>- ,l5:J1 0" i.\J\i 'J
~.# ,1)) 0" -!JJ; J'"" 'J
,}i Jwi 0"
.!.-l,ls- ...;,....,Î J
Kinds of prepositions:
1 • Simple prepositions:
At = By ;J..,.I JI
With ;J..,.I JI -c: - ~
0 "
ln
or Over
Since
To J'"
For
Like
Near
2 - Double prepositions:
From behind
Into
Js-.j J'
Jj .L.
- J! • Je'!
J!-~}
3 . Compound prepositions:
Across ~
Behind ...Al>-Above Jj
Between .;",
Within J>'b-.j Wilhout ~J..lt
4 - Prepositional phrases:
On account of
lnspite of
ln front of
orr From
Through
After
Up
Under
Round
AI ..JJY tyl ~.r ..)Jr - 1
.;r-o.,., J'
J::I->- J' ..., •
Js-I
J-Jy
Till (until) .r Except I.,.L.
• During ~ L:.."\
Against .)j
Among .;", Vl J...)
From within J>'I' .:r, Onto
Along
About
Before
Beside
Below
Beyond
Js:l.; r.r ..)Jr -3
J-'" Js-.;r J'
ob.. ...,.... ..
J'--Î ~\)J L...:'
i)\:o:- .;;..I)~ -4
Instead of .:.r- '1..lt By means of ~\JI
Owing to
- 161 -
At the back of ~\;J
Ji <Il.-';, Wilh
Reference 10
Nex( to JI tJ" JI
}~ - ~~ - ~
S - Participle prepositions:
Conccrning
Supposing
Examples:
1 know nothing conceming
his behaviour.
What did they say
regarding my proposais?
The television broadcast
starts at half past four
He ran past the door
In accordance with
For the sake of
JlOl J
.ri .y
\Vith regard 10 .)~
Out of ~\-4 - (;t.:.
i;l~.1 Jr41 Ji J'WI .L.....i -5
Regarding
Considering
Assuming
: dl'" oi
,,-U Js- J y..A-:J1 .:..,JI i.e" .....<..a;)1) <..,1)1
...,.,\,JI rloi cS.r. The prepositions may come at the end of tbe scntence or arter the l'erb in
the roUowing cases:
:;;,1\:11 Jly~1 J JoAlI ~ Ji ~Il;~ J lA .Ji }-I .j}- .;.., With interrogatives: :rlt4::'l1 t.:JIJ.lt e Whom did you talk with? Y~J..i r.J" e What are you looking for?
Which target are you pointing at?
With re.sthe pronouns:
He does not Iike the bouse
which he lives in.
The young man whom you
spoke to is my brother.
- 162 -
y~ l.s.
~...,.,~ .......... ",i JsJ.-jl;w. t'
..;.,... ",.ill -.:..."lI ..,....., 'J .;! . ....
r ..... ..:....JS:; ",.ill ...,.,L.:JI
.... ') ,
The preposition must come at the end of the sentence or aCter the verb iD the following cases:
:./'JI .:..~~I ..) JoAlI "'-! } ~I ~4J ..) }-I """.r ,j~ - When the relative pronoun "l'HA 1'" is uscd:
This is the kind of life Ihat
he is used to.
It is the opportuni ty thal
he has drcamed of.
- Whcn the relative proooun
is ornittcd:
This is the present J
promised you of.
J-oyll ~ J~I =-
It is the piece of music 1 .::..5 ,,"1 <,.i,-}I ;.,J,.iJ1 ~1
was listcning to. - .1+.11 ~i ,
- Whcn "WHA T" intToduccs "WHA T" 4JS' ).J....a:;j t.~ -
a clause. . aJ. •. :H ~ This is exactly what 1 am thfnking of. . .tJ ~i L. ~~ I..i.~ , Thal is what you were looking fo r. .~ ~ ~ L. I..i,..
That is what we warned yOll of. .~ .!.I\.i J..i- L. Li..
- With the passive voice: J~ ~I ~ -
l'le is not the pers"" that J-c. .".iJ1 ~I ~ "'1 cao bc relied on. . ..... h:. )~ 'il
It is a promise that cao be relied on. .~ )~ ~I ~ J.&. J ~1
- When the object is understood aCter the Ûlfinitivc .
. )~I "'-! I~ J"..oll i.Jfo. \.0= -
- 163 -
Hcrc is ano.her focal point to talk about .
. ~ ..!Jwl ~ cS fi ~.J"" Y. &il ..;' lA
The use of prepositions ~\ ~_l""" J~\
Common use:
Idiomatic use:
About .. concerning
They were talking about him.
You know eyerything
about my plans.
About - Around "here or there"
He wa lked abo ut the garden.
He has many friends about him.
Let us go about the town.
Aboye:
Above = higher in place
The planes flew above the c1ouds.
Il cost me aboye 5000 dinars
He is ubove suspicion.
Above - more than
Their level is above average. Across:
The telephone post feU
down across the railway line.
You may draw a line
across the wrong paragraph.
cS'~ J~I
.,.-)l.h..pl J~I "~ ~-? j.?" J.f.,."
~
"Î..!., - ,y
.""" "Y~ Iyl> . J:k' ,y- ,..;- JS' j.J" .!J;1
·<.!.IU ,i U · - J,... • ..., ..... 1 Jy-..r-,
.Jy- J).r-> ,\;.c...1 "..u
."".ùl Jy- ~.i; l, t,. • -(1 ..• <Z' r" . <ff
,,~I .:..,.. '" ~i ~ ci) . ..,..,...JI J j .:...il..- -:..1)lkJl
Jc" J~i ......... .:r )S"i ~ ..\.il . c:..t~!J1 J j .;1
, :1 '-(·\ .>.t; l:.>=' c.=.. . .h...pl Jj rlJ'--' "1
' !.D r . d . .e9 "";1.,. <Z' .
lS:...J1 Jo:J "yi,W1 , r .b.<..,.
.,,"' ..... 1
i.;.J1 ~ \Jo>. .J. "i ~ .i!kCl-1
- 164 -
Ailer:
He is coming aftef me.
1 will see yOll after the match ..
·W,_~ _ ~ .
'I.$~ ~i <l.il . .'.l,WI ....., !lI) ...
He ran after me for half an hour. .4s.L.. ......i..a.i ~..u. r ~ J J..il
She is named after her mother. .~..u\-, r"~ ..:...-;:.-..
He is a man after my li king. .J J).;! ~) <I.i! Against: .~ ~ ~ . , Against = opposite to ~Iy" J - ~I.Q.. = J.,.,p
- ./JL... - ~ They playcd against many strong teams.. .~; .J} i.ls. L 1.r.J 1 have nothing against you. ..!l...l...;? ".? I.$i I.$..u ~ We are swimming againsl the 1..: .. ;( ~I ->..r-" ~ ~ ~
•"<...0. J) "'. ~. , . . , stream.. r 1.5 ~
Between
Among: is uscd in case of referring to more than two persollS or things .
• i.t:.:..,:. } ~ .;r' jS'i J! i}.;"'~1 ;;JI>- J "AmoDg" J--l' Between: is used in case of referrÎllg to two persons or thillgs .
. ~ )i ~ J! i)';'~1 ;;JI>- J "Betw .. n" J--l Examples:
- He likes to stay among his friends. .~\.i~t <J.:.1 s:.L.'WI ~ <l.il -
. She prefers ta ,il amang the pupil, .. .i,.-)WI .;", cf #, ~ 4'1 -• Don't sleep among the graves. .)y.AJ\ <J.:.1 ~ 'Y -- Our schoollies between the b) ~\ :ou ,..z \:.::...... J..,. -) ~~ ~ )
museum and the court of justice. . ~\J..JI
- There is nothing between me and her ~) ~ ~~ ~ y. 'Y - they are always between my eyes. .~ 0::1 Wb ~ -
- She put the Rose between. ~ 0'::! i,;:, )}\ ~ -' -
two pages of the English book. .~#.'Y\ W\ yl:5'" 0'"
165 .
There is a wide gap belween
the Soulh and lhe Norlh.
At:
* At = Referring to a place
1 shall mcel you al the statioll.
l'II wail for you al lhe sea·sidc.
At school
At the door
~J..u~
At the foot of the mounlain
Al the front of the gate
Near at hand
At the end of the party
II- At .. Referring to time
1 will sec you at nine o'dock.
- At present.
• At the moment.
- At the sa me time.
• At nooo.
- At midnight.
• At the first attempt.
• At the age of fift y.
- At the end.
· At sunset.
- At suorise.
• At peace.
'"':""'W~
- 166 -
J\..JJI . '-'" ï...t....IJ i r .J..>;-i .yy!-I)
• <:.>=' ..",.il\, - yU - M- - .).
"lS:.l1 J! i ;I . .;.~ • .~I J .!.Ll,~L ,
."...,JI <.sk L:. .J.;s. !l.,k L..
