1174-1190, Guillelmus Tyrensis Archiepiscopus, Historia Rerum Gestarum in Partibus Transmarinis, LT

8/17/2019 1174-1190, Guillelmus Tyrensis Archiepiscopus, Historia Rerum Gestarum in Partibus Transmarinis, LT

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Historia rerum gestarum in partibus transmarinis

Guillelmus Tyrensis

[0209]

INCIPIT HISTORIA RERUM IN PARTIBUS TRANSMARINIS GESTARUM A TEMPORESUCCESSORUM MAHUMETH USQUE AD ANNUM DOMINI MCLXXXIV EDITA A VENERABILIGUILLELMO TYRENSI ARCHIEPISCOPO.

INCIPIT PROLOGUS.

[0209A] WILLELMUS, De !"#e$#" %"$"e T'(e$%% E&&)e%"e *$%#e( $+$-%, e$e("/)/-% $C(%#1 ("#(/-%, "+ 3-1% !("e%e$% 1!-% !e(e$e(#, "e#e($"* $ D1*$1 %")-#e*.

Pe(&-)1%-* e%%e e# ("$+ !)e$-* ")e" (e-* e%#" +e%&(/e(e, (1(-* !(-+e$#-* $e*1 e%# 3-

+-/#e#. N"*, -# )"/1(e*, 4-e %#-+-*, !e(e$$e% )"%, 3-/-% -4-%*1+ %1)e$# $+e(e $e1#", !e$#-%

1*##"*-%, +-!)e5 %#1(1("!% &e(#-* e%# **$e(e !("e&!#-*6 3-1(-* 5 e%#, -# ")#e(-#(-* +e&)$"(e ")e"$#.E-e$#e% e$* C"('/+*, S&'))"* $&-((-$#, 3-"e %-&&$" &"$/-%, $1$ *$-% $1# !(1&-("(e $"-("". A-#e$* (e(-* e%#"(-* [0270A] e(#"#e* !(1%e3-e$#e%, *-)#1(-* $ %e &1$)"/-$# $+"*8 "-# $+$"#1$% ("#"

)e$e$+"e, (e(-* 1&&-)#"/-$# %e(e* $ 3-1 &e(#-* e%# $1$ +ee%%e +e)-*. N"* (e(-* e(#"#e* %#-+1%e !("e#e((e,e# 1&&-)#"(e +e $+-%#(", &1$#(" e1(-* 1&-* e%%e +$1%&#-(. A/ 1&1 "-#e* &"+e(e, !(1&-) 1*$ +-/1, &-)!" e%#8% #"*e$ e(e +&#-( 1&-*, &1$(--% "-% -$-%&-4-%3-e !e(%1$"e, %e&-$+-* *1(e% e# $%##-#" !"#("e. Re(-*"-#e* $&1$#"*$"#"* !(1%e3- e%#"(-* %e(e*, e# e(#"#% (e-)"* $1$ +e%e(e(e, (e% e%# 3-"e $+$"#1$e* %1)e#%"e!-% e5&#"(e, 4-5#" ))-+ 3-1+ e#e(e !(1e(/1 +& %1)e#6 O/%e3--* "*&1%, e(#"% 1+-* !"(#. A-# #-( "[0277A] %-"e !(1e%%1$% &"+e$# 1&1, 1/%e3--* !("e%#"$#e% $+e/#-*8 "-# (e e(#"#e* !(1%e3-e$#e%, 1+-*,

&-4-% !%" *"#e( e%#, e1% 1!1(#e/# %-%#$e(e. H"e& $*(-* (e3-e$#-% #" %/ %1)e$# "+e(%"(, e# %e *-#-"*!1(#-$#"#e (e++e(e *1)e%#". N"* 4-5#" C&e(1$% $1%#( %e$#e$#"*6 M1)e%#" e%# e(#"%, %3-+e* e5 e" $"%&#-( 1+-*, 3-1+ e%# "*&#"e e$e$-*8 *1)e%#-% #"*e$ 1/%e3--*, 3-1+ #% $+-)e$%, "*&-* %$# (e !("e&!#e*63-1+ $ %e +e#-( *!)e(e, 3- 1/%e3- ("#", &1$#(" 1& +e/#-* %-!!(*# e(#"#e*. N"* e1(-* 3- "+-)"#1$%%#-+1 (e(-* e%#"(-* "(#&-)% $1)-$# *!-+e$#e( *e$+"&", #"* +e#e%#"/)e "-* &(e+#-(, -# $e& %&(!#1(-*$-*e(1 +e/e"$# %1&"(. S e$* (e(-* e(#"#e* e%#"(-* 1&&-)#"(e %e&-% e%#, e# +e&e$% [0277B] " %&(!#1(% 1&1,

*-)#1 1(#-% !e&&"#-* (e!-#"/#-(, *e$+"& $"e-* e(% **%&e(e8 e# 3-1+ " e(1 +e&#, &(e+-)"e !(1 e(1 !1%#e(#"# &1$#("+e(e. A+ "e&, $)1*$-% "e3-e e) "*!)-% 1(*+"/)e %#1("(-* %&(!#1(/-% %1)e# +%&(*e$1&&-((e(e, #1#% (/-% -e$+-*8 +e)&e#, $e (e(-* e%#"(-* +$#"%, %e(*1$% "(+#"#e e# 1("#1$e 4e4-$" %-+%!e$+-* !"#"#-(. Ve(/" e$* (e/-%, +e 3-/-% "#-(, +e&e# e%%e &1$"#"8 $e& " *"#e("e $1/)1(% e)e"$#",%&(!#1(% )$-"* +ee$e("(e. U$+e *"$1!e(e &"e$+-* $e "*!)#-+1 *"#e("e #(""#-% +e/)#"#e %-&&-*/"#, e##1 $"(("#1$% e5e"# *"&)e$#-* e) +e/)e, 3-1+ $ %- $"#-(" !$-e %1)+-*3-e %-/%%##. N"*, -# "# 1("#1( e5*-%

$ T-%&-)"$"(-* [0277C] !(*16 M"$+"(e 3-e*3-"* )##e(% &1#"#1$e% %-"%, 3- e"% $e& +%!1$e(e $e& ))-%#("(e !1%%#, $e& +e)e"#1$e ")3-" )e(e* "))&e(e, 1*$% e%# $#e*!e("$#e( "/-#e$#% e# )##e(% e# 1#1. H1& #-( +)e**" e# *-)#!)&#"#e* !e(&-), $ !("e%e$# $1/% +e*-( $&+%%e. N"* $ 1!e(e 3-1+ e%#"*-% !("e *"$/-%,*-)#" +e (e-* *1(/-%, e# #", e# &1(!1(-* "/#-+$e, %e &1**e$+"/)", %e $1#"e %-/4"&e$#", !(1-# (e(-*e%#"(-* %e(e% +e/"#-( +e!1%&e(e, $#e(%e(-*-%8 3-"e e1(-* !1%#e( (e)ee$#e%, *!"#e$#e( 1(#"%%e !1(#"/-$#, e#"+e(%-% &(1$1("!-* !("e#e( *e(#-* $&"$+e%&e$#8 "-# $+-* "-# *e$+"&e* (e!-#"/-$#, 3-1(-* -#(-*3-e

# D1*$-%: #"$3-"* (e* -*-% "e(e !e%#)e$#e*. N"* +e (e)3-1 4"* $1$ )&e# "*/e(e8 [0277D] 3-1+ "+*!"( 1!-% *!-+e$#e( e$#*-(, e# 3-1+ "+ (e(-* +$#"#e* $1%#(" $1$ %"#% "&&e+# 1("#1. N1$$) e%# #"*e$ 3-1+e*-%. N"* e# $ !-(% (-+e%, e# "+ "(#% "(&"$" $1$+-* "+*%%, )-#e1% !(*-* %1)e$# &1)1(e% %-/%#e($e(e, e# !(*")$e"*e$#" +e%$"(e 3-/-% *"$-% !(-+e$#1(, -&% $1/)1(/-% +e&1(e* &1$%-e# "++e(e &1$%-**"#-*. P(*1e$*, %-**1 )"/1(e 4e&*-% -$+"*e$#", 3-/-% %"!e$#1( "(&#e-%, 1/%e("#" e(#"#% (e-)", 3-"* $ $-))1+e%e(-*-%, e(e1 #(""#-, "(#&1%" *"% !1#e(# %-!e("e+&"(e #(&)$". I$#e( #1# #-( !e(&-)1(-* $%+"% e#

"$&e!% +%&(*e$, #-#-% -e("# 3-e%%e, %)e$+-*3-e e("#, e# 1#-* &")"*% $+&e$+-*8 %e+ -(e$#%%*-% $%#"# "*1( !"#("e, !(1 3-" ( /e$e +%!1%#-% e#"* % + $e&e%%#"#% [0272A] "(#&-)-% e5"#: #"* #e$e#-( *!e$+e(e. I$%#"#,$3-"*, e# "-(#"#e 3-" !("ee*$e#, *!e(1%e !("e&!#, -# 3-"e "!-+ %e &e$#-* !e$e "$$1(-* e%#" %-$# &-((&-)%,%)e$#1 %e!-)#", $1$ !"#"*-( %e$#(e !1%%e 1/)1$% $&1**1+-*8 %e+ %#') e5"("#" +)e$#e( 1&1, !1%#e(#"#%*e*1("e &1$%e(e$#-(. P"(-*-% #-(, e# *"$-% +e+*-% e, &- $1%#("* $1$ %"#% 1$e%#e $e"(e !1#e("*-% 1!e("*8$1$ *-)#-* "##e$+e$#e% 3-+ +e $1/% &e$%-(" %# !1%#e(#"%8 e# 3-+ $ #"* e5&e))e$#e *"#e(" e5%"$-% $1%#("

*e(e"#-( 1("#1. P"(-*-% %"$e, -#$"* #"* e&"&#e( 3-"* )/e$#e(8 -#$"* #"* &1**e$+"/)#e( 3-"* +e1#e6$"#")% %1) *"% #(" +-)&e+$e, 3-"* (e% &-* "%%-*!#1 )"/1(e &1*!e$%"$#e%8 $1$ $e$ 1!e (e#, %e+ ! e(1(e


