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Contents
Language and discourseT.E. Litvinenko
DOOMSDAY AS AN INTERTEXTUAL FRAME
....................................................................................................................8
N.V. Petrova, E.B. Lashina
CATEGORIZATION OF TEXTS IN THE TEXT SPACE (bASED ON FICTION AND
SCIENTIFIC TEXTS) ......................14
V.M. Khamaganova
ON A SEMIOTIC bASIS OF THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
....................................................................................................17
Yu.R. Lemeshko
THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE DISCOURSE PERFORMATIVE FORMULAE AS THE
FORM OF MASS COMMUNICATION
...........................................................................................................................................23
D.A. Skulimovskaya
IMPLICATURE, PRESUPPOSITION AND ENTAILMENT AS COGNITIVE
MECHANISMS OF THE INTERPRETATION OF SPEECH ACTS OF WARNING
......................................................................................29
A.G. Khlebodarova
THE COGNITIVE SCENARIO OF DREAM DISCOURSE: THE MODELING OF A
POSSIbLE WORLD ..........................33
verbaL ontoLogy of cognitionL.M. Kovaleva, T.V. Mironchuk
CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE IN THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM AND SPEECH ACTIVITY
(STRUCTURAL AND COGNITIVE APPROACH)
...............................................................................................................41
L.M. Kovaleva, M.S. Popova
THE REFLECTION OF THE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN CAUSATIVE
SENTENCES ..............................47
.
.. , .. , ..
..............................................................................................................................................
209.. ................................................ 216..
..............................................................................................................................................................
220..
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225.. -
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230..
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235..
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239.. : .... 244.. .......................... 248.. , ..
............................................................................................................................................................
252
........................................................................................................................................
258
..............................................................................................................................
264
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, 2013
O.A. Alexandrov
DIALECTOLOGY OF PERCEPTION: INNOVATIONS IN OVERSEAS LINGUISTIC
STUDIES ........................................52
G.P. Berzina
LANGUAGE RECOURCES FOR EXPRESSION OF THE CONCESSIVE MEANING IN
NON-VERbAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
........................................................................................................................................58
M.V. Vlavatskaya
COGNITIVE AND PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF THE COMbINAbILITY OF
WORDS: TRANSFORMATION OF SYNTAGMATIC STRUCTURE
..................................................................................................64
N.P. Gilmanshina
EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT IN KOREAN
.....................................................................................................72
A.A. Piskareva
MULTILINGUALISM IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF
CONTEMPORARY GLObALIZATION ...........80
V.Y. Shapovalova
APOSIOPESIS AS A MEANING FORMATION INSTRUMENT
..........................................................................................83
N.V. Schennikova
RUSSIAN IDIOM OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: SPECIFICITY OF IMPERATIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS .......................89
theory of Literature S.Z. Amirova
ON INNERMOST NATURE OF THE METAPHOR IN THE bUNIN TEXT
..........................................................................97
N.M. Kuzmishcheva
IMAGE REPRESENTATION OF URbANISTIC PRObLEMS IN DOSTOEVSKYS
STORIES A FUNNY MANS DREAM, THE bOY AT CHRISTS CHRISTMAS TREE
..............................................................
102
E.V. Maksimyuk
ON METHODOLOGY OF REALIZATION AND EXPLICATION OF THE IMAGE IN
LITERARY TEXT .......................... 106
M.A. Safonova
STYLISTIC PECUIARITIES OF LYTTON STRACHEYS bIOGRAPHICAL PROSE
(bASED ON QUEEN VICTORIA)
....................................................................................................................................................................113
Language cuLture communicationV.P. Danilenko
UNIVERSAL EVOLUTIONISM IN LUCRETIUSS POEM ON THE NATURE OF THE
UNIVERSE .............................119
Ye.F. Serebrennikova
EGO-PERSONOLOGY: COGNITIVE MECHANISMS OF SEMIOTISATION
..................................................................129
A.A. Artyunina
WE AND I AS LINGUISTIC MARKERS OF REMINISCENCES
.......................................................................................134
A.Yu. Bezrodnaya
ON DIFFERENCES bETWEEN THE NOTIONS CONCEPT AND IDEOLOGEM
....................................................138
S.S. Verkhozin
ON QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN LINGUISTICS
..........................................................................................................145
E.V. Martynova
ON THE MEANING OF SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE PREDICATE
PRETEND .....................................150
I.A. Merkulova
PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SLOVENIAN bILINGUAL DICTIONARY
..................................................................157
A.E. Meshadiyeva
STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC AND SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF THE ADVERbIAL
PARTICIPLE FORM ENDING IN -DIKA4 IN MODERN TURKIC LANGUAGES
............................................................................................................162
Ch.S. Popova
PROTOTYPICAL SITUATION OF SEARCH ACTIVITY AND ITS PROTOTYPICAL
CONSTRUCTION IN ENGLISH ....169
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5
N.S. Sundyrtseva
SEMANTIC AND COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF ANTITHESIS IN THE NOVEL
GERMINAL bY E. ZOLA ......................173
M.D. Chertykova
ON SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF THE VERb I (KNOW) AND ITS DERIVATIVES
IN THE KHAKASS
LANGUAGE......................................................................................................................................................................179
E.Yu. Yarovaya
ON LINGUACULTURAL FEATURES OF THE CONCEPT TASTE IN RUSSIAN,
FRENCH AND ENGLISH NATIONAL CONCEPTUAL SPHERES
............................................................................................................................184
SYNERGETIC LINGUISTICS
G.M. Kostyushkina, N.S. BarebinaMETHODOLOGICAL GUIDELINES OF
SYSTEMIC AND SYNERGETIC APPROACHES IN THE RESEARCH OF NEW ObJECTS
(ON THE bASIS OF VERbAL COUNTERARGUMENTS)
..............................................................193G.G.
Moskalchuk, Y.A. BuzayevaSELF-SIMILARITY OF THE TEXT STRUCTURE AS A
TRANSLATION STRATEGY
.....................................................199
Pedagogy and methodoLogyS.Yu. Bogdanova, E.V. Belkova, I.S.
ShilnikovaPREPARATION FOR THE UNIFIED STATE EXAM IN THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE IN THE CURRENT SCHOOL
TEXTbOOKS....................................................................................................................................................209N.N.
KazydubTHE PRObLEM OF MEDIATION IN THE MULTICULTURAL CLASSROOM
ENVIRONMENT .......................................216L.A.
MagalnikTENDENCIES IN GOAL-SETTING FOR TOP-LEVEL EDUCATION IN
MODERN RUSSIA ...........................................220E.P.
GlumovaTHEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDENTS
THE ORGANIZATION OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
......................................................................................................................226T.A.
ZhdankoORGANIZATION OF THE NETWORK INTERACTION OF EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEMS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS ON THE bASIS OF SYSTEMIC ACTIVITY
APPROACH
..................................................................................231T.V.
ZhivokorentsevaTOWARDS DESIGHNING EDUCATIONAL CONTENT IN THE
NETWORK OF MULTILEVEL EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
..............................................................................................................................................235L.I.
KolesnikovaCORPORATE PRACTICE OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF
EDUCATORS AS ObJECTIVE REALITY .........239V.B.
LebedintsevINDIVIDUALIZATION OF EDUCATION IN SECONDARY SCHOOL:
FACILITIES AND INSTITUTIONAL FORMS ........244T.F. UshevaON
FORMATION OF THE REFLECTIVE SKILLS OF TEACHER STUDENTS
...............................................................248O.F.
Chuprova, A.G. ShumovskayaMONITORING OF CREATIVE COMPETENCE OF THE
FUTURE TEACHER THROUGH RESEARCH COOPERATION
...............................................................................................................................................................252
Authors
.......................................................................................................................................................................
261INFORMATION FOR APPLICANTS
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264
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Language
and discourse
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81.26 81.032
..
. - - . , .
: ; ; ;
T.E. Litvinenko
doomsday as an interteXtuaL frame
The article discusses the intertextual frame doomsday. The
data-structure for representing ste-reotyped situations derived
from the preceding textual tradition is analyzed. The article also
address-es the issue of variability of genres and discourses in
which the frame is represented.
Key words: end of the world phenomenon; intertextual analysis;
frame structure; discourse
.., 2013
- , - , , , - , , 21 2012 .
, - - -, - .
- - . , , , - - . , , -, . , - , - . , - - [, 2005];
, . ; , - .
, , , - - - ( .. ), .
- , (, ), - : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) .
-, , - - , , , - , , - -. : -, ,
-
9
, - . ( , ), , , - , (, ), . .
, (, -, , , .) - - . - , , , . . - , , ( . ). , , , - , -.
( !) - , , -, . , - -- [, 2004], () - - , , ()-, , . . - , - - ,
( ).
, - . , , , - - , -
, .
, , , . , - , - .
, , , - . , - (), , ., /-, /, - , , , - ( ), // , . .
, - , . , , , , - / (/, /, / . .) .
-, -, , , - : , -, , (., 13:31-32). , , , -, -, . , - , ,
21.12.2012 .
- , -
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(-, . . ), .
- -: - - - .
, ( ), - - .
- . , . La guerra del fin del mundo ( ), - , - -, . , - - , - ,
- .