At home .:.."IL At the same ...rii~
Place 0l5:l1
JJ-I e-'- .J.;s.
;" I",JI ....",1) .J.;s.
.yI J)b J <W-I ;"4' J
.z;.!1 ,,.Ji;. );;)IJ •
....... 1;.11 ~\...JI Js- .:.II) ...
'r"U-1 .:..ô}1 d -. <1.>..1J1 • ..v. :; -. .:..ô}l '--'""" J -
.;~I .J.;s. -
.JiII~d -.;.l)l>... J;Î :; -.~I.:r- J
.;"4;J1 J -.'-c' )~I .J.;s. -
.J ).rJ1 .J.;s. -
, .UI .:r' j -
. At war. .y.J-I 0" j -
. At last. .1.",..Î -
- At firse ,'l} ~ At :: Referrino to directions • ' . \ -""\ \1 • 1,.. .. 11 f! ,..... CI'~..1 ,,:. o.;\.I.U~
Have a look at this page ~I • .iJ, Js- i.;b ..;l! She is laughing at hÎm (~~) .ys. ~ 19..il
At = Referring [0 priees • ~\. ~I ()1 ô }~,~
You can have it at 100 dinars. .)~~ 4St.... J\.i... ~ J~\ ~t5:..~ Gel il at any priee. .~ '-$~ ~ ~\ 1 cao not buy il at such a \..l.A J!.Ç o~\..,.;. ~i 'j high priee.. .t'")1 cr-"I
At ::::z General adverbial use: JWl c>~ rU. J~\
At most p'Jl ~ At uny raie JI.".. l$i .)s-
At least ijl~ At this rate J.wl 1..., At full speed ~r~~ At a lime 0)\ J Clevcr al J -,,'v pleased al -! J)~
Frightcllcd at (~\>-).:/Yr.r ASlonished al ..:.r" ?J.:.; Good at J~ Bad at <../ "o,f"
Quick at J~r Siow at J"~
Before: ~ Before ~ Pdo";tyoftime: (Ji) ..::.j JI .} .,.,..~I - You may find me at my ~U\ .}.i ~ J JJ.J- Jj
office before nine o'clock ..
- They may arrive before next week ..
~ This film will end before
midnight
• 167 .
....... Wl
·r,L<lI Cr-' 'JI JiIJ..a< .Ij
Ji ~ ~11.iJ, .. Jl!1 ~
Before = Priority of choice
Death before dîshonour.
Before = In front of:
He stood berore me.
The question before us Îs
somewhat thoroy.
Behind:
Behilld = At the back of:
He sat behind me.
Never say anything behind
a person's back that you
wou ldn', say to his face.
Behind ,. Refening to lateness
The train is behind time.
Sorne nations are still
living behind times.
Bchind the times.
Bchind time.
Behind ooc's back.
Behind the scenes.
Below = Lower than a
gillen point or place .'
The operaling costs are
below the average ..
1...:7~1 ... ,J i .J • • ,
.JWI 'J) ';')1
,(\..1
(Jljl) .. ifL.Î ....ü) JI .s:.:L:. c.:L.Î '-" )~I <lUI
• . L. -'>-
...:...l7 ...,u;.
.~~ 'J u,.;. -'>-Î ,IJ) ,J' -1-" Î Ji' 'J
.~).j ..jj~
, è lJi - ...:.J.;.;JI ' (dl ô 1l;;.;iJ
. ,Js. r ,y .r'"' }k.ill
.j ,;.,.; ..::JIjL. ..,., y--'JI ~ . ....;.1>.;
.JJ.;.:.
. ,.,.6 .~I ,IJ),J'
. }".JI ....;.l>- ,J'
~
.~ <>~ JÎ ;.kA; ,J' ... \.i.... Î
In box ing, don't hit below the belt. ·rl}-I J-i--Î ..,.,.rA" 'J ,<.S)t.l.I .j
- 168 -
Beneath:
Put this pillow beneath your head ..
He is beneath his brother in intelligence.
Beside:
Beside = By tl,e side of
He refused ta sit beside me.
Beside .. Apart from:
That is quite beside the question .
Beside oneself.
Beside the mark (point) (question).
Beyond:
"ç>,.) -~ - JL...) "
. .!.L-ÎJ J ;>L..)I oi" c:."' .,\5".il1 J "",i j;> ,,;1
..... DI;. . ..,...;1.,.; ~I.:,.: •
.)1 J>i J
""" DI;.
. \..Ii t.r"}1 J" Ut;. Ii" ..."I.,....JI .AÔ\; (~) .r-' J)
.t.r"}1 J" U t;.
J~ -),~ -~i - J\.Jj I..-.i
We can't drive beyond this place. ,J\5J.\ \ok 0'" ~i ~W\ ~ 'j Beyond a person. .~I ~ <> >'-' '"'Y'<
" 1 1
Beyond one's means. ,~\1 Jyi.!
Beyond expectations. ,W y JLS"" \..0 J ~ • •
Beyond the pale. ,4.it:1.II) "-="~ ~\ ~ J-l>- j)~
Beyond comparison. ,J}Â:! ~
Beyond one's reaeh. ,Jl:.1! ~ \..1..::":'
Beyond sea. .Jb..:J\ '\JJ W Beyond measure.
Beyond control.
During:
• 1 will vÎsit you during the holiday.
- It did not stop raining
during the night.
Priees were sore during the war.
- 169 -
.» ..... 1 j)l,.,
.où <"- -II k - r--- .J ' ,!)I.>: - .\:li
.; j l.e- '1'1 J)i>. rS" J)jL
. J.lli J)i>. .;hll Jl r. ~
By, ~ - ;J:,......IJ:! - r\...\ - 0:..;. - y ~ - """," - J.",> By - Nearness of place: ("":-' A - ;!.f")J) J15J.I ~ "al'
• We like lO si l by the fire in win ter. .~l::..!J\ J }J\ '-:"} ~ 0i ~ - He al ways sils by his [al 11er. .o..ul) )~ ~ Wb ..,;!
By - Passing in front of: if:'-! \rLtÎ (Ijl.t)
- They like to walk by the river. . ~\ )~ ri .j ~ ~1 - 1 go by yOUf house everyday. 'i.)!. y r-<:": )~ yi By = Neamm of 'im" (JJ) (JE ~) iiI,. JI y)ll
- 1 can'I fi nish Ihis work by tomorrow .. MI ~ J.....JI \~ '"4-'\ ~f "1
- He will rcturn by nooo . ë ~\ ~ ::'.Y"-:'"
Br ~ Agen'r (l.h....ly) Jr\.il - This exercisc is donc by me. . ~\y. j>- ..û J.r=JI l..iA
- Ali the problems will be l.h....1J' ~ J5"w.11 J5"
solved by my fathe r wher1 he cornes. .~ L.....l:S- <$...ul)
Br = Manfler (means): <ll:--.i') ~I
_ Yo u ean succeed by perseverance. .ô..l8.t,. ~ .lI ~ _ You ean pay him by inswlmcllts. . b. ii-Il:.;J l!JJ ,:.S ..:.L~ - He will travel by air. .(ô)l6J\ ~\)1) 'r-:- )~
Br = E){pressing oaths: e' d' ;:t:U
- l 'wear by God. . JJ~ r--'I - By my life. 1 will obey the 0 yU 011 01 J~ r--'I
scout's law. .~\..:S:J\
_ He s\\'o re by his honour 10 tclilhe trllth. .~\ J~ JÎ .uA ~t
- 170 -
BV :::: According to:
- What is the lime by yOUf watch? ~~L. ...,......,. u )1 L. -
J,i...'il ,)! Down:
Referring to movement towards a lower position .
. Ji--Î ."...,) .~I J lS" ? .;r ;ij~ .uJ - He fell down the stairs. .~I JD-Î Jl k.... -
- They wenl down town. .~..ul .k...,.) JI 1.t:A~ -
- Sit down. .~I -
Except: \~\.,
- He invited ail his friends except Sami. '1:f"L. \J.ç.l,.. ~li..l,..pi J5' l,ç.~ jÂj -
- Women are I1ice except for ~)} IJ.ç. ~ ûlAJJ ~LJI -
their gossip and jealollsy. ..:fi' ff)
For: - ~\..,J -~ - .J t,.lb - j,.l;., - , ,J! t-.;., - J-r ~ "r' '!-"-! . ;';L...oJ . cr' . vI;
• Fo" For the sake of J::~ - J::Î .:r' -,. ,
- It is beller for yOli to have lk.......i ,1,.:..1; ,)\ ..!JJ J-Ai')l\ ,j'" -
a little rest. .Â.:>-\)1 .:..r"
- AU for one and one for ail. .~ p ~\) ~ ~).ll -
For = To be given 10: (ul!~) .. j - Are a il thcsc clOlhcs for me? ~ J ....,.-1)U\ o..i..t. Y ~ -- 1 will bring more for yOll. - • ..!JJ ~)\ ~L -
For:::: Referring to destination o~,lajjoJ\ ~1 vl! o)~~'jj - She left for London yesterday. ......r'" ';~ ,)J.:J Ji G.l>-J -
- They will set for Oran this morning. .c~\ Il:. jl./') Y.r" 0 ~ -
. 171 .