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[0272B] "e-%, e# &"(#"#% %$&e(#"#e. A&&e%%# !("e#e(e" +1*$ A)*"(& (e% &-4-% "$*" %"$" (e3-e !e((-"#-(: ))-%#(% *e*1("e, e# $&)'#"e $ D1*$1 (e&1(+"#1$% 4-%%1, $1$ "&)e $e)e$+", e# $%#"$#" *-)#!)e5,3-"e "+ + !%-* $1% *"5*e *!-)#, &-4-% e#"* (1"#-, !%1 A("/&" e5e*!)"(" *$%#("$#e, ")"* H%#1("* "#e*!1(e %e+-(% M"-*e#, -%3-e $ -$& "$$-*, 3- e%# $1/% "/ I$&"($"#1$e D1*$ 77;


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!(1!(" %1%!e% (e+(e, 3-"* (/-% *!"(/-%, /e))1(-* %e +-/% &1**##e(e &"%/-%. S& e(1 e1 +%&e+e$#e, 3-")% &/-% #e$e/"#-( !"#(1&$-* *$%#("(e, A("/-* $")-# 1)e$#", #" -# %-/#1 e# $(" #e*!-% *1+&-*, "L"1+&" S'("e -%3-e $ Ae'!#-*, [027


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C"(1)1, 3-"* %-/ + !($&!e +ee(e +e(e$#-(. De 3-1 #" )e#-( $ V#" !("e+ ( )1(1%6 C-* A"(-*, (eePe(%"(-*, 3-, e5&e!#" I$+", #1#-* !e$e O(e$#e* #e$e/"#, #")e* "/-# $ "*&#" &1$&1(+"*, -# % ("#"* e4-%,1*$-* 3- $ #1#1 1(/e #e(("(-* e("$# (e-* "& !($&!-* "*&#"e !("e!1$e(e#, %1)-*3-e ))-* 1$1(e "&*"$&e$#" %/ &1)e$+-* 4-+&"(e#. A& !(1$+e &-* )e"# e4-%, 3-1% &-* [027C] +1$"(% "+ %"&("#%%*-*D1*$ "& S")"#1(% $1%#( %e!-)&(-* )1&-*3-e (e%-((e1$% *%e("#, "+ e-* e$%%e$#, e# e +1*$ %- 1)-$#"#e*

$+&"%%e$#, $1$ %1)-* 3-"e !e#e/"$#-( e( !e(*%#, %e+ e#"* %"&(-* ))-* e# %")-#"(e* )1&-*, -# ))-% !1#e%#"#

"%&(/e(e#-(, &1$&e%%#, e# (ee(#e$#/-% )e"#% %-1% "+4-$e$%, $#e( e%#e% e# "(1*"#", e# &"e#e("% O(e$#")-* #e(("(-*1!e%, $e$#" )) +1$" +(e5#6 &-* e "$#e "$$1% !"-&1%, e-* 3-e* #-$& %1)-* "/e/"#, (1"$# *##e(e# e)e!"$#e*. Ne& %1)-* % 3- He(1%1)'*% "/#"/"$# %-/ $+e)-* !1#e%#"#e +e)/-%, e(-* e# % 3- $ Ae'!#1 e# $ A(&"%-/ *!e#"#e +ee/"$# S"(("&e$1(-*, %-"(-* )"(#1$-* (e3-e$#e( +(e/"# %1)"#", e# [027D] !e#"#% 1!e(" !1((e/"#8 %&-# $ e4-% V#" )e#-(, 3-"e "/e# #"6 C(&" !"-!e(e% %-%#e$#"$+1%, e# ("#-#"* )/e(")#"#e* 3-"*

G("e& e)ee*1%'$"* 1&"$#: +e1#%%*-%, -# $1$ $ !"#(" %1)-* e# $ (e$1 %-1 + "&e(e &-("e(#, e(-* #("$%*"(", $ S'(" e# Ae'!#1 "#3-e A(&", He(1%1)'*%, A)e5"$+("e "#3-e C"(#"$, -/ C(%#"$1% $ !"-!e(#"#ee(e &1*!e(e("#, !e$-("e e1(-* &1*!"#e$%, !e&-$"* *##e(e %1)e/"#. O/ 1& *"5*e #("$%*"($1(-* (e-*"*&#"% e5!e#e$%, -# C(%#"$% %-/ e1(-* +1*$"#- +ee$#/-%, (e(e(-* ")3-1+ "& (e)e"#1 !(1e$(e#. Q-1+"-#e* e# 3-"$#% (e(-*, #e*!1(-* e# +1*$1(-* "(% !e(*-#"#1$/-% 1& *e+1 #e*!1(e )"e))"#" -e(#, #"* !("e+" De &-)#(5 &#"% 3-"* -$e(%" e "+4"&e$% (e1, [027A] % 3-% %&(e +e%+e("#, e"* (e)e"# %#1("*,

3-"* $1% De e%#% O(e$#")-* !($&!-*, " #e*!1(e !("e+ %e+-(% M"-*e# -%3-e $ -$& !("e%e$#e* +e*,3- e%# $1/% "/ I$&"($"#1$e D1*$ 77;2, !e( "$$1% 3-$e$#1% %e!#-"$#" %e(e* (e(-* &1*!)e5"*, &-* *-)#1

)"/1(e &1$e&*-%.

CAPUT IV Q-1*1+1 $ !1#e%#"#e* +ee$# Ae'!# &")!"e, e# 3-1*1+1 He3-e $e3-%%*1 (e$"$#e,%e(#-#% 4--* %-!e( +e)e% "-* %# $#1)e("/)-%8 e# +e (-$" e&&)e%"e He(1%1)'*#"$"e.

P1((1 !e( +e* #e*!-% $#e( Ae'!#1% e# Pe(%"% "e*-)" $*% e# !e(#$"5 e("# +e *1$"(&" &1$#e$#1.M$%#("/"# "-#e* 1+1(-* 1*#e* [027B] e# $&e$#-* *"4-%, &1$#("+("(-* 1/%e("$#" #("+#1$-*, 3-"-%3-e 1+e -#e(3-e !1!-)-% &1$#e$#1$/-% (e&!(1&% %"&()e1% %e "!!e))"$#, %/ $1$ &1**-$&"$#e% $&e*, #" -#

e#"* $1*$/-% e)$# "/e(e +e(e$#"*. Q- e$* O(e$#")-* %-!e(%##1$e* %e3--$#-(, )$-" e1(-* S-$$+&-$#-(8 3- e(1 Ae'!#1(-* #("+#1$e% !("ee(-$#, "!!e))"$#-( S", 3- $1%#("e +e *"% &1$%e$#(e +e$#-(.Q-"e "-#e* %# $#e( e1% e((1(% +e(e$#", $1$ e%# !("e%e$#% #e*!1(% e+1&e(e. T"$+e* e(1 Ae'!#1(-* (e$1

$")e%&e$#e, e# -%3-e A$#1&"* !(1$&"% e# (e1$e% 1&&-!"$#e, &-* &"e#e(% $ e4-% U(/% %"$", )e/-%&1**-$/-%, +e%&e$+# !1#e%#"#e*. S-/ 3-1 !($&!"#- %&-# &"!#% %1)e$# ")3-"$+1 #e*!1(" $+-)e$#1(" [027C]&1$&e+: " %-% "$5e#"#/-% &1e!# ")3-"$#-)-* e%%e (e*%%-%, 3-1-%3-e &1$%-**"#" 1*$-* $e3-#" e5e$#e,

e+e* (e$1 He3-e$ &")!" !("ee-% e%#. H& e# !("e+e&e%%1(-* %-1(-* e# %-&&e%%1(-* !"(#e( )1$e $&e$%*")#"*, "-% e%# !1%#e(% e# e4-% $%"$"* )ee$#/-% %1)e*$% "/-)". A+e1 e$* $ 1*$ *!e#"#e e# $e3-#"%$-)"(% e5%###, -# e4-% #" De1 e# 1*$/-% 1+/)% %!e&")e% e5"# #(""#-%. H& $#e( &"e#e(", 3-"e !e($&1%" !)-(*" !("e&e!e("#, e&&)e%"* D1*$&"e Re%-((e1$% 3-"e !e( e$e("/)e* (-* M"5*-*, e4-%+e* )1&e!%&1!-*, !("e&!e$#e +1*$1 C1$%#"$#$1 A--%#1 "e+&"#" -e("#, !1%#e" !e( (ee(e$+%%*-* M1+e%#-*#e*!1(e [027D] +1*$ He("&) (e!"("#": -$+#-% +e4& *"$+"#. C-4-% !("e&e!# (e%&(!#-* 3-+"* e4-%

!(1&-("#1(, !("e%e% +e)&e# R"*-)e$%%, H'"(1e $1*$e, "+ %e +(e-* %-%&!e$%, !("e+" e&&)e%" -%3-e "+ %1)-*+(-#", 4-%%1$e* (e"* ee- *"$&!"#. P("ee("# e(1 e" #e*!e%#"#e e+e* e&&)e%"e ( e$e("/)% O(e%#-%$1*$e, e4-%+e* $e3-%%* (e% "-$&-)-%, *"#(% e4-%+e* ("#e(. H1& "-#e* +e1 e&%%e +&#-(, -# %-"e !e(+"e !1!-)% $+e)/-% +"(e# "(-*e$#-*. O/4&e/"#-( e$* e C(%#"$#"#% ##-)-%, e1 3-1+ e5 *"#(e C(%#"$" $"#-%

e%%e#8 3-"* 3-"% &(*e$ " %e 1)e$% +e!e))e(e, !("e+-* "&$-% "-%-% e%# !e(!e#("(e, $) "(/#("#-% %-!e(e%%e&")-*$"e, 3-1+ $ e4-% !e(%1$"* *!$ !1%%e#, 3-1+3-e e4-% [027;A] "e*-)% !"#e(e# "+ *1(%-*, e5 3-1 (e)1$%

1$#e* C(%#"$"e, +e &"#1)&"e &-$"/-)" +e4e&%%e#.