, - Conselheiro (, ) - - : Terminara el siglo? Llegara el mundo
al 1900? l contestaba sin mirar, con una seguiridad tranquila y, a
menudo, con enigmas. En 1900 se apagaran las luces y lloveran
estrellas. Pero, antes ocurriran hechos extraordinarios. ... En
1896 un millar de rebaos correran de la playa hacia el sertn y el
mar se volvera sertn y el sertn mar. En 1897 el de-sierto se
cubrira de pasto, pastores y rebaos se mezclaran y, a partir de
entonces, habra un solo rebao y un solo pastor. En 1898 aumenta-ran
los sombreros y disminuiran las cabezas y en 1899 los ros se
tornaran rojos y un planeta nuevo cruzara el espacio [Vargas Llosa,
1987, p. 22]. ? 1900 .? , . 1900 .
. - 1896 . , - , . 1897 . , -, -. 1898 . , - , 1899 . ( ..
).
, , , , - , , , -, - .
, - , - :
Les deca... que esta calamidad era sin duda el primero de los
anuncios de la llegada del Anti-cristo y de los daos que predeceran
la resurrec-cin de los muertos y el Juicio Final [Ibid. P. 29]. ..,
-, .
, - , , - :
El fin estaba cerca,... pero por ms sangre que hiciera correr,
el Perro no mordera a Jess. Ha-bra un deluvio, luego un terremoto.
Un eclipse sumira al mundo en tinieblas tan absolutas que todo
debera hacerse al tacto, como entre ciegos, mientras a lo lejos
retumbaba la batalla. Millares moriran de pnico [Ibid. P. 63]. , ,
, . , . , , , . - .
- , -
-
11
. , , Anticristo - .
El Anticristo estaba en el mundo y se llamaba Repblica... El
Anticristo poda mandar soldados a Canudos: de qu le servira? Se
pudririn, desaparecan. Los creyentes podan morir, pero, tres meses
y un da despus, estaran de vuelta, completos de cuerpo y
purificados de alma por el roce de los ngeles y el tufo del Buen
Jess [Vargas Llosa, 1987, p. 33; 236]. - -, . . , , - .
, - - :
Al final de la guerra ya no habra ricos, o, me-jor dicho, no se
notara, pues todos seran ricos. Estas piedras se volveran ros, esos
cerros sem-bros frtiles y el arrenal que era Algodones un jardn de
orqudeas como las que crecan en las alturas de Monte Santo. La
cobra, la tarntula, la sucurana seran amigas del hombre, como
hu-biera sido si ste no se hubiera hecho expulsar del Paraso
[Ibid]. , , , . , - , , , -. , , , .
, - - ( - ) - . , Escenarios para una guerra global (- ) , - :
Por un lado, las operaciones de guerra pueden em-pujar en Oriente a
las masas fundamentalistas a
tomar el poder en los diferentes Estados musul-manes, incluso en
algunos de los que apoyan a Estados Unidos; por el otro, la
intensificacin de atentados insostenibles puede llevar a las masas
occidentales a considerar al islam en su conjun-to como el enemigo.
Tras lo cual tendramos un enfrentamiento frontal, el Armagedn
decisivo, el choque final entre las fuerzas del Bien y las del Mal
(y cada parte considerara mal a la parte contraria) [Eco, 2001]. ,
- -, , - ; , -. , , , - ( ).
, - - - - / - .
- . , . Dove andremo a finire? ( , , ?), - par excellence.
- , - . , , , . , , -: Dopo la morte dellAnticristo... il
giudizio finale sar preceduto da molti segni che ci sono indicati
dai Vangeli... Nel primo giorno il mare si alzer di quaranta cubiti
sopra le montagne e si erger dalla sua superficie come un muro. Nel
secondo sprofonder tanto che a stento si potr vedere. Nel terzo i
mostri marini apparen-do sulla superficie del mare manderanno
ruggiti
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12
, 2013
fino al cielo. Nel quarto il mare e le acque tu-tte prenderanno
fuoco. Nel quinto le erbe e gli alberi manderanno una rugiada di
sangue. Nel sesto crolleranno gli edifici. Nel settimo le pietre
cozzeranno fra di loro. Nellottavo ci sar un te-rremoto universale.
Nel nono la terra sar live-llata. Nel decimo gli uomini usciranno
dalle ca-verne e andranno vagando come impazziti senza potersi
parlare. Nellundicesimo risorgeranno le ossa dei morti. Nel
duodecimo cadranno le stelle. Nel decimoterzo moriranno i viventi
superstiti per risorgere coi morti. Nel decimoquarto cielo e terra
bruceranno. Nel decimoquinto ci sar un cielo nuovo e una terra
nuova e tutti risorgeran-no [Eco, 2012]. ... - , ... - . , . , . .
- . . . . . , . - , . . , . . , .
, , - XIII - , -, . . , , - -, .
, , , - , . ,
(uno dei tipici segnali della fine dei tempi il fatto che ormai
il mondo va alla rovescia). - , , , , : Una volta i ricchi andavano
a Riccione, e nel peggiore dei casi a Rimini, mentre nelle isole
dellOceano Indiano vivevano popolazioni miserabili o vi ve-nivano
deportati gli ergastolani. Oggi alle Mal-dive vanno solo i politici
di rango e a Rimini, ormai, soltanto mugiki russi, appena
sottrattisi alla schiavit della gleba [Ibid]. - - , -, , . , , , -
.
, - / - . , -, - , - :
. ? . - -
? , , , ; . , - .
. ! . ,
, -.
. , ? . . . - !
! - ! [, 2001, c. 25].
, -, - :
. , - - , ; - , .
. -!.. [ ].
- -
-
13
- . .
: - 180 [URL : www.ezocat.ru], - - , . -. - , - -, , - /, , - ,
. , - , , .: , -, - . , - - , - . , , , - , [ ].
- , , : .
- . . - [ ].
, , -, - . - , , , .
1. , .. -
. - [] / .. . . : , 1987. 53 .
2. , . , [] / . , . . . : , 2004. 256 .
3. , . . - [] / . . . : , 2005. 502 .
4. , .. [] / .. . . : , 2001. 383 .
5. . [- ]. : www.ezocat.ru/
in-dex.php/nauka-ks/1289-effekt-janibekova ( - : 15.03.2013).
6. Vargas Llosa, M. La guerra del fin del mundo[Text] / M.
Vargas Llosa. Barcelona : Seix Barral, 1987. 187 .
7. Eco, U. Escenarios para una guerra global [Elec-tronic
Resource] / U. Eco. URL : www.elpais.com. ( : 23.10.2001).
8. Eco U. Dove andremo a finire? [Electronic Re-source] / U.
Eco. URL : www.espresso.repubblica.it. ( : 02.02.2012).
811.111 81.00
.. , ..
( )
- . - .
: ; ; ; ;
.., .., 2013
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, 2013
N.V. Petrova, E.B. Lashina
categoriZation of teXts in the teXt sPace (based on fiction and
scientific teXts)
The article is devoted to the hierarchical approach to the
categorization of fiction and scientific texts in the text space.
It suggests one of the possible classifica-tions of scientific
texts.
Key words: text; categorization; hierarchical classification;
group of texts; type of text
, .. , , - [, 2000, c. 27]. - , - , - , , , . , - , - , -, [,
1983, c. 238].
- . - , , - - [, 2004, c. 18], , (- ) . , [, 1983, c. 227], - -
, - -, , , .
(, -) - , , - - , , - [, 1999, . 167168]. , - -, , - , .
- , - - . - , - .
, - , . .
-: 1) , - ; 2) , - .
-, : -, , -, , -, , [Beaugrande, 1981].
- -. , . - , .
, , - - [, 2004]. - . , - , - - , - .
- -
-
15
[, 2013]. , , - , , - - [-, 1965, . 298]. - - , . - , - , - , -
- [, 1989, . 84]. , - , - .
- , , , - , - , .
, - , - , - [, 1989; , 2006; , 2007; , 2007 .].
, - .. , - [, 2004, c. 267]. - , - -. - - , .. , - [, 1989, c.
36]. - , - , - , - . - , - -
, [, 2007, c. 96].
- - -. , (-) [, 1974, . 82], --, -, -- -- .
- , - - .
- , - , .
- - , - .
- - . - - -, -, , - . , - - . . , -, , -- .
- , - , - . , - , - , - .
- - , -
-
16
, 2013
() , , , - , -- , -- -- , .
, - , , -, . - - , , -, , , , -, , .). -- - ( -, , -, , -, ..),
, , , -, . -- , , -, , -, , , , -, , , -, , . - - . - - - , , - [,
2009, c. ]. - -- , - - [, 2009, c. 281]. - , - ( - ) - ( ) - [,
2006].
-
, .
1. , ..
[] / .. . . : - ; . : , 2004. 352 .
2. , .. [] / .. -. . : , 2004. 280 .
3. , .. . - [] / .. -. . : . . ., 1999. 464 .
4. , .. [] / .. // - . . .. : -. . : -, 2009. . VIXVI.
5. , .. - [] / .. // -. 1989. . 341. . 8197.
6. , .. - : - [] / .. . : - - . - . .. , 2007. 210 .
7. , .. - - [] / .. . : , 2004. 243 .
8. , .. - [] / .. . . : - , 1965. 360 .
9. , .. - [] / .. . . : . ., 1989. 182 .
10. , .. - [] / .. . 2- ., . . . : -, 2006. 447 .
11. [] / .-. .. , .. . . : , 1974. 509 .
12. - [ ]. 2013. : http:// www. lit100.ru.\text.php?t=2208 ( :
15.02.2013).
13. [] / . . . .. . . : -, 2009. XVI, 731 .
14. , .. [] / .. // : . . : -, 1983. C. 227284.
15. , .. Tertum organum : - [] / .. . . : -, 2000. 432 .
16. , .. - [] / .. . . : - , 2007. 128 .
