تقنيات الطرق

אאאא

אא

٢٥٥٢٥٥

א ٢٥٥

א

،،אא،אW

אא א א א א א אאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאא אאאאאאאWא

אאK אאאאאאא

א ،א אא א א אא א א ، א

א،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אא،אאאא،אK

א א ?א ??א א ?אאאאאאאאK אאאאאאא

،א،אאאאאאאאאK

א אא ؛אאK

אאאא

א ٢٥٥

א

אא אאאא،אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאא

אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

א א אאא א א א א אא א א א א א א

אא אא א K אאאאאא

א אא א אאאא אא Kאא א א א א א

אאאאK

אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאא

אא

א

א

א

١

٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא

אאאWאאאאW

א א א א אא אKאאאאא

א א א K א א א א אאאK

אאW אאאאW

١K אאK

٢K אאאאK

٣K אאאאאK

٤K אאאאK

٥K אאאK

٦K אאאK

٧K אאאאK

אאאWאא٩٥٪K

אאאW٤K

אאWאאK


אאא

אאאאאאאא א א א Kא א א

א א א א א אאא אא ،א א א K אא א א

אא ،א אאא אאאא،אאאאאK

،אאאאא٣٥٠٠א،אאא١٥٠٠א،

٥٣٩אKאא א א א אK א

אא٣٢١א،אאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאא אאא K א١٩٢٠אא،

א ،א אא א K אא

אא،אאאא، א א

אאאאא،אאאאאאאאאא

א،אאK


אא א א אא א א א

א א א א א ، א א א ،א א א א אKאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאK א א א

אא א אא Kא אאאאאKאאאאאאא

אW

• אאWאא אאאF١ J١EK

• א אWאאאא אאאאF١ J١EK

• א אWאאאא אאאאאF١ J١EK

F١ J١EWאK


אא אאאאאאאאאאאאא،א

Kאאאאא

אאאא אאא א אאאא אאא

א א א א א א ،א א ،אאאאאא א

، א אא אא א אאאאאKאאא

אא א אא J א J א א א א א אא א א א א א א

،א א א אא אא א אאאאאאא א

אאאאאא Jא - אאא א א

א،אאאא א אאא א אא

אא א א א א א אא.אאאאאאאא

١٤١٩ ٤٥٥٠٠אאאאאא אא K א א א א א

א א א א א אא א אאאאאK

אא

אאאאאW


١K א א(Freeway Systems) Wא א אאאאאא

אא אא א א א Kא א،אאאאאאאא

K

٢K א א(Major Arterial Systems) W Kאאאאאא

٣K א א(Collector Street Systems) W א אאאאאK

٤K א(Local Street Systems)WאאאאאאאאK

א

אאאא K א א א א א

אאאאאK

אאא א א א א א א אאאאאאא א

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאא

א ،א א א א אאKאאאאאאאW


١EאאאW

א א א א א א אאאKאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אF١W٥٠٠٠EKאאאאאא אF٤}٠ E F٦}٠ E א א א א Kאא

א א א אא א א אאא א א אא א א Kא א

אאאאאאאF١ J٢KE

F١ J٢EWאאאK

אא

אא

●●


٢EאאאאW

א א א אא א אא א،אאאאאא

א אא K א א א אאאא א א א א א Kא א

א א א א א א א א אא Kא א א אא

אאאא אא א אF١ J١KE

F١ J١EWאאאאK

א אאאאא

אא FE

אא

١W٢٥٠٠

١W١٠٠٠٠٠

١W١٠٠٠٠

١W٥٠٠٠٠

٥–١٠

١٠–٥ אא

אא١W١٥٠٠٠

١W٢٥٠٠٠

١W٥٠٠٠

١W١٠٠٠٠

٢–٥

٥–١٠ אא

אא١W٤٠٠٠

١W١٠٠٠٠

١W١٠٠٠

١W٢٥٠٠٠

٥}٠–١

١–٥

אאאאאאאאאא א אא א א א א א אאאאאא

אאאאKאאא


אאאאאאא،אאאאאאאK

٣EאאW

א אאאאא אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאא

א א אא א א א אKאאאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאW

١K אאאאK

٢K א א א א א אא אאאאאאאאאאK

٣K אאאאאאאאK

٤K אאאאK

٥K אאאאK

٦K אאאאK

א א א א אא אא א Kא א א אא א

אאאאאK ٤EאאW

אאאאאאאאW


١K אאאאאאK

٢K אK

٣K אאאאאאK

٤K אאאK

٥K אאאאאאאאK

٦K אאאאK

אאאאאא F١W٥٠٠٠ E F١W١٠٠٠ E א א א א

אאאKאאאאאאאאאK

٥EאאW

א א א א א א א א אאא א K

F٣٠EאKאאאאא K

א א אאא א אאאאK

א

אאא אKאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאKא،


אאאאא א אאאא،אאאא

K אאאא אאא אאאאW

١EאאאW

א אאא אאא אKאאאW

المتوسطاليومي المرورحجم365

السنوي المرورحجم=

،אא אאKאא،

אאאאאא Kאאא א א،א Kא א א

F١ J٢EאאאאאW

F١ J٢EW אאאK

א אא אFLאE

٠٠}٧–٤٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠ ١٥}٧

١٥}٧–٤٤٠٠ ١١٠٠ ٣٠}٧

٣٠}٧–٤٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠ ٤٥}٧

٤٥}٧–٣٦٠٠ ٩٠٠ ٠٠}٨

א ٤٠٠٠


אאא א א ٤٤٠٠אאF١٥}٧٣٠}٧Eא٤٠٠٠

אאKאאאאא אאאאאא Kא

אאאאאאK

٢EאאW

א א אא א א א אאאאאW

١K אאאK

٢K אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

٣K אאאK

אאאאאW

( )nDn eVV += 1

W VnWאאאK VDWאאK

eWאאאK nWאאK

W

אאא15000،אאאאאאאאא٣K٪


אW ( )n

Dn eVV += 1 VDWאא=15000

FeEWאאא = ٣٪

(n)Wאא=١٠א

( ) ( ) 2015903.01150001 10 =+×=+= nDn eVV

אאאZ٢٠١٥٩L

אאאא א א א א אא א א

אא א א Kא،אאאא

אאא KאאאאאאאאאאKאW

• אK

• אאאאK

• אאאאK

• אאK

• אK

• אאאאK

• אאאאK

• אאאאK

אאאאאאאא א א K אא א א


אאאאKאאא א K א F١ J٣ Eא א

א א א אF١ J٣ E א אאאאאK

F١ J٣Eאאא(AASHTO)K

FE

אאFE 5.8 12.1 16.7

אאFE 2.1 2.6 2.6

אFE 1.3 4.1 4.1

אאאאFE 3.4 7.6 6.1

אאאאFE 0.9 1.2 0.9

אאאאFE 1.5 1.8 0.6

FאE

F٣E

F٥E

F٥E

F٧E

F٩E


F١ J٣WEאאאאאאK

אא

אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא א אK א א א א א

אאאאאאאאא K אאאאא

אאאאאאK

אאאאאא،א،א،א،،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאK


אאא אאאאאא

א א א אא א א K א א א א א א

אא،אKאאאא א א אא ،א

א אא אא א א א KאאאאאK

Wאאאאא

١K אאאK

٢K אאאאK

٣K אאאאK

٤K אאאאאK

אאא אאאאאאא،

אאאא אא אאאKאאאאא

אאKאאאא אא א א Fא אא Eא

אאאאאאאא א ،אא א א אא א א

א א א אא K א א אאאאא

אאאא KאאאאאW


١K אאאK

٢K אK

٣K אאאאK

٤K אאאאאאאK

٥K אאK

٦K אאאאאK

٧K אאאאK

٨K א،אאאאK

٩K אאאאאאK

١٠K אאאאאאאאאאK


W

١E אאא؟אא

٢E אאאא؟א

٣E אאאאא؟א

٤E אאא؟א

٥E ؟אאאאאא

٦E אאאאאא٤٠٠٠אאאא٤K٪

٧E אאאאאאא Kא

٨E אאאאא؟א

٩E אאאאאאK

١٠E ؟אאאאא

K

אאאא

אא

א

א

٢

٢٥٥مدن אא א אא

אאWאא

אאW א א א א א K

אאאאאK

אאW

אאאW

١K אK

٢K אK

٣K אאאK

٤K אאאאK

٥K אאאאK

אאאWאא٩٥٪K

אאאW٤K

אאWאאאאאK


אא ٢ J١

אא אאא א א K אאא

Kאאאאאאא

٢ J٢ א א א

אKאאאאאKאאאאאKא אא א אא אא א

אKאאאאK

٢ J٢ J١ אא(Stopping Sight Distance: SSD) אאאא

،אאאW

١K א(S)אאאאKאאאאאא٥}٢،W

VS 5.2= :SאFE، :VאFLKE

٢K א (d)W

• WfgVd2

2

=

W :dאFKE


gWאאFLKE :VאFLKE

fWאאאF٤}٠KE

• W( )GfVd

±=

254

2

Gאא١٠٠K

(SSD)אאאW

dSSSD +=

• WfgVVSSD2

5.22

+=

• אW( )GfVVSSD

++=

.2545.2

2

• אW( )GfVVSSD

−+=

.2545.2

2

אאאאא2SSDKאF٢ J١Eאאא(AASHTO)

אאאאK


F٢ J١EWאK

אא

F/אE

א אא

א

אFE

אאFE

48 0.36 55 0.62 48 64 0.33 80 0.60 72 80 0.31 115 0.58 100 96 0.30 150 0.56 132 104 0.30 165 0.56 149 112 0.29 185 0.55 129 120 0.28 205 0.54 190 128 0.27 230 0.53 212

W

א،אאא٦٠אLא٤}٠אK

אW

:VאZ٦٠LאZ٦٧}١٦LK

fWאאא=٤}٠K

mfg

VVSSD 08.7781.94.02

)67.16(67.165.22

5.222

=××

+×=+=

W

אא٥٪א،אא٨٠אLא٤}٠אK


אW :VאZ٨٠Lא=٢٢}٢٢LK

fWאאא=٤}٠K :Gאא١٠٠=٠٥}٠

E אאW

( )( )( ) m

GfVVSSD 10.61

05.04.025422.2222.225.2

2545.2

22

=−×

+×=−

+=

E אאW

( ) ( ) ( )( ) m

GfVVSSD 87.59

05.04.025422.2222.225.2

2545.2

22

=+×

+×=+

+=

٢ J٢ J٢ אא(Passing Sight Distance: PSD) א א א

אKאאאF٢ J١KE

F٢ J١EWאK

A A’ B B’

C’ C

d1 d2 d3

S S

العربات في الوضع النهائي: ’A, B, C A’, B’, Cاألولي في الوضع عرباتال:


١K אא(d1)WאאאאאK ٢K אא(d2)WאאאאK ٣K אא(d3)WאאאאאאK ٤K אא(d4)Wאאאאאא

אK אאאd1d2d3d4W

( )MVd −= 84.01( )tMVSd −+= 84.022

td 28.03 =

24 32 dd =

( )

aSt

MVS

73.2

62.0

=

+−=

W d1،d2،d3d4K

VWאאFLאEK aWאאא٤LאLK

MW،אאאאאאא١٦LאK

א(PSD)W

4321 ddddPSD +++= אF٢ J٢Eאאאא(AASHTO)K


F٢ J٢EWאאK

אאF/אE48 64 80 96 112 128

אאאF/אE

41 54 65 75 86 94

אאאF/אE

58 70 82 91 102 110

אFE 335 460 550 640 675 835

٢ J٣ אא

، א אא אא א אא א א אאאאאאאא

א Kאאאאאא א א א Kא א

א א א א א א אא אאאאאאאאK

٢ J٣ J١ אא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

א א א א א א א אF٢ J٢EאF٢ J٣E،אאאFE

אאFEאא،אK


F٢ J٢WEאאK

F٢ J٣WEK

אאW

١K אאאאאK

٢K אWאאאK

٣K אWאאאK

אאאW

• אאK

• אאK


• אאK

• אאא.