CAPUT V. Q-"e e("# &1$+#1 +e)-* !e( ))-+ #e*!-% $#e( $+e)e%.

A/ e" +e &1e!# +e)-* $ e"+e* &#"#e *-)#1 +e#e(1( e%%e &1$+#1, #-* e5 +1)1(e 4-%#%%*1, 3-e*e5 &"%- %"$"e Re%-((e1$% e&&)e%"e &1$&e!e("$#8 #-* e5 *-)#!)&"#% "$"(% e*$"#" *1)e%#". N"* !("e#e( e$1(*#"#e* #(/-#1(-* e# e")-*, 3-"e "/ e% !("e#e( *1(e* e# &1$#(" !()e" " %-% !("e+e&e%%1(/-% $+-)#"e5e/"$#-(, %1)e*$#"#e% e#"* $#e(+5e("#, 3-"% -%3-e "+ ))-* +e* %-/ ")% !($&!/-%, e# $ 1&&-)#1 e# !")"* %"#%)/e(e &e)e/("e("$#. Q-13-e +e% e("# &e)e/(1(, e1 [027;B] "(-% +1*&)1(-* %-1(-* %e!#% &1/e/"$#-(, $e& $

!-/)&-* "-+e/"$# &1*!"(e(e, +1* e#"* $1$ #-#-* +"/"#-( e% "/e(e (e--*, %e+ 4"- )"!+-* e# %1(+-***%%1$e, e# 1)e$#% ((-!#1$/-%, 3-"$#1 +e% e("# %1)e*$1(, #"$#1 "*!)-% *1)e%#"/"$#-(. A+ "e& e# !(1 3-1)/e#


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e(/1 )e, "+ 3-"*)/e# "&&-%"#1(% ")&-4-% %-e%#1$e*, %$e &"-%"e &1$#1$e ("!e/"$#-( "+ &(-&e% e# %-!!)&", /1$" &1$%&"/"$#-(, "-e(e/"$#-( !1%%e%%1$e%, )3-e e1(-* e# )"e ("!# +e +1*/-% !"(e$#-*, )"e))% ")3-"$+1,$1$$-$3-"* /)"$+*e$#% e# !(1*%%1$/-% "!1%#"#"(e &1e/"$#-(, "-# !"#/-)% ". Q- "-#e* !(1 #e*!1(e e("#))% !"#("(&", % !(*-* $4-("% e5&!e/"# e# 1!!(1/("8 #-* e1% e# !-/)&e e# %e&(e#-% "+ )1$"$*#"#e* $#"$%,[027;C] !(1 #e*!1(")/-% 3-"e !"#e/"$#-( *")%, &1(1$"% !(1*##e/"# %e*!#e($"%. C-4-% e(/% e# e5e*!)1

&1**1$#, #("$%#1("% !(1 C(%#1 &1$#e*$e$#e% $4-("%, %e $&e* *-#-" &"(#"#e &1$%1)"/"$#-(. Ree((e !e(

%$-)" )1$-* e%%e#, 3-"$#" $ !(1!(% &1(!1(/-% !("e+ %e( De !e(#-)e($# #1(*e$#", -# "e(e+e% e(e$# $ +1*1D1*$, e# -# )ee% "e*-)"(e$#-( !"#e($"%. U$-* #"*e$ +e #1# *))/-%, e5e*!) ("#", !(1+-&"*-% $ *e+-*, -# !e( "e& +e!(ee$+"# e%#(" +)e1, 3-"* e5 (1)% &"-%% "+ -)#*" %-!!)&" ("!e/"$#-(. Q-+"* &% e5 $+e)/-%$1%#(1% 1+1 !e(%e3-e$% $%"#"/), ( !e(+-% e# $e3-"*, -# e% ")3-+ "+ *1(#e* *1)(e#-(, *1(#&$-* &"$% &)"*[027;D] !(14e&# $ "#(-* #e*!), $ &-4-% *-$+#" &1$%e("$+", e4-% &-%#1+e% e# -$e(%" &#"% 1*$e*

*!e$+e/"$# %1))&#-+$e*. M"$e ", 3- 1("#1$% ("#" "&&e%%e(-$# "+ #e*!)-*, (e!e(e$#e% **-$+-* &"+"e( e# e#e$%, !e$e "+ $%"$"* e(%, -$e(%"* -(/e* (e!)ee(-$# &)"*1(/-%. C1$&-((# %-/#1 !1!-)-% -$e(%-%, e#1*$e% "%%e(-$# !(1 &1$%#"$#, C(%#"$1% 1& e&%%e. Q-+ !)-("> De&e($#-( $#e(#-% -$e(%%, e# #"* !"&-)"(e)"#-* *1(#e !"$+-* 4-+&"#-(. +e)e% !1((1 +e %-" &1$+e$#e% $$1&e$#", *1(#e* !(1 C(%#1 !"("# e("$# %-/(e.D-*3-e "+e%%e$# %!&-)"#1(e% e+-% )"+% -# !1!-)-* $#e(*e(e$#, 1/#-)# %e "+1)e%&e$% !)e$-% %!(#-, +&e$%6Pe(&-)1%-* e%#, ("#(e%, % #" !e(# 1*$% "e& e&&)e%". E5!e+# *"% [0279A] -# -$-% *1("#-( !(1 !1!-)1, e# $1$

#1#" e$% !e(e"#. C1$&e+#e *, -# *e "/e"#% "$$-"* $ /e$e+1$e *e*1("*, e# e$e( *e1 1$1( $ !e(!e#--*+e/#-% &1$%e(e#-(8 e1 e(1, "-(e D1*$1, "$& " 1/% %#("e* +e!e))1. S-%&e!e(-$# #-( ("#"$#e( e(/-*, e#

3-1+ ))e !e#e("#, -)#(1 &1$&e+-$#. E# -# $ R"*% !")*"(-* "+ !e(e$$e* e4-% *e*1("*, &1$#(/-)e% e4-% 1)"*,3-"e D1*$ $1%#( e%- C(%# %$&"#" e%#, $#(1+-&"$# $ &#"#e*, $ !(1&e%%1$e %1)e*$, &1$(*"$#. Q-1", !("e+-% "+1)e%&e$% !(*"#/-% %e 1e(# &#"#%, (e-* %e &1$#e#-(, e# 1*$e% ")1% "%#(-# $$1&e$#e%. Q-1+"-+e$#e% 4-+&e%, ")% "/%1)-#%, ))-* )"+1 e5!1%-e(-$#. E# #" !(1 ("#(/-% "$*"* !1$e$%, &-* !e#"#e

+1(*#1$e* [0279B] "&&e!#, 1!#*"* $ D1*$1 "/e$% (e!1%#"* ("#"*.

CAPUT VI. Q-1*1+1 !"#( $e3-"*, )-% D"/e( e(e-% *1+e("#1( (e$ %-&&e%%#6 e# !(e&/-% +1*$R1*"$, C1$%#"$#$1!1)#"$ *!e("#1(%, (e"e+&"#-( e&&)e%", &11!e("$#e 1"$$e C"("$#e, C1$%#"$#$1 *1$"&1

$e&e%%"(" *$%#("$#e.

A+-# #"$+e* +$" &)e*e$#", e# ")(-* *%e(#", &1$%1)"#1$e* $#-)# $1$ *1+&"* (e/-%

+e%!e("#%. P("e+ e$* !($&!e $e3-"* (e/-% -*"$% e5e*!#1, &e%%"# e5 !"(#e 3-"%%"#1, )1 e4-% D"e( (e$-* 1/#$e$#e. H& %3-+e* "+ !e##1$e* +1*$ R1*"$ *!e("#1(% C1$%#"$#$1!1)#"$ 3- &1$1*$"#-% e%#He)1!1)#"$-%, [0279C] &-* 3-1 e#"* 1e+-% 3-1+ !"#e( e4-% 1)"e("# (e%"(&e$%, &1$#("5e("# "*&#"*: !("e+"*

e&&)e%"* (e"e+&"$+ +e)/-% &1$&e%%# !1#e%#"#e*. Q-" &1$&e%%", &1$1%&e$% !)e/% +e)-*, 3-"e He(1%1)'*%"/#"/"#, 3-1+ "+ #"$# 1!e(% (e%#"-("#1$e* e1(-* (e% $1$ %-&e(e$#, *%%% $-$#% "+ !("e+ R1*"$%-&&e%%1(e*, +1*$-* C1$%#"$#$-* *1$1*"&-*, 3- #-$& "e/"# $ %&e!#(%, !(e&/-% !1((e%, -*)#e( %$&"$# $ 3-"$#1 *1e(1(e e# $ 3-"$#" +e%1)"#1$e !1%# e&&)e%"* +(-#"* !1!-)-% &1$%e+%%e#6 1("$#"e-1%%%*e, -# "+ (e"e+&"#1$e* e&&)e%"e, *!e(")% *-$&e$#"e )/e(")e* !1((e(e# *"$-*. P(1&-("/"#"-#e* e1(-* )e"#1$e* 3-+"* 1"$$e% &1$1*e$#1 C"("$#%, C1$%#"$#$1!1)#"$-% [0279D] $"#1$e, $1/)%

3-+e* %e&-$+-* &"($e*, %e+ *1(/-% *-)#1 $1/)1(. H& !1%#!1%#" %"e&-) +$#"#e, C(%#-* %e&-#-%, (e)1$%"%%-*!#1 "/#-, He(1%1)'*% !"-!e( !(1 C(%#1 "/#"/"#. M%%-% e(1, +e/#" $%#"$#", %1))&#-+$e $1$ !(", "!-+e-*+e* +1*$-* *!e("#1(e* +e)#e( e)"/1("$%, 1/#$-#, -# "+ 1!-% !("e+ "e+& +e !(1!(1 %&1, +e* De1"*"/)% A--%#-%, %-*!#-% $e&e%%"(1% e# %-&e$#e% *$%#("( !("e&!e(e#. I*!e#("#" e(1 !(1 1#1 +e)% !1!-)

!1%#-)"#1$e, )"e#-% He(1%1)'*"* (ee(%-% e%#. U/ $-$#"#1 #$e(% %-&&e%%-, e# !(e&-* !1((e"(-* e5"-+#1$e,-$e(%-* &)e(-* e# !1!-)-*, 3-"% +e (" "e(#-+$e &1$")e%&e$#e% (e&(e"#. P("ee("# "-#e* e+e* e&&)e%"e #-$&

( e$e("/)%, [0220A] N&e!1(-% !"#("(&". S& e(1 1/#e$#" )&e$#", e# %-*!#/-% +e *!e(") "e("(1 *$%#("#%,e"* 3-"e $-$& He(1%1)'*% e%#, %"$"e Re%-((e1$% "e+&"e(-$# e&&)e%"*, "$$1 "/ I$&"($"#1$e D1*$ 70


6/338

%-/ [0220C] e1(-* *!e(1 +e)e% *e)1(/-% -% %-$# &1$+#1$/-%. A# e(1 !1%#3-"* T-(&1(-* $")e%&e(e #e(-*&1e!# (e$-*, e# e1(-* "#-% %-!e( Ae'!#1(-* e# Pe(%"(-* $e% "*!)"(, e# $ e1(-* U(/% %"$" +e&+# !1#e%#"#e*, !e( #($#" 1 "$$1%, 3-/-% e"* +e#$-e(-$# 1&&-!"#"*, *"41(/-% *1)e%#% &1e!# !1!-)-% De "#"(8#" -# )ee +-&e(e$#, 3-1+ %-/ Ae'!#1(-* e) Pe(%"(-* 4-1 !e(#-)e("$#.