For"" In exchange for:
· 1 won't pay one dinar for Ihat.
· For how much do you sel! that?
- Don't Iranslate word for word
For'" In quest of
· We have to send for a doctor.
- Let us go for a swim.
For = Because of:
- He was rewarded for bravery.
- You will pay dearly for that.
For = In spite of:
J,.\u
.1.;'" J<tA.o 1 ...... 1) 1),<' e,i '1 -kJ);~~
(~ ;.$) t,;.r r.i' '1 -.. .J WJ,
. ..,.."w l;1k ~ "i u "< '1 -)·>W~.L y.
(..,.., "'.') .. j
.~t.....oJ 'J~ J..il -
.l,I~ .!.lb ~ eJ:... -(y) e' ~.JI;
- For ail his merry, he is 110 1 so hrtppy. .\~ ~";~.o..>-/ J5' 0" r1-)~ -- For ail hi s friends he feels if J \.. ri' j, i ...... }' A "'! -
lonesome. ."li~i For - Ouration of time:
- 1 will stay there for five days.
For the lime being
for the present
For = Instead of:
- 1 will act for you.
From:
From '"" Indicating starting point.
From one place to anothcr
From the beginning to the end.
(~,J\ J~\) ô.>.oJ _ r l, i <-...>- i.ll !lLo .:.s::.. L -
.L)IJ
\~i) Wb
e' ':10.;
_ lj~1 J I ~ yjL-
Forever
Forever and never
cY - e'
(;;"I..L.l\ ~ . U) . _. ..,.. if
.r'i J! "l5:.. if _,,4;)1 J! "I..yl if
- 172 -
From morning to night.
From top 10 bottom.
From hand to mouth.
From door to door
From day to day.
From house to house.
From hand to hand.
From side to side.
From place to place.
From time to time.
From = By reason of:
He died [rom the accident.
He is suffering [rom neglect..
From = lndicating prevention:
1 couldn't stop her [rom doing that.
He saved him [rom death.
From" out of (after):
1 am speaking from experience.
Don 't judge [rom appearancc.
In:
ln = Indicating place and direction:
A bird in hand is wo rth ten
in the bush.
.,UI ? Ct,...J1 if
.Ji..-Î J! J>-Î if , • .Ali J! ..yI if . ..,., \,Il y \.,lI if
·ryJ rY- if ..r' 'J J? if
...y -'< if ..r' 'J ..,...; t.,. if . .r' 'J j tS:- if
..r' 'J ..:..;) if ('. ': ".11) "'"'
. ~.)lJ-\ ~ Ü\....
.JL •. ..,'1 if .,il.., "!
(~I u-I! o) .z,)ll) 0-! . .!.\b ~ if 4-'" ~I r!
. u ). 1 if • ..\.i; i ..\.il
~
.if." .f ~i .,i! ./,lfoJ~ ~ '}
~ :0 ~ '} 1) ,,1S:l.1 "\,,l
P if r.; ..yI J J~ ~ & 1. &
i~ J>- )1 (~') ~I J ln: is gcnerally used for large places, cities, towns, and centres .
. ..s;,s:J1 jS1}I) ".Ill ,i~1 ';'>\.o~ '-,-J4 i,~ "IN" J-.-l
- 173 -
Eg: Shc lives in Constantine
AI: is more generally uscd for smallcr or less important places (suburbs,
stations, small villages etc).
'.rr"il) ..... i J~I Ji i~1 J"'SU ;;"...J~ i,~ "AT" J--l .( . ... i ~I ",}JI ,..:;,u",:1
gg; He lives at EI-Kouba in Algiers.
In front of (~1Y') rL.l In the midd le .h.....) J ln the North Jl..lJ1 J In = Indicating lime:
For Illonths
In February
In April
l' • . -' -'" ft-" Il
In March
JjÏ k- J if)\" k- J
For parts of the day:
ln the morning
ln aU my life
ln an hour 's time.
In three days' time.
In the night.
In a week.
In: Indicating state:
We were in great danger.
Are yo u in good health?
. ......,Wl )1)-, ,'-,.iI1 J J.-< ~! :J~
ln the way J,!)J\ J ln my way .j<J> J In the South y"';-I J
For years
ln 1982
ln 1971
ln 1992
. ~,JI t:J \o.,J ' .)
,,,,Ip 1982 rI. J 1971 rI. J 1992 rI. .}
l''nll .. !d~ ln the evening "U\ J 1 n the afternoon .ra-J\ J
. ."WI .i'" J
• • He is in love with another woman .. .(.$?\ 01/1 ~ ~l
- 174 -
]n = ]ndicating reference:
- We are not interestcd in music.
- ln reply to your lettc r, 1
have the pleasurc of communicating
to you the rcquired information.
- In good order
- In such a ease.
- ln comparison with.
- In Arabie style.
- In conclusion.
- In short.
- Speak in English In public.
]nto:
Wc use it instead of "]N"
to denotc motion.
- We jumped into the waler.
- He has got in ta difficulties.
- He bas turoed into a wolf.
Likc: as (such) (resembIing)
- You are just like me.
- Don't talk like that.
- Like a lot of people.
Unlike:
- Unlike his brother, he is lazy.
- Unlike his friend, he
belongs to a poar family.
- 175 -
"-.I\...~
.~}~~L....l
,:,Î Jr- ,~lh.>- ~ b.j
~"'foll -:A .. }.il ~Î
..:.r- rlk .j • ;.)\,1.1 • .i.A J'- .j
.c: ;.;~W~ . .... .rJ1 },hll ~
. r 1;.;1.1 .j .) .. ='-~
.~ ".r.b!-'j~ ~ J;-b -..}
Jod "IN" ~ 'J~ J--' . .s'.}-I ,)sr
., 1I.1 .j l; yü .cil
. ......... \.,a11 .j J, ~y .cil
.y; JI Jy' .cil
..,....,. -J4. J4. - ' . \..LC .}- .:..;1
.IA.. ~ 'j . cf 1:.11 ~.r.> J'
...,..s;.. .,a. -":')1;.,.
. ..".. Î :"")1.;.., J.,.s "'1 , ~ 'PAi 'ri JI ..r" "'1
.";'-'-" ~
Neac:
To express proximity:
· We had lunch in a
restaurant near the university.
• 1 live near the school.
· 1 don't sit near him.
Of:
Of = Ind icating origin or cause:
& - e' (..,..,..JI Ji).I..o1 1 il \"l) if
• · Many Africans die of hunger every year.
• That is very kind of you.
. "-- J> t. y- J yi r. ij Fil <.1' r.> .~ fjJ ';1
· He is ashamed of his son 's behaviour. • ",,1 0\; .r'" if P .lil
Of III Indicating possession or relationship (~':lUtJ\ ,i ~\ C)~) !.:J-'
- The power of the law. .wilaJ1o}
- The beloved ofyouth. .y~1 ~.r.-
• The queen of the country. .~~I o::.L.
Of = Indicating material, creation J.W\ j ô~WI C)~) t:>-'
or constitution (1,;);I"s:;J\ ,i - My watch is made of stainless steel. Î...l...<a.:! 'l w..loo...e if ~ ~ ?L... - Many humall artificial ~l:.b...,.:, 'lI ~17-~I if P parts are made of plastic. .~~I if ~ ~ JL..if'J
Make the best of your life. .~ \,. j~ ôt;..~ ~I •
A fam ily of five. .~I)\ 4...-.> ,y W~
Of - About (conceming) (",U;.,.) ~
Have you heard of such a thing? ~1-45'" ~~ d' .....:...-.....i 1 don'l know anything of it. .~ . .l.b d' ,~ ($Î J.ri 'l 1 am certain of that. .~~ ,y ~b liÎ
- 176 -
Of - Indicating partitive relation
A piece of music.
A part of the plan.
A quantity of.
A lot o f.
A number of.
Of = Indicating apposition:
The city o f Annaba.
The continent o f Arriea.
Of = Forming adjective equivalent:
A man of silence is a man of sense.
Birds o f a feather nock together.
• ( ;;.,.l;..JI -';:JL,JI c> ~) cr . <,.i,-y w,; . <h:l-1 0" ':r
'0" <,.S
'0" / . ..:f .::.~
" . ~ J.,.;.ll c>~ .~\..:s. ~..l,.o
.\,.i,)1 i}i
-.......u ,"i$... <Z'~ , . .,;U .lW- 0" jiWI
.c}' 4J~i Js- J".,kll
,o:l~
. ~I .:r """,1
.;J)uJl Js- 0" Jjr The plane will take oITat seven o'clock. ).~U\ ~U\ Js- o)l.W\ ~
Off - Away from:
Keep off the grass.