א ،א א א א א א א א K א א אא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאK

٢ J٣ J٢ אאא אF٢ J٤EאאאאאW

F٢ J٤WEאאאK


٢ J٣ J٣ אא אאא

אא Kאאאא א אא Kא א א א

אאאאאאF٢ J٥EKאאאאאאK

F٢ J٥EWאאK

אאאאW

RVfe

127

2

=+ W

eWאאK VWאאFLאEK RWאFEK fWאאK

fאF٢ J٣Eא(AASHTO)K

θ


F٢ J٣EWfאאK

אאFLEf ٣٠ ١٧}٠ ٤٠ ١٧}٠ ٥٠ ١٦}٠ ٦٠ ١٥}٠ ٧٠ ١٤}٠ ٨٠ ١٤}٠ ٩٠ ١٣}٠ ١٠٠ ١٢}٠ ١١٠ ١١}٠ ١٢٠ ٠٩}٠

W

אא١٠٠אא٨٠L،אאאK

Wא

VZ80LאRZ١٠٠fZ0.14

אאW

364.014.0100127

80127

22

=−×

=−= fR

Ve

٢ J٣ J٤ אאאא

אאאא٧٥٪אא(1/15)אאKאאאאW


١K אא٧٥٪אאאאW

( )R

Ve127

75.0 2

=

٢K אe(1/15)אאאאK

٣K אe(1/15)(1/15)אאאfאאW

eR

Vf −=127

2

٤K אfF0.15EאאK

٥K אfF١٥}٠Eאאא(Va) אW

RVfe a

12715.0

151 2

=+=+

٦K אאאאאe(1/15)K

٧K אאאאאאאK

W

א٥٠٠אא١٠٠L،אאאאאK


אW ( ) ( ) 088.0

50012710075.0

12775.0 22

=××

==RVe

א(1/15)eF1/15EאאאfW

09.0067.0500.127

100151

127

22

=−=−=R

Vf

f١٥}٠אאFZ1/15KE

W

אאאאא٢٠٠אא١٠٠LאK

אW

RV

fe a

12715.0

151 2

=+=+

217.0127

2

=R

V a

RV a ××= 127217.02 9.2755)200()127()217.0(2 =××=aV

hkmVa /5.52=


٢ J٣ J٥ אאא אאא Kאאאא

Wאאאאאא

RV

fe127

15.0151 2

=+=+

5.27

2VR =

אאאאאאאWאא

• אW

( )5.27

16 2+=

VRrolling

• אW

( )5.278 2+

=VRrolling

אא،אאאאאאאא

אF٢ J٤EאF٢ J٦KE


F٢ J٤WEאאאאאאK

V (km/h)

f R (m)

e = 0.04 e = 0.06 e = 0.08 e = 0.10

30 0.17 35 30 30 25

40 0.17 60 50 50 45

50 0.16 100 90 80 75

60 0.15 150 135 125 115

70 0.14 215 195 175 160

80 0.14 280 250 230 210

90 0.13 375 335 305 275

100 0.12 490 435 395 360

110 0.11 635 560 500 455

120 0.09 870 755 665 595


F٢ J٦WEאאאK

W

אאא١١٠LאK

אW

• אאאאאWmVR 4405.27

1105.27

22

===

• אאW( ) ( ) mVRrolling 5775.2716110

5.2716 22

=+

=+

=


٢ J٣ J٦ א אאאאF٢ J٧E

אא אאאאKאF٢ J٥Eאאא،

אאאK

F٢ J٧EWאאK

F٢ J٥EWאאאK

אFE ٦٠ ٦٠ J١٥٠١٥١ J٣٠٠

٣٠١ J٩٠٠ ٩٠٠

אFE ٣}٠ ٦}٠ ٩}٠ ٢}١ J


٢ J٤ אא • אאאא

א،אאאאאK • א،אא

،،אאאאא

אאאאאאאK • אאאאא،אא

אאאאאאאאאאאK • אאאאאאא

٥٠٠١٠٠٠K • אאאאאאאK • אאאאאאאאאאא،K • אאא،אא

א،אאא،אא

אאאא،٤٠אK

• אאאא،אא،אא

אאאא،אאאאאאK

• אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،

אאK


W ١E ؟אא

٢E אא،אאא١٠٠Lא٤}٠אK

٣E אא٥٪،אאא٩٠אLא٤}٠אK

٤E אאא١٠٠Lא،א؟

٥E ؟אא

٦E ؟אאא

٧E אאא١١٠LאK

٨E אאאא؟

٩E א٥٠٠אא٩٠L،אאאאאK

١٠E ؟אאאאאא

אאאא

אא

א

א

٣

٢٥٥ אא א אא

אאWאא

אאW אאאא،אא

אאאאאאאאאK

אאW

אאאW

١K אאK

٢K אאאא

٣K אאאK

٤K אאאאK

אאאWאא١٠٠٪K

אאאWK

אאWאאאאאאK

٢٥٥ אא א אא

אא

٣ J١ אא א א א א א א א א א א F٣ J١ KEא

א א אאאאאKאאאאא

אאK אאאאאא

א א،א א Kא אאאאאאאK

א אאא א אאאאK

F٣ J١EWK

אאW ( )