CAPUT VII De 1(#- e# !(*" 1($e e$#% T-(&1(-*.

E# 3-1$"* +e e$#e T-(&1(-* (e3-e$#e( $1/% $ 1!e(e !("e%e$# e("$# +&e$+" 3-"*!)-(*", 3-"e !%&1$#(" $1%#(1%, $1%#(3-e "+e(%-% e1% ()#e( [0220D] *"$&e3-e %"e!-% e%%e(-$#8 e# "+-& !(1#e(e $*% $

$1%#(1(-* *!-$"#1$e !e(%ee("$#6 $1$ +e#-( ")e$-* " $1%#(1 !(1!1%#1, +e 1(#- e# !(*" 1($e e$#% -4-%, e# !(1&e%%- "+ -$& e5&e))e$#"e ("+-*, $ 3-1 4"* *-)#% "$$% %#e#%%e )e-$#-(, ")3-+ !("e%e$# $#e(%e(e(e $"(("#1$.Ge$% #-( T-(&1(-*, %e- T-(&1*"$$1(-* $"* "/ e1+e* "/-e(-$# 1($e*: "/ $#1 %e!#e$#(1$")% -#, $&-)#" !e$#-%, e# &e(#"* $1$ "/e$% %e+e*. V""/"$#-( e#e$*, e# !"%%* &(&-*e(e/"$#-(, !"%&-1(-* %e"$#e%&1**1+#"#e*, $1$ "/e$#e% -(/e% e) 1!!+", e) ")&-/ *"$e$#e* &#"#e*. V1)e$#e% "-#e* !(1&%&, $&e+e/"$#%*-) 3- e5 e"+e* #(/- e("$#, ")3-e* +e *"41(/-% &1$#(/-)-* %-1(-* "/e$#e% 3-"% !($&!e*, [0227A] "+ 3-e*

-$e(%"e 3-"e $ e"+e* #(/- %*-) e*e(e/"$#, (ee(e/"$#-( 3-"e%#1$e%8 &-4-%3-e + "/ -#("3-e +%%1$"$#-* !"(#e !"(e/"#-(8 &-4-%3-e $1$ *!-$e )&e/"# e5"*e$ +e&)$"(e. M("$#e% "-#e*, -$e(%"* %e&-* %-"* %-/%#"$#"*

#("$%e(e/"$#, e3-#", (ee%, e# "(*e$#", %e(1% e# "$&))"%8 $"* $ % e1(-* 1*$e &1$%%#e/"# !e&-)-*6 $-%3-"*"(&-)#-("e +"$#e% 1!e("*8 e*!#1$-* e# e$+#1$-* $1("$#e% &1$#("-%, %e+ %1)% !e(*-#"#1$/-%, #"e %/&1*!"("$#e% $e&e%%"(". V1)e$#e% "-#e* ")&-/, )1&1(-* e(/+1(-* "*1e$#"#e #(", #"/e($"&-)" e(e, e# "+ #e*!-%")3-1+ *1("* %$e *1)e%#" "&e(e, !e( 3-1%+"* e5 %-%, 3- +e/"$#-( !(-+e$#1(e%, (e1$-* !($&!e% %1)e/"$#

&1$e$(e [0227B] e# !"% $#% %-/ !)"&#% &1$+#1$/-%, e# &e(#" #(/-#1(-* !("e%#"#1$e, %-/ !($&!e 3- (e1$ !("ee("#, *1("* 4-5#" &1$+-* "/e/"$# $ !"%&-% e# $e*1(/-%. A&&+# "-#e* 3-1+ ))-% !1!-) *-)##-+1 *"5*""/ ")% %e1(%-* $&e+e$%, Pe(%"(-* $(e%% $e%, (e1$e* $e$e(-$# %/ "!#%%*"*. D"#13-e (e, 3- e("# !(1#e*!1(e, %e&-$+-* 3-1+ $#e( e1% "/ $#1 &1$e$e("#, #(/-#1, !e( "$$1% ")3-1# *1("* / "/-e(-$# +-#-($1(e*.A-e/"#-( "-#e* e1(-* !1!-)-% $ **e$%-*, e# *-)#!)&"#1$% e1(-* $1$ e("# $%8 #" -# (e e# $+e$%, *e$#e*3-1+"**1+1 "/e$#/-% !("e%""*, %-%!e" $*% e%%e# e1(-* e*/1)". U$+e "-* e%#, 3-1+ "/#1 &1$%)1

1)e$#e( " (e$ $/-% e1% !e( %e !(1!e))e(e, +e&(ee("$#. [0227C] Se+ *-#"#1 &1$%)1 %-* e%# e% e5!e+e$#-%, -#*-)#!)&"#% "$"(%, e# &1$%-e#% !(e%%1$/-%, $1% ((e-)"(#e( %-!e("++#% e1% "#"(e$#, -%3-e +-* %!1$#e %$e&1"1$e +%&e+e(e$#. C-*3-e 4"* "$$% !)-(/-% $4-("(-* !1$+-% e# #(/-#1(-* e$1(*#"#e* e5"(-* %-%#$e$#e%,

+-#-% #1)e("(e $1))e, &1**-$&"#1 +e&e($e(e$# &1$%)1, e# 1& (e e%%e# &1*!e(#-*, *%%" 1&e !("e&1$", 4-%% %-$#" (e$1 $(" &e(#-* #e*!-% +%&e+e(e -$e(%1. T("$%e-$#e%3-e )--* C1/"(, 3- (e$-* e5 e" !"(#e )*#"/"#, -/+e$# %1)#1 )/e(-% e# +)e$#-% %-1(-* $$#"* *-)##-+$e*8 $"* !(-% %e1(%-* "/#"$#e%, %- $e& $-*e(-*

$1e("$#, $e& !1#e$#"*6 *("# [0227D] %-$# 3-1*1+1 #"$#-% #"*3-e $$-*e("/)% !1!-)-% ")&-4-% !($&!-*")3-"$+1 #1)e("(e !1#-e(# %-!e(/"*, e# "$"("(-* e# #(/-#1(-* "&e(/#"#e* !1(#"(e. V%-*3-e e%# e% "/%3-e +-/1,3-1+ e# Pe(%"(-* !1!-)1, e# 3-")/e# $"#1$e $e& $-*e(1 $e& (/-% e%%e$# *!"(e%8 $)3-e e% "+ 1/#$e$+"%1)e$#e( $#*"% (e1$e% +ee%%e# ")-+, 3-"* + 3-1+ *1(e ")1(-* !1!-)1(-* %/ (ee* $1$ "/e(e$#. V1)e$#e%#-( 1#% &1$%1$% %/ (ee* &(e"(e, +e%&(/e$#e% %-1(-* -$e(%"* *-)##-+$e*, (e!e(e(-$# $ e% &e$#-* "*)"%&"e#e(% %!)e$++1(e%8 3-"(-* 3-"*)/e# %"##"* -$"* !("e&e!e(-$# "e((e, e# 4-5#" $-*e(-* "*)"(-* &e$#-*

%"##"(-* &1))"e(-$# *"$!-)-*. Q-e* 1!e(e$#e%, 1&"e(-$# 3-e*+"* [0222A] !-e(-)-* $$1&e$#e*, !("e&!e$#e% e, -# **%%" *"$- %-/ e)"*e$#1, 3-1 !("e+"(-* )"#e/"# *"$!-)-% %"##"(-*, e1 -$"* e+-&e(e#%1)"*, e" &1$+#1$e -# +e e" "*)" (e5 "%%-*e(e#-(, &-4-% %1(#e %"##" e5(e#. "-*3-e e%# &"%-, 3-1+ !-e( e+-5#%"##"* "*)"e Se)+-&1(-*. U$+e &1$%### "!-+ 1*$e%, %&-# !(-% 1(+$"#-* -e("#, 3-1+ e5 e" #(/- !($&e!%

-#-(-% &(e"(e#-(. P("e&e!#-* e%# #e(-*, -# e5 e"+e* #(/- &e$#-* e)e(e$#-(, 3- e# "e#"#e e# *1(/-%, e# (#-#e&"e#e(1% "$#e(e$# %-1% &1$#(/-)e%8 -#3-e %$-) %$-)"% "e((e$# %"##"%, 1e(e$#-* "/e$#e% $%&(!#" $1*$".