17. Beaugrande, R. de, Dressler, W. Introduction to Text
Linguistics [Text] / R. de. Beaugrande, W. Dressler. London, New
York : Academic Press, 1981. 270 p.
-
17
417.32 8144
..
.. , - , - . . , , ( ), , , .
: ; - ; ; -; ; ; ; - ;
V.M. Khamaganova
on a semiotic basis of the descriPtive teXt
Based on the Propp functional approach to the semiotic structure
of text, regular semiotic functions of descriptive texts have been
detected and described. I argue that it is the actant element of
descriptive texts that provides for semiotic integrity of the
latter. The actant element, being a variable value per se, can
contribute to text formation as a result of interaction with
existential predicates that play the role of constant values, in
semantic terms.
Key words: text; functional types of speech; synchronic;
diachronic; descriptive text; description; narrative text;
narration; semiotic principle; actant; predicate; phrasal
accent
.., 2013
- , (.. -, .. , .. , .. -, .. , . , . - . , .. , .. .. , ..
.)
- -- , - - . -- , -, .. .
.. , -, , -, :
- - -, - . -, , -, - - , - , [, 1975, . 24]
, - , - , - - - [ . . 26], (- ), (- ) .
- -
-
18
, 2013
. - - , - . .
- . - , . - - , [, 1975, . 158204].
- , - , -, , - - -, . - - , -, *.
- - - : - - , , ; -, -; - .
- - - - - -, -- - .
, -, ,
* : , , .
; - , - .
- , - . , . , , -, , . - , - , .
( -, ) . , - ( .)** , , - . . - (. . -) , . , - , - . - -, - - (
, ).
, - , . - : -, -, --, .
, - - /, - - . - : - -.
** - , .
-
19
, , , - . - , , . - : - , , . , , . , -, (. -).
- , - , - - . : () , , - . ... (. -).
, , - :
- - - ;
- - ;
- -;
- - , ;
- - , - ;
- - () ;
- - , - --;
- - -- - ;
- - - ;
- -, -- , - - , - ;
- , -.
- - , .. , -, -- , - . -, , [-, 1975, . 221], - .
, - (), - , - -, -. -: , [-, 1976, . 300].
, - , - - , - -- --, , , , -
-
20
, 2013
, [, 2012].
, - , , - .
, , - - , - , -. - - , . . - .
- - , , - , - .
- , [, 1975, . 438], , -, - . - , - , - [ ]. , - - - , - .
- , - .. [, 1928]. .. - - - . , , - , - -, .
.. , - - - .
( ) , -, , , . - , - .
- , - , , , ., -, , / -, , , - -.
- - . - , -, - , ; -, - ( .. ), - - .
, - , - , . - -- - , .
-, , -
-
21
: (- ) ( ). - .
- - .. , -- - [, 1998, . 409453].
-.
- : - , - , - - -. - , - . .. , -, - [, 1976, . 74]. , : . . . .
. - , , .
, , , - ( ), - : , . . , , - - ; , . - - : -, , ,...,....
- - - ,
(, , , , ).
- , -, , - .
- - . - , : . , -, - . , - , -, , - .
, - , - , - . -, -, -: , , - , , . - - [, 1983, . 37], . - , -
-.
, , - , - -- . , .
-. - . .. , , , . . . - , -
-
22
, 2013
, -. .. - ( - ) - . , , .. : , [-, 1999, . 14]. , , ( , ) , - ,
, - . - . : -, . , - . , -, , - ... ... (-).
-, - .
- - , , , - , , . - -, ,
- , .
- -. - , - -- .
1. , .. :
- [] / .. -. . : , 1976. 383 .
2. , .. . - ( ) [] / .. -, .. . .: , 1983. 198 .
3. , .. [] / .. . . : . . ., 1998. 764 .
4. , .. [] / .. . . : - , 1976. 312 .
5. , .. -- [] / .. . . : , 1975. 720 .
6. , .. - (, , ) [] : . - . / .. . ., 1975. 394 .
7. , .. - - - [] / ... - : - . -, 1999. 96 .
8. , .. [] / .. . .: Academia, 1928. 152 .
9. , .. - [] / .. // - . .. . . , , . 2012. 2 (43). . 7783.
81-22 81.00
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: ; , ; ; ; , ;
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Yu.R. Lemeshko
the attractiveness of the discourse Performative formuLae as the
form of mass communication
The article is devoted to the analysis of the performative and
quasi-performative utterances structured according to the slogan
type. The utterances of the performative type are analysed as the
form of mass communication from the viewpoint of their
illocutionary force. The semiotic aspects of the given sign
formation have also been discussed. The attractiveness of this sign
formation is determined by the semiotic aspects potential.
Key words: performative; quasip-erformative; the performative
formula; sign; attractiveness; the form of mass communication;
destination; slogan
-, , -, -, - [, 1986; , 1986; Campbell, 1986; , 2000] - [,
2006].
- -- . - : , - , -, , , . , - [ , 2005, . 661]. , - - , - , - ,
, -, - ( ! [URL : http://news.tut]; -! , ! [URL :
http://www.ldpr.ru]). - , - [, 1986; , 2006], - [, 1989], [, 1988;
, 1989],
[, 2001].
, , / - - , .. -, , - . - [, 1986, . 170], -, , , [, 1993]. , ..
, - / - , - [, 2002, . 206]. - / .. - , - , - . , - . . , - : ) - ,
-, - ; ) -; ) , - ; ) - , - [Cambell, 1986]. - , - - - : , -, , [-,
2002, . 206207]. , -
-
24
, 2013
, - -, - .
- - . , , -, - - . , , , . - - 2013 . -. - 2009 . - . - 2013 . -
La vraie famille, Maman, papa et enfant. - 22 2013 . .
, - , - - , , - . (How to do things with words, 1962).
- -, , , + . , - [, 1986, . 66] : ) - , - () (- : !), ( ! [URL :
http://mihail-prokhorov.ru]), -- ; ) - - , .
-- - .
: ! / , , - [URL : http://rmarsh.info].
- - - . - , - , .
, .. -, , - [, 2001, . 84]. - - [, 2001; , 2004; , 2006], , - ,
. - (, ), (, -), (), -, , , (, , ). - . - , . . - [, 1980].
- -, - - . - (- ) -, - - - ; - , , - [,
-
25
2008, . 132], -.
, , , , , , - , - -.
, - , -, - - (). , - , -, , - , - , , . - , -, - . - - [, 2013]
- . .. - .. , , - , - , - - - - .
- , -. ( . attrahere ) - - , , , - . -, - - , - - /, - - - ,
[, 2012, . 9].
, . . , , - , - , - - - , -, .
1 500 -, - , -- 20112013 .
, - , . - , -, -. .
1. -. - , - - -. -, , : ? , ! [URL : http://lenta.ru]. - 2012 .
, -.
- , , - , , - , , - , , [, 1997]
-
26
, 2013
. , , .
-, -, -. - -, - ( ); ( , ), - , - , ; , - - . , , . - - - - - (
.. -), , - . , , - .
- 2013 . Soy un chavista Maduro ( [URL : http://www.pravda.ru])
-, - - . - : . - : , , - . - . -, - .
- ,
-, : Mduro - - . - , - , - - [ Mduro-Chvez].
2. -. , . , 2011 . -, ! [URL : http://www.jig.ru] . -, - , , - -
-, , -, . - - - ( ). , , , , . - - , -. - , -, : , .
- : ; - (, , , -, , , , ); - -, - ; (, ); - (1- . . .) - - ( !
[URL : http://www.ldpr-26.ru]).
2012 . Forward [URL : http://www.youtube.com] , -
-
27
-, , , -, . - , , , forward , ; ; ( ) [ORD, 1984, c. 841]. - - .
forward , [URL : www.dic.academic.ru]. , -, - - . - , -, , - - , -
. , -, Forward , -, , - , - , - .
3. . , . -, -, - , - , , (, ! [URL : http://www.svetly.ru]; ! !
[URL : http://a-altunyan]), - [, 1998, . 54]. - , [, 2000, .
121].
, -, , , - , -, - -
. -, ( ! [URL : http://top.rbc.ru]; - ! [URL : http://ura.ru]).
- , -, .
2012 ., - - (, , ), - -- ( - ! [URL :
http://blogs.voanews.com]).
-, - , - . . - - (Vova, vo! [URL : http://a-altunyan]; , ! [URL
: http://lenta.ru]), ( -! [URL : http://www.newsru.com]). - - , . .
, : ! [URL : http://www.freetowns.ru].
- - , - - ( ! [URL : http://alsedov.ru] 3- , ( -! [URL :
http://www.ivkprf.ru]); , ( [URL : http: //www.sovross.ru]).
, - , , - , - -
-
28
, 2013
. , - , - , -, - , - - , - ; -, - , , - -. , - , - - -, , - . -
, - -, . - - , - .
1. , ..
[] / .. // . . . . 1986. . 45, 3. . 208223.
2. , .. : . . . [] / .. . . : , 1988. 341 c.
3. , .. [] / .. , .. - // . 1997. 2. . 84100.
4. , .. [Te] / .. . . : , 1993. 68 .
5. , .. . . [] / .. . . : , 1989. 312 .
6. , .. - [] / .. // . . : , 1989. . 1340.
7. , . [] / . ; . . . . -. . : , 1995. 134 .
8. , .. [] / .. // . . : , 1986. . XVII. . 22129.
9. , .. , [] / .. - // . . : . -. . : , 2008. . 1. . 131136.
10. , .. - : , , - [] / .. , .. - // . . . 2013. 1. .
183189.