10010010021

1

211

ggggA +=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +=

( )100100100

32

2

322

ggggA +−=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=

WAאאאאאאK

+g1% -g2%

+g3% A1

A2

A3 θ

٢٥٥ אא א אא

٣ J٢ אאאא אאאאאאאא٨٪

אאאKאF٣ J١Eא א א א אא א א

אאKאאאאאאאאאאאK

F٣ J١Eאאאאאא(AASHTO)K

אא FLאE

אאאE٪F

٩ ٦ ٤٨ ٨ ٥ ٦٤ ٧ ٤ ٨٠ ٦ ٣ ٩٦ ٥ ٣ ١١٢ ٤ ٣ ١١٨

٣ J٣ אאא אאאאא

אאאא،אאאאאא٢٥Lא

אאKאF٣ J٢Eאאאאאאאאא(AASHTO)K

٢٥٥ אא א אא

F٣ J٢Eאאאאא(AASHTO)K

אאE٪F ٥}٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨

אFE ٧٠٠ ٤٧٥ ٣٢٥ ٢٥٠ ٢٠٠ ١٧٥ ١٦٠

W

אאא٥אK٪

אW

א ٢٥٠א ، אא א א א ٪٥אאא ٢٥٠٢٥Lא

אK

٣ J٤ אא אFאאE

KאאאF E א F٣ J٢E ، אא F

EאF٣ J٣KE

אאאא،א،אאאאאאKאא

א Kא א א א אאאK

אאא،אאF٣ J٤E،אאW

٢٥٥ אא א אא

• אאאK • אK • אאאאאאאK

F٣ J٢EWאאK

F٣ J٣EWאאK

+g1% +g1% -g2%

+g2%

-g1%

-g2%

A A

A

g1 > g2

A= (g1 - g2) /100 A = (g1 + g2) /100

A= (-g1 + g2)/100

g1 < g2

A

-g1% +g2%

A= (-g1 – g2) / 100

+g1%

+g2%

A= (g1 – g2) /100

-g1%

-g2%

A= (-g1 + g2) / 100

A

A

٢٥٥ אא א אא

.العناصر التصميمية للمنحنيات الرأسية): ٤-٣(شكل

٣ J٥ אאא

אאאאFEאא F Eא F٣ J٢E אF٣ J٣ KE

אאאאאK

٣ J٥ J١ אאאאFSSDE אאאאאW

١K אאWאא(SSD < L) W

( )2

21

2

22 hh

ASL+

=

٢K אאWאא(SSD > L) W

( )A

hhSL

2

21 222

+−=

W LWאאFEK

L/2 L/2

L

+G2 -G2

VPI

VPT VPC

e

e

x

y

٢٥٥ אא א אא

SWאאאאFEK

AWאאאאאאFEK

h1Wאא1.22אK

h2Wא0.1א K

٣ J٥ J٢ אאאא אאאאאאא

א א א א h1 אא אh2 Fh1Zh2Z٢٢}١KE

אW

١K אא(PSD < L) W

76.9

2ASL =

٢K אא(PSD > L) W

ASL 76.92 −=

W LWאאFEK

SWאאאאFEK

AWאאאאאאFEK

٣ J٥ J٣ אאא

אאאא،אאאאK

אאאאאאW

٢٥٥ אא א אא

( )21

3378.0 AVL = W

LWאאאFKE

AWאאאאאאK VWאאFLKE

W

אאאאא0.09KאאאW

١K אZ١٠٠אK

٢K אZ٥٠אK אW

(SSD < L) WאאWאא

A = 0.09 S = 100 m h1 = 1.22 m h2 = 0.1 m

( ) ( ) mhh

ASL 93.2221.0222.12

10009.0

222

2

2

21

2

=×+×

×=

+=

אאאא(SSD > L) W

A = 0.09 S = 50 m h1 = 1.22 m h2 = 0.1 m

( ) ( ) mA

hhSL 14.55

09.01.0222.12502

222

22

21 =×+×

−×=+

−=

W א(1/40)Kאא(1/30) אאאא

אאא٤٤٠אאאאK

٢٥٥ אא א אא

אW

• אאWPSD < L

( ) ( ) 058.040/130/121 =−−+=−= ggA

mASL 49.115076.9

440058.076.9

22

=×

==

• אאWPSD > L m

ASL 72.711

058.076.9440276.92 =−×=−=

W

אאאF1/20EF1/25 KEאאאא٩٠LK

אW

( ) ( ) 09.025/120/121 =+−−=−= ggA

( ) ( ) mAVL 82.969009.0378.0378.0 21

321

3 =×==

٣ J٦ אא אאאW

١K אאאאאאK

٢K אאאאאא

٣K אאאאאK

٤K אאאאאאK

٥K אאאאאK

٢٥٥ אא א אא

٦K אאאK

٧K אאאאאK

٨K אאא٥}٠٪אK

٩K אאאאאאאאK

٣ J٧ אאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאW

١K אאאאאK

٢K א א א א אאא،א א א، אאאאא אא

،אאK

٣K אאאאאאK

٤K K

٥K K

٦K אאאK

٧K אאK

٢٥٥ אא א אא

W ١E ؟אא

٢E אא؟א

٣E אאאאאא٧א٪؟

٤E ؟אאא

٥E ؟אאא

٦E ؟אאאאא

٧E ؟אאא

٨E אאאאא٠٣}٠אאא١٥٠KאאK

٩E אאאאאא٤٪ אא٦K٪אאאא٣٨٠א

אאא؟

١٠E אאא٣٪٥K٪אאאא١٠٠L؟

אאאא

אא

א

א

٤

א ٢٥٥ אאא א אא

אאאWאא

אאW אאא،אאא

אאאאאאאאK

אאW אאאאW

١K אאאK

٢K אאאאאאK

٣K אאאאK

٤K אאאאK

אאאWאא٩٥K٪

אאאWK

אאWאאאאK


אא

٤ J١ אאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאKאא

،אא א אאא ، ،א א א K א א אא א אאא א אא K אF٤ J١EאאK

F٤ J١EWאאK

٤ J٢ אא אאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאא٣אאא٧٥}٣אא

آتف آتف

حارات حارات

وسطى جزيرة


אKא אא א אא אא אFאEאאאאאK

אא،אאאאאאאאKא

אאאאא א KF א Eאא

אאKאאאאF٤ J٢EK

F٤ J٢EWאאK

אאאאאאאW

• אWאאאאאF٤ J٣EK

• אWאאאאאF٤ J٤EK

• אWאאאK


F٤ J٣EWKF٤ J٤EWK

٤ J٣ א

אאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאא א Kא א א

א،אאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאKאאאאא،אאאא

אK

٤ J٤ אא אאאאK

אא،אאא٢٪אא٣א٪אא א אא Kא

אאאא،אאF٤ J٥EK


F٤ J٥WEאאK

٤ J٥ א

א אא אא אא א א אאאא א F٤ J٦E K א א ،

א א א K א א א٢٥}١٦٠}٣Kא

אאאא٢٪٥٪K

F٤ J٦WEK

א א א א א KאאאאאאאאK

אW ١K אאא،אאאא

אאאאK


٢K אאאK

٣K אאאK

٤K אאא،אאאK

٥K אאאK

٦K אאאK

٧K אאK

٨K אאK

٤ Jא ٦א

א א אאאאKאאאאK

אאאW • אK

• אאאאאאK

• אאK

• אאK

אאW

١K אאאWאאאאKאאאאאא١٥٥٠Kא

F٤ J٧EאK

٢K א אא W א א א אאאKאא١٠١٥א١W١

١W٢אF٤ J٨KEאאאאאאאאאאK


F٤ J٧WEאK

F٤ J٨WEאK


٤ J٧ א אאאאאאK

א٥}١אKאא א אאא

אאאKאF٤ J٩EK

F٤ J٩WEK

٤ J٨ אא

אאאאאאאK א א א א

א א אא Kא א אאאאאKאא

אאW


E אאאW

אא אFWWE ١ ١W٦

١٣ ١W٤ ٣٥}٤ ١W٣ ٥}٤٦ ١W٢

٦ ١W٥}١ EאאאW

אא אFWWE ٣ ١W٢

٣ ١W١

EאאW

אא אFWWE ١٠ ٣W١

١٠٢٠ ٢W١

٤ J٩ אא אאאאא٢٥}١א٢٠א

א،אאאW

• אאאאK

• אאאאאאK

• אאאאאאK


א א א א א א אF٤ J١٠Eא،

אאK

F٤ J١٠WEK

٤ J١٠ אאא

אא،אאאאא، א א K א א א א א א

א א א אא K ٢٠٢٥אKאאאא

אאאKאF٤ J١١EK


F٤ J١١WEK

آتف آتفحارة

א

حارة ميل جانبي ميل جانبي

األرض الطبيعية

خط منسوب المقارنة

آتف آتفحارة حارة حارة ميل جانبي ميل جانبي حارة

جزيرة

األرض الطبيعية

قارنةخط منسوب الم


W

١E אא؟אא

٢E ؟אאאא

٣E אאא؟

٤E אאא؟

٥E ؟אאאא

٦E ؟אאא

٧E אאאא؟؟

٨E ؟אאא

٩E ؟אאא

١٠E ؟אאאאאא

אא

אא

א

٥

٢٥٥ אא א א

אאWא

אאW אאאאאאאK

אאW

אאאאW

١K אאאK

٢K אאאאK

٣K אאאאK

אאאWאא١٠٠٪K

אאאWK

אאWאאאK

٢٥٥ אא א א

א

٥ J١ אאאא،

א א K،א ،א ،א א א א אא،אK

٥ J٢ אאאא

אאאW

• אאאK

• אאK

• אאK

• אאאK

• אאאK

• אאאK

• אK

• אאK

• אאK • אK

٥ J٣ אא

א א א אאאאא

א א א ،

٢٥٥ אא א א

אאאאאK

٥ J٣ J١ אאא אאאW

١K אא(T) (Y)(+)WאאאאאאKאאא

F Eא א K אF٥ J١ E א א א אK

F٥ J١WEא(T) (Y)(+)K

٢٥٥ אא א א

٢K א א Wא א א א א א

אאאאF٥ J٢KE

F٥ J٢WEK

٣K אא א W א א אא אא אאאאא

אאאאF٥ J٣KE

F٥ J٣WEאאK

٤K אאWאאאKאאאאאאאא

٢٥٥ אא א א

א א א א K אF٥ J٤ E אאK

F٥ J٤WEאאK

٥K אאאאWאאאK

F٥ J٥WEאאאK

٢٥٥ אא א א

٥ J٣ J٢ א א F E א א

אאאאאא א K

א אF٥ J٦ Eאא אאאא،אא،אK

F٥ J٦WEK

٢٥٥ אא א א

W ١E ؟אאא ٢E ؟אאא

٣E אאא؟אאאא ٤E ؟א

٥E ؟א

אאאא

א

א

٦

א ٢٥٥ אא א א

אאWאא

אאW אאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אK

אאW אאאW

١K אאאאאK

٢K אאאK

٣K אאאאאאK

٤K אאאK

٥K אאאאאK

٦K אאאK

אאאWאא٩٥K٪ אאאWK

אאאW • אאאאאK

• אאאאאK


אא

٦ J٢ Jאא אאאאאא

א Kא א א אאאאKאאאא

אאW

١K אאאאK

٢K אאאאאאK

٣K אאאאאאK

٤K אאאאK

٥K אK

א א א ،א 1930 א

אאW

١K אא( )dγK

٢K אא( )wK

٣K אאFאKE

٤K אK

٦ J٢ Jאאא אאאאאא

אא،W

١K אא


٢K אא

٣K א

٤K אא

אאאאאאאאKאאאKאא

אאאא א א א א אאאK

Eאא(Standard Proctor Test)

F٦אאאא J١KE

F٦ J١EWK

W

١E אא٢}١٠א٦}١١אאא٦K

٢E אא٤٩}٢א٥}٣٠K

אאאאאW

المطرقة

القالب

امتداد علوي


١K אאאאK

٢K אאאK

٣K אא٢٥אאK

٤K אאאFγEK

٥K אאFγdEאW

1001 wd

+=

γγ

٦K אאאאאאאK

٧K אאאFγdEאאFwEאF٦ J٢KE

٨K אאאFγd-maxEאאאא(OMC)אFw JγdKE

F٦ J٢EWאK

אא،E٪F

،

א

א

(kg/

cm3 )

0 5 10 15 20 1.60

1.70

25

1.80

1.90 אאא

א

א

א


Eאא(Modified Proctor Test)

אאאאאאא אא א א Kאא א

א א (AASHTO) א א א א Kאאא א א א

אW ١K אZ٥٤}٤K

٢K אאZ٧}٤٥K

٣K א٥K

א א א א א א א א א، א א א א א

אאאאאא KאF٦ J٣Eא אK

F٦ J٣EWאאאK

א،אE٪F

אא

אא

،

א

א

(kg/

cm3 )

0 5 10 15 20 1.60

1.70

25

1.80

1.90


W אF٦ J١Eאא Kא

אאאK

F٦ J١WEאK

א אאFE אאE٪F

١ 1847.71 6.00 ٢ 2000.37 8.00 ٣ 2163.13 10.58 ٤ 2188.75 12.90 ٥ 2097.81 15.68 ٦ 2012.74 17.78

אW

אאWmV

W=γ

אאFVm = 943.3 cm3EאK

אאאאאאאאW

1001 wd

+=

γγ

אF٦ J٢ Eאאאאא gm/cm3אאאkN/m3 K א F٦ J٤Eא א א

אא،אאאאאאאW

%40.11/43.20 3

max

==−

OMCmkNdγ


F٦ J٢WEאאK

א

אא (%)

א gm)(

א

)cm3(

אא

)gm/cm3(

אא

)kN/m3(

אא

)kN/m3( 1

6.00 1847.71 943.30 1.96 19.22 18.13

2 8.00 2000.37 943.30 2.12 20.80 19.26

3 10.58 2163.13 943.30 2.29 22.50 20.34

4 12.89 2188.75 943.30 2.32 22.76 20.16

5 15.68 2097.81 943.30 2.22 21.82 18.86

6 17.78 2012.74 943.30 2.13 20.93 17.77

F٦ J٤WEאK


٦ J٣ Jאאאא אאאאאK

א 0א=wא א א א Kא א אאKאא

א ،א א א אא אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאKאאאאא

، אא א א K א א אאאאאאאא،

אאא،אאאאאאאאאאK

א אאאאאא אאW

١( אW אאא א אא א א K אF٦ J٥ Eאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאK


F٦ J٥WEאאא

٢( אאWאאאאKאאאאא

א א א K א א א א אאאאw1w2

א F٦ J٦E א ،אאאFOMCKEאאאK

F٦ J٦WEאאא.

γd

w2 w1 w (%)


٣E א Wאא אא،א א K א א F٦ J٧ Eא א

אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאK

F٦ J٧WEאאא

٦ J٤ Jאאאא אא،אאאא

א א א K א אאאאאאא

K א א א א א א א אאא،K

٦ J٥ Jאא

אאאאאW

١K אאK

( )max−dγ

OM

C OM

C

w (%)

γd א

א

( )max−dγ


٢K אאאאK

٣K אאאאאאK

٤K אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

٥K ٢٠א٣٠K

٦K אאאK

٧K אאK

٨K אאאK

٩K אאאאK

١٠K אאאK

٦ J٦ Jאאא

אאא א א א א א א،אאא،אאאאא،

אאאKאאאא٢٠٣٠אאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאF٦ J٦EK

א א א א א א،אאאאאאK

אאאאאאK


٦ J٧ Jאאאא אאא،אאא

אא،אאW

١K אאWאאא٨א١٢אאאאאא א

א א א Kא א، א א א א א א K אF٦ J٨ E

אאאK

F٦ J٨WEאK ٢K אWא80 %א

אאא ٢٠٠א א א K א

א700 kN/m2KאF٦ J٩EאאK


F٦ J٩EWK

٣K אאWאאא12 %אאK،אא14007000 kN/m2K

אאאאאאאאאאK א אא א

אאאאאאKאF٦ J١٠EאאK

F٦ J١٠WEאK


٤K אאא Wאאא אא K א א א א א

א א א אא א K אF٦ J١١ EאאאאK

F٦ J١١EWאאK

٦ J٨ Jאאא אאאאאא

אאאאFאאEאאW

100(%))max(

)( ×=− labd

fielddRCγγ

W RC=אK

)( fielddγ=אאאK )max(labd−= γאK

אאאאאאאאאא90%100%K


٦ J٨ J١ אאא אאאאאW

١K אאK

٢K אאאK

١EאאW

אאאאאאאKאאא

אFsandγE אF٦ J١٢KE

F٦ J١٢EWאאK

אאאאW

• אאאאאאאאאK

• אאאאאאK

• אא (Wsoil) FwKE

• אאאאאK

• אאאאאאא(Vhole) W


Sand

Sandhole

WVγ

=

• אאWsoil

hh V

W=γ

• אאW)