"-e e5 e% #e(-* *"$!-)1, e# +)e$#e( &11!e(#1 1&"#-% e%# #e(-* !-e(, e) +e* 3- e# !(-%, e) ")-% 1(#"%%ee4-%+e* [0222B] $$1&e$#"e6 &- %*)#e( !e(%-"%-* e%#, -# -$"* e5 e% e+-&e(e#6 e+-5#3-e -$"* &- $%&(!#-* e("#$1*e$ Se)+-&. E("# "-#e* % ( %!e&1%-% "+*1+-*, $1/)% e# $ %-" #(/- !("e&)"(-%, !(1e"e "e#"#%, %e+ $#ee( (/-%, e# $ (e *)#"( *-)#"* "/e$% e5!e(e$#"*8 3-3-e #1#" &1(!1(% "/#-+$e *"$ !($&!% !("e#e$+e(e#e)e"$#"*. H-$& e(1 +e &1**-$ +e&(e#1 %/ !("e&e$#e%, $ #(1$1 %-/)*"e(-$# (e1, e"* 3-"e +e/e#-( (e/-%,e e5/e$#e% (ee(e$#"*, e# "+ e4-% *!)e$+" *!e(", 1e+e(e &1*!)"&#1 e# 4-("*e$#% &1(!1(")#e( !("e%##% %e

1/)"$#e%. I))e "-#e* %#"#* &1))"#" %/ %"#% !(1 *!e(1 -#e$% !1#e%#"#e, *%%" 1&e !("e&1$", e+& !-/)&e *"$+"#,-# (e#("$%#1 )-*$e e# #("$%*%%% [0222C] )e1$/-% -$e(%%, Pe(%"(-* $e%, -$+e !(-% e5e("$#, 1&&-!e$#1)e$#e(, e# "+4"&e$#" %/ $+&e$# (e$", $e +e &"e#e(1 &1*!e))"$#-( (e1$e% e5#e("% e(("/-$+ &(&-(e, e# ")"(-*$"#1$-* #1)e("(e "%#-% *!1(#"/)e%. "-*3-e e%#, 3-1+ $(" !"-&1% "$$1% $1$ %1)-* Pe(%"(-*, e(-* e#"*-$e(%" O(e$#")-* (e$" %/ %-/4-"e(-$#, %-/"" A("/-* e# ")"(-* $"#1$-*, 3-"e !($&!"#-% 1/#$e/"$#,

1)e$#". S&3-e !1!-)-% )% e# "/4e-% "+ #"$#-* %-/#1 &-)*e$ e1)"#, 3-1+ -$e(%-* 1&&-!"# O(e$#e*.I+3-e "-* e%# 5 #($#" "-# 3-"+("$#" "$$%, "$#e3-"* $1%#( O&&+e$#")e% !($&!e% !e(e($"#1$% #e(, +e 3-1


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& "e$+-* e%#, "((!e(e$#. [0222D] U#3-e ")3-" e%%e# +e(e$#" %")#e* $1*$% $#e( e1% 3- %/ (ee* &(e"e("$#,e# !e( 1& $e$#e* e("$# )1("* &1$%e&-#8 e# e1%, 3- $ %-1 (-+#"#e "+-& !e(*"$e$#, !(1(e* e$+ *1+-* $1$+e%e(e$#e%, +&-$#-( %# 1+e T-(&8 )) e(1 !(%&" "!!e))"#1$e T-(&1*"$$. S-/"% #"3-e (e$% O(e$#")/-%,"+4e&e(-$# e#"*, -# !1#e$#%%*-* Ae'!#1(-* (e$-* $"+e(e$#6 +e%&e$+e$#e%3-e $ S'("*, He(1%1)'*"* &-*3-/-%+"* ")% $#*% -(//-%, 1)e$#e( %-/4-"e(-$# %/, +e)e% 3-1% $ e" (e!e(e("$# "/#"#1(e%, +-(1(/-%

%1)#1 "(""$#e% *1)e%#%, e# "$"("(-* *-)#!)&#"#e "#"$#e%, -# !("e*%*-%.

CAPUT VIII. Q-1# e# 3-"$#% #% !e( ))-+ #e*!-% %-/4e-% e%%e# *-$+-%. [022=A]

Ne& %1)-* $ O(e$#e #" +e)e% "/ *!% 1!!(*e/"$#-(, e(-* $ O&&+e$#e e# $ 1*$ !e$e 1(/e#e(("(-*, *"5*e $#e( e1% 3- +e)e% +&e/"$#-(, +e% +ee&e("#, e# D1*$ #*1( e("# +e *e+1 %-/)"#-%6 !e(e("# +e(e/-% 4-%##", e# "e3-#"#e %-/"", 1)e$#" +1*$"/"#-( $ !1!-)%. ("-%, +1)-% e# &(&-*e$#1 )"#e $1)e("$#-$e(%". V(#-% 1*$% )1&-* +e+e("# e# &e%%e("# 3-"% $-#)%, *")#" %-/$#("$#e. V+e/"#-( %"$e *-$+-% +e&)$"%%e"+ e%!e("*8 e# ) 1*$% "+e$#-% %e&-$+-% 1(e &$1(. N"* *-)#1(-* (e(5e("# &"(#"%, e# +e% $1$$e$e/"#-( %-!e( #e(("*6 [022=B] &1$-%% 1(+$/-% &-$" e(e/"$#-(, e# $ &"1% !(%#$-* *-$+-% +e/"#-( (e+(e

e))e. M"41(e% e$* !($&!e%, 3- %-/4e% "+ !"&e* #e$e/"$#-( +(e(e, $e)e !"&% 1e+e(e, !(1 &"-%% )e/-%&1$#e$+e$#e% "+ $&e*, (e1$e% #("+e/"$# $&e$+%, !("e+"% !"%%* e5e(&e/"$#, !"-!e(-* /1$" *!% %"#e))#/-%

%-% e5!1$e/"$# "+ ("!$"*8 $1$ e("$# #-#"e ")&-4-% "&-)#"#e% $#e( #1# $%+"%8 &"-%" %-&e$% !-#"/"#-(, -# "+&"(&e(e% 3-% #("e(e#-(, "-# $&-)", e# $ !(1!(1 &1(!1(e $+$1% %-%#$e(e# &(-&"#-%, 3-1+ ")3-+ "/e(e &(e+e(e#-(.E&&)e%"(-* e# *1$"%#e(1(-* $1$ !"(&e/"#-( !("e+%, $e& %"$(-* !1%%e%%1$/-% &1$e(e/"$# ")3-+ " !% !($&!/-% $+-)#" !()e"8 %e+ $e& **-$#"#e* %1)#"*, e# !(%#$"* [022=C] %/ $+&"/"$# +$#"#e*.

E($e/"#-( %"$e %"$-"(-*, e# -%/-% +e+&"#" &1e)e%#/-% ("!e/"$#-( -#e$%)". N1$ +%#$-e/"# %"&(-* " !(1"$1 *"$-% %"&()e"8 %e+ %-/)"#" +e(e$#", !("e+"e !"#e/"$# ")#"(-* e%#e%, "*-% %"&e(+1#-* e# "%" D1*$.De (e*1 +$"e +1*-%, +e "+'#% !e$#1(/-%, +e /"%)&"(-* "#(%, 3- "+ e"% &1$-e("$#, "+ *1(#e* #("e/"$#-( e# %-!!)&". V"% 3-13-e !-/)&"% "&&$ )"+1 ("%%"#1(e% *!(1/ 1/%+e/"$#, #e( "e$#/-% !("e#e$+e$#e% $%+"%,-/ $e& !e(e($%, $e& (% !"(&e/"#-( (e)1%%. Se+ $e& -(/e% $e& 1!!+" "/ % *!1(#-$#"#/-% "&"/"$#, $ 3-/-%%&"( &1% 1*$e% e# !)"#e"% %-%!e"% (e++e/"$# $$1&e$#/-%. [022=D] Q-1 3-% e("# $%1$#1(, e1 !)-(/-% %-/4"&e/"#

$%+%. 1($&"#1$-* e#"* e$-% 3-1+)/e#, 3-"% (e% )&#", !"%%* e# %$e (-/1(e e5e(&e/"#-( *!-$e. Se+ $e& $#e( "$e% "-# !(1!$3-1%, #-#" e("$# *"#(*1$1(-* 1e+e(". A*&" &1e)e%#/-% e# De1 !)"&e$%, 3-"% (e% )%, 4-%%"*("(e e("# &1$#$e$#". Ne& !"(&*1$"e "-# %1/(e#"# )1&-% e("#, -/ )-5-%, e# e/(e#"%, e# !e($15 ")e"

!("e1&&-!"e("$# "+#-% "#3-e "#(" !1%%+e/"$#. Ne& &)e(-% " !1!-)1 #" $1/)1(e +e(e/"#, %e+ %&-# $ !(1!e#")e#-(6 S&-# !1!-)-%, #" e# %"&e(+1% O%ee IV, 98 I%". XXIV, 2:. N"* e!%&1! $e)e$#e% " e("$#8 &"$e% *-#, $1$")e$#e% )"#("(e I%". LVI, 70:8 !e(%1$"(-* "&&e!#1(e%, 1)e1 !e&&"#1(% *!$-e$#e% &"!#" %-", &1**%%" 1)" )-!%

e$e$#/-%, [022


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%1))&#-%, e5!e+#1$e% &1$1&"# e3-#-*, e# !e+#-* &1))# &1!"%, 3-"$#"% **$e$% &1*!e))e/"# $e&e%%#"%, e#3-"$#"% -$e(%-* *!e(-* !1#e("# *$%#("(e. Q-+ !)-("> C1$(e"#% )e1$/-% e# e3-#"#- &1!1%1, 1%#/-% !(1&e+# 1/"*8 e# *!e( !e$e#(")" 4"* #e$e$#, e# "+ $#e(1(" 4"* !(1(e%%1, $ *"$- 1(#, %e+ "1(e +$1+e%##-#-% 1&&-((#. Ce(#"#-( -#($3-e "&e((*e, e# &1!% !e$e !"(/-%, %e+ 1+% *"41(/-%, 3-")" %"&()e +1)1( e#?e)-% +e %1)e# %-e(e(e. Q-+ *-)#"> Pe(# C(%#"$-% e5e(&#-%, +e)-* !(1%#e($#-( "&e%8 %"$-% C(%#

(e+e*!#-% %"$-$e "/ *!% e-$+#-(8 [022A] 3-1+3-e *%e("/)-% e%#, &"!#-( *!e("#1(. Re+# 3- e"%e("#