11. , .. [] / .. . : -, . : , 2001. 656 .
12. , .. [] / .. . . : , 2004. 280 .
13. , .. - [] / .. // : . . : , 2008. . 8-62.
14. , .. : - [] / .. // . . . 2012. 2 (19) . 611.
15. , . - [] / . // -. . : , 1986. . II. . 170194.
16. , .. - [] / .. -, .. . : - , 1998. 160 .
17. , . - [] / . ; . .; . .. . 2- . . : , 2006. 380 .
18. , . - - [] : . . / . ; ., . . . . . . .. .. . . : , 1980.
447 .
19. , .. : - [] : . . -. . : 10.02.19 / .. . , 2006. 287 .
20. , .. - : [] / .. . . : -, 2000. 326 .
21. , .. [] / .. // : . . . : , 2002. . 3. . 205214.
22. : , -, [] : - / . - .. ; . .. , .. . . : , 2005. 960 .
23. Austin, J. How to do Things with words [Text] / J. Austin //
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1962. 167 p.
24. Campbell, K.K. Inaugurating the Presidency [Text] / K.K.
Campbell, K.H. Jamieson. // Form, genre and the Study of Political
discourse. Clumbia : (S.car), 1986. 275 .
25. ORD The Oxford Russian Dictionary [Text] : 2nd edition,
revised. Oxford, New York : Oxford University Press, 1984. 1340
p.
-
29
81.00 81.00
..
,
-, . - , -. , -, : , , . , .
: ; ; ; ; -
D.A. Skulimovskaya
imPLicature, PresuPPosition and entaiLment as cognitive
mechanisms of the interPretation of sPeech acts
of Warning
The article describes the analysis of speech acts of warning
from the point of view of the notions implicature, presupposition
and entailment. The implicature is understood as implicit
infor-mation which the hearer of the particular statement can
reasonably infer. The term presupposition is interpreted from
points of view of logic, philosophy and linguistics, in the last
one as the proposi-tions considering the speaker taken for granted
as part of the contextual background. Entailment is the proposition
inferred on the basis of logical laws.
Key words: implicature; presupposition, entailment; proposition;
warning
. - , -, : (what is said) (what is meant), - (implicature). -
(implicature) (implicate) - - , [, 1985, . 220]. -, - , -
(implication*) -* imply implication (material sense), - ( ) -.
-
- (entailment) [Lyons, 1977, p. 592]. - , -, . - - It is cold in
here, (. . **) , , , . . -, -, (. . -1 2). , , It
: , - , ; [Lyons,1977, p. 145].** (. propositio , , -) , , - , ,
- .
.., 2013
-
30
, 2013
is cold in here, -, -, - , - , . . , - , ( -), - (), . -, , -, ,
Shut that flaming door! (.) ! , , , , . [Cruse, 2004, p. 364].
: - (conventional implicature) - (conversational implicature*).
- -, , - , - . . - (maxims) , : -, , , - - -. , -, , -, , , , - -.
, - , - , - : - , **.
* . Logic and conversation - conversational implicature - - , -
, -- - .** Make your conversational contribution such as is
required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose
or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged [Grice,
1975, p. 45].
, . -, : , - - (standard maxims), , , , - . - - (flouting of
maxims), -, - , , . . .
- . , - , - - : The use of chemical weapons is and would be
totally unacceptable. And if you make the tragic mistake of using
these weapons, there will be consequences, and you will be held
accountable [URL : http://abcnews.go.com]. . , - , , .
, , - , - , . -, , , - : Barack Obama warns Syria of chemical
weapons consequences [URL : http://www.guardian.co.uk], Obama warns
Syria use of chemical weapons totally unacceptable [URL :
http://abcnews.go.com], Obama warns Syria not to cross red line
[URL : http://edition.cnn.com]. - , - - . - - - .. - [, 2005]. , -
- (- , , , - .), - (, ,
-
31
, .) - (, .). - - -. - - , -.
- , - , -. : - - - , .
- . - (context-dependence) (. : [Cruse, 2004, p. 365]). - (. . )
- -. , - (1) (2) - : (-) , (1) , (2) . , - - , - . .:
(1) A: Have you cleared the table and washed the dishes?
B: Ive cleared the table. (2) A: Am I in time for supper? B: Ive
cleared the table. (3) John
killed the wasp (4) The wasp died , (3) (4). -, (4) - (3), -. .
-
, (. : [Cruse, 2004, p. 365]). - , - , . , - . (entailment) : -
, - , - , - .
(. presupposi-tion , ) - , . .
, , . . - , - [, 1977].
. ( . ) - , . -, () The King of France is bald - [, 1982]. - . ,
, (), () () There is one, and only one, King of France and he is
bald , . , , (- - ) : () There is a King of France , . . - . , ; -
() , , () , , (), [, 1982]. - , - , , () - , : - , , - .
-
32
, 2013
- , , - . - - [Levinson, 1983, p. 177]. , . . - , - - -.
- . , , - , - (-, , , . .) [Fillmore, 1971, p. 273289].
. - , , . buxom (-) -, - , , My neighbour is buxom (. ) - , - .
- bachelor (). - John accused Harry of writing the editorial , - -.
. , John told Mary that she was ugly and then she insulted him, , ,
, (. : [Lyons, 1977, p. 603]).
- -, , , -, - . -, - - , - , - , . , - - ,
, - .
. - - , , .
- , - , - . , - , - - : And in the wake of this aggression,
Pyongyang should not be mistaken: The United States will never
waver in our commitment to the security of the Republic of Korea.
We will not waver. The alliance between our two nations has never
been stronger, and along with the rest of the world, weve made it
clear that the North Koreas pursuit of nuclear weapons will only
lead to more isolation and less security for them [URL :
http://obamafoodorama.blogspot.ru]. , : - - . . - , , , - .
- : - - - . - , - . , -, - : Obama warns North Korea it risks
deeper isolation [URL : http://www.reuters.com], Barak Obama warns
North Korea it faces deeper isolation [URL :
http://www.guardian.co.uk] .
, - -
-
33
- ; - - , - .
1. , . []
/ . // . . : , 1985. . 16. -. . 217237.
2. , .. [] / C.. // : : / . .. , .. . . : , 2005. . 8. .
2226.
3. , . [] / . // . . : , 1982. . 13. . 4154.
4. , .. - [] / .. // . . : , 1982. . 13. . 5586.
5. , . [] / . // . . : , 1977. . 8. . 181210.
6. Cruse, A. Meaning in Language. An Introduc-tion to Semantics
and Pragmatics. Second edition [Text] / A. Cruse. Oxford : Oxford
University Press, 2004. 441 p.
7. Fillmore, Ch.J. Verbs of judging: an exercise in semantic
description [Text] / Ch.J. Fillmore, D.T. Langen-doen (eds.) //
Studies in Linguistic Semantics. London : Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 1971. P. 273289.
8. Grice, H.P. Logic and conversation Syntax and semantics [] /
H.P. Grice. New York : Academic Press, 1975. V. 3. P. 4158.
9. Levinson, S.C. Pragmatics [Text] / S.C. Levinson, Cambridge :
Cambridge University Press, 1983. 420 p.
10. Lyons, J. Semantics [Text] / J. Lyons. Cam-bridge :
Cambridge University Press, 1977. V. 2. 897 p.
11. Obama foodorama [Electronic resource]. URL :
http://obamafoodorama.blogspot.ru ( : 27.03.2013).
12. Reuters [Electronic resource]. URL : http://www.reuters.com
( : 25.03.2013).
13. The ABC news [Electronic resource]. URL :
http://abcnews.go.com ( : 15.12.2012).
802.0-855 81.032
..
:
, - , . , , - , . . -. , .
: ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
A.G. Khlebodarova
the cognitive scenario of dream discourse: the modeLing of a
PossibLe WorLd
The article aims to prove that the cognitive and discursive
activity of a dreaming person is based on the cognitive scenario
that consists in the discursive modeling of a possible world. The
peculiari-ty of a possible world created in the dream discourse is
its dependence on the dreaming person. The cognitive mechanisms of
possible world modeling in the dream discourse are simulative
referentiali-ty, secondary categorization and
reconceptualization.
Key words: discourse; concept; referent; cognitive scenario;
possible world; simulative referenti-ality; secondary
categorization; reconceptualization
.., 2013
-
34
, 2013
- , - , , - -.
- , - , , -, , -- , . . [, 2005, . 50]. , - - , - , - . - , - -
.
-, Dream - .
, - -. . , - (scenario) , - (, ) - . ( - ) - -, , -, [Minsky,
1980].
. , . . , (script) . , (). . . , - -
. - , ; , , - . -, - . -, . . , , -, , - -.
- , - - -.
, - , , - -. . , -, - , -. , - [, 1983, . 101].
-, [, 2001]. - , , - . - - - [, 1977; , 1980; , 1988; , 2001 .].
, - , - , -, [Todorov, 1977; , 1999; , 1999 .]. , - [, 2001].
-. , .. , - , - . -, ,
-
35
, , , , - , , [, 1995, . 44].
.. , - , - the construal of the world - , -, - - , - , - . -, ,
-, , - , - [, 2004, . 522523].
.. , . , ( , -, , , - ) [, 2000; 2003; 2008; 2010].
, - - . , -, . . -, . - .. - , : , , , - , , - . , , - [, 2000,
c. 197].
, -, .. - , , .
- , -, - - . , , , , , - . - , , - : - ( - , -, . .); - -, , ; -
( , , - ). - , - [-, 2003].
. , - , - - .
- - .
- , -, , , . . - . -, , , - , , - . , .