1001( w

hd

+=

γγ

• אW100(%))max(

)( ×=− labd

fielddRCγγ

W

אאאאאאאW

אאW3/46.1 cmgmsand =γ

אאWgmWsand 7.468=

WgmWא soildry 3.618=−

אW

• אW30.32146.1

7.468 cmW

Vsand

sandhole ===

γ

• אאW33 /3.19/93.10.3213.618 mkNcmgm

VW

hole

soildryd ≈=== −γ

٢EאאאW

א א א א א אאא Kאאאאא

א אאא Kאאאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאא،א אא


א Kא א א א אאאK


W

١E ؟אא

٢E אאאאאK

٣E אאאאK

٤E אאאאאK

٥E אאאאK

٦E אK

٧E אאאK

٨E א א 19.55 kN/m3 1.02 kg ،0.99 kgKאאאאK

٩E א א א א א אאאW

א 1 2 3 4 5

אא

)/( 3mkNγ 16.73 18.05 19.22 18.93 17.33

אא(%)w 4.75 12.13 19.32 24.91 32.52

١K אאאאאאאK

٢K אאאK

٣K אאאא15.75 kN/m3אא،؟؟אא

١٠E אא٩٩ %אא،אאW

%37.14/25.19 3

max

==−

OMCmkNdγ


אאאאW

%3.16

/60.17 3

=

=−

w

mkNfielddγ

אאאW

١K ؟אאאאאK

٢K ؟אאאא

٣K א؟؟אאא

אאאאאא

אא

אא

א

٧

א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא

אאWאאא

אאW אאאאאאאאא

K

אאW אאאW

١K אאאאאאK

٢K אאאאאK

٣K אאאאK

٤K אאאאK

אאאWאא٩٥K٪

אאאWK

אאאWאאאאK


אאא

٧ J١ אאאאא אאאא

אKאאאאאאאאK

אאKאאאאאאאאאא

אW

٧ J١ J١ אא אאאאא،א

א א K א א אא אאF٦٠L٧٠EאF٢٠٠L٣٠٠EאKא

א א א א אKאאא،

אאא،K

٧ J١ J٢ אא אאאאאאא

א א ١٥٠ ٢٠٠ K א א א١٢٠١٤٠ K א א אאא א א

F E אW

(RC-300)،(MC -70) ،(SC-200)


אאW

RCWא

:MCא

:SCא

FRC-300EאאF٣٠٠EKאאFSC-200EאF٢٠٠KE

א א אא אאאאאאאאK

٧ J١ J٣ אא אאאא،

אא١٠٠١٣٠אאא٦٠٧٠K

א א א א א אא א א אאאאאKא

KאאאאאK

٧ J١ J٤ א אאאאאאW

• אWאאאאK

• אWאאאאK

• א א W א א אאאאאאK


אאאאאאאא،אK

٧ J١ J٥ אאאאא

א א א אא א אא Kאאאאא K

אאW

א • אא W א אא א א א אא Kאא

אאאאאK

• אWאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

• אא Wאא אא א٣٠ ١٧٥ Kא אא א

א א K אא אאאאאא،א

אאאאאאאK

• א W א א א א א ،אא٥٠

אאאאאאK

• אאWאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK

• אWאאאאאK


• אWאאאאאאאאK

• א א Wא א א א אאאאאK

٧ J٢ אאאאא

אאאאא ،א ،א א

א،אאKאW

• א W א א א אאא א אא K ،א ،א

א،KאאאאK

• אWאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא٨F٣٦}٢EKא

אאאאא٨אאאאאאאאKאא

אא٤F٧٥}٤E١٠٠٪٢٪٢٠٠F٠٧٥}٠EKאאא،א

א٤KאאאאאאאאאאאאK

א א א אא Kא אא אא א א א א

אאאאKאא


א א א Kא א א אאאאאאאK

،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאW

• אא א(Sieve Analysis Test) W א א אא אאאאאאK

• א א א א(Absorption & Specific Gravity Test) W אאאאאאאאאאא

א٢٣אאאK • אא אא Wא א א א א אא

F٢٠٠EאK

• א א א א א (Aggregates Abrasion Test) W א،אאאאא

א א ،א א א אK

• א א(Aggregates Impact Resistance Test) Wא אאאאאK

• א (California Bearing Ration: CBR) Wא א א א א א

אאK

٧ J٣ אאאא אא א אא א

אאא א א א א א אKאאאאאאא

אW


• אאW٩٣٩٦٪

• אאאאW٤٧٪

אאאאאאאאKאאא א אא

אאKאאאא،אא،א،Kא

אאW

١K אאא(Hot-Mixes Asphalt: HMA) W א(Asphalt Concrete)אא אאאאא

א א KאFא אאE א אאF١٣٩–١٦٣E،

א א א Kא א א א

אאW

• א (Dense-graded Mixes) W א (Well-graded)، א

א אא א אא אאKאא

W א (Fine-graded) א (Coarse-

graded) ،אאאאאאאאאאF٧ J١KEאF٧ J١E

אK


F٧ J١WEאK

F٧ J١WEאאאאאאאאK

אאא(Mixture Nominal Maximum

Aggregate Size)

א (Coarse-graded Mix)

א (Fine-graded Mix)

37.5 mm (1.5 inches) < 35 % passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4 Sieve)

> 35 % passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4 Sieve)

25.0 mm (1.0 inch) < 40 % passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4 Sieve)








• א (Open-graded Mixes) Wא א א

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

א א אא K א אאאאאאאא א א א

א א K אF٧ J٢ E א K


F٧ J٢WEאK

• א א(Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixes: SMA) W א א(Stone Mastic Asphalt) א

אאאאK (Gap-graded) אF ٦ E٪ א

א K א א ،א א

א א א F ٢٠ J٢٥ E٪א א א KאF٧ J٣EאאK

F٧ J٣WEאאK

א אא אא אא(WSDOT Standard Hveem Mixes) אF٧ J٢KE


F٧ J٢WEאאא .(WSDOT Standard Hveem Mixes)

אאא

אא

Class A. Dense-graded HMA

א٩٠٪א،אאאאא

אאK

Class B. Dense-graded HMA

א٧٥٪אא،א

K

Class D. Open-graded HMA

אאאאK

Class E. Dense-graded HMA

אאK

Class F. Dense-graded HMA

(Class B)אאאאא،א

(Class B)K

Class G. Dense-graded HMA

אאאא٥}٩،

אאK


٢K אא א(Hot Rolled Asphalt)W אאא א אFא E ٥٠ ٪א א

אF٨ J١٠ KE٪אא אאK

٣K אא א(Porous Asphalt) W ،

אא אא אא F٥ J٦E٪אאKאא

אאאאאאK

٧ J٤ אאאא אאא

א ،א א א א א אF٧ J٤ E א א אF٧ J٥ E א א K א א F٧ J٦KEא א

א א א א א Kא א א

אאKאאאאאW

١K אאאאאאאK

٢K אאאK

٣K אאF١٣٩ J١٦٣EאאK

٤K אאאאאK ٥K אאאאאK

٦K אאאK


٧K אאאאK

٨K אאאאK

٩K אאF١٣٩ J١٦٣EאאאאאFא٣٠KE

١٠K אאאאK

١١K אאאK

F٧ J٤WEאאK

F٧ J٥WEKF٧ J٦WEK


W ١E אאאא؟אא ٢E א؟אאאא

٣E א؟אאאא

٤E אאאאא؟א ٥E אאאא؟א ٦E אא؟א ٧E אאאאW(MC-250) (RC-300) (SC-200)؟

٨E אאא؟אא

٩E אא؟א

١٠E אאאא؟א

אאאא

אא

א

א

٨

א ٢٥٥ אא א אא

אאWאא

אאW אאאאאאאKאאאאK

אאW

אאאW

١K אאאאאK

٢K אאאאאאאK

٣K אאאאאא??“AASHTO”

٤K אאאא(CBR)K

אאאWאא٩٥K٪

אאאW٨K

אאאWאאאאK


אא ٨ J١ J

אאאאאא א א K א אאא

א א א א א א K אאאאאא

אK

٨ J٢ Jאא אW

١K אא(Flexible Pavement)

٢K אא (Rigid Pavement)

אאK

٨ J٢ J١ אא אא א א א א אאא

א، א א אאאאאF٨ J١Eאאא

אW

F٨ J١EWאאK


١K אWאאאאא אא א א אא א

אאאאK

٢K א W א א א אאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאKאאאא

אK

٣K א W א אא אאא K אא

אKאאאK

٤K אאא WאאאאאK

٥K א א W א א א א Kאאאאאאאא

אK

אאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאK

٨ J٢ J٢ אא אאא١٥

٣٠ א א אF٨ J٢EK


F٨ J٢EWאאK

א א א

٥٣٠אא٣٠٠אאKא א א אא א

אאאאKאאאאאאאאא Kאא

א א א אאKאאאאאא

א،אאאKאאאאאאאאאא

אK

٨ J٣ Jאא אאאאאא

אא אא א אא Kאא אאא א

א א א אא Kא א א א א א א

א אא K א אאאאא

אאאאKא


א א אא א אא אאK

אא אאאא אאא Kאא

אאאאW

١K אWאאK ٢K אWאאאאאאאK ٣K אWאאאאאK ٤K אWאאאאאK

٨ J٤ Jאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאאK

אאW

١K אאאא??“AASHTO”

٢K אא “Asphalt Institute” ٣K א “California Method”

אאW

٤K “Marshal Method” ٥K א“Superpave Method” ٦K “Hveem Method”


٨ J٥ Jאאאאא?? אא??אאאא

אW

EאאFSNEWאאאאאW

١K אאאאK

٢K אאא٢٠אK

٣K אאZFאאHא٢٠E÷٢K

٤K א א א א א א אא א אאאאא٥}٠،٦}٠،٧}٠K

٥K א א אא אא٨٢٠٠אאאF٨ J١EF٨ J٢KEאא

אאאK

F٨ J١EאאאK

א אאא ٠٠٠٤}٠

١٧}٠ א ٥١}٠

J ٤٦}٠ ٦٤}٠

F٨ J٢EאאאK


אFEאאא

٩١٠ ٠٠٠٢}٠

١٨١٠ ٠٠٢٥}٠

٢٧٢٠ ٠١}٠

٥٤٤٠ ٠٢}٠

٨١٦٠ ١

٩٠٧٠ ٦}١

١٤٥٢٠ ٣}١٣

٢١٧٩٠ ٨٧ ٦K אאאאW١٩}٠

٨}٠K

٧K אאW

• F٤–٥EאאאK

• F١–٥}٢EאK

• F٣}٠–٥}١EאK

• F٢}٠–١EאK

٨K א אF٢–٥EK אא٥}٢א٢אאK

٩K אאFSNEאאאאF٨ J٣EW


• אא(CBR) אאאאאאאאא

אאFSNEK

• א א א א א אאאאK

EאאWאאאאW

١K אא אFSN E אא אW

SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + A3D3 W

D1WאK D2WאK D3WאK A1WאK A2WאK A3WאK

אאF٨ J٣KE


F٨ J٣EאאאK

א א

א A1 A2A3

א

٤

٥}٢

٥}٢

٥}٧

١٠

٥}٧

٠٧}٠

١٧}٠

١٦}٠

א

١٠

١٠

١٠

١٠

١٠

١٠

א

٠٤}٠

٠٦}٠

٠٦}٠

٠٨}٠–٠٩}٠

١٠}٠–١٢}٠

١٢}٠

א A3

א

١٠

١٠

٠٣}٠

٠٢}٠–٠٤}٠


F٨ J٣WEאאK


W

W

١K (CBR)Z١٠K٪ ٢K אאאאZ٩٠٠٠אאK ٣K אאא٢٠Z١٩٠٠٠K

אW

WאאEא

١K אאFZ٩٠٠٠H١٩٠٠٠LE٢Z١٤٠٠٠K ٢K אZ٦}٠K ٣K אא٦}٠א×١٤٠٠٠Z٨٤٠٠אK ٤K אאאאK ٥K אא א אא ، א א