!"(#&-)"#* e5e(&#-%, &1$-%1$e* 3-"e "&&+e("# $-$#"$%. C1$%#e($"# %-$# 3- 1& "-+e(-$#, $ ("" %e +"$#e%)"*e$#", e# +e #" e# %")-#e +e%!e("$#e%. I$#e(e" ( $+e)%, %e+ *"$&-%, +e #"$#1 e)"#-% %-&&e%%- e# +e &1))"#"(" "-% %-/)*1(, *!e("#1(e* %/ !("e&e!# !("e%e$#"(8 e# $ &1$#-*e)"* $1*$% e# +e C(%#"$"e %e+e$%$ #(1$1 (e1, e-* *"$+"# !e+/-% %-/4&8 e# %&"/e)) &e, &1("* !1%#% !($&!/-%, "%&e$+e$% e# +e%&e$+e$%,&1(!1(e -##-( *!e(")8 #"$+e*3-e !(1 #"$#1 1/%e3-1 e-* )/e(#"# (e%##-e$%, &-* !"-&% e5 %-% *"$"#/-%, 3- &-*

e1 &"!# -e("$#, "/(e !e(*%#. H1& e(1 "-+e$#e% !($&!e% *!e(, ")-* %/ !("e&-$#6 [022B] $+$-*"(/#("$#e%, -# 3- #"* $+$" $ !(1!(1 !e(#-)e("# &1(!1(e, $ %&e!#(% "e(e# e# +$#"#e -$e(e#-( A--%#")6 $%-!e( !("#-* 1&-)% e# $1*$1%e #(""#-*, #"* 5 $+-)%e(-$# "e(e !("#"*. P($&e!% "-#e* %-!(" $1*$"#-%, !(1!1%#1 )/e(e %"#%"&e$% %-1, -$e(%"% " L"1+&" S'("e -%3-e "+ He))e%!1$#-*, 3- C1$%#"$#$1!1) !("e#e()"/#-(, #$e(e +e(-* #($#" $ )1$#-+$e, +e&e* e(1 e) 3-$+e&* $ )"##-+$e, 1&&-!"# (e1$e%, &-*%-% &#"#/-% e# *-$&!%, -$e(%1 !1!-)1 &"!#"#1. T("++# e1% D1*$-% $ *"$-% $*&, e# +1*$"# %-$#

e1(-* 3- 1+e(-$# e1% P%"). CV, =9:. I$#e( 3-"% $1/)% e# e5*" !(1$&"(-* *-)#"(-* *1+e("#(5, !($&e!% &#"%,P($&!% "!1%#1)1(-* %e+e% !(*", [022C] &"!#" e%#8 %e+ $1%%*"8 e# "" e%# $+e)/-% %e(e$% %-/ #(/-#1 II

Re. VIII, 2:. S& #-( Ce)e%%'("*, -#("*3-e C)&"*, I%"-("*, P"*!')"*, L'&"*, P%+"*, L'&"1$"*,C"!!"+1&"*, G")"#"*, e# -#(-*3-e P1$#-*, B#'$"*, e# A%"e M$1(% !"(#e*, $1/)e% !(1$&"%, e# 1*$&1**1+#"#e $%$e%, !)e//-% (ee(#"% +e)/-%, $(" *1+&-* #e*!-% $ %-"* 4-(%+1$e* (e&e!#8 &"!#"$% !1!-)1%, e&&)e%"% +e4&e$%, e# &-)#-* C(%#"$-* -(1(e !e(%e3-e$% e5#e(*$"#1. Q-1+ % &1!"* "/-%%e# $"-*,

!%"* -(/e* (e"* %/ !(1&-) 1*$ +-/1 %-/4e&%%e#. T"$#"* e$* G("e&% $&-%%e("# 1(*+$e*, -# 5 (e"e&#"#% %e &(e+e(e$# *1e$/-%, e# *"(% $#e(!1%# $1$ [022D] %"#% #-#-* "(/#("(e$#-( !("e%+-*. H"e& #-( e#%*)" !1!-)1 +e), 3- He(1%1)'*% e# $ $/-% e4-% "/#"/"#, *%e("(-* "++e/"$# &-*-)-* e# $ +e%!e("#1$%"/'%%-* +e*e(e/"$#. N"* *!e(1 !(-% $ !(1%!e(% &1$%##-#1, %&-# !("e*%%-* e%#, $1$ +ee("# e% "/ *!e(")+1*1 (e3-e$% $ $e&e%%#"#/-% %1)"#-*8 e# *!e( %#"#-% $#ee( e# $&1)-*%, e# &$"(-* -(/-* e)5 %-&&e%%-%, e#A$#1&"e !1#%%*-*, %!e* ")3-"* )/e(#"#% ")3-"$+1 -#-("e, $ e% &1$1e/"$#. A# $-$& #"* %-"* 3-"* ")1(-*

e(e$#e% %1))&#-+$e*, e# %$%#(% (-*1(/-% -%3-e "+ %-!(e*-* +ee-* "#"#, *1(#e* *"% 3-"* #"*1!#"$#e%, $ %e !%% )3-ee$#e% #"/e%&e/"$# +e !e(!e#-" %e(#-#e %e&-(.

CAPUT X. Q-1*1+1 !e( +e* #e*!-% +e)-* #-(/"e "+ U(/e* %"$"* "&&e+e/"$#, e# 3-" &1$+#1$e

"/e/"$#-( #"* $#-% 3-"* e5#("6 e# 3-1*1+1 $ *"$-% T-(&1(-* #e(-* (e%##-#" e%# &#"%. [022A]

I$#e( "% #"* !e(&-)1% #e*!1(% $%+"%, "&&e+e/"# #"* G("e&1(-* 3-"* L"#$1(-* ("#" +e1#1$%,"+ )1&" e$e("/)" *-)##-+1 $1$$-))", 3-/-% !e( *))e *1(#% e$e(", !e(3-e 1%#-* (e1$e% "+ -(/e*"&&e+e$#/-%, $e"/"#-( $#(1#-%, $% $ !1(#" "-(e-%, 3- !(1 #(/-#1 &1$%##-#-% e("#, 4"$#1(/-% +"(e#-(. Se+ 3- $#$e(e &-$" !e(++e("$#, e# 5 &-* $&1)-*#"#e *e*/(1(-* "+ )1&" !e(e$e("$# 1!#"#", -$+e #(/-#-* %1)e(e$#,

$1$ "/e/"$#. S& e(1 e/"#, -# "$#e -(/e* [022B] e5 #")/-%, *))e e) !)-(e% &1))e, e# e5%!e"$#e% $#(1e-$+)&e$#"*, "*e e# $-+#"#e &1$%-*!# +e&e(e$#. H, #"* e$#e% 3-"* *1(#-, *%e(% &/-% $#1)e("/) e("$# 1$e(. N"* e# e$#e% ")e(e, e# &/1 3-1&-$3-e *1+1 %-%#e$#"(e %"#"e/"$#8 e# *1(#-1% %e!-)#-("e #("+e(e $#e/"$#-(, &-*#"*e$ e% %-!(" (e% %-" e%%e$# $e1#". Q-/-% "-#e* %1)#1 !(e#1, -(/e* +"/"#-( $(e+, *"41(e* &/-%

$e(e/"$# %1))&#-+$e*, #*e$#/-%, $e 1(#e +e"*/-)"$#e% $&"-#e, #"$3-"* )1&" %"$" %e(e 1)e$#e%, %!-#% e#")"!% "&e(e$#-(8 "+ !1%#(e*-* "-#e*, $e &)"* %-1&"# $#e((e$#. U$+e "e& *")" !("ee$(e &-!e$#e%, !e(e($1%

"+ )1&" %"$" 1)e$#e% !(1!e("(e, &e% +e e1(-* #" e# $&1)-*#"#e, &"(#"#e ("#e($" %1))&#, e1(-* [022C]%e3-e/"$#-( e%#", #*e$#e% $e 3-+ e% %$%#( &"%-% "&&+e(e#. E("# #"*e$ $ &#"#e *1$"%#e(-* A*")#"$1(-*,3-1+ -%3-e 1+e &1$1*$"#-( S"$"e M"("e +e L"#$"8 e# 4-5#" ))-+ 5e$1+1&-*, -/ e("# 1("#1(-* *1+&-*, $1$1(e /e"# 1"$$% E)e'*1$ A)e5"$+($ !"#("(&"e, "+ &-("* "//"#% !("e+ *1$"%#e( (e%!&e$%, $ 3-1-4-%*1+ *%e(% %& "+e$e$#/-%, #"* +e *1$"%#e(1 3-"* +e +e)-* )"(#1$/-%, e% -#&-$3-e ")*1$"*$%#("/"#-(. N"* +e *))e 5 -$-% "&&e+e/"#, 3- %/ %-&e(e !1%%e#. A*%%% e$* "#&-)%, )"/1(-* **e$%#"#e

&1$%-*!#, 5 $&1)-*e% e"+e(e !1#e("$#. I#-( $e& 1(% $e& +1* 3-e% e("# &/-%, 3-/-% *1(% +e/-% **$e/"#[022D] %$-)%8 e# 3-1)/e# *1(#% e$e(e +e#e(1(, %e(#-% +-(" e# $#1)e("/)% $&-*/e/"#. A&&e+e/"# e#"* "+*%e("(-* &-*-)-*, 3-1+ e&&)e%"% e1(-*, 3-"% &-* #1# e# #"$#% )"/1(/-% (e!"("e("$# e# &1$%e("e("$#, (e!"("#"%1)e$#e( $(e%%, e# +-* +$" &e)e/("(e$#-(, &-* -(1(e e# %#(e!#- #e((1(e* +e)/-% $&-#e$#e%, %-!e( ")#"("%e+e/"$#, $-))"* "&e$#e% )1&1(-* +e(e$#"*8 %-/e(#e/"$# &")&e% e# "%" +$% 1/%e3-% *"$&!"#" !e+/-%

&1$&-)&"$#e%, &1$($e/"$# *"(*1(", &)e(-* &1$#-*e)% e# e(/e(/-% "&e$#e%. I!%-* 3-13-e +1*$-* !"#("(&"*, 3- e("# !(1 #e*!1(e, 3-"% )e* e# "/4e"* !e(%1$"*, +e %e+e !(1!(" !e( /"(/"* e# &"!))-*, $ %1)-*