, - , -
-
36
, 2013
- . , , , : Miss Fulkes sat by the window, looking out at the
sunny garden, but not consciously seeing it. What she saw was
behind the eyes, in a fanciful universe. She saw herself herself in
that lovely Lanvin frock that had been illustrated last month in
Vogue, with pearls, dancing at Ciros, which looked (for she had
never been at Ciros) curiously like the Hammersmith Palais de
Danse, where she had been. How lovely she looks! all the people
were saying. She walked swayingly, like that actress she had seen
at the London Pavilion. She held out her white hand; it was young
Lord Wonersh who kissed it, Lord Wonersh, who looked like Shelley
and lived like Byron and who had perhaps spoken to her twice. And
then she saw herself riding in the Park. And a couple of seconds
later she was on a yacht in the Mediterranean. And then in a motor
car. Lord Wonersh had just taken his seat beside her, when the
noise of fangs shrill barking startlingly roused her to
consciousness of the lawn, the gay tulips, the Wellingtonia and, on
the other side, the schoolroom. Miss Fulkes felt guilty, she had
been neglecting her charge [Huxley, 1998, p. 121].
, - . - . (the sunny garden), - (what she saw was behind the
eyes). -, , . . - .
- ( ) - . , , -, . . - , - , - , - ,
- . ., (-) [, 1997, . 42].
. , .. , - - . , - -- - , , -. , - , (, , -) () - [, 2009].
, .. , - /, , , , - . - : 1) - , ; 2) -; 3) - -, ; 4) - , - . -
-, , - [-, 2008].
- - , , - ,
-
37
, ; - , - , . . - . - , . for she had never been at Ciros , - ,
-, , . , - -, : dancing at Ciros, riding in the Park, in a motor
car.
- - (Lord Wonersh, who looked like Shelley and lived like
Byron). - (kissed, spoken to her twice, Lord Wonersh had just taken
his seat beside her). - , Beauty, Gracefulness. - (how lovely she
looks!), (she walked swayingly), (white hand), (actress she had
seen at the London Pavilion) , , - .
- . - .. . - - , - . .. , , - , , - ( -), , - - . -
: - ( - - ); (- - -, - - , ); - ( , - - ). - , , - , - [,
2007].
- , , - - . -, , - . : I wish, said the silly girl at the back
of Mrs. Dersinghams mind, I was a terribly successful actress who
lived in a marvelous little flat and had a terribly devoted maid
and a dresser and a huge car and nothing much to eat before the
performance and then went on and was absolutely marvellous and
everybody applauded and then I put on a wonderful sable coat and
went out to supper and everybody stared. No, I dont. I wish I was a
terribly successful woman writer with a villa somewhere on Riviera
with orange trees and mimosa and things and lunch in the sunshine
and marvellous distinguished people coming to call. No, I dont. I
wish I was terribly rich with a housekeeper and about fifteen
servants and a marvellous maid of my own and umpteen Paris model
gowns every season and a house in town and a place in the country
and a very attractive dark young man, very aristocratic, and a
racing motorist or yachtsman or something like that, terribly in
love with me but just devoted and respectful all the time and
coming and looking so miserable and me saying: Im sorry, my
-
38
, 2013
dear, but you can see how it is. I can never love anybody but
Howard, but we can still be friends [Priestley, 1974, p. 192].
- , . . a successful actress, (lived in a marvelous little flat,
had a terribly devoted maid, dresser, huge car) - , - (nothing much
to eat before the performance, then went on and was absolutely
marvellous and everybody applauded and then I put on a wonderful
sable coat and went out to supper and everybody stared). - - ,
(woman writer). - , . (huge car, about fifteen servants, lunch in
the sunshine, house in Town, sable coat and diamonds, villa on
Riviera), . -, , - , (terribly rich), - , - : (housekeeper, fifteen
servants, marvellous maid of my own, umpteen Paris model gowns
every season, house in town, place in the country).
-. , - -, -. , - , , , - , - ; - [, 2003, c. 48]. - : , , -
.
, -, - - - , - . , - , - . - . , - - - .
1. , .. -
: -- [] / .. // : . . . : , 2005. . 4. . 5063.
2. , .. - ( - ) [] : . ... - . : 10.02.04 / .. . - : , 2007. 350
.
3. : [] / . .. . . : , . : , , 2001. 1312 .
4. , .. [] : ... - . : 10.02.04 / .. : - . . -, 2009. 445 .
5. , .. - -- : [] : ... . . : 10.02.04 / .. -. ., 2008. 248
.
6. - [] / . .. , .. -, .. , .. . . : - , 1997. 245 .
7. , .. - [] / .. // . 2004. 1. . 617.
8. , .. [] : 4 . / .. . . : , 1983. . 1. . 636 .
9. , .. ( - )
-
39
[] / .. . : , 2000. 244 .
10. , .. [] / .. - // -. . . 3. -. : , 2003. . 1. . 108117.
11. , .. [] / .. // : : . . . / . .. , .. . : -, 2003. .
162172.
12. , .. -: - [] / .. // - . : , 2008. . 97115.
13. , .. : [] / .. // . . . 2010. 1. . 8492.
14. , .. . -. [] / .. - // XX . . : - . : . . . -,1995. .
3573.
15. Huxley, A. Point Counter Point [Text] : a novel / A. Huxley.
London : Granada, 1998. 432 p.
16. Minsky, M.A. Framework for Representing Knowledge [Text] /
M.. Minsky // Frame Conceptions and Text Understanding / Ed. by D.
Metzing. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter, 1980. P. 125.
17. Priestley, J.B. Angel Pavement [Text] : a novel / J.B.
Priestley. M. : Progress Publishers, 1974. 503 p.
18. Schank, R. Scripts, Goals and Understanding. An Inquiry into
Human Knowledge Structures [Text] / R. Schank, R. Abelson.
Hillsdale, N.Y. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1977. 248 p.
-
verbaL ontoLogy
of cognition
-
41
.., .., 2013
81-81367.7 81.432.1
.. , ..
continuous infinitive ( )
Continuous Infinitive: 1) - ; 2) seem, appear, happen , - ; , ;
3) Continuous Infinitive -, .
: ; ; ; ; -
L.M. Kovaleva, T.V. Mironchuk
continuous infinitive in the Language system and sPeech activity
(structuraL and cognitive aPProach)
There are three ways of development of Continuous Infinitive: 1)
it appeared according to the law of analogy and is used in verboids
which are derivatives of the clauses with verbs in Continuous
As-pect; 2) speakers begin to use this new form to categorize some
situations with the predicates seem, appear, happen, because they
are connected with the semantic sphere of perception, thus the
tenden-cies of the system development correlate with the tendencies
of usage of these forms by the speakers; 3) Continuous Infinitive
takes part in blending, and its usage is determined mostly by the
speakers.
Key words: system; speaker; perception; Simple Infinitive;
Continuous Infinitive
, , -, . , - -, , , . , , -, - . ?
, - - ( ?), - .
-- Simple - , -
- , - - Simple - - . XII . - Perfect , XV . Perfect , XII .
Continuous , XVI . -, XIV . - Perfect Continuous, XVII . - [, 1976;
, 1960]. , , - - -. - , , , .
-
42
, 2013
- -.
, -, , , , - .
- - - .
(1) That is to say, the Rhodions were bluffing when they claimed
to be acting for Rome, and they were really acting in their own
behalf [Merryfield, 1995, p. 246];
(2) Facts: A firm of estate agents claimed to act on behalf of
the owner of a particular property, though that person had denied
them permission to act on his behalf [Kelly, 2011, p. 110].
(1) when they claimed to be acting for Rome Continuous Tense, -
they claimed that they were acting for Rome ( - were bluffing were
acting ). (2) -, -, , Simple Infinitive.
. (3) - , - (were said to be suffering):
(3) The accident happened in fog near the Huddersfield turn off.
The injured were taken to hospital but were later released. They
were said to be suffering from shock and minor cuts and bruises
[Frost, 2005, p. 97].
(4) to be said suffer - Simple Infinitive, Continuous
Infinitive:
(4) The article stated that the disease said to be facilitated
by caffeine was extremely common, so much so that doctors felt that
it shouldnt even be considered a disease; more than 65% of
women were said to suffer from it [Kruglanski, 2003, p.
316].
, , .
- - , - . 14, - Continuous Infinitive 500 . : ) - - ) - .
- , Continuous Aspect - - -, -- (, , ) - , . - - - , - -. they
were said that they were suffering from shock (?) - , -, , -.
, - . , , - . - , -, , - , - - . , , , - , , - , -
-
43
Continuous [, 2008; , 1993].
- I saw that he was coming vs. I saw him to be coming*. - - . ,
- - I, , , . - , , - , - . , , . - .
- -: seem, appear, happen. - - seem appear 50 (19502000 .) seem
3 953 , appear 694. happen, - - 1 737 2000 ., - 1,5 1950 . [GB, URL
: http://googlebooks.byu.edu]. - , - -.
.. - seem appear - [, 2007, c. 34]. .. -, -: 1) - , 2) -/, 3)
(-) [-, 1999, c. 834]. - - , .. - [-
, 2007, c. 35]. - - , , -, -, - : seem give the effect of being,
to be judged to be [CIDE, 1995]; appear seem as distinguished from
to be [LDCE, 1997]; -, -: seem appear to ones senses; appear become
visible, come into sight [CIDE, 1995, LDCE, 1997].
, (, ) - -. , -, - - . - , -, . - - : , , () , - , - [, 2007, .