Get off the table.
.J"JI ,.rI Switch off the li ght.
Off side . , .
. (JI.c,l1 CJ\.>.) y.:..; :r.liJ1 i.f J Take off your clothes.
On:
On = Indicating place:
Stick the stamp on the
letter in the right upper hand corner.
Put yOUf luggage on the balance, please.
The passengers went on board the ship.
- 177 -
.~)\.. &1 . . ' . \. '"e<:;' -~ - '-1' . <..e
( J l5:.l 1 J l"l) Js-J ",,1kI-1 Js- C'~I ~l
.JyJI .:1-'>1.;/)1
.~ 0" JI,;,l1 Js- ~i ~ . y..JI R J- ",,\5')1 .J..o...>
On earth
On land
On right
ci' }il .)<ci' J '-;1 .)<~I.)<-
On = Indicating days and dates!
· On the Ist of March.
· On Friday.
· On new year's day
· On that day.
On"" Indicating state and condition
· He is here on business.
· On duty.
· On a journey.
· On an errand.
· On horseback.
·1 am still on holiday.
ON - Concerning:
· 1 have read a book on
· Columbus' voyage to America.
On = As soon as!
· On receiving his letter, 1
sent him the money at once.
· On seeing him, she hurst
into tears.
Onto:
Instead 01 liON' to denote
motion:
On the moon
On sea
On left
r-ill.)<.;-JI.)<
JL..!JI .)<-
6th·?I, ,.\/il ",t,.,J 'c./'"l,. ft"- J} J
• ......... 1 ~j! J i""JJ..1 '-:...JI <fi" -V J
. ~".)I ..'JJ; J ,";'.,.Ali ,1 ;;JWI ",t,.,J
.~ J lA <il . ... JJ..I J
.<1..-" J •
.(~) ""yl,. J .,,~I R Js.ijH .} .:Jjl,.
"'~ - ..,... ~ ç <1..-" cr ~l6' ",i; .li!
. LS:,) Jl ".rJ1 .)~
,.,)L,." if*--I '.r:--(
.ë,.- 'pl J .:JL..) .<,5"~ '" ~I ";i,, "i '.r:--(
~ J.0 "ON" if J"" .J.-;-.s
: <S" ';'1 Js-
- 178 -
- The box feU o nto the ground.
- The plane feU onto the
houses near the airport.
Out of:
Outside of - From
He ran out of the field.
Do not look out of the window.
He did it out of kindness.
Out of sight, out of mind.
Out of danger.
Out of pity.
Out of money.
Over:
Over = Above:
The sky is over our heads.
He is going to hover over
Oover.
Over = On the other side of:
He jumped over our heads.
Over: More than:
He is over twenty years now.
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
He will get over his troubles.
Round (Around)
The earth moves round the sun.
News around the world.
• '../J'11 J>- .hi.... J)~I -
y } cc..,.,JI ..? c.:. 6, • ; ;lhJI -
.)1.11
yy V - ~\-'-! - VI.;.
.01..L,l1 Ul>- <s?
.;.\;\JI if Jk; '1
.w.:.JI t'I-,! .!.Il; J..i ..I.AI
.~I;ll ,J- I~ • .;,.JI ,J- I~
.)J-I ,J- I.e,..,
.w.:.JI y~ if
...,-LV
'-""'Ai -..;,; ..,... -..;,; .Ji
.l...)jJ J} ,L....J\
",..... J} ..;.,WI <s -'" "1 .".;.;lll.i'" ..? ;";\k,J. ", ..... " ))>
<:.t' "";''Y\ -"";I.,J\ ..,Jl -.Ji V
.l... )jJ J} if jAl ..I.AI
vAi , -.(1.1.c.;) L 0'r-JI J} 0'11 "1 ...,.,u-I JIA if p i ,15:,11 if ,,) .10,- '1
.....,..b J>- ...,..J;.:, j Y'
~
- 179 -
Spacemen went round the
maon several times.
Through:
They passed through the town.
He go t through his examination.
A goad idea came through my mind.
We lea rn through crrars.
To:
To = Indicating point of arrivai
1 am gaing ta the University.
We came ta a turn in the road ..
To "" As far as:
.r-<ll J y- Ijlk ,l.a.ill JI".) . ..,:...1/ o~
' .. :w .. - ,;.tJ:
.",.!ll:ft 1)/
...;\,.,..1 j~1
. i.l? i.f.; J ~ J-- ..:.. )0>-- , . L.J..,; -,..,... ,\h.>. ':II
~! - ~
J ;;.kA; JI ,~J _,r: ....... L!- I J1 '""" P ';1
.J<}>JI.j ~ J1 lLo) - ..)! - t.é
, He can cou nt fram one ta ten. op Ji ..1.>-1) 0'" -loo.:! 01 ~ 4il 1 read this book from beginning ta end . . ~4J1 ~ ~\.J.JI if yt:.ÇJl l.k ut}
To "" Towards: ..)! - ~ Ali road, lead to Rome. _ . \..)) .)1 ,p; J}>JI J5" Be kind to yo ur parents. .(.!.l,..\JI) y.c L,... J ) ~L-.-1 0'..ùI}~) To = Marking indirect object: rl,.oJl ni- J,.4JI CIl.,.,.!
Don't say that ta me. .~) J JZ '1
Will yau listen ta me? ~ J! ~ jA Leave that ta her. . 4J ~) ç..)
• " "')" • H. _ .,", 1 will write ta you. rJ'---" o,;:...v ~ 1...00
To .,. Expressing comparison 4,j J~\ c..t" J ~ :9 -; \ \
. .!JJ;' if ~i ~ -'1) , , 1 want something superior to that.
She bUlOt his letters to ashes. .b\..) ~I? ..JJL..) ~ /"1
- 180 -
To = expressing degree:
. It is accurate 10 a hai r.
- My wa lch is right to a minu te.
To '" In accordance \Vith . . ~ 1.Q.9,
- They were da ncing to the tune. 'il...iUSU \..if) .) ~",è \ilS -
- According to the papers.. . . ..;:....\).. • Il W) -
- Accord ing to law.. ·.JiliU Li.:1 -- According to plan.. ..As."...,)1 ~ Lü.) -
Under: ~ ·,)~1 J~.
- There is a grave under the dame. .~I J ,r.i ...1...:0:-~ -
- They sa I under an umbrella. .~ J I~ -
- He was livi ng under a ralse name. ·U···.;·_) ).)f r""'\ J ~ .:>IS' -- Under anns. 'C')l...J\ J -- Under ou r law. .~p ~ -- Under d iscussion. . ~\ J -- Under consideration. . (.,,a.~.Q.H J -
Until: -cr> Preferable a t the beginning of sentences: .,w.-I ~I", J 4J~1 J4 Till:
Preferable bcfore nouns
and short clauses
- 1 will not wait liU next week.
- Until then, he laId me
nothing about the prablem.
-~
, L,.... ';1 Ji 4J1...o::...1 J.<:.i< i '''1 L.LI .w.i .r-- <J"< . J
·tr--';1 '-4' ?" ~t J -. ~ 1 y- I!,:. Ji< r-' ~ 'JI J>- -
- 181 -
. ~ ..).:1 ..,.l! From a lowcr to a highcr place: :~Î J! ~i ~ - Let us walk up the hil!. .J:l1 Js'i J! ~ \,> -, - He is up a tree. .JjL... d ....;1 -- Are you going 10 swim ri ~I )L,; c: r ~ J- -
down or up the river ? ~oL
With, , _ ~ _ ~~ _ ~ _ ~
u J I ~ _ ~ ",.ill,: III compally -Togetlle .. - lit cOlltact: ~ - \AoO - ~ :~
- He lives with his stepfathcr. .~i C)j e:: ~ ol,j! -,
- She lives \Vith her stepmother. .~\ ~)j c: ~ 4-il -- Take me \Vith you. ...!..Lv ~~ -
- Come and have dinner with us. .L:...... ,-L:..J\ J,,,l::l J\..V -- He met with an accident. .0.:l~ .J c!) .ûJ -
With '" Having
- D o Ilo t sleep \Vith the windows open. .~ p.o .ii1.,.J1) ~ ":J -
- She is 100 king for a husband . .r.' J Jt.. <l CJj J' ~ 4'! -with plenty of money.
- With an cye ta
- With relation to
With ". In respect ta - In (oollection with
- 1 wallt to talk with yOli.
. . ;~I/ c: -., Jl..:, t..,; -
oU;.,. - &
. .!.1v ":"'..l>d\ --4) -- This lic does not go \Vith c: ~')\:J 'Y oh ~\ ~j -
yOUf new su it.. .;-\!~\ ~-4 , - Compare the copies wi th the origi nal. .~)!~ J..raJI J).; -
- 182 -
- 1 have done with him.
· Hand in hand witb ..
· Face to face with ..
oSide by side with .
- On friendly terms with ..
o On equal terms with ..