א١٠٠٠K ٦K אאאא١٠٠٠

K ٧K אאZ٥}١ ٨K אZ٢א٥}٢אK ٩K אא א (CBR) Z١٠٪

١٠٠٠אאאאFSNEא٧}٣אאF٥}٢ZPKEאאאF٢ZPEא

אFSNZE٤}٣ ١٠K א א א אא א א א

אאאאRאF٤ J٥KEאאאF٣}٠ J٥}١KEאאאאאFSNE


אF ٧}٣ ٤}٣ E א ٥}١א א א WSNZ٤א٦}٣אK

EאאW

א א א א א א אאאKאאK

SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + A3D3 WאאאKאאW

אאW אאאאאא

،אאאאאאאאאאW

אא ٤ ٥١٧}٠٢٠אא٠٦}٠א

١٠א٠٤}٠KאאאאW = SNF٥ ×١٧}٠FHE ٢٠ × ٠٦}٠FHE١٠×٠٤}٠ZE٤٥}٢

א א ٤٥}٢ א א א FSN Z٤E ، אאKא٧א

٤٠א٢٠אW

= SNF٧ ×١٧}٠FHE ٤٠ × ٠٦}٠HEF٢٠×٠٤}٠ZE٣٩}٤

אאאאאKא١٠}٠אW

= SNF٧ ×١٧}٠FHE ٢٥ × ١٠}٠FHE١٠×٠٤}٠ZE٠٩}٤


אאW

D1WאZ٧

D2WאZ٢٠

D3WאZ١٠

אאW אאאאא

W

١K א א FSN Z E٤ א ،FCBRZ E٨٥٪،א٣٠٪،

אא١٠א٪אאאK

٢K אאאאאאא٨٥א٪אאאKא

F٨ J٣Eא٧}١K

٣K אא١٠אאW

SN = A1D1 + -- + -- = SN1.7 = (0.17 × 10)

٤K אאאאאא

אאFCBRE٣٠٪אאא١٠٠٠KאF٨ J٣Eאאאא٢}٢K

٥K אא٢٠٠٦}٠

W


SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + -- 2.9 = (0.17 × 10) + (0.06 × 20) = SN

א٩}٢אא٢}٢K

٦K אאאא٤א٣ א אא ١٠א K٪ א א

٠٦}٠٢٠W SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + A3D3

4.1 = (0.17 × 10) + (0.06 × 20) + (0.06 × 20) = SN אאאאאW

D1WאZ١٠

D2WאZ٢٠

D3WאZ٢٠

٨ J٦ Jאא(CBR)

א(CBR)אאKאF٨ J٤Eא(CBR)אאK


F٨ J٤WE א(CBR)אK

Wאאאאאאא

2/1

175.1⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−=

pCBRPt

π

W : tאFE

:PאאFE

: pאF /٢E،

:AאF٢KE


W

א א א(CBR) אא א،אW

• אאZ٤٠٠L

• CBRZ٥٪

• PZ٤٠٨٢

• = p ٧ /٢

אW

E אאW

CBRZ٥٪אאZ٤٠٠LאZ٣٨

E אאW

cmt

pCBRPt

5.35)7()14.3(

1575.14082

175.1

2/1

2/1

=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡×

−=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−=π

٨ J٧ Jאא

א א אאאאאאאKאF٨ J٥E

אאאא،אאאאW


F٨ J٥EWאאK

١EאאאW

אאא،אאאאאאאK

אאאאאW

3

3

2

2

1

1

100

Gw

Gw

Gw

G a

++=

W GaWאאאאK

:w1, w2, w3אאאאאאFKE :G1, G2, G3אאאאאאאK

٢EאאאW

אאאאGtאW

b

b

a

bt

Gw

Gw

G+

−=

100100


W GtWאאאאK

:wbאFKE

GbWאאK

GaWאאאK ٣EאאW

אאאאאאאאאW

tt G

G100=γ

W γtWאאK GWאאאאK GtWאאאאK

٤EאאאW

אאאאאVaאW

t

tta G

GGV )(1001 −=−= γ

٥EאאאWVoids in the mineral aggregate): VMA(

אאאאVMAאאW

awGVMA −= 100

W VMAWאאאK

:waאFKE


٦EאאאWVoids filled with asphalt): VFA( אאאVFAאאW

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=

−−=

VMAV

VMAVMAVFB at 1)100( γ

W VFAWאאאK

VaWאאאאאK

٨ J٨ JאFMarshal MethodE

א א א א אאאא א٢٥ Kא א

אאW

١K אK ٢K א אאK ٣K אאK ٤K אאK

אאאאFאאאאאאאאאWE

• א٣١٢٠٠א

• אאאK

• אאאK

• אאאאאF١٦٠ J١٦٥KE

• אאF٤٪،٥}٤٪،٥٪،٥}٥٪،٦٪،٥}٦٪،٧KE٪


• א٦}١٠١א٢}٧٦ ٥٣}٤א٨}٤٥א ،٣٥ ٥٠٧٥

אK

• א א אא א אאK

• א٦٠א٣٠،אאאK

،אאאאאK

• אאאאK

• אאאא،אא،FאEאאא،K

• אא ،א ،א אא ،אא،אאאאאא،אK

• אאFאאE،אאאאK

٨ J٩ JאאFSuperpaveE

א(Superior performing asphalt pavement) ، א א א א אK א אא

א(Superpave Gyratory Compactor, SGC)א א א אא אא א

אאא Kא א אא ٦٠٠±١٨kPaא א ،F א

אאא א א א א א א KE אאאאW


١K ٦אאאאW

• ٢אאאK

• ٢א٥}٠٪אאK

• ٢٥}٠٪אאK

٢K אאאאאאאK

٣K אאאאאאאK

٤K אאאK

٥K אאא٤אK٪


W ١K אא؟

٢K אא؟

٣K ؟אא

٤K אאא؟אא

٥K ؟אאא

٦K Wאאא١٠٠٠٠א،אאאא א٢٠ ٢٠٠٠٠،

(CBR)Z٢٠٪؟

٧K אאא(CBR)؟

٨K א א א א (CBR) Wא א٣٠٠٠(CBR)٥٠٪K

٩K אאאא؟

١٠K א؟אא

אאאאאא

אא

א

א

א

٩

א ٢٥٥ אא אאא

אאWאאא

אאW אאאאאאאאא

Kאאאאא

אאW אאאW

١K אאאאK

٢K אאאK

٣K אאאאK

٤K אאאאK

٥K אאאאאאK

٦K אאאאאK

٧K אאאK

٨K אאאאK

אאאWאא٩٥K٪

אאאW٨K

אאאWאאאאK


אאא

٩ J١ אאא אאאאאא

אאאF٩ J١Eא،א א Kא א

אאאאKאאאאאאאא

אK

F٩ J١EWאאאK

٩ J١ J١ אאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK

١EאאאאאW

א א א אאא א א א א א אאK

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאW

طبقة ما تحت األساس

طبقة األساس

التربة األصلية

طبقة السطح


١K אא א א א א Kא،אאאאא،אא

٢K אאאאאאאאK

٣K א٥٥٪אאאאK ٤K אא٣٠K

٥K א٢٥٪א٦٪K ٦K א٤٠٪K

٧K (CBR)٨٠K٪

٢EאאאאאW אא،אאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאW ١K K ٢K אאאאאאK ٣K א٢٥٪א٦K٪ ٤K א٥٠K٪