69]. , - - , , - , - , , -. - to happen - to seem to appear [,
2012].
() - , (-, - ), - (, /, ). - , - - - -
-
44
, 2013
, - .
- - -, -, : , (noticing), Continuous Aspect , , , , -
(watching), - Simple Aspect ( . [-, 2008]).
- , . . , -, - - . , - - -, - .
, - . , - -. -:
(5) - , :
(5) The drive from Narita airport took one hour, and Tanner was
amazed by how Tokyo never seemed to change. In boom times and in
depressions, the city always seemed to wear the same impassive face
[Sheldon. URL : http: // webreading.ru].
- , the drive from Narita airport took one hour. , -, -. seemed
to change seemed to wear the same impressive face.
(6) , - -, . , - -. :
(6) The ride from the airport into the center of Kiev took the
Intourist bus one hour, driving along the newly built highway. It
was Roberts first time in Kiev, and he was impressed by the
ubiquitous construction along the highway, and the large apartment
building that seemed to be springing up everywhere [Ibid].
(5) - ( always), , (6), (It was Roberts first time in Kiev) , ,
, - -: - .
- Simple Continuous, - .
(7) Lucy has not walked much in her sleep the last week, but
there is an odd concentration about her which I do not understand,
even in her sleep she seems to be watching me. She tries the door,
and finding it locked, goes about the room searching for the key
[Stoker. URL : http:// artefact.lib.ru].
(7) -, Simple - (is, do not understand, tries, goes), - - -. , -
(in her sleep), to be watching. , - (she seems to be watching me) ,
, - . , , , -
-
45
. , , - - - , .
- , - -.
(8) They both slept badly that night. Kelly was lying in bed,
worrying. If my plan fails, were both going to die. As she was
falling asleep, she seemed to see Tanner Kingsleys face looking
down on her. He was grinning [Sheldon. URL : http: //
webreading.ru].
, -, . . , - Kelly was lying in bed, worrying - ( ) - . - -
Continuous Aspect (was lying) Indefinite Aspect (fails) (was
falling). she seemed to see Tanner Kingsleys face looking down on
her - to see, , - (7) (8), , -. - , - , - (was falling asleep), , ,
. - He was grinning, - .
, - , - , , - e - , - .
, - , - - [Fauconnier, 1998]. - , - , . . -
- - , , , , . - (, to believe 43 - , to state 54, to expect 74).
, , - (to want 803 ).
:(9) But what do you always want to be kissing
and embracing for? he said.Surely theres a time for
everything.She looked up at him, and the hate came into
her eyes.Do I always want to be kissing you? she
said. [Lawrence. URL : http: // www.gutenber.org].
, , what do you always want to be kissing and embracing for? Do
I always want to be kissing you? - , -? , - ?, What do you always
want to kiss and embrace for? Do I always want to kiss you? ( . 13
4 [, 2008]).
, - , - . , - - , - .
- - . , - to want , - - , , .
, , - - - . - - -
-
46
, 2013
, , , - - . - ( ), - , .
, - , - - () (13) (47): 1. I saw him enter. I saw him
entering.2. He seemed to enter. He seemed to be
entering.3. It seemed that he entered.
It seemed that he was entering.
4. I saw him enter. I saw that he entered.5. I saw him entering.
I saw that he was
entering.6. He seemed to enter. It seemed that he
entered.7. He seemed to be entering.
It seemed that he was entering.
1. , .. []
/ .. . . : . . ., 1999. 896 .2. , ..
[] : / .. . . : . ., 1976. 319 .
3. , .. : - [] / .. . : , 2008. 394 .
4. , .. - [] / .. // : . - . .,1993. . 52, 3. . 4556.
5. , .. Happen, seem appear - [] / .. // - , - : 5- . . . : ,
2012. . 262266.
6. , .. - [] / .. . : , 2007. 237 .
7. , .. - [] / .. . ., . : - , 1960. 195 .
8. CIDE Cambridge International Dictionary of Current English
[Text]. Cambridge University Press, 1995. 1773 p.
9. Fauconnier, G. Mental spaces, language modal-ities, and
conceptual integration [Text] / G. Fauconnier // The new psychology
of language : Cognitive and Function-al approaches to Language
Structure / Ed. by M. Toma-sello. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998. P.
133183.
10. Frost, C. Designing for newspapers and maga-zines [Text] /
C. Frost. N.Y., 2005. 101 p.
11. GB Google Books [Electronic resource]. URL :
http://googlebooks.byu.edu/x.asp ( : 22.03.2011).
12. Kelly, D. Business Law [Text] // D. Kelly, R. Lay-ward, R.
Hammer, J. Lendy. N.Y. : Routledge, 2011. 588 p.
13. Kruglanski, A.W. Social Psychology: a general reader [Text]
/ A.W. Kruglanski, E.T. Higgins. N.Y. : Tay-lor and Francis Books,
Inc, 2003. 629 p.
14. LDCE Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English [Text]. 3rd
edition. Harlow, Essex : Longman Group Ltd., 1997. 1680 p.
15. Lawrence, D.H. Sons and Lovers [Electronic re-source] / D.H.
Lawrence. URL : http://www.gutenber.org ( : 17.03.2013).
16. Merryfield, M. Teaching about International Con-flict and
Peace [Text] / M. Merryfield, R. Remy. N.Y. : State University of
New-York, 1995. 381 p.
17. Sheldon, S. Are you afraid of the dark [Electron-ic
resource] / S. Sheldon. URL :
http://webreading.ru/det_/thriller/sidney-sheldon-are-you-afraid-of-the-dark.ht-ml
( : 13.11.2011).
18. Stoker, B. Dracula [Electronic resource] / B. Stocker. URL :
http://artefact.lib.ru/library/stoker.htm ( : 23.12.2010).
81-81367.7 81.432.1
.. , ..
- ( ).
: ; ; ; -
.., .., 2013
-
47
- , - - , - , [, 1999, . 176].
, , -, - -1, 2 ( 1) 2. - *, , -**, - . - -, . - -, , , .
, , N1() force N2() Inf. 1(N1) 2(N2) - , - -
* - - ().** , - - , , - , [, 2003, . 280]. , , .
: - ( ) - , - . - : - , .: (1) Stroeve could not bear to be
alone, and I ex-hausted myself in efforts to distract him... I
forced him to eat, and after luncheon I induced him to lie down,
but he could not sleep [Maugham. URL : http://gutenberg.net].
, , - , - - . -, (1) (2) (2) .
2, - - , , . - N1() force N2() . , -, , 2 (N2) - (), 1 (N1) , ,
.:
(2) I forced Tom from the room and locked the door [DAIPV,
2006].
(3) Hold him tight, shouted Mr. Snodgrass; and by the united
efforts of the whole compa-ny, Mr. Pickwick was forced into an
arm-chair [Dickens. URL : http://gutenberg.net].
- , - 2 , , - 1 -, , , - -
L.M. Kovaleva, M.S. Popova
the refLection of the interPersonaL communication in causative
sentences
We argue that both the meaning and the form of the causative
sentences are directly connected with the semantic roles of the
participants (Subject and Object).
Key words: causative situation; causative construction; Subject
of causativity; Object of causa-tivity
-
48
, 2013
1 -.
- , (- 1) - , - . , (4) , (5) , .: (4) And how was he found out
at last? inquired Mr. Pickwick. The benchers determined to have his
door broken open, as he hadnt paid any rent for two years. So they
did. Forced the lock; and a very dusty skel-eton in a blue coat,
black knee-shorts, and silks, fell forward in the arms of the
porter who opened the door [Dickens. URL : http://gutenberg.net];
(5) Police forced entry and discovered her body on the settee [BNC.
URL : http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/].
- 2 , - -, , - 2 (, : , , , , - ), , , to force.
, . , . - -, (, , .).
, - 2, , , with (6), .: (6) Quick-ly, he forces the lock with a
penknife, and turns over the papers until he finds what he is
looking for [Christie. URL : http://gutenberg.net].
-, - () - 2 , . - to force, , - , 2 , . , -
2 , .
, - 1 - -, . - N1 have N2() Participle II.
to have something done to one - XIV . [OED, 1933]. - : If you
have something done, someone does it for you or you arrange for it
to be done [CCAD, 2010].
N1 have N2 Participle II, - 1 () - 2 (), - , 1, -, 2 (- -) 2. ,
2 , - - [-, 2008, . 93]. , - 2 [, 1999, . 186], have -, [ . . 185].
- - , -, - [, 2008, . 93]. , ( ), . . - , - . , - - , , , , 2 - - .
-, , , ( ) , , - (. [, 1976]).
-
49
- -, - , - to have to get. -, have- get-, - -, . - - - -1 . , -,
- - . , - have get , - - . , - , , - have-, , -, - -.
, - N1() have N2() Part II, - - -. - - :
(7) I have my hair cut;(8) I have my shoes mended;(9) I have my
watch repaired.
: 1 (I) - - , - 1 (7), (8), - (9). , , 2 (- -), , - - - -. , , -
-. , , - , , -
, - - (2), - ) ) 1, - . -, , - (1) , - . -, , - (from the
hairdressers) (10), .: (10) it was only last Friday I went down to
have my hair done and I walked from the hairdressers down to Street
to get the wallpaper [BNC. URL : http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/].
, , - (7), (8), (9) , * 2 1. . : my hair (7) (8), my shoes (9),
my watch (3). , , - 1 - , : (, -, , .).