With = By means of - by:
o She fiUed my heart with love .
o He always begins his
· lecture with a smile.
· With God's help.
- With = Indicating manner:
- This machine is fragile , it
should be handled with care.
o With great effort.
· With a heavy heurt.
· With a light heart.
- With ail my heart.
With .. lnspite of:
· With ail hi s money. he is
not a happy pcrson.
o With ail her bcauty ,
nobody usked for her hand.
. .., ~ -:....J,; .cil -
. . C::' .J, J I.J, -
. . C::' """} lp.-) -
C::' ~ JI ~ -
. . C::' r~) ~ -C::' i l)WI r.li ~ -
,;w.....\.';' ... -!
. L,. ~ ,,",)L. .cil - . .... ~~ "'.?\.... I..I.,! Wb "'1
.JJI 0-",
;JW\ ,i ',;,0\ ",I.,.,J -
" '-!..o" ~ <l, ij <J'i'i ,.;.. -•
. J i..., 4--- .}~ 01 ..,...".,
..r.f ,*'"' -.J? ...,J.i, -
.c) ...,J.i, -
·Cy) J5:, -
'cr ""~4 -J5 1'1
la;...:. ..,..,l "1' ,,1) JI" C::' -.I~
r""'" f.l 414 JI" if ~)~ -, .lr.Y- .l.>-I
- 183 -
Within
People shou ld live within
>, >-> .j -J\l,; ~b - ..,......, -~b .j
»-'>- J I~ .;,i ,-",UI ~ ..,.".,
their means.
It is within easy reach.
Within an hour.
Within sight.
Without:
Not having - free from - out of - beyond
. .r-"~~I
...yl J)b J~!
.~L C»-'>- J) J~ J ."j)l J\k yi;
lV~ - CJ,-'-!
- She wen t o ut without his knowledge.. .~ J)..Lt ~ /- -
. He asked her 1l0l lO do .;,)-'; i!,..;. JW 'il 4.:.. ..Jl, -
anything without hi s consent.
- 1 will go with you without fail.
- That gocs without saying .
- Witholll difficulty.
- Wilhout wu rning.
- Wilhout notice.
- Without trouble.
- Without fear.
- Without end.
- Without an exception.
- Withollt rcsult.
- 184 -
.~\y
."",\:14 ~ ____ L -. .., rL- ) Il. -
. ~.Y'-'-" .J)..Lt -
. ).L\ .J)..Lt -
.)\",,;,1 J)-'; -
.~b J)..Lt -
.Jy>- J)..Lt -
.,,~ .;,)-'; -.~L:.:.....\ .J)~ -
.~ .J)..Lt -
Idiomatic use of
prepositions
ItCommon combinations"
Accom panicd by . . (A person)
Accomp:mied with (sornething)
On account of
• Accuse "someone" or ..
· Advantageolls 10 .. "someone l1
· Take adVanl<lge or ..
· Affected by ..
· Arraid o r ..
• Agree \Vith ..
· Aim at ..
· Angry \Vith.
• Ambit io us o r ..
• Anxiolls abo ut ..
· Anxious ror ..
· ApologÎse 10 .
· Apologisc ror ..
· Appeal to ..
· Appeal against .
· Apply 10 ..
· Appropriate to .
...... ~)I\J~)l1
."..,.JI ':',.el
(~) . . -! Y Y'-"-'
(,,;.) -! Y Y'-"-'
..,..,.... - yL....- Js-... -! ''L .. L..z..;.....!." ~ ~
"\..~" ~ v) ~
(.J..?'-" ~~) -! ;6 ~ . (,.,;.) (~) J' ...A!l;. -
(~) c:: .jly. - c:: ~ -. . JI j-", -
(~) J' -,...;,~ -
J>- <>ü -
JI ci"-'-- -
. J)~-
..&. ..t;,uCT ) •
JI J---'" -J ).JI ;'"'1 ~ - ....o;L., -
Ji ..Jl" r~ -. . J 1"')1,.. -
- 185 -
- Approve of ..
- A rrive at ..
- Arrive in ..
- Ashamed o f .
- Ask for . .
- Ask about . .
- Associated with ..
· Astonished at ..
- Aware of . .
· Bascd on ..
- Belicve in . .
· Beneficia i to ..
- Beware o f . .
- Blame for . .
- Break of ..
· Break with .
- Burst into tears ..
- Borrow from .
- Cali on ..
· Cali to ..
- Cali for . .
- Capable of . .
· Capacity for . .
- 186 -
. . J." .jl)/ - fi -
. Cr.'-- ~\5:...) J! J..o< -. ~ 0\5:...) J! J..o< -
. .0" Je..> -. û,:. .,J...., 0i lA>...:. JL., -
.. (~) J." ~
(Jo>- J) .. C' !I.;-'-- -
('-' -" \..) J .;.>-"-' -
!I Jo- .. J t.1) ,-< r-I~ -. J." r;' - J." .r-" r -
. . ~,yJ; - J~ -
('->....all) . . J ...,... -
. (c,J» 0-") 0" if r i -
. . J." r}, -
(i,~) . . .:r ~ -• -< <lAJ1 &'< -. . \,5"4 ~ -
.. 0" J'A -
. (lA>...:.) J)j! -
(~) .. J." ,pL, -
. (\.. lA>...:.) y-" -
. J." J,li -
J." i JJ.A.. -
· Carelcss o f ..
· Cautious of ..
· Certa in of . .
· Certificate of ..
· Change in to ..
- Characterised by .
· Charge against ..
· Take cha rge of .
· Come across ..
· Come iUlQ force . .
- Come to pieces ..
· In compari son with . .
· Compensate with ..
- Compete with ..
- Complain of . .
· Composed of ..
· Concentrate on ..
· COllcerned with ..
- Confess to ..
- Connected with . .
· Consent to ..
· Considerat ion for . .
· Consult with ..
- 187 -
.. JJ-+- -.:/ <..!'.?"-" - .:/ )J..>. -
· . if JS'h. -
(i.".-JI 0-"") -i i>4-!- -
. J! Jy., -
(~) J...;. <..;;
. ( ...... ) YJJ-o Ji'< -(u,.;. ) ~) ..... ,1...>, -
J.,Ml1 ~)L.. C7"" -
...:..;.i.:.. -. . -· t::: ~ )i1, -
· . ~ ~r. -,
· . t::: ..,-i Iz, -
· . if ~
. . if -,S J' -
· . J&- ;?; -
. r<' Ji ..;--- -L.~ ..... r< -
. . -i~
~ - -i cs-"..< -
· . J 1)\,:>1 -
(~) t::: )J~ -
- ln contact \Vith . .
- Correspond \Vith.
- Count for nothing ..
- Deal with ..
- Decide on .
- Depan from ..
- Depend on upon .
- Deprive of . .
- Desire for . .
- Determined in ..
- Devote . . ta
- Die from ..
- Differ from ..
- Different from .
- Difference of opinion . .
- Disappoinled of .
- Disapprovc of ..
- Dismiss .. from ..
- Displeased \Vith . .
- Distinguish .. from ..
- Doubt about . .
- Due ta ..
.. ., Jb1 ~
. c:: ~ - Jiu., -l!,.:. <f) L, 'i -
· . c:: J-k, -"~llj~-'-' . .J J -
.. -J'.Y-.t
..~~
. -J' (~) r.r< -.. J ~J-
· . ~ rj1>- -
.J-~-.f.f.,-
· . -J'~"
.J'~
. .J'~
. <fÎ)I j)8.1 -
(~ ~ r') J ,1.,-)1 -,.lI.,- -
- 188 -
(t.. l!,.:.) ~ -
..-J' .. ';"
(~)-J"L.. -
. . J' ~-. (t.. ,,;-) J é.J..:. -
(t.. ,,;-) Ji ~Ij -
- Emerge from . .
- Employed at ..
- Engaged in ..
- Envio lls of . .
- Equal in ..
· Escape from ..
- Exchange .. with ..
- Fail in , '
- Fall in battle . .
- Fall into the hands of.
· Fall in priees . .
· Familiar with , .
- Familiar to ' .
· ln favour of , .
· Fear of ..
- Fear for . .
· Feed on ,' ,
- Fight for. ,
· Fight against . ,
- Filled with ..
- Fife inta upon , ,
· Set fire to . .
- Fit for . ,
- 189 -
. . .:r .h< -
. J -..iJ;y -
,. ~ J~ -
(~) J .bN , ..... l.. -
. . J '" JL.... - J ,l..o -
. .:r y ft' - .:r J'>'< -
. c: L. t.:,.:. J,,, -· J J.!-i< -
., /'" J ":J.-? t3< -. • ", .. Î J t3< -
. } .... :"il J j, r." -
"""' p.o / (L. ~) J ..;,"'-" -. .