٥K (CBR)٥٠K٪

٩ J١ J٢ אא

١EאאW

• אאאאK

• אאאK

• אא١٥K

• אאאאK


• אאאאאאK

٢EאאאאW

• אאאאK

• אאF١–٤EK

• אF٨L٣ J١٠٠EK

• אאאאK

• אאאאK

٣EאאW

• אאאאאK

• אאאאK

• אאאאאאK

• אא١٥K

• אאK

• אאאK

٩ J١ J٣ אאא

א א א אא א אא אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אא

אא، א אא אאא אאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאא،אK


א א אאא א אאא،אאאאא

א אא א K א א א אאאאאאאאאא

٤אKאאאאאW ١K ٩٥א٪אאK ٢K אאאאא٢٥

Kאאאאאא٢٠،אאאא٣٠K

٣K א א א א ١٥אK

٩ J٢ אאא

אאאW،אאאא،אאאא،אאא،אW

٩ J٢ J١ אא(Prime Coats)

א א א ، א א אא א

אאאאKאאאMC-30MC-70،אF٩}٠ J

٣}٢EL٢ ،אאא א K א א

אאא א F٩ J٢ KE א א

אאאאאKאאאא א ١٦ K א אא א


אאF٩ J١EאאאאאאאאK

F٩ J٢WEK

F٩ J١WEאאאK

א

אאא FE

א א

MC-30،RC-30 ٣٠ ٥٥

MC-70،RC-70 ٦٠ ٨٠

MC-250،RC-250 ٧٥ ٩٥

א א א אא אא אאאאאאאאאאא

אאא،אאאא K،אאא

אאא،אאאאאKאא٢٤א،

אאאא٧٢K


٩ J٢ J٢ אא(Tack Coats) אאא،

א א א א א א K א א אא א א א א א

RC-70RC-250KאאאF١٩}٠ J٣٨}٠EL٢אאאאאאF٩ J

١KE

٩ J٢ J٣ אאא(Grouted Macadam) א א א א

א אא ،אאא א K ٨٠L١٠٠

١٢٠L١٥٠אF١٣٥ J١٧٧EKא א אא ٣٠אF ٪א א א

KE

א א אא א א אא،אאאאא

אאKאא١٠FאאEא אא א אא א

٩}٧٢}١٠L٢٨٩١٠٠Kאאאאאא

K

٩ J٢ J٤ אאא(Bituminous Macadam) אאא٥٥}٧

K אא אאא


אא KאF٦٠L٧٠EF٨٠L١٠٠EאKאאאאW

• אאאא א אא א

אאKאF٩ J٣EאאאK • אאאאאאK • אאK • אאאאאF٩ J

٤EאאאK • אאאF٨–١٠EFאEK • אFאEאK

F٩ J٣WEKF٩ J٤WEאK

٩ J٢ J٥ אא(Asphaltic Concrete)

אאאאKאא ٥ א א א א ١٠א א א K

אא٣Kאאאאאא

K אא אאא א אא


אאאאF١٣٩–١٦٣EאאאאFאאEאא،

אאאK א ،א א א

אא K אאא א א אא ١٢٠ אא ،

אאאאאאאאאא٤K

٩ J٢ J٦ א אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאF٩ J٥ KEאא א Fא E ٠}٣אא א

אאKאא١٠אאאKא

אאאאאK

אF٩ J٥WEאאK

٩ J٢ J٧ אאא

אאא،א א א K א אא


אאאאאF٨ J١٢EאאאאאF١٥ J٣٠E Kאא א אאאא ٥L

אאאאאאF٩ J٦KEאאאאאאKאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאא

א א א K ،א א א אא אא ٢٠٠

אאאא،٩٥٪אאאKאאאא

אאKאאאא٣٪٢٪אאאאK

אF٩ J٦WEאאאK

٩ J٢ J٨ אאאאא

אאאאא אאאW

١K א א א א אא אאא :אאא،אאאאא،

א،אא،אא،אK

٢K אאאאא אא אWא W א ،א ،א ،א ، אא אא

אאאK


٣K א א ،א א א אK

٤K אאאאאF١٣٩ J١٦٣EK ٥K אאאאאאא

אאאאאK

٩ J٢ J٩ אאאאא אאאאאאאW

١K א א א ،אאא א א

٥٠٠אאאאK

٢K אאאאאF١٤٩ J١٦٣EK

٣K אאא אאאK

٤K אאאאאאאF٩ J١KE

٥K אאאא אF٩}٠ J٣}٢EL٢אאאK

אאאK ٦K אאא٤Kא

אאאאF١٢٠EK

٧K אאאאאF١٥ J٢٠E٪ אK

٨K אאאא אאאא١٠K

٩K א א א אא א K א א אא א١٥٠אא אאK

אאאאאK


١٠K א א אא א א אאK

٩ J٢ J١٠ אא

אא אא אאאאאאאאKאאW

١K אאא٢٠٠١٠٠٠٢K

٢K אאW

• אאאאWאאאK

• אאWאאאאאK

• אW٩٥٪אאאK

٣K אאאא،אא א א א K א

אאאא٠}٣א٣אא٦٣אאK

٤K אאאאאאאאK

٥K א א א א ٣ ٪ ٢٪ אאאאK


W ١E אאא؟אא

٢E ؟אאאא

٣E ؟אא

٤E ؟אא

٥E ؟אאא

٦E ؟אאא

٧E אא؟אא

٨E אאאא؟

٩E אאאא؟א

• אאאאאאא؟K

אאאאאאאא

אא

א

א

א

א

١٠


אאWאאאא

אאW אאאאאא

א אאא אאא،אאK

אאW

אאאאW

• אאאK

• אאאאאאK

• אאאK

• אאאאאאאK

• אאאאאאK

אאאWאא٩٥K٪

אאאW٤

אאW

• אאאאK

• אאאאאאאK


אאאא

אא

אאא Kא א אאאא אאאא

Kאאאא אאאאאאאא אKאא א

א א א א אא א FEא אW

• אאא אא • אאאא

• אא • א

• אא • א

אאא אאאא

،אאא K א א ،א א

אW

١K א(Cracking) ٤K (Surface Deformation)

٢K א(Patching) ٥K (Surface Defects)

٣K א(Potholes) ٦K (Miscellaneous Distresses)


١٠ J٢ J١ Jא(Cracking)

אאאאאא،אא

אאאאאא،אאא،KאאאאW

١K א (Fatigue Cracking) W א א א א אא א

אא،אאאאKאא

א Kא W،אF١٠ J١KEא

אאאאא אאKאא

אאK

F١٠ J١WEאK

٢K (Block Cracking) W אאאF٣}٠x٣}٠EF٣ x٣E،

،אאא٦אא،א١٩ א א ،١٩ Kאאאאאאאאא אאאאF١٠ J٢E


Kאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא ،אא

א א אאאא א . א א א א

א،א א א א א א.

F١٠ J٢WEK

٣K (Edge Cracking)Wא אF١٠ J٣ Eאא א א א

א K א א

א א K אאאW

• WאאK • Wאא١٠٪

אאאK • W אא

١٠٪אאאK


F١٠ J٣WEK

٤K (Longitudinal Cracking) W א א אא אא אא א

F אא E א F١٠ J٤KE ،אא٦،

٦ ١٩ ، ١٩K אאאאאK

F١٠ J٤WEK

٥K (Transverse Cracking) W אF١٠ J٥ E א א אאאאא

،אאW

• ٦K

• ٦١٩K

• ١٩K


F١٠ J٥WEK

٦K א(Reflection Cracking) W א Fא א E א

אאאF١٠ J٦KE

F١٠ J٦WEאK

١٠ J٢ J١ א(Patching)

אא א א א Kא א א א א א ،א

א K א א א אא א א א K א א א

אF١٠ J٧WE • W א א א

אK


• Wאא א אאאK

• Wאאא אאK

א ،א א א א אאא K

F١٠ J٧WEאK

١٠ J٢ J٢ א(Potholes)

• אאאאאאF١٠ J٨Eאאא،K

אאאאאאאFאאאאאE

אאאאאאאK


F١٠ J٨WEאK

אאאW

• Wאא٥}٢K • Wאאא٥}٢٥K

• Wאא٥K

١٠ J٢ J٣ אא(Surface Deformation)

אאW

١K א(Rutting) WאאאאאK אאאא אא

א א א א א K א א אאא א Kאא

אאאאF١٠ J٩KE


F١٠ J٩WEאאK

٢K א(Shoving) W אאK

א אאאאאאאאאאKEא Fאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאKאF١٠ J١٠EאK

F١٠ J١٠WEאK

١٠ J٢ J٤ אא(Surface Defects)

אאWאאא،אF١٠ J١١KEאW

١K א(Bleeding) Wאא אא אא א

אKאאאאא אאאאא.


٢K א(Raveling) Wאאאאאא אאאאא K א א אא

אאאא KאאאאאK

٣K א(Polished Aggregate)WאאאאאאאאK

FאFEאFEאE

F١٠ J١١WEאאK

١٠ J٢ J٥ W

• אא FאEK א א א א אא

אאאא K

• אאאאאאאK

١٠ J٣ Jאאא

אאאאאאאאאW


١K אאאאאK

٢K אאאK

٣K אאאאK

٤K אאאאK

٥K אאאאאאK

٦K אא،אאאאאK

٧K אאאאאאאK

٨K אאאאאאK

٩K אאאאאK

١٠K אאאאאK

١١K אאK

١٢K אאK

١٣K אאאK

١٤K אאאאK

١٥K אאאאK

١٦K Fא א אEאאאK

١٧K אאאאאK


١٠ J٤ Jאאא אאאW

١K אאאאK

٢K אK

٣K אאK

٤K אאאאאאאאאK

٥K אאK

٦K אאאK

٧K אאK

١٠ J٥ Jאאאא א א א אא אא

אאאאא، א אאא Kא

אא،אאאא

אאאKאא א Kא א א

אאאאאאאא K א א א א א

אאK

١K אWא אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאKאאאKאאאאאאאא


אאאאא٣٠א א א K א א א א

א א א אאKאF١٠ J١٢EאאK

F١٠ J١٢EWאאאK

٢K אWאאאF١٠ J١٣KE אאאאא

אאאF١٠ J١٤KE


F١٠ J١٣EWאאK

F١٠ J١٤EWאאאK

٣K אWאאאאאא א ، K א א

אאאאK

٤K אWאאאאאאK

٥K א W א א א א אאאאאK

٦K W، א אאאאאאאK

אא،אאאK

٧K W אF١٠ J١٥KEאאאאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאא

א א א א Kא א א א א א

אאא،אאK


F١٠ J١٥EWK

١٠ J٦ Jאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאא

KאאאאאאKאאאW

١K א Wא א א א א א٣אאK

٢K אא W אא א א אK


W ١E אאאאא؟

٢E אאא؟

٣E ؟אא

٤E ؟א

٥E ؟א

٦E אאאא؟

٧E ؟אא

٨E ؟אא

٩E ؟אאא

אאאאאאאאאא

אא

א

אא

א

א

١١

א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא

אאWאאאאא

אאW אא אאאאאא

Kאאאאאאא

אאW אאאאW

• אאאK

• אאאאאאאK

• אאאאK

• אאאאאאK

• אאאאאK

אאאWאא٩٥K٪

אאאW٦K

אאW

• אאאאK

• אאאאאK


אאאאא

١١ J١ אא אאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאא א א א Kאא

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאW

אאאאאאאW

١K אאאאאאאאאW

• אאK • אאK

• אאאאK • אאאאאK • אאאאK

٢K אאאאאאאאאא אא א

אF،א،אאאאאאאKE

٣K א א א אא א א אאאאאאאW

• אFWEאK

• אFWEאאאאאאאK


• אFWEאאאאאאאאאאK

• אFWEאאאאאK

٤K אאאאאאאאK

٥K אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאW

١K אאאאאאאאאאאW

٢K אאאאאאK

٣K אאאאאאאא א אא אאא K א א

אאאK

٤K אאאאאאאאאאW

• אFWEאK • אFWEאאאאK • אFWEאאא

אK • אFWEאאאK

אאאW

١K אאאאא אK

٢K אאא، אא .


٣K א א אאא א א אא א Wא.א ، ، (CBR)

אאאK

٤K .

٥K א.

٦K אא .

٧K אאאא .

٨K אאאא אאא אא אא.

אאאW

١K אאאא .

٢K אאא٢٠א، א א א ٣٠ ،א א

אK

٣K אאאא אK

٤K אאאK

٥K א .

٦K אאאאאאא .


אאאW

١K א א א אא א אא אא Wא ،א ،א ،אא ،،א،K

٢K אאאאK

٣K אאאK

٤K אאאאאאא .

٥K אאאאאאא .

אאאאאאW

١K אאאאK

٢K אאא .

٣K אאאאאאאאK

٤K א F٦٥}٠ J٧٥}١EL٢K

٥K אאאאK

٦K א א،א אאאאא .

אאאאW

١K א א אאא א א Wא، א אא،אא،א אK

٢K א אא א אWא ، א،א،א،אאאאאאאK

٣K אאא


٤K אאא אאא .

٥K אאאאF١٣٩–١٦٣Eא אK،אא א אא

אאאאאK

٦K אאאK

٧K אאאאאא אאא .

٨K אאאאאF١٥–٢٠E٪ א .

٩K אאאK

١٠K אאאאא א.

١١K אאאא אא .

١٢K א אאא אאאK

١٣K אא א ،א א א א א،אאאאK

١٤K אאאאאאאK

١٥K אאאאאאK

אאאאאאW

١K אאאא .

٢K אאאאאאK

٣K אאאK

٤. אאא٢٥}٠אL٢K


אאאאW

١K א אא אFא א א E א אא W א،אא،א،אא،אK

٢K א אא א Wא ، א، א،א،אאK

٣K אאאאF١٣٩–١٦٣KE

٤K אאא .

٥K אאאאאא אK

٦K א א אא אאF١٥ J٢٠ E٪א .