, -, -. .: (11) Kate, still frightened she might be recognized,
had chosen to have meals sent up to the apartment from the nearest
restaurant [BNC. URL : http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/]; (12) So do you
hope to have books published? CM. I dont know, basically Ive been
working so hard and pushing so hard I havent really slowed down to
even think about what Im doing with my work [Ibid]; (13) Asked to
have breakfast brought up to his room at six [Ibid].
. (11) (13) , , . . ( ) 1 , . (12) books, - 2, - -
* 1 2 - - [, 2008, . 94].
-
50
, 2013
, , - 1 (you), , , ?
. -, John had a book sto-len from the library:
a) John arranged for a book to be stolen from the library
(cause);
b) John suffered the loss of a book stolen from the library
(involvement);
c) John had a book that was stolen from the li-brary
(possession).
() 1 (John) -, -, (b) - , () - [Quirk, 1974, p. 702].
-, . , - . - : (14) He has two of his teeth knocked out [BNC.
URL : http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/]; (15) Michael had all his money
stolen from his hotel room [Ibid]; (16) The soldier had his leg
amputated [, 1958, . 5]; (17) I have been plagued with these
golfers for most of that time. It is really bad at the weekends. I
have windows broken at regular intervals and suffer a lot [BNC. URL
: http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/].
, -, 1 , - , , - . , - , - , . ., 1 . - , - 1, , -, , - , , , ,
, - . , - N1() have N2() Participle II 2 - , - , -
. , - , 1 -2, , -. - [, 2008, . 86].
N1() have N2() Participle II, , , - 2 . .: (18) Wishart had
Corbett watched carefully but all the reports indicated that
Corbett had not been officially des-patched by Edward [BNC. URL :
http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/]; (19) Macready had men posted on the
sidewalks to protect his customers mon-ey on their way to the
casino [Ibid]; (20) Now you may have noticed that bullies dont like
hav-ing their faults pointed out to them, and so Herod had John
locked up in prison [Ibid]; (21) Con-vinced of her unfaithfulness,
Herod had Mari-amne executed in 29 BC and her sons in 7 BC
[Ibid].
, - (18), Wishart (-1 ) , , Corbett (2 ). (19) Macready , , ;
(20) , (21) - . , 1, , , , , . , (2) . - - , -, , . . -// - , . .
-. - 2 - .
-2 , .: (22) You can leave hairprins there. I (1) shall have
them () weighed by a goldsmith (2) ( .. ).
-
51
-2 -, .
1 , -, . - 1 I forced him to go out, 1 1 , I forced him/a chair
from the room, 1 - .
- N1() have N2() Participle II N1() have N2() Participle II, -.
2 (N2) - 1 (N1) - ) , ) , - . (2), - , - , . - - , -2 , , , ., , -
1 -2 .
2 ( 1), , - II, - , - to have, 1 - -, - 2. 2 , - , - - 2, 1
.
2 - , - , - , - -, II. ,
1 2 -. - 1 -, . - - 1 -2 . 1-- - 2, 1, - -- , 2.
have- , , - . - , , - have.
1. , .
[] / . . . : . . ., 1999. 780 .
2. , .. : - [] / .. . : , 2008. 397 .
3. , .. - [] / .. ; . . .. -. . : , 1992. 264 .
4. BNC British National Corpus [Electronic resource]. URL :
http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/ ( - : 15.05.2013).
5. CCAD Collins Cobuild Advanced Dictionary [Text]. Heinle &
Heinle Publishers, 2010. 1986 p.
6. Christie, A. The Mysterious Affair at Styles [Electronic
resource] / A. Christie. URL : http://gutenberg.net ( :
12.08.2013).
7. Dickens, Ch. The Pickwick Papers [Electronic resource] / Ch.
Dickens. URL : http://gutenberg.net ( : 12.06.2013).
8. Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs [Text]. USA :
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2006. 1098 p.
9. Maugham, W.S. The Moon and Sixpence [Electronic resource] /
W.S. Maugham. URL : http://gutenberg.net ( : 12.06.2013).
10. OED The Oxford English Dictionary. A New English Dictionary
on Historical Principles [Text]: in 12 vol. Oxford : Clarendon
Press, 1933. Vol. V. 758 p.
11. Quirk, R. A. Grammar of Contemporary English [Text] / R.
Quirk, S. Greenbaum, G. Leech [et al.]. London : Longman, 1974.
XII. 1120 p.
12. Talmi, L. Semantic Causative Types [Text] / L. Talmi;
Shibatani, M. (ed.) // Syntax and Semantics. V. 6. The Grammar of
causative constructions. N.Y. : Academic Press, 1976. P. 43116.
-
52
, 2013
811.112.2 282 143.24-5
..
:
. , - .
: ; -;
O.A. Alexandrov
diaLectoLogy of PercePtion: innovations in overseas Linguistic
studies
The latest tendencies of modern linguistics have been discussed.
In particular, the German dialec-tology development has been
considered. The results of the discussion may contribute to studies
of the oral forms of language, as well as to new linguistic
approaches and methods.
Key words: latest tendencies in modern linguistics; perceptual
dialectology; naive or folk lin-guistics
, * , , . , , , -, , . -- - [Molitor, 2000. S. 810].
- , - -, , , (. [Molitor, 2000]).
-* (-2012).
. - - . (Alfred Schtz). - - - . - , - , . , - - - , [Schtz,
1975; 1981].
. - . , - . (Andrea Lehr) , : - , - -
.., 2013
-
53
, . -, , - . . - , - , , , . . , - , [Lehr, 2002. S. 857].
- - .. - (enry . Hoenigswald), - . - , - (what goes on
(language)) -, (how people react to what goes on), - (what people
say goes on (talk concerning language)). - - , , , - , -, , - , ,
[Hoenig-swald, 1966].
, 1966 . .. , . , .. - - : (-, , ) ( - : , ?). ,
, - . , , .. , - .. (Dennis R. Preston). () , , - - (), - (a`),
- (b) [Nied-zielski, 2003. S. 26]. .. , - -: 1) , . . ; 2) () () ,
- ; 3) , ; 4) ; , - (. [Niedzielski, 2003. S. 26]*).
, . , .. -, .. . -, - .
, -, , - . - - - . , , - .
, - .
* .. .
-
54
, 2013
- - , XIX . , , - - , , -. - -, , . - -, XIX ., . (Georg
Wenker), . XX . - . , - - , , - . , - , - (
. - [, 2012; , 1956; Lffler, 2003]).
, -, -, -. , - - , - , . . -. - , , , -. , (, , .), - , . - , ,
(. [Lffler, 2010. S. 38]).
, , - , , . -
-
55
, - , -, ( , ).
, , - , . - , , , - . - . (Heinrich Lffler). , - , -- . , - , ,
, . , - , , - () - [Lffler, 2010. S. 39 41].
- - , , , - , - - , - . [Lffler, 2010. S. 39].
. , - - , . ,
. - - [Ibid. S. 40].
, - , , - , - . -, -, , , -. (- ) ( ), - : , , - , , - . .* -, ,
, - . - , , -.
- . , . (Markus Hundt) - - (Der deutsche Sprachraum aus der
Sicht der linguistischen Laien). - , - (.
* ., , Variation des gesprochenen Deutsch: Standardsprache
Alltagssprache / : - [URL :
http://www.ids-mannheim.de/prag/AusVar/]; Archiv fr gesprochenes
Deutsch/ - [URL : http://agd.ids-mannheim.de/index.shtml];
Regionalsprache.de, REDE [URL : http://regionalsprache.de/].
-
56
, 2013
[URL : http://www.wahrnehmungsdialektologie.uni-kiel.de/].
[Anders, 2010; Deminger, 2004; Eichinger, 2009; Grtig, 2010;
Nmeth, 2010], - -, , - .
-, - -. ( - ) - - , -.
-, , -, , - (, ), - . , , - , , - - , - . - , . . , ( -, ) .
-, , . . , , -, . , - , - , , ,
. .
, - - .
, , , - , , .
- - . - , , - , , - , . .
, , -, - . - / , , , - , - .
, - , , , - , - . , - , - -. ,
-
57
- - , , -, - , , -. - . (Erika Werlen) . (Ji Neckvapil) (.
[Werlen, 2000; Neckvapil, 2004]).
1. , .. -
: [] / .. // . 2012. 4(5). C. 229235.
2. , .. [] / .. . .-. : - , 1956. 636 .
3. Anders, C.A. Wahrnehmungsdialektologie: das Oberschsische im
Alltagsverstndnis von Laien [Text] / C.A. Anders. Berlin : de
Gruyter, 2010. 466 S.
4. Anders, C.A. Perceptual Dialectology. Neue Wege der
Dialektologie [Text] / C.A. Anders, M. Hundt, A. Lasch. Berlin : de
Gruyter, 2010. 449 S.
5. Deminger, S. Spracherhalt und Sprachverlust in einer
Sprachinselsituation: Sprache und Identitt bei der deutschen
Minderheit in Ungarn [Text] / S. Deminger. Frankfurt am Main :
Peter Lang, 2004. 231 S.
6. Eichinger, L.M. Aktuelle Spracheinstellungen in Deutschland:
erste Ergebnisse einer bundesweiten Repr-sentativumfrage [Text] /
L.M. Eichinger, A.-K. Grtig, A. Plewnia, J. Roessel, S. Rudert, C.
Schoel. Mannheim : Institut fr deutsche Sprache, 2009. 63 S.
7. Grtig, A.-K. Wie Menschen in Deutschland ber Sprache denken:
Ergebnisse einer bundesweiten Reprsen-tativerhebung zu aktuellen
Spracheinstellungen [Text] / A.-K. Grtig, A. Plewnia, A. Rothe.