. . J ..... }L. -,
(L.~)dU -
. . .:r JI>., -
. ~ JI>., -
. ~ cG';';'" -
. Je-Î.:r e~ -. .J..;, YJ~ -
· . ~ ,j.(-10 UI .,L -
' ~J ~
J )UI J-'; -
· . J JI'! -
- Fond of .
- Gel over ..
- Get on wi th .
- Get throllgh ..
- Grateful to ..
- Grieve for.
- Guilty of . .
- Hesitate at ..
- Identical with . .
- Ignorant of ..
- Immune against ..
- Impatient for . .
- Increase in .
- Independent of ..
- lnferior to .
- Instead of ..
- Innocent of . .
- Involved in ..
- Irrespective of . .
- Jealous of ..
- kin with ..
-Keyto.
- 190-
· . ~ r./"" -C? J') .}<-~ -
· pL, -
· j~-
. J .:J.l - J }'L;, -
. (~) .}<- J Ï'" -
· !./ ~~..? -
· J Li,u,.. -
· ., joie- -
(ci' J') .i.-;, ~ -
..}<- ~
(>.wl) .. J "'..> -
· . cr Ji'-.- -· · if 11t:. yi -
. . if ';.J.; -
(<....;;) if 'tf p -
. J,' · ." JY-
. cr }iJ1 J"o< -
. . if JY- -
· . J! r"'< -. . J Cl;.;.. -
- Kind to ..
- Lack of . .
- Liable to ..
- Limited to ..
- Live for . .
- Long for . .
- Look for . .
- Look after ..
- Look al ..
- Loyal to ..
- LOSl in ..
- Made in ..
- Made of . .
- Make oul . .
- Make up for . .
- Makc a fool of ..
- Martyr to ..
- Necessity of . .
- Neglect of ..
- Obedient to ..
- Object to ..
- Occupied with ..
- Occur to ..
- 191 -
· • -! J.,.a..:. -. . J!}.i';! -
· . J ;";'.f' -
. Js. (,:i....) ')-'--- -
. .ri if ~ -. . J! J"-'., -
.J . ~ -· . . "'" -J I ~ .. -. .. ~
.. J~
(~) .. .j J}~ -
("15:..) .; t.."...... -( • .,;.) if t.."...... -
.' . . r+" -(i}_>-) '/Y" -
• • • -! I..,i+.! -
(<.)-1) J "'*' -(\.. '..?) . . '))r- -
(..,...".I}I) Jl.A! -
. .J~
. Js. J'r< -
~)., Jy..:..
. (~) J ;..;.., -
· Of great use 10
· Opposi te to ..
· Parallel 10 ..
· Participate ~ith ..
- Pass from ..
- Pass for . .
- Patient with ..
- Pleased with .
· Pleased at ..
· Prejudice against ..
- Prepare for . .
- Prevcnt from ..
· Profit by ..
- Protect from ..
- Proud of ..
· Providc \Vith . .
- Recover from .
· Refer to ..
· Regard for.
- A relation of . .
- Relevant to ..
· Rely on ..
- 192 -
(~) J 'r.? ,J,st; ); -
(J&.) J ..".1 ... -
('..r-) J jI ... -
('..r- J ~) c: !l? -
. , (J&.) if ~ -
( J .,."...) ..,. WI ..,....., -
"C: J_
(~) if J).r-' -
('..r-) if J).r-' -
..c;, ..,....,., )i!:rJ -, . J -""--< -~ -
. if I!,:- (~) 0 -. . .:.r-~ -
. . -!)~ -
.-:1 •• )).).-
"if~-
J I • -. .. ~ , , J IJ\,:<I -
(~)J y)
, J Jil ... )i ..,.....\:.. -
" J>- -'---"" -
- Rcmarkablc for . .
· Rcmedy for . .
· Rcmolc from .
· Repent of ..
· Replace by ..
· Rcply lO ..
· Rcspond to ..
- Rcsult from ..
- Rcvcngc on .
- RUIl into ..
· Run throllgh ..
· Safe from .
- Satisfied wÎth .
· Search for . .
- Seek aCter ..
- Separate .. from ..
- Set upon ..
· Shoot at ..
- Short of ..
- Sick of ..
- Similar lO ..
- Smile al ..
. J C~-
· y 1..,., -· . .)s- r-'" -• . -! J~
· . .)s- '';1 -
.J~-. .' .
· . y r-""< -
.. if~
, r~/J .1).f< -
. . (1,.,.0;) '-" -•
. if ifL.. J -. . y ..... I)
..y~
· . J! c<"-' -
. y . . J.o.i, -
. . (t....>..:.) 1'"""4< -
.)s- )81 ~ -
· . J! p. -" ···if jL;.;.1 - if r- - r? -
. J "Le.. -
- 193 -
· Sorry for . .
· Speak o f ..
- Speak on behalf of ..
- Stand by ..
· Stand against .
- Stare at ..
. (ik>.) J ......... i -
·J'F
.J'WF ( IL --») - 1.. ~ -.,...;l". J! --») -
· . J cS -'-"" -
ci}..J1 J~ -
- Stare in the face of "someone" "1.. ~" ..".) ci J1.>., -
(1.. ,.;-) J...., i-'! -
. . ~i cr ~l5:, -
(ü~JÂ") .. ~ J>;'" -
· To starl by doing .
- Strugglc for.
- Subjcct ta ..
- Succeed in ..
- Sufficicnt for . .
- Suitable for . .
· Sure of . .
· Suspect of ..
- Suspected of .
- Sympathize with ..
- Take after .
- Take to ..
· Take up ..
· Take upon oneself . .
- Take advantage of ..
· Take heed to .
· . Il C:"" -(J>h j jl> -
..j~)l. -
· . cr .l5'L -j • •• -· . ~ ~
c? J)..., -
<iL!. l'';'w. -
(;."... i,~) ci ~ -(i;:; ..;=1 i<t}l> ~l5 .i.>.Î l.h.i:Il -
...,~ Js- lA -· '-" -" .iP- -
· . J! ...,., -
- 194 -
- Take hold o f ..
- Talk over ..
- Think over ..
- Thirst o f . .
- Trans late into ..
- Unjust to .
- Vcrsed in .
- Wa it on ..
- Withdraw from ..
- Worth of . .
- Yield to . .
- Zealous for . .
'-J"'-> - .' --• • ~ J' ~ ~
(L. ~) é /(<LG) u"c, -
J ~I.j"f
..J~
. J! r--?- -. . J ~lb -
. J tJ' )Î - cf." -(~) ... .l.> J>- t -'" -
'if~-
..~.f.~-
(.;:,10, -'i') J ,...t--'-' i(L. ~) J i::".JI -(;JI.wI) J ~ -
- 195 -
J- Jnterjectiolls and exclamations: CO ,...:JI.> ~W\ c:,~\ 1
2- Contractions c.JW-\'\ -2
3- Irregular verbs ,.;0\ c.J1.:.J>\ -3
The interjection is merely a word or sound used to express a sudden feeling or emotion, and does not enter into the construction of a sentence.
} )~ if .",& ~ v J-" Ji ;ws- , ft" Ji' ~WI ~I .l..l . ..f-1 ...,..? j ci J.>-J; 'J J ;;.:".W ;w, ~
~ To express ;or.
Hurra 1 Hurra.
~ To expl'ess gl'ief.
Oh!
- To express surprise.
Ah! Oh!
~ T 0 express approval.
Bravo!
~ To express weariness.
Heigh ~ Ho !
~ To l'equire attention.
Lo! Rush!
Hark ! Hist 1
~ To express repl'oo{.
Fie!
- 196 -
l' ~ 'JI if ""..u c?/ 'c?/
ii}-1 if ""..u o}
;w..JJI if ""..u ,1
J.,! Î:;J 1 if ""...u ! ..:....:.-.>Î
..,....:l \ if ""..u ,i - ,I} ,t,:;)l1 -,Jkl
.I.,:;'J 1 ..,.Jhl
• '1 '-"' . .....;,..al Ji r}ll if ""..u
! ..r'I - l,;
- Ta exp,.esl' colltempt or ridicule,
Tush ! 1 Pshaw 1 Pooh
- T 0 alll'act attentioll,
Hey! Hi 1
Hello!
Exclamatorv sentences:
- How! Whal!
- How wen he plays !
- How nice of you 10 come
to sec us !
- How beautiful she is 1
- What grand ideas you have!
- What a fool he is !
- There she is !
- ln yo u get !
- Thcrc goes the drive!
- Away went ail his we:tlth !
- Herc cOllles Mohamcd !
- \97 -
..,.."..;1\ ..,. .,.,,& • ! \,>-/ - ')\>\
,.".,..:11 MI
!..,.J U) \,. -
~ .JÎ .!.-L- ....;.,kI Y' ~ -
!W)~)
!4J-Î \,. -
!!l}5:;Î ~Î \,. -
!o~Î \,. -
!.".. 1..> -
!~ J]\, y,Î -! .r---< ..,s)l Y' 1..> -
[ Contractions]
ln English there are a number of contractions of words which are used in speech, and in wriring which reproduces spoken language, for ex ample drama, direct speech in navels and short stories, personal letters. It is important that the Icarner should Icarn and make use of these contracted forms if he n'auts his cnglish ta sound lIarural. When contractions are writren, the t\Va words are shortened by omitting onc or tn'a Ictters and joining the words together. The letters rhat are omitted are represented by an apostrophe (') when contractions arc spoken, the tn'a words are shortened by omitting sante sounds and pronouucing the t\l'a words as one.