٧K אאאK

٨K אאא،א אאא א ،אאK

٩K אא٥אK

١٠K א א א אא אא،٩٥٪אאאK

١١K אאאאא א Kאאא א אKאאא

אאK

١٢K אאאאאא אK

١٣K אאאאאK

١٤K אאאא٣٪٢٪אאאאK


١١ J٢ אא אאאאא

א،אF١١ J١KEאאאא א א א אא Kא אא

אאKאאא

א א א א א אK

F١١ J١EWK

אאאאW

١K א א א א א א א אאK

٢K א א אא ٣٠٦٠אF١١ J٢EK

٣K א א Fא א א א אEK

٤K אאא١٥٢٠אא١٠K

ترابيجسر

تربة أصلية

طبقة رملية


٥K אאאאKאאאאאאאאK

٦K אאאאKאאאאא ٢אW٣FW E א א ٦

K

٧K אאאאאאאK

٨K א אא א א א אאK

F١١ J٢WEאK

אאאאאאאא

אאאW

١K אאאאאאאא،W،אא

،אאא،،אאK

٢K אאא٩٥א٪FCBRE٢٥٪K

ترابيجسر

طبقة رخوة

رملية مصارف

طبقة رملية


٣K אאאאא٢W٣א٦אK

٤K אאאאאאKאא٤K

٥K אאאאאא٤ J٥K٪

١١ J٣ אא

אאאאאאאא א א א אא א א א

א א א א K אא א אאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאW

١١ J٣ J١ א א א א אא

אאאא،אאא،אאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאW

١K אאK

٢K א٢٠٠א١٠٪K

٣K אא١٠א٪K

٤K אא٣٠K


١١ J٣ J٢ א אאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאKא

א א א אא א א א א אא.אאא

אאא٩٥K٪

١١ J٣ J٣ אא

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאW

١K אאאאא٦٪K ٢K א٤٠٪א٥٠٪

אK

١١ J٣ J٤ אאאאאא

אאאאאאW

١K (CBR)אאא٨٠K٪

٢K (CBR)אא٥٠K٪

١١ J٣ J٥ אאא אאאאאאאאאא٢٥אא Kא

W


١K אWאאאאאא٢٠אאאא٣٠K

٢K אWאאאאא١٥K

١١ J٤ אא

אאאאאאאאאאW

١K אא א א א אא،אאאאא،אK

٢K אאאאאאF٤KE ٣K א١٠٪א،אאא

٥אאאK ٤K א١٪אאא٩٥}١K ٥K א٥٥٪אאאאK ٦K אא٤٠K٪ ٧K א٣٠٪K ٨K א א א אF٤ E

אאאאאK ٩K אאאאאאאF٣٠E،

אאאאK ١٠K א א א א ٣٠L٤٠ ٦٠L٧٠

٨٠L١٠٠Kאאאאאא٤–٧K٪

١١ J٤ J١ אאא

אאאאא٤אאאאא٠}٣א٣א


א٦٣אאKאאאא٣٪٢٪אאאאK

١١ J٤ J٢ א

א א א א א א١٠٠٠٢א ٥א א א א א K אא

אאאאא٩٥K٪

١١ J٤ J٣ אא א אאא אא

אאאאאW

١K אאאאאאאאK

٢K אאאאאK

٣K אאאK

٤K אאאאאאK

٥K אאאK

אאאאאאאא Kאא א ،٧

אאאאאKאאאאא،אאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאא٣ א א א א

אאאKאאאאאא١אK٪


١١ J٤ J٤ א ٥ א א

א١٠٠٠٢F٢٠٠KE، א א א א Kא א

אאאאאK

١١ J٥ אא אאאאאאא

אאK אאאא אאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאKאאאאK

אא Kאאאאאאאאא

אא K א א א א א ، א

אאKאאאאאאאאאאK


W ١E אאאאאאא؟

٢E אאאאאא؟

٣E אאא؟

٤E אאא؟

٥E אאא؟

٦E אאאאא؟א

٧E אאאא؟

٨E אאאא؟

٩E ؟אאא

١٠E ؟אאאאא

אאאאאא

אא

אא

א

١٢


אאWאאא

אאW אא א א אא אאא

אאאאא א א אK

אאW

אאאאW

• אאאאאאK

Kאאאא •

• אאאאאK

• אאאאאK

• אאאאאK

• אאאאאK

אאאWאא٩٥K٪

אאאW٣٠K

אאW

• אאאאK


אאא אאא

Penetration Test of Bitumen

אאW אאאאאאא

אKאאאאאא א א Kא

١٠٠אאא٥אאא٢٥אאאKאאאאאאאא

،٢٠L٣٠א ٢٠٣٠ Kאאאאאאאא

אאאאK

אאאW ١K אאאF١٢ J١KE ٢K K ٣K K ٤K K

٥K אאK ٦K אK


F١٢ J١WEאK

אאW

١K אאK ٢K אאאא١٠

אאאאאK ٣K אאאא

K

٤K אאא٢٥K

٥K אאאאאK

٦K א٥٠אאאא١٠٠אK ٧K אאאאK ٨K אא٥אאא

אK ٩K אאא

אא١٠א١٠אאK


אאא אאא

Flash Point Test of Bitumen

אאW א א א א אא

K א אא אאאאא א ،א אאא K אא א א

אאאאאאאאאאKאאא א א K

א١٧٥א،אאאא١٦٢אאאאא٢٣٠K

אאאW ١. אאF١٢ J٢KE ٢. אK

٣. אאK


F١٢ J٢WEK

Wאא ١K אאאאאK

٢K אאאאאאK

٣K אאאא١٦٠אאK

٤K אא٨}٢אאאאאאK

٥K אא אאאאא٥אאאK

٦. אאאאאאאאאK


אאא אא

Softening Point Test of Bitumen

אאW אא אא א٣٠١٧٥

אאאאFEthylene glycolEK א א א אא א

Kאאאאא א א א א א ،א

א א אא א Kא א אאא ،א א אא א א א א

אK،אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאW

١K אאאאF١٢ J٣KE

٢K אK

٣K א٥}٩K

٤K אאK

٥K אK

٦K אאK


F١٢ J٣EWאאK

אאW ١K א،אאאאFאE

אאאאאאFEthylene glycolEא١٠٠–١٠٨אא

א٢٥–٣٧אאאאאאאאK

٢K אאאאאאאאאF١٢ J٤EK

٣K אאא٥אK

٤K אאאאאאא،אאאאאK


F١٢ J٤EWאאאK


אאא אא

Ductility Test of Bitumen

אאW אאאאא

אKאא٥١٠٠אאא٥٠אאאאאאK

אאאW ١K אאאF١٢ J٥KE ٢K K ٣K אאK

אאW ١K אאאאאא٢٧K ٢K אאאK ٣K א٥٠אK ٤K אאאאאK

F١٢ J٥WEאK


אאא אא

Kinematics Viscosity Test of Asphalts

אאW אאאאאאא

אאאאא٦٠אאא ١٣٥ Kאא א

אאאאאאאKאאאאא

א א، K א א א א

אא(CST) א٦٠٠٠}١٠٠K

אאאW ١K אאאF١٢ J٦KE

٢K אאK

٣K אאאK

٤K אK


F١٢ J٦WEאK

אאW

١K אאK

٢K אאאK ٣K אא٦٠

אאK ٤K אאאK ٥K אאאאאK ٦K אאאK

٧K אא אא א אאא١}٠אא،٦٠אא

אאK

٨K א א א א א W אאFZEFאExFאאKE

٩. אאאאK


אאא א

Solubility Test

אאW אאאאאKאאא

.(Carbon Disulphide)א אאאאא٩٩K٪

א Volatility Test

אאW

א אאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאא

אאאKאא½K٪


א Superpave Method

FSuperpaveE א superior performing asphalt

pavementKאאאאאאאאאK

אאאW

אאא

Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) Test

אאW א א אאא

א Kא אא אא א א אאאK

Wאאא

אאאאאאF١٢ J٧EאW

١. אK

٢. אאאK

٣. אאאאK

Kאאא .٤


F١٢ J٧WEאאK

אאW

١K אאאאK ٢K אאאK ٣K אאאאK ٤K א٢٠א2 MPaK

٥K אאאאK


א אאאא

Rotational Viscometer (RV) Test

אאW א א א אאK א

אאאK

אאאW

אאאאא אאF١٢ J٨EאW

١. אאאאK

٢K אאאאK

٣K אאאK

F١٢ J٨WEאאאK


אאW אאאאאאW

١K ٣א٦٠٠אK ٢K אF٠–٢٥٠אE٠}١K ٣K אא١٪אאK ٤K אF٨–١٣EK

٥K א א א אא א א אאאK

٦K אאא אאאאאאאK

٧K אאW

• אK

• אאאK

• אK

• אאK


א אאא

Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) Test

אאW אאאאאא

א א א א א א אאא١٠אאאאאK

אאאW

١K אאאאF١٢ J٩EK ٢K אK ٣K K

٤K K

F١٢ J٩WEאאK


אאW א א אאא

א :

١K א١٠٢٠F١٠٠אEאאK

٢K א٥٠אK ٣K א א ،

אא٢٪FGE١אK ٤K אא אא٦٤٠

אKא٨٢٥אK


א אאא

Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) Test

אאW אאאאא

Kאא אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

K

אאאW ١K אאאאF١٢ J١٠EK ٢K אK ٣K K

٤K K

F١٢ J١٠WEאאK


אאW ١K א א אאא

אK ٢K אאאאK

٣K אאאאK ٤K א٤K

٥K אאאK

א אאא

Direct Tension (DT) Test

אאW אא א א א א א

אאאאאאאאאF٠–٣٠KE

אאאW

١K אאאאF١٢ J١١EK ٢K אK ٣K K

٤K K


F١٢ J١١WEאאK

אאW ١K א א אאא

אK ٢K אאאאK

٣K אאאאK ٤K אK

٥K אאאK


אאאא אאאאא

Aggregates Abrasion Test

אאW ،א א א א א

א א K א אא א א אאK

אאאW

١K אאאאאF١٢ J١٢EאאאאאאK

٢K ٨١٢K

٣K K

٤K אK

٥K אאFא٨}٣٣٩٠ J٤٤٥KE

F١٢ J١٢WEאK


אאW ١K אאאא٨אאאK ٢K אאאFאKE

٣K אאאא٣٠٣٣אא٥٠٠١٠٠٠K

٤K אאאא١٢אאאאאאאאא،אאאK


אאאא א

Aggregates Impact Resistance Test

אאW

אאאאאK

אאאW ١K אאאF١٢ J١٣Eאאא

٢}١٠٥אאK ٢K ١٤אא٣٨אK

אאW ١K ٥}١٢א١٠K ٢K אא٢٥אK ٣K אאאא٢٥K ٤K א٣٨אא١٥K ٥K א٣٦}٢K

אאאאאאא،אW

• א١٠٪אאK

• א١٠ J٢٠٪אאK


• א٢٠ J٣٠٪אK

F١٢ J١٣WEאK


אאאא אאא

Compaction Tests

אאW א א א א א א אא א א

אאK

אאאW

١K אאאF١٢ J١٤EWK ٢K F٤KE ٣K K ٤K K ٥K א20 kg ٦K א0.1 gm ٧K א١١٠±٥K ٨K K

٩K אאK


F١٢ J١٤WEאFEK

JאאStandard Proctor Test

אאW

١K אאאאאK ٢K אF٤E٨٠٪،אא

אK ٣K אא،אאאאאK ٤K אאK ٥K אאאאאא5 cm

7 cmK ٦K אאאאאא2.5 kgא30.5 cm،٢٥

אK ٧K אאאא

،אאאאאאF٧KE


٨K אאאא،אאא،אא

אאאF٧KE ٩K אאאאא،אאא

אאאK ١٠K אאאK ١١K אאא،אאK ١٢K אאאאK ١٣K אאF٦EF١٣Eאא٪٣

אאאK

JאאModified Proctor Test

אאW ١K אאאF١EF٥EאאאK ٢K אאאאK ٣K אאאאאא4.54 kgא45.72 cm،٢٥

אK ٤K אאאא

،אאאאאאF٣KE ٥K אאאK ٦K אאאאאאF١٠EF١٣E. ٧K אאאא٪٣א

אאK


אאW אא( )max−dγmaximum dry density

אא( )OMCoptimum moisture contentא،אאאאאאKאאאW

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

=

=

1001 wV

WVWs

dγ

:

sW= אאא V= א W= אאא w= אאא


אאאא א

CBR) TestECalifornia Bearing Ratio

אאW

א א אאאאK

אאאW

١K CBRאאאF١٢ J١٥EK

٢K אאא١٥א١٨K

٣K ٥٣}٤א٨}٤٥KK

٤K K

٥K אאאK

٦K אK

٧K K

אאW

١K א١٢אאאF٤EK

٢K אאאאאK ٣K אא٥٥אאאK ٤K אאא٥}٤Fא

אKE


٥K אאא٤אא٠،١،٢،٤،٨،١٢،٢٤،٣٦،٤٨،٧٢،٩٦K

٦K אאאא١٥אאK

٧K אאאF٥}٤Eא٢٥}١Lאא٥}٢א،٥،٥}٧،

١٠،٥}١٢K ٨K אאאאאאאאאא

אאאK

٩K אFL٢EאאFEאF١٢ J١٦Eאאאא٥}٢٠}٥K

١٠K CBRאאW

CBR(%)القياسية األحجار منلعينة مم2.5 الختراق المسببالحمل

100التجربة عندللعينة مم2.5 الختراق المسببالحمل =×

אF١EאאCBRאאאW

F١ECBRK

אאFE אאFE

אאFL٢E

٥}٢ ٥

٥}٧ ١٠

٥}١٢

١٣٧٠ ٢٠٥٥ ٢٦٣٠ ٣١٧٠ ٣٦٠٠

٧٠ ١٠٥ ١٣٤ ١٦٢ ١٨٣


F١٢ J١٥WE.CBR


F١٢ J١٦EWאK


אאאא אא

Marshall Method of Design

א א א ،א אאאW

١K אK ٢K א אאK ٣K אאK ٤K אאK

א Marshall Test

אאW

١K אK

٢K אאאאK

٣K אאאאאK

٤K אאאK

٥K אאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאW ١K אאF١٢ J١٧EK

٢K א ٢٢٧٦K

٣K אא٦}١٠١א٢}٧٦K


٤K אאאK

٥K ٥٣}٤א٨}٤٥K

٦K K

٧K אK

٨K ،،،א،K

אW

אאאאאW

١K א ٣F אאE،١٢٠٠אK

٢K אא١٠٥١١٠٢٤K

٣K א٢٥א،١٩،٥}٩،٧٥}٤،٣٦}٢،١٨}١.