Mannheim : Institut fr deutsche Sprache, 2010. 309 S.
8. Hoenigswald, H. A proposal for the study of folk-linuistics
[Text] / H. Hoenigswald // Sociolinguistics. The Hague: De Gruyter,
1966. S. 1626.
9. Lehr, A. Sprachbezogenes Wissen in der Lebenswelt des Alltags
[Text] / A. Lehr. Tbingen : Max Niemeyer Verlag, 2002. 485 S.
10. Lffler, H. Dialektologie: eine Einfhrung [Text] / H. Lffler.
Tbingen : Narr, 2003. 158 S.
11. Lffler, H. Zu den Wurzeln der Perceptual Dialecto-logy in
der traditionellen Dialektologie. Eine Spurensuche [Text] / H.
Lffler // Peceptual Dialectology. Neue Wege der Dialektologie /
C.A. Anders, M. Hundt, A. Lasch. Berlin : de Gruyter, 2010. S.
3150.
12. Molitor, E. Sprachgefhl und Sprachbewutsein am Beispiel des
Subjonctif nach apr que: eine empirische Untersuchung [Text] / E.
Molitor. Gttingen : Peust & Gutschmidt, 2000. 136 S.
13. Neckvapil, J. Sprachbiographien und Analyse der
Sprachsituation: zur Situation der Deutschen in der Tsche-chischen
Republik [Text] / J. Neckvapil // Leben mit meh-reren Sprachen:
Sprachbiographien. Bern : Peter Lang, 2004. S. 147172.
14. Nmeth, A. Dialekt, Sprachmischung und Sprach-einstellungen:
am Beispiel der deutscher Dialekte in Un-garn [Text] / A. Nmeth.
Tbingen : Narr, 2010. 246 S.
15. Niedzielski, N.A. Folk linguistics [Text] / N.A.
Nied-zielski, D.R. Preston. Berlin : De Grueyter, 2003. 375 S.
16. Preston, D.R. A language attitude approach to the perception
of regional variety [Text] / D.R. Preston // Handbook of perceptual
dialectology. Amsterdam, Phila-delphia : John Benjamins Publishing
Company, 1999. Vol. 1. S. 359373.
17. Schtz, A..Die Strukturen der Lebenswelt [Text] / A. Schtz,
T. Luckmann. Neuwied-Darmstadt : Luchter-hand, 1975. 331 S.
18. Schtz, A. Theorie der Lebensformen. Frhe Ma-nuskripte aus
der Bergson-Periode [Text] / A. Schtz. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp,
1981. 341 S.
19. Werlen, E. Variation in der Feldforschung: Trian-gulation
[Text] / E. Werlen // Vom Umgang mit sprachli-cher Variation.
Soziolinguistik, Dialektologie, Methoden und
Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Tbingen/Basel : Franche, 2000. S.
99110.
811.112 81.432
..
( )
, - , -. - .
: ; ; ; ; ; ;
.., 2013
-
58
, 2013
G.P. Berzina
Language recources for eXPression of the concessive meaning in
non-verbaL communication channeLs
The system of human communication is a complex integrity
including verbal and nonverbal chan-nels of communication which in
different situations of communication interact differently. I
endeavor to systematize nonverbal means of expression of category
of a conessivity in the German language.
Key words: nonverbal means; nonverbal communication;
conessivity; kinsics; tksics; prox-emics; concession
- . - - , - , - [, 1990, . 4].
- , - -, -. - -, , (-, ).
- - (.. , .. , .. -, .. , . , . , .. -, .. , D. Morris, L.
Tsvasman, A. Weinlich .). -, .. , - -, - - - [, 1980, . 79].
, -, -, , : - - ; -
. , , , - - ( ), -.
, - , - , , , , -, (--, , -, , --, , , , .) -.
, - , - . , , -, 6080 % . , , - , - , - , - [, 2004, . 26].
- , - - - .
-
59
. 250 - , - - .
- - (1), (2). 2 , - - 1 .
- - -, , , - . -, , , - , , - .
- , - - , , -. .
- . - . , , , , . - , - . , , . . , , , - .
- , , - . . , -
, : , , , , ; ratlos sein, die Arme ausbreiten - - , , . (1)
Ruhig stehen bleiben, die Hnde am Krper halten, den Kopf neigen und
den Blick abwenden [URL : www.krone.at].
(1), , - , , -. : das Haupt sinken lassen ; den Kopf demtig
hngen lassen -; jmdm. einen Wink niedergedrckt geben , den Kopf/das
Haupt neigen/niedersenken ; mit dem Kopf verdammt nicken/wackeln .
.
, , - ; - . , - , - - . (2) Christian senkte die Augen, als ob
er selbst fhle, sein Blick sei zu blau und zu scharf; sein briges
Gesicht wurde beinahe demtig; er berlegte, eine sol-che Brgschaft,
auf der sich vor jedem deutschen Gericht eines Tages herausstellte,
wie viel ihm sein Bruder schuldig ist, sei keineswegs misslich,
sondern das Beste, was ihm widerfahren konn-te [Seghers, 1974]. -,
, , , , -, , , , , , .
, - , - / . /
-
60
, 2013
, . . - - . (3) Du plagst dich ab, obwohl du genau weit, dass du
nicht weiterkommst. Du rackerst dich ab auf dem geliehenen Acker,
als ob du damit be-lehnt worden seist. Vielleicht, sagte Otto
Lieven. Er senkte sein stilles, unter der braunen Haut bleiches
Gesicht [Seghers, 1974]. - , , . , - , . , .
Mit dem Kopf nicken -: . - - . . (4) Die Frau-en nicken stumm
[URL: berlinonline.de vom]. (5) Versprichst du es mir? Die Frau
nickte lang-sam. Ihre Schultern sanken zusammen [Remar-que, 1998].
(6) Marie senkte die Augen. Sie hrte aus diesen Worten den Vorwurf
heraus [Seghers, 1974]. . .
, - , . - , , , , , - , .
Die Ohren hngen lassen/die Nase hn-gen lassen ; den Mut
verlieren; die Hnde sinken lassen/die Arme hngen las-sen; den
Schwanz einziehen () , , , . Die Hnde nach oben stecken , , .
-, , . , ,
, [, 2004, . 374].
, : , , : , - [, 2003, . 163, 194]. (7) Er leckte sein Glschen
aus. Die blauen Augen des jngeren Bruders waren auf einmal auf ihn
gerichtet; sie waren so hart und so blank, dass er zu Redensarten
so wenig Lust hatte, als sei die Mndung der Flinte auf ihn
gerichtet [Seghers, 1974]. . , -- , , - , . , .
Jmds. Blicken ausweichen - ; die Augen niederschlagen/der Blick
zur Erde senken /- . , - . , -, -, , , - , , .
-, -, , ; - , -. , -. , - , . - , , , - , , , . (8) Man ist
berhaupt aus dem Grbsten heraus, dachte Geschke, wenn man sich nur
noch ein wenig geduldet und die Zhne zusammenbeit [Seghers, 1974].
, , , - , , .
. , . , - -
http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/seite_3/415945.html
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61
[, 2012, . 8094] (.: [, 2010]), - -, : , -. (9) Und dann, jedoch
nur aus der Nhe sichtbar, huschte ein kurzes Lcheln ber sein
Gesicht [URL : welt.de vom]. (10) Er such-te in seinen Gedanken
herum, fasste einen, fhlte aber, obwohl er getrunken hatte, dass es
besser sei, nichts zu erwidern. Er lachte und auch Btt-ner lachte
[Seghers, 1974]. - . , , , . , .
, - . -. . -, ; unter Trnen, hilflos, -, (11) Edith Ro-senfeld
sahn ihn an und lchelte. Sie wollte ihm nicht zeigen, wie
erschrocken sie darber war, dass er so elend aussah. Und Moritz
Rosental zeigte ihr nicht, dass er wusste, wie er erschrok-ken sie
war [Remarque, 1998]. , - - , , , , , .
- -, -. , - - (, ): -, . , . (12) Natrlich, sagte Geschke. Er
zog es vor, seinen Mund zu halten; er fhlte pltzlich alle Blicke
vom Tisch auf sich gerichtet, nicht mehr belu-stigt und nicht mehr
spttisch, sondern drohend, sein eigener Franz vielleicht warnend
[Seghers, 1974]. , .
, , , , . - .
, /-, Schweigen ist ein Zeichen der Zustimmung/wer schweigt,
bejaht. - , - , - , . - - , -, .
(13) Du musst dich von mir scheiden lassen. Du musst morgen
hingehen. Du musst sagen, dass du dich wegen meiner Gesinnung
scheiden lassen willst Hast du es verstanden? Die Frau rhrte den
Kopf nicht. Sie ging steif aufgerichtet weiter. . - , .
Versteht mich doch, flsterte Steiner. Es ist nur, damit du in
Sicherheit bist! Es wrde mich verrckt machen, wenn sie dir was
tten! Du musst dich scheiden lassen dann lassen sie dich in Ruhe!
Die Frau antwortete nicht.
Ich liebe dich, Marie, sagte Steiner leise, zwischen den Zhnen
hindurch, und die Augen flimmerten ihm vor Erregung. Ich liebe
dich, und ich gehe zurck, wenn du es nicht versprichst! Verstehst
du mich? Nach einer Ewigkeit, schien ihm, nickte die Frau
[Remarque, 1998]. -, . , .
, , - . - - , -. , , - , . , -, .
, , , -, -
http://www.welt.de/data/2005/01/03/382703.html
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, 2013
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-, -- , , , , . , , , . .
- -, , - -, - . -