- 198 -
• [Contractions]
IPersonal Pronouns + verb JMlI+ ;~\ I l''V";"e-r"Ob---'+-'-IO-t--,,.i:!-:·-::· ,:-+'--J.<iI:-:·::I'1
l 'm ---+l'\'C __
l'II ----+ l'd __
lam 1 have 1 will 1 ",ould, 1 had
you're ---+- you arc you've ----+- you ha,'c you' lI ----+ you will you'd -- you would, you had
hc's ----+- he is, he has he'lI __ he will
he'd ---+- he would, he had
shc's shc'II shc'd
---she is, she has she will she would, she bad
ifs -- it is it'Il -- il will
~'c'rc - wc are wc'"c - wc ha\'(~ we' lI - wc will wc'd - wc would, wc had
they're ---+- Ihey arc thcy' ,·c ----+ Ihey ha\'c they'lI ---+- chey will thcy'd ----+- Ihey ",ould, Ihey had
- 199 -
Can', can Dot Couldn' t could not daren't - - dare not didn't -- did not doesn' t -- does not don' t - - do Ilot hasn't -- has not hal'cn't -- have Dot hadn' t -- had not mightn' t -- tnight Ilot mustn't -- must Dot nccdn't -- need not oughtn' t -- ought not shan't -- shall not shouldn't -- should not ",asn't wcren' t -won't -",ouldn't --
was not were not will not would Dot ".". 11 . ". 11 _". ". 11 . ".
hrr common conlrarlio/U .sr! l5' r-- ";"";/Ip' i
herc's here is how's how is that'd that would that' II that will th:lt'S that is there's there is what' Il -- ",hat will? ",ha Cs what is? ",hen's when is? wherc's where is? who'd who would? who' lI who will? who's who is?
Qrregular verbSJ
IThe 11l00't! WU! f/l/ ol/eJI r-I ~-~-.-,="=-\ -~-.---,-, -\ -t)-' \..:.J-'-\-J-w-·C''''\I
infinithc paste simple past participle present par[ici~ ~I ).l..Al1 ~ ~1~UI J-AJI ~."...,I.o J-o'II ~?
1 t~WIJ J....,a' 1)
B, was 1 \Yerc Been Bcing C7"'Î I~J I<J 'S'
Bear Bore Borne Seaming j\i. I:r-- 1;':' I:J), 1 j;J. Beat Beat Bealcn/Beat Sealing (A')~ /py;'
Become Recame Decome Becoming \~ /, I.:P /- " \ ) ~
Bll'cd Bled Bled Dlccding ~! I~) /;,r )
Bless BlcsscdfBlcst DlcsscdfBlcst Blessing ...il\ &- /oJ'jj j!J)4
Blow Bic\\' 810\\'11 B10wing 4 /UJ~ , ..
Break Broke Broken Brcaking ~ /J.:.l lrS Dring Broughl Broughl Bringing ~î I~ 1~~1i; Broadcast Broadcast Broadcasl Broadcasling ~ /;J It11\
8uild Built BuHl Building ~L!.. 1J4 Irijj I~
Burn Bumt/Burncd Burnt/Burncd Duming '~I (" , ' \ 1j11 (" i v • <Jr_ -.J?
Buy 80ught 80ught Buying tt;;! IJoS! 1~:J.l:-! Cast Cast Cast Casting .,,-JI .) t) l2>jj IJiI
Catch Caught Caught Catching .:.;i 1 .. -.» ~ 1..., <.wl Choosc Chosc Choscil Choosing ..:..J,.;.;! ,~' !I {-~I . ..r-,) -Come CllIliC COIIIC Coming ~~
C",,' Cost Cost Costing Ji? , .
Co, Co, Col Cutting ..;.l /~ Dare Darcd Darcd Daring ii~ 1.s'.JJ. I:;:..!). !j~
Dcal Dcalt Dcalt Dcaling &" I~ IOl
Dig Oog Dug Digging ~/);-Di\"{' Dh'cd/Dm'c Dh'cd Divillg j,ill 1".,. 1..-" 1.rSJ
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Do Oid • Donc Doiog j.;i I~ Drill\' Drew Drawn Drawing J~~ Ir- î I~ I~~
Drc-lun Dremllt DrcamtfDreamed Drcllming (Id) ~i) I~
Drink Orank Dru"k Drinking U l'-!p Drin' Drol'c DrÎl'cn Driving .)1 ë~ I~.,j {.JI,;.
Dwt'll Dwelt jDwelled DweltfDwellcd Dwclling y. lilii l jj I:f..:.
E" Ale Eatcn Eating "\Ok jj6 /jii
I<"all Feil rallcl! Falling ",,! 1..<,. Ii!j 11L F,ro F,d F,d Fecding '.Ill, t-";i 1..<'" 1 ~i Feel FeU Feil Feeling .;-:1 1,:,-:.l 1 ~i Fight Fought F'ought Fighting J.'>é 1i:!'S Iyû
Find round round Finding ;) 1ft I~j
Flee Fied Fied F'lccÎng ~I !~f' l'} •
Fl~' Flew F'lowIJ Flyillg :P U" •
Forbid ~"orbad/Forbade ForbiddcnjForbid Forbidding "J' j .. lé:' IJo? Forget Forgot Forgotten forgctting '<- I:r' , Forgiw Forgal'c ForgÎl'cn Forgivillg ~ l'pil~ Forsake Forsook Forsa kcn Forsakillg J>.; I:J} IJii
Forswear Forswore Forsworn Forswca ring &' Il;...j .f;i 1_
Frcezc Froze FrnzclI F'r('czing (~ ~ r l .;r) ..:.Jj I:w.. •
Got Go! Go! GClling ,.w I;?' 1";' .}A'-
Gin Ga\'c Ch'cn Ch-jug -'->j Ij.<i
G. Went GOlle Going ..r-- 1...,..;.1 GrOIl Grew Crowl! Growing é...,j I~i 1.).) ,) Hallg Hung HUlIg Hanging J" I~ 1»
" Ha\'e Hod Ho' Bayi llg .:)Ji
Hear Hcard Hcard Hcaring .wi .,lJi 1"" r ' . 1:'-"
Hide Hid HiddclI/Hid Hidillg r- I~ 1';';'\
- 20 1 -
Hil Hil Hit Hilling "":,,l..Pl/~ I~~
Hold Held Hcld Holding -< WI 1 J' J.;i l.iJ-.;j
Hutl Hurt Hurt Hurting ~) l,Ji 11S~1
.,,' KepI Kept Keeping ~I...P 1':";1- l!/,lJ
Knell knelt/KnecJcd Knclt/Knceled Knceling ~-- 1= 1"'- li!-J.. . J
Knil Knit / Knitted Knit /Knitted Knitling ~! I~I li", d .. Know Knew Kllown Kllowillg " ); Iil' {Jj
• L.y Laid Laid Layillg "-'>\ 1:'" 1 t:'-j
L"d Led Led Leading ... Jjl!.jl Ij~ I~J I~ti Lean Leallt /Leallcd Lcant/Lcallcd Leallillg J' \50, l '- '1 Ij" - - - , ","-
Le., Lcapt/Leapcd Leapt/Leapcd Leaping 1; l')l j.:,ij
Lutn Learnt/Learned Learnt/Learne Learning .,,>-, J' ~I l:r); l,k
Lea\'c Lert Lert Leaving fo 1.j:.,:.:J' /j~'!j,
1.<,d Lent Lellt Lending .}> Ji / ,jÎ;. Ij~l Lei Let Let Letting r::..:. I~~j (:J) I~j
LI' L.y Lain Lying t'PIJL'I~' Lie lied Lied Lying .!.lill .:, I~}i _ ".f'- _
Lighl Lit/Lighlcd Lil/Lighted Lighting jjJ /jûl h~j
Le~ Lost Le" Losing jL {i" 1;#1 1- --J' r--Make Mnde Made Making t:.;i I~"" ~i It? Mean Meanl Meanl Meallillg jj li} 1,,-;
M~I Met Met Meeting ~! Ijd 1,)
Meil Melted Melted Mclting ~! Itl; 1~11 . . . . , .;
Misgh"c Misgn\'e Misgiven Misgivillg ..:.J,.!.. ô JI?- jlS.JJ ~.f.\âJ1JIJI
Misspend Misspcllt Misspcnt Misspellding .j;:.l Ij~ ItJW'jl J ~\Jl MISlake Mistook Mistaken Mistaking ,;.-; Ii-'j lii.;i
Ouldo Outdid Ouldone Ouldoing J' J)'i Ij~
Oulgroll" Outgrew Oulgrown Outgrowillg (li;I);f Il) .~ J~ ~'"}.;.~..:..iI:'J
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On'rlK'ar O"crborc Ovcrborne O,'erbearing -.• " 1'·1i 1.:.Ji 1J~ )J , ,
On'rcalllC On~'rcame Overcome O\'crcoming ;.il 1 J- .;.i;i On'rôa Overdid O"crdollc Overdoing .)r'/J~ I~, On~rh('ar Oycrheard Overhen rd On~rhcnrding ~lj?! /Ui
Q,'crrull Ol'errnn Ol'errun O"crrunning "'" ,:... ,. ", It::d' . ) J ' .