٤K אאאאא א١٧٠±٢٠ (CST) אאאא אא

٢٨٠±٣٠ (CST) Fא١٦٠١٦٥KE

٥K א א א א א א א אא אאא١٢٠٠ א

א א ٥}٦٣±٢٧}١ 101.6K٣אאK

٦K א א א א ٤ אא،א אאא

F٤٪ ،٥}٤٪ ،٥٪ ،٥}٥٪ ،٦٪ ،٥}٦٪ ،٧E٪א א ، K

٧K אאאא אאא٤אאא٥٠٪אא א،א


אא،١٥א ١٠אאאא٥٠٪K

F١٢ J١٧EWK

אW

١K א א א٩٠–١٥٠K

٢K אא١٥ א١٠אאאאK

٣K אא אאא א ٧٥א ٥٠ Fא א E

אאאK ٤K אאאאK ٥K אאאאא ،א

אאא K


אאW ١K אאא F٣٠– ٤٠E

א٦٠K

٢K אאאא א אK

٣K א א אא אא א א אאKא

אאאאאK

٤K אא٨}٥٠ אאK

٥K אאאאאאאא אאאFא٣٠

אאאEאאא٠١}٠ ٢٥٤}٠ K

٦K ٢٤ א א א אאאאאK

٧K אאאאאF٤٪،٥}٤٪،٥٪،٥}٥٪،٦٪،٥}٦٪،٧E٪אאאאא

אאאאאאK

אאW ١K אFL٣E א

אאא K א א א אF אEאאF אאEK

الكلية الكثافةالحجم

الجافالهواء في العينة وزن=


٢K א אא אא א אא אFא Eאא אאF٪ E א א אא

F٪KE

٣K אאאFFE E،אאאFEK

الثباتفي الفاقددقيقة 30 بعدالثبات

100ساعة 24 بعد الثبات- دقيقة 30 بعدالثبات =×

٤K אאאאאאKאאאאאא ٣٥٪ אא

אאאאא٤٪K

٥K א אאא אא א F EאאאאאK

٦K א א א א א א אא אאK

٧K אאאW

• ١٠٠٠אK • ٤}٢א٥K • א٢٥אK


אאאא אאא

Superpave Method of Design

אאW

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

א א א א א K

אאאא Gyratory Compaction Test

אאW ١K אאאאא(Gyratory Compactor)אא

F١٢ J١٨Eאאאאאא،K

٢K אאאK


אF١٢ J١٨WEאאאK

אאW ٢K ٦אאאאW

• ٢אאאK

• ٢א٥}٠٪אאK

• ٢٥}٠٪אאK

٦K אאאאאאאK

٧K אאאאאאאK

٨K אאאK

٩K אאא٤אK٪


אאאאא

אאאא

אאא א،א א אאאאKאאW

• אאאאF١٢ J١٩KE


• אאאF١٢ J٢٠KE

F١٢ J١٩WEאא

F١٢ J٢٠WEא


אאאאW

١K אאאW

٢K אאאאאא א א אא F ٢٠ Eא א

אאאK ٣K אאW

א א א א א אאאK

٤K אאאW

א א א א א א Kא ، א א א א

אאאאאK ٥K אאאW

א א א א א א אא،אאאא

א אאאא Kא א א אא ،א א אא א א

K ٦K אאאאW

א א א א א א ،א א א א א א K

אאאאאאאK ٧K א אאאא Wאא א א

אאא א ٠٠٥}٠א٪ א א א K


אאאאאאאK


אאאא אאאאאא

Bitumen Content Extraction Test

אאW

אאאאאאאא،אא אאאאאאK

א אאאK

אאW

١K אאאF١٢ J٢١ Eא 3600 אK

٢K אK ٣K ،،K ٤K K ٥K K ٦K אא FTrichloroethyleneKE

٧K א ((NH4)2 Co3) K


F١٢ J٢١WEאאK

אאW

١K א א א א

F٢EK ٢K אא١}٠٪،א

אאאF٢EאK

٣K אא אאאא

٤K א א א אאא א،א

٥K א א א ،אא א ٣٦٠٠ ،א א،אאא٢٠٠،א


אאאאאא א FאKE

٦K אא אא א ١١٠±٥ א،א א

אאאHאאK ٧K אאאא

١٠٠،א אא א ٥٠٠ J٦٠٠ ٥

א،א א א א ،א א١٠٠ א ،א

אאאא אאK

F٢Eאאאא

FE

אאאFE

4.00 37.500 3.00 25.00 2.00 19.00 1.50 12.500 1.00 9.500 0.50 4.75


אאאא אאאאאא

Field Density Tests

אאאאאאאאאאאא

א א אK א אא אאאאאא،א٩٥–١٠٠٪א

אK

א

Sand Cone Method

אאW אאאאאאK

אאאW ١K אאאאF١٢ J٢٢EK

٢K אK

٣K אK

٤K אK

٥K K

٦K K

٧K אאK


אאW ١K אאאאאאאאאK

٢K א אא א א א אאאK

٣K אאא،(Wh) K

٤K ،אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

٥K אאא،אאאאאאאK

٦K אאא(Wsand)K

٧K אאאאאFSandγKE

٨K אאFSand

SandWVγ

=KE

F١٢ J٢٢WEאK


אאאאאאאW

• אאWvWh

h =γ

• אאW)1( +=

wh

dγ

γ

• אW100(%))max(

)( ×=− labd

fielddRCγγ


אאאא אאא

אאW

אאאאאאאאאK

אאאW אאאאאF١٢ J٢٣KE

אאW

אאא،אאאאאאKאאא

א א ،א א א א ،אאא

א א K אא אאאW

١K אאK

٢K אאאK

٣K אK

٤K אאאK

٥K אאK

٦K אK

٧K אאאK


٨K אאאK

٩K אאK

F١٢ J٢٣WEאK

א ٢٥٥ אא

א

אא

• KאאאKאF١٩٩٩KE

• KאאFאא – KEא אF١٩٩٨KE

• א א א א ، KKאFK١٩٩٩KE

• KאKאאKאאאאF١٩٨٥KE

• KאאאKאאKאאאאF١٩٨٥KE

• אKאאKאאKF١٩٨٢KE

• אKאאKאאKF١٩٨١KE

• אאאKאאאאKאאאFK٢٠٠١KE

• ASSHTO Materials, Part I, Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials,

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC (1993).

• Colm A. O’Flaherty. Highway: The Location, Design, Construction and Maintenance of Road Pavements. Butterworth-Heinmann, 4th Edition, (2002).

• David Croney and Paul Croney. Performance of Road Pavements. McGraw-Hill Professional (1997).

• Fred L. Mannering and Walter P. Kilareski. Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, (1997).

• Kenneth N. Derucher, George P. Korfiattis and Samer A. Ezeldin. Materials for Civil & Highway Engineers. Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1998).

• Merritt D. R. Geometric Design Features of Single-Point Interchanges. Transportation Research Record 1385, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC (1993).

א ٢٥٥ אא

א

• Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel. Traffic and Highway Engineering. Brooks/cole Pub Co., 3rd Edition, (2001).

• Oglesby, C. H. and Hicks, R. G. Highway Engineering. John Willey & Sons, Inc. (1982).

• Paul H. Wright. Highway Engineering. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-00315-8. (1996).

• Roderick D. Johnston. Road Repair Handbook. Trans Mountain Publishing, (2002).

• Robert D. Holtz and Williams D. Kovacs. An Introduction of Geotechnical Engineering. Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1981).

• Ruediger Lamm, Basil Psarianos and Theodor Lailaender. Highway Design and Traffic Safety Engineering Handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional, (1999).

• Thomas R. Currin. Introduction to Traffic Engineering: A Manual for Data Collection and Analysis. Brooks/cole Pub Co., (2001).

• Waheed Uddin. Pavement Engineering for Roads and Highways. Chapman & Hall, (1998).

• Williams R. McShane, Roger P. Rioess, Elena S. Prassas and Roger P. Roess. Traffic Engineering. Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, (1997).

• Yang H. Huang. Pavement Analysis and Design. Pearson Education POD, Book & Disk Edition, (1992).

א ٢٥٥ א

א

א ......................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................א................................................................................................................

i ii iii

١ J١ ١ J٢ ١ J٣ ١ J٤ ١ J٥ ١ J٦ ١ J٧ ١ J٨ ١ J٩ ١ J١٠ ١ J١١ ١ J١٢

אאWאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

٢ ٢ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٤ ٤ ٨ ١٠ ١١ ١٢ ١٢ ١٣

٢ J١ ٢ J٢ ٢ J٢ J١ ٢ J٢ J٢ ٢ J٣

אאWאא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

١٥ ١٥ ١٥ ١٧ ١٨ ١٩ ٢٠

א ٢٥٥ א

א

٢ J٣ J٢ ٢ J٣ J٣ ٢ J٣ J٤ ٢ J٣ J

אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

٢١ ٢٢ ٢٣ ٢٥ ٢٦ ٢٧

٣ J١ ٣ J٢ ٣ J٣ ٣ J٤ ٣ J٥ ٣ J٥ J١ ٣ J٥ J٢ ٣ J٥ J٣ ٣ J٦ ٣ J٧

אאWאא אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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אאאWאא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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אאWא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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אאWאא אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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אאWאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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אאWאאאאא אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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١١٤ ١١٨ ١٢٠ ١٢٠ ١٢٠ ١٢٠ ١٢١ ١٢١ ١٢١ ١٢٢ ١٢٢ ١٢٢ ١٢٣ ١٢٣ ١٢٣

אאWאאא WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא

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אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

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אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאWKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא

אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאאא WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאאא

אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

١٣٥ ١٣٧ ١٣٩ ١٤١ ١٤٢ ١٤٣ ١٤٣ ١٤٤ ١٤٥ ١٤٨ ١٥١ ١٥١ ١٥١ ١٥٥ ١٥٥ ١٥٩ ١٦١ ١٦١ ١٦١ ١٦٣

אא.........................................................................................................................................

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