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+"/"$# !("e&!#e*. P)e(-*3-e e#"* ("!#-*, e# 3-"% )e [022A] *"$&!-* #("-*, %$e &"-%" +e#(-+e/"$# $&"(&e(e*, -# %& !1!-)-* ")e(e$# !"#( &1*!"#e$#e*. H1& #-( #"* +("e %e(#-#% e$-%, !)e/% De1 +e1#", !e( 1% 3-"+($e$#1%, -# !("e*%*-%, e# $1$"$#" "$$1%, !" )1$"$*#"#e !e(e(e$%, e*#/-% e# )"&('*1%% %-%!(%,e# 4- !(e&-* $%#"$#", &)"*"/"# "+ D1*$-*, -# &1((e% !"(&e$%, "/ e% ("&-$+"e %-"e )"e))" &)e*e$#e( "e(#e(e#.I$ !(1-$+-* e$* *")1(-* +e%&e$+e("$#8 -$+e e# "/'%%-% "/'%%-* $1&"$% P%"). XLI, ;:, "/'%%-% *%e("(-*

"/'%%-* *%e(&1(+"(-*, "/ e1 3- De-% e%# #1#-% &1$%1)"#1$%, *e(-# e5"-+(. H1% e$* #"$+e* +e %e+e )1("e

%-"e D1*$-% *%e(&1(+#e( (e%!&e$%, $e* #"$#% )"/1(/-% 1)e$% *!1$e(e, &1$%1)"#1$e* e% 4-5#" e1(-*[022B] +e%+e(", !"#e($" !(1%1$e, !(1&-("(e +%!1%-#. C-4-% *1+-* e# +$"e +%!1%#1$% 1(+$"#1$e*, 3-"+-#$"* !)e/ %-"e (e)e"(e 1)-# ")1$e*, 1& !("e%e$# 1!e(e, "+ C(%# +e)-* !e(!e#-"* *e*1("*,%&(/e(e !(1!1%-*-%.

CAPUT XI. De "+e$#- ( De, Pe#( E(e*#"e8 e# &1))"#1$e e4-%, e# e$e("/)% ( S*e1$% !"#("(&"e He(1%1)'*1(-*.

Pe( +e* #-( #e*!-%, &-* De1 !)"&e$% !("e+" &#"% #"$#%, -# !("e*%*-%, %-/4e" e%%e#

*1)e%#%, $#e( e1% 3- 1("#1$% ("#", e# &"-%" +e1#1$% "+ )1&" "&&e+e/"$# e$e("/)", %"&e(+1% 3-+"*, Pe#(-%$1*$e, +e (e$1 ("$&1(-*, +e [022C] e!%&1!"#- A*/"$e$%, 3- e# (e e# $1*$e &1$1*$"/"#-( E(e*#", e1+e*

e(1(e #("-%, He(1%1)'*"* !e(e$#. E("# "-#e* & +e* %#"#-(" !-%))-%, e# 3-"$#-* "+ e5#e(1(e* 1*$e*, !e(%1$" &1$#e*!#/)%. Se+

M"41( $ e5-1 (e$"/"# &1(!1(e (#-%. V"&% e$* $e$ e("#8 e# 1&-)-* "/e$% !e(%!&"&e*,

("#-*3-e, e# %!1$#e )-e$% e $1$ +ee("# e)13--*. H&, )ee &1**-$ %e*e)3-e !(1!1%#" C(%#"$% $#(1(e1)e$#/-%, +"#1 #(/-#1, -(/e* $(e%%-%, 1%!#1 %-%&e!#-% e%# "!-+ 3-e*+"* +e)e*, 3- e# !%e +e $-*e(1 e("#C(%# &1$e%%1(-*. A 3-1 +e e1(-* &1$+#1$e +)e$#e( !e(&-$"$% %&-# ( $+-%#(-% e("#: "/ e1 $1$ %1)-* +e !("e%e$# !e(&-)1 #e*!1(%, e(-* e#"* e# [022D] +e !e(%e&-#1$e, 3-"* !"%% -e("$# !(1e$#1(e%, " *-)#% (e#(1#e*!1(/-%, !)e$-% e+1-% e%#8 e# % 3-+ +e-# "+ !)e$"* e(/1 ""* e(-+#1$e*, + !1%#e" +e% 1&-)"#"&1*!)e#. N"* *1("* "&e$% $ &#"#e, e# e&&)e%"% &(&-e$%, ++&# !%e !)e$-%, 3-1+ !(-% e(/1 (ee(e$#/-% ")%

&1*!(ee$+e("#. A-+e$% e(1 3-1+ e4-%+e* &#"#% !"#("(&" ( e%%e# (e)1%-% e# #*e$% De-*, 1)e$% &-* e1&1$e((e +e !("e%e$# (e(-* %#"#-, e# +e 3-/-%+"* ")% "/ e1+e* !e(e-% e+1&e(, "&&e%%# "+ e-*, !("e%e-%3-e&1$%##-#-% !e( +e)e* $#e(!(e#e* *-#-% %-$# &1$"/-)"#1$/-% (e&(e"#. E("# "-#e* $1*e$ !"#("(&"e S*e1$8 3-

e5 e(/1 Pe#( &1))e$%, 3-1+ ( e%%e# &(&-*%!e-% e# (e(-* *-)#"(-* "/e$% e5!e(e$#"*, !1#e$% [022;A] 3-13-e$ 1!e(e e# %e(*1$e, "*)"(-% &1e!# e5!1$e(e -$e(%", 3-"e !1!-)-* De $ &#"#e &1**1("$#e* "&(-%")e/"$#. D-*3-e Pe#(-%, ("#e($1 &1*!"#e$% +1)1(e, )"&('*"% &1$#$e(e $1$ !1%%e#, 3-"e(e(e#3-e +)e$#-%, -#(-*

")3-" %")-#% " &1$#(" "e& *")" $(-e$#" (e!e(( !1%%#8 (e%!1$+# ( 4-%#-%6 Pe#(e, )"&('*"% $1%#("%, e*#-% e#%-%!(" !e&&"#% $1%#(% !("e!e+e$#/-%, e5"-+(e +e+$"#-( 4-%#-% e# *%e(&1(% D1*$-%8 $1$+-* e$* "+ !)e$-* !-("#" e%# $1%#(" $3-#"%, -$+e $e&+-* )"e))" 3-e%&-$#. Se+ % e%#e( e(-% De &-)#1( !1!-)-% &-4-% !e( %-!e("/-$+"$#e* D1*$ *%e(&1(+"* (e% %-$# "+-& $#e("e8 e# $1%#(% 1%#/-% 1(*+"/)e, )1$e )"#e3-e )1(e#*!e(-*: !("e%e$#/-% ("#e($" !e#"#e &1*!"# [022;B] e))e#, e# (e*e+-* !(1&-("(e % 3-"e $1% !(e*-$#&")"*#"#/-%8 "-# %")#e* !(1 $1/% "!-+ C(%#-* e))e# $#e(&e+e(e8 %!e% e%%e# $1/%, ")1$e* $1%#("* $ !(15*1

$(. N"* +e G("e&1(-* *!e(1, )&e# e# &1$%"$-$#"#e e# )1&1 $1/% %$# !(1!$3-1(e%, e# +#% "/-$+e$#"*!)-%, $-))" $1/% %!e% e%# +e &"e#e(1, -# $+e $1/% ")3-"* "/e"*-% &1$%1)"#1$e*. V5 e$* %/ %-&-$#61*$%3-e e1(-*, -# "-+%%e !1#e%# e%#(" ("#e($#"%, (#-% e*"(&-#, #" -# $(" !"-&1% "$$1% !)-% 3-"* +*+-*"*%e($# *!e(. C- Pe#(-%6 N1e(%, P"#e( %"$e, 3-1+ % E&&)e%" R1*"$" e# O&&+e$#% !($&!e%, -4-% &")"*#"#%

3-"* !"#*$, +)e$#e* e# +e +$-* "/-e($# $%#(-(e*, !(1&-) 1*$ +-/1, [022;C] e# e(/1 3-"$#1&-% e#1!e(e % *")% e%#(% #e$#"(e$# (e*e+" !(1&-("(e. S&(/e e(1 +)e$#-% #"* +1*$1 !"!"e e# E&&)e%"e R1*"$"e,

3-"* (e/-% e# !($&!/-% O&&+e$#%, e# %&(!#-* %)) #- "-(#"#e &1((1/1(". E1 e(1, !(1 (e*e+1 "$*"e*e"e, -$& )"/1(e* * "%%-*e(e $1$ (e-18 %e+, "-(e D1*$1, !"("#-% %-* 1*$e% &1$e$(e, 1*$e% %1))&#"(e,$%#"$#-% "e(-*$"(-* e%#("(-* **e$%#"#e* !(1#e%#"(, e# "+ !(1!e("$+-* (e*e+-* +)e$#e( %$-)1% $#"(e.P)"&-# %e(*1, e# %-% e%# /1$-% $ 1&-)% #"* +1*$ !"#("(&"e, 3-"* e1(-* 3- "%%%#e/"$# +e)-*8 e# +e!e$%%$e$#/-% ("#"(-* "1$/-% (1 De, !(1 %-" &1*!"%%1$e, #("+-$# %&(!#-* !1%#-)"#-*.