On!rscc O,'crsaw Oversecn Overseeing J- .). :j l.;.i,-r . ) OH'rlake Overlook Overtakcn Ol'ertaking .;i~ l(i;'~) ~JLf
O"('fChrow OYerlhrew Ol'erlhrown Orcrthrowing -U;i 1.:.Ji l é,." c. . •
Po' Po. Po. Pulling ~ I.;J; It'-;
Rl'UÔ Rend/Red Rend/ Red Read ing '" 18U; li) Ridc Rode Ridden Riding 'p' 1,,",,' l.:,.s; Ring Rang Rung Ringing ~j It) !j~ Rise Rose Riscn Rising '.~ l " ., 1~1~ : I /t? 1
tt~ ). ). Run Ran Ron Running "'ft 1,,-,. 1j5;
'" Sawed Sawn Sawing ;!J
S'Y Sa id Said Saying .J'i I,k; IJoJ , So< Saw Seen Secing A I).J 1,,1;
Sel! Sold Sold Selling t, ,rnI Senl Seut Sending , .. 1J;.·i ...... )
Sot Set Set SectLng ..•. /o,:;. /~j K .
Sc\\' Sewed Sewn/Sewed Sewing J);) ,1';'
Shake Shook Shaken Shaking t) 1';
Sha"e Shal'cd Sha ved/Shal'Cll Sha"ing ji;. 0::: •• •
Shine Shone Shone Shining .)lU It: I~
Shul Shul Shut Shulting :w.ji l jii l;foi
Sing Sang Sung Singing 4 l:..\li l,fi
Sink Sank/Sunk Sunk/Sunkcn Si nking ('N.. ,j"jI') :Ji Sic Sa. Sa' Sitting
""" - 203 -
Siccp S icpt Sicpt Sleeping .üJ Irti
Siide SI id Siid Siiding ,/'1 1(#' :1- )
Smell SOlcll Smell Smelling ~tjlt ~ ..:..;..It I~ 50. Sowed Sown/Sowed Sowing ~ I..jPJ~t J ~yt J~ Speak Spokc Spoken Spcll king ~ /",rl /~ Spced S pcd Spcd Spccding j;.t Itri Spcll Spclt Spelt Spclling J;W~I "" "'" l.fo Spcnd Spellt Spent Spendillg G) ..... 1::';:' l';<i
Split Split Split S plitting ·- -·~t 1:;; (-. ..,....,- _ !.r'
SpoU Spoilcd/Spoill Spoiled/Spoih Spoiling ~j- I ..:.illl/~l . -Spread S prcad Sprclld Spreading ';' 1.»' /))
• Spring Spnmg/Sprung Sprung Springing Jo; là 1-;' . )
Stand S tood Stood St:lIuling rit I": :.~l ! I.jjJ
Sicai S tole Stolen StcaJing ~! /j:? Stick S tuck St uck S tieki ng .;,.iJ If) 1))
Sirike Struek St ruek St rikillg ~~ u.:Jt 1: ;(,i·l/~j./~~ " - J. "
S lrÎl"t' Slro\'c St rh'clI Strivi ng ~~ ';Jl.d J~ /Ù.,lo:- J)~
Sunburn Sunburncd SUllburncd Su nburning ..,...;. '-'" .(.,..-\JI) f>.:-Sl\"eilr Sworc Sworn Swearing ;-Ji I~ Sl\"cep Swepl Swepf Swccping ::'"ft 1;,-5
S"-im 5wam SWllm Swimnling (~~) ..:..JJJ)! I~ S\\-ing 5wulig Swung Swinging .;.i; IcJ 16
llke Took Tllken Taking J> (-) .Al I • .iwi I~i Teach Taught Taught Tcach ing ) 1",;; 1';'
Tear Tore Torn Tearing Jl' 1;':' If:!.l Tell Told Told Telling (I.jJf-) .s)J I~~ (;;\ Thfnk Thoughl Thought Thinking j~ 1j:.; lfJ Throl\" Threw Thrown Throwing (~~) / ~J /..jjj
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Tread Trod Trod/Trodden Treadillg (~) ;j..-1(' ,j;) - 1~ - J,JJ - ..,.
Undergo Uliderwent Undergone Undergoing p fj:J fJ~ f"':-~ Undersland UlII.lerstood Understood Undcrstanding F' f~
• Undcrtake Undcrtook Undertaken Undcrtaldng (J-lI) fJ'Y f~ . - • Undo Undid Undone Undoing -"i f,r
Uphold Uphcld Upheld Upholding ~i IJJo,,;.
Upsct Upset U"",. UpscUing jili f U j f.;.ii Wake Woke/Waked Woken/Woked Waking (loaj.J") ft 14i~ 'J
Wur Wore Wom Wearing ,,:';-1 f~ J_ ;
Wed Wed/Wcdded Wedded/ Wed Wedding t)J ft)j
Weep Wcpt Wept Weeping (.:..;.j f~) .Jo. .. -. Wei Wetted/Wet Wet/WcUed \Vetting <Jl;!)Jli
Win Won Won Winning , ~ f.:..d ) -
Wincl Winded Winded Winding ~ i~l.C:.' ~ - l.~ .. - - C;
Writc \Vrote \Vritten Writing J? IfJj~ l':;s
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Proverbs
* The appetite COIlles ",;,Ir elltillg.
* To g"ellf evils great remedies
,Ij' :1, ~ ",U; i..,1S! i.l .. 1 r~)U * The,"e is /lever profit j;oOlIl ill-gottell gains
• • • 1.;:;1 ' - 'J .~
* Good accounls make good !demls
* Great minds think alike
,!,j.,I.;}jl ~ Ü.lJ.JI .:..~~I . ,... ~ :
,,,,' l';u, -'1'1 " '1'1 _ -r (JJ
* Il's hy working at the forge ,hat yOIl become a blackmitlt
1511> i;.o.Jl' . , ;,IWL C:;"'-! . • ; • •
* Two heads are better rlrall olle ~Ij \.jÎ.; Ù"" ~ ~~i.J •
* Tel/me who your [demis a~e, 1 will tell )'011 what yOIl are ., "" ' " . , ';';1 ~ .;U J.".; 1 ~~ ~ .,..! Ji
* The exception p"oves the r"le
* The end justifies the ",ean
;~WI :J~ 1LlJI , , , ...
ll.... "1 ' •• - ... WI _ ... .Y f,r.J _
* rhe,.e is /la smoke wil/lOut a fire J\:' ~ .:.~, ~ •
* You mllst strike while the iron is hot , "", ...... L:>L:.. -1, LA ",,;;'1 - . 1. . ~ .' -. '-'.-. -, . .
- 206-
* II is only Ille firSI Siep Ihal is diffeull ". . . , I, •
..J -' ~ 1 j.,.b.:l.1 ...; ; J.,.b.:l.1 fr5J * Dog doesn'( eat dog
* An eyefor an eye, a 100tll[0l' a footl,
! <Il, ! " 1 ,0vJl, ~I V- . V- -' ,_ . _ , :; , ,
* YOli l'ecogllise the ("ee by ifS fruits L. ~~ ~ o~1 u':;;
* Who lives by the sword shall die by tire sword
U:..!Jl,..:;, '" ù...!Jl, • ':' --- • .,....,.. __ • ~ Ü""
o..,4!J~ ..:;,...., .....il,-!JI -
* Who sows the wùtd, Reaps the storm
;';""WI L..;.; " 1 ~,. , :' , , - (;!.J' <-.J.J< Ü""
.. " ' . .-* Like falher, like son . .,...:. ~I .!lI:' ~ J;..!JI .!lI:' ,
, " * Where there's a will, there is a wuy ~51.J)'1 o~.J 4S.~)'1
. , ,
* Who ",ishes Ihe end ",ishes Ihe mealls ,IJoUI ~ J!L:..:;J~ "'" .... : ,, " t
* Birds of fealher j/ock logelher ~ 1.f.1~1 ~ .:,...;.6.11
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m
Pupil's
E GLISH Gral11l11ar
English - Arabie
Explanation of the English Grammar Rules
Rectified and Reviewed by:
MR. Dammene D. Fayçal
A New Print .~
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