7 . .

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:

/ .: , ,

? t- ()!

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: 1- .(, ): ( ), ( ).

ANOVA , .

: (uniform) ,

: 6 . :6:0; 5:1; 4:2; 3:3; 2:4; 1:5; 0:6

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(, , .) ( , ...). = ,

(testing for randomness): ( .), ., , , 1

() .

, , , , .

, , , : ,

(logarithmic transformation):

(positively skewed) . , . , .

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(arcsine transformation) (Xi 1), ., . . Zar, 2010 (1999)

Box-Cox transformation , ( )

Box-Cox transformation

, : , .: Zar, 2010

, - (nonparametric methods) , (, . .) (ranking) ( ). , .= distribution-free tests

. . . : 1. ; 2. 2-

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815.5457137134558.5713815.5917.532323258.558.561145917.558.5111.559.5

:n1 n2 ,R1 R2 .

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0: - , - - tied ranks tied ranks - - .

2- (Wilcoxon matched pair test) , . , .

. (1. ; 2. ) . 0: , , , , .1: .

; ; ( ) ; ; - . 0, Tcv. t- , 95% t- . >100 .

Wilcoxon matched pair test

2- : (Sign test)

, , ( ). 1:1. ( )

, . , ( 20 ).

3- - (Kruskal-Wallis test) , . , , . . : 1. ; 2. ; 3.

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( ); ; H(df, N). 0: , , .1: .

3-5- -.

( >5- ) 2. - (Kruskal-Wallis test)

2- (Median test) (, , distribution-free). 2 (. ) , ( 2 k). , ( ). 67% - -. n 20.

Kruskal-Wallis testMedian test

- (Kruskal-Wallis test) ANOVA, - ( ), , .

Nemenyi test, Dunns test (Zar, 1999 2010).

Statistica 8- !

- ANOVA

3 (Friedman ANOVA) , , ( ). ; ;

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Friedman ANOVA

0

:

X Y , Y X - (bivariate normal distribution)

, , , !

, .

(Spearman rank order correlation) ? 1. ; 2.

: ; (tied ranks), ; ; rs ( )

. 10.H0 : s=0H1: s0 ( t-) , . 91% .

Spearman Rank Order Correlations

0:, .Spearman Rank Order Correlations

(Kendalls coefficient of rank correlation, Kendall-) ? , , , . , . ! ,

- (Gamma) , , (tied ranks) - . ( ).

Kendalls coefficient of rank correlation, Kendall- 0: .

(Kendalls coefficient of concordance): 2

3 . , W, . , , , 6 .

!

0 W 1 1, . , (, ).

, , :

, ; 1- ; , ( ); N 100 ( ). ( ).

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. , . 13 , - - . 10- . ? 0? ? , ( 20- ). 40 , 4 , 4 ( ), ( ), (), ( ). , , . ? , , . 20 , 1 10. ? , ?