CAPUT XII. Ree)"#1 3-"e "" e%# e+e* Pe#(1, $ e&&)e%" S"$"e Re%-((e1$%. [022;D]

Ve(e *"$-% e%, D1*$e De-% $1%#e(, e# *%e(&1(+"(-* #-"(-* $1$ e%# $%. Ve(e, e%- /1$e, $1$ e(#

$ #e %!e("$#/-% &1$-%1. N"* -$+e -& ee$1 e# $1!, e# (e(-* $e&e%%"("(-* %-("% +e%##-#1 !e(e($"$#, e# " !"#(% $/-% )1$e !1%#1, #"$#" +-&", -# %-!(" (e% $e1#-* %/ "-+e"# "%%-*e(e e# +e 1# &1$%-**"#1$e


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"/e"# +-&"*> $% 3-1+ $ #e, !(1#e(e* %--*, 4""e("# &1#"#-*8 $% 3-1+ &"(#"#% "(+1(e %-&&e$%-%,("#(/-% &1*!"#e$%, !(15*-* #"$3-"* %e !%-* +)e$%, )ee* *!)e(e %"#"e/"#> V(e% $1$ %-!!e#-$#, %-"+e##"*e$ &"(#"%. E# )&e# +-(-* e# *!1%%/)e +e(e#-(, 3-1+ ("#(e% $4-$e/"$#, [0229A] "*1( De e# !(15* )ee"&#, 3-" 1(#% e%#, -# *1(%, +)e1 C"$#. VIII, :. +e% #-( !e( +)e1$e* 1!e("$% e%# G"). V, :, 3-"e "!-+ #e*e(e#-(6 e# *e(#", "!-+ #e $1$ %-$# 1#1%". U$+e $e& +- )--"(e !e(*##% %e(-* #--*8 %e+ #e !%-* *"$e%#"% e e#

#-" e-* (ee)"#1$e %1)+"%, $e "&))e#, A!1&")'!%* $%$-"$%, !e( 3-"* e5%-("# 1(#1( "+ 1!-% &"(#"#%

*!)e$+-*. A&&+# e$* 3-"+"* +e, +-* !("e+-% De "*-)-% !(1 (e+#- "+ !(1!(" e# !(1 *!)e$+" )e"#1$e"%%-*!#", "*!)-% %1)#1 e%%e# %1))&#-%, "+ 1$#e* *%e(&1(+"(-* #1#" +e1#1$e (e&-((e$%, e&&)e%"* D1*$&"eRe%-((e1$% $(e%%-% e%#. U/ &-* !e($1"$%, 1("#1$/-% )%3-e "#"#-% e%%e# *!e$+1, )"/1(e -%, $ !"*e$#1 +e&-/-#, -# [0229B] %1*$1 %"#%"&e(e# ((-e$#. C-*3-e %1!1( -# %1)e#: %e $-+%%e# ")#-%, %-% e%# eD1*$-% $1%#e( e%-% C(%#-%, 3-"% &1("* !1%#-% "%##%%e, e# e"*+e* $4-$5%%e )e"#1$e* +&e$%6 S-(e, Pe#(e,

!(1!e("8 e# 3-"e #/ %-$# $4-$", $#(e!+-% !e("e6 e1 e$* #e&-* e(1. Te*!-% e%# e$* -# !-(e$#-( %"$", e#%e(% *e% %-/e$"#-(. E5!e(e"-% Pe#(-%, e# %1$e 3-"* +e("# &1$1(#"#-% $ D1*$1, "-% "+ 1/e+e$+-* !(1&)1(, e# +$"* "+*1$#1$e* %e&-#-%, *1("% (-*!# *!e(, "+ (e+e-$+-* "&&$-%. Pe("% #-( +e *1(e1("#1$/-%, %-*!#"3-e " +1*$1 !"#("(&" )&e$#" e# *!e#("#" /e$e+1$e "+ *"(e +e%&e$+#, $"e* / (e!e(e$%*e(&"#1(-*, 3- $ A!-)"* #("$%(e#"(e !(1!1%-e("$#. Q-"* $(e%%-%, e# [0229C] !(1%!e(" -%-% $""#1$e, B"(-* !e(e$#. I$+e R1*"* !(1e-%, +1*$-* !"!"* U(/"$-* &(&" !"(#e% ))"% (e!e(#, &- +1*$ !"#("(&"e e# +e)-*

3- He(1%1)'*% "/#"/"$#, )##e("% !1((#8 e1(-*3-e e5!1$# *%e("% e# "/1*$"#1$e% 3-"e $ )1&% %"$% e/"$#" e$#/-% **-$+%8 e# $4-$"* %/ #"* +e)#e(, 3-"* !(-+e$#e(, e5%e3-#-( )e"#1$e*.

CAPUT XIII. De &1$#(1e(%" $#e( *!e("#1(e* He$(&-*, e# G(e1(-* !"!"* %e!#*-*6 e# 3-1*1+1

U(/"$-% e4-% %-&&e%%1(, Pe#(-* "/ e(1%1)'*% (ee(%-*, /e$$e %-%&e!#.

P1((1 !e( "$$1% "$#e ")3-1#, He$(&-% Te-#1$&1(-* (e5, e# +e* R1*"$1(-* *!e("#1(, " [0229D]+1*$1 G(e1(1 !"!" %e!#*1, -4-% U(/"$ !("e+e&e%%1(e !"%%-% -e("# 3-"e%#1$e* e# &1$#(1e(%"* $1$ *1+&"*,%-!e( "$$-)1 +e-$(-* e!%&1!1(-*, e# /"&-)1. I$1)ee("# e$* &1$%-e#-+1, !("e%e(#* $ *!e(1, 3-1++e-$e$#/-% e&&)e%"(-* !("e)"#%, "$$-)-% e# (" !"%#1(")% "+ +1*$-* *!e("#1(e* +(e/"#-(. U$+e

!1%#*1+-* -$-*3-e*)/e# +e "*)"(/-% e# &"!e))"$% %-% $e%#e$%, "+ e&&)e%"* "&"$#e* +(e/"#, -# / !"%#1(% -$e(e#-( 1&1, $1$ e5%!e"#" &)e( e)e1$e. Q-1+ +1*$-% !"!" &1$#(" 1*$e* e( 1$e%#"#e*&1$%+e("$%, e# 4-(" $ e1 " &1$&-)&"( e&&)e%"%#&" !e(!e$+e$%, %e*e), %e&-$+1 "& #e(#1 e-*+e* *!e("#1(e*

&1**1$-#, -# " #"* [02=0A] +e#e%#"/) +e%%#e(e# !("e%-*!#1$e. Q-e* !("e&e&e!#% %")-#"(/-% &1**1$#-*, &-*(e1&"(e $1$ !1%%e#, $&-)1 "$"#e*"#% $$1+"#. Q-1+ "-* $*% $+$e e(e$% *!e("#1(, R1*"$"* &1e!#E&&)e%"* !e(%e3-, e# +1*$1 !"!"e G-/e(#-* R"e$$"#e* "(&e!%&1!-*, (-* )##e("#-* e# )1&-!)e#e* $*%,

%-%&#"# "+e(%"(-*. Q- +e (/-% *!e("#1(% !("e%-*e$% e# +e *-)##-+$e +#"(-* &1$%-%, e5&)-%1 1)e$#e( !("e+ e$e("/) (1, %e+e* $"%# "!1%#1)&"*6 #" +e)(-% e# "/ $#e))e-% %$&e(#"#e +e&e$%, -# + %e e%%e&(e+e(e#, 3-1+ ")%1 +&e/"#-(. C-*3-e !(-% $e)5 *-$+-% $ *")$1 !1%#-%, "% %e3-e(e#-( !e(&-)1%"%, -# !("e+5*-%, e# $-#)e%, -4-% %&%*"#% 1&&"%1$e "+ +e#e(1(" +e&)%, 1*$e* De [02=0B] e# 1*$-* !1%# #e(-*+e+e("# (ee(e$#"*, $15" %e3-e$% e# +e&)$"$% %")-#"(". C"!e/"$#-( !1$#&e%8 e# 3-)/e# e&&)e%"(-* !("e)"#,#"$3-"* 1*&+1(-* (e, *"$&!"/"$#-( &"(&e(/-%, /1$% e1(-* &1$%&"#%, 3-&-$3-e *!e("#1( $ "& %-"

!e(e(%#"#e $1$ e("$# &1$%e$#e$#e%. Ne& %1)-* "+ #e*!-% e% ((1"/"$#-( $4-("e, e(-* e5&)-%% $ !e(!e#--*,$#(-+e/"$#-( %-&&e%%1(e%. -e$% #-( +1*$-% !"!" G(e1(-% *!e("#1(% $+$"#1$e*, $ A!-)"* %e&e%%e("#,-/ " +1*$1 R1/e(#1 G-%&"(+, A!-)"e +-&e 1$e%#e %-%&e!#-% e%#, e# /e$$e #(""#-%, &-4-% e#"* /e$e&1 !("e+ *!e("#1(% *"$-% e"%e("#. T"$+e* S")e($-* e$e$%, / +e* #"e &)"-%# e5#(e*-*6 -/ e# %e!-)#-% e%#.

C-, !1%# +1*$-* V(e*, 3- %1)% +-1/-% [02=0C] *e$%/-% !1%# e-* %e+e* 1/#$-e("#, %-&&e%%# +1*$-% !("e+-% U(/"$-%, 3- He$(& $)1*$-%, !("e+ He$(& %-&&e%%1(%, $ e"+e* *")#" 1/%#$"#, -(1(e*

+e&)$"$%, )1&% *-$#1(/-% "!-+ %-1% +e)e% +e)#e%&e/"#, $-%3-"* !)e$e %e&-(-%. H& $ ))" %-" "+e(%#"#e&1$%##-#-%, !("e+-* Pe#(-* (-* e$e("/)e* "/ He(1%1)'*% (ee(%-*, 4"* +"e )e"#1$% -$e$#e* 1&1 /e$$e %-%&e!#8 e# e $ e(/1, &-4-% /"4-)-% e("#, %e +e)e* &11!e("#1(e* #e*!1(e "&&e!#1 (e!(1*%#. Pe#(-% "-#e*1*$e* #("$%&-((e$% I#")"*, ?e)1 +$1 %-&&e$%-%, A)!e% #("$%e$%, O&&+e$#")e% !($&!e% 1*$e% %$-)"#* &(&-#,$%#"# %1))&#-%, $&(e!"#, "(-#8 "#3-e &11!e("$#e ("#", *1$e$+1 3-/-%+"* !e(%-"+e#, -# ("#(/-% $ #"$#" ")1$e[02=0D] !1%#% %-/e$(e $1$ +e("$#8 e# )1&" %"$", 3-"e D1*$-% !(1!(" +$"#-% e%# ))-%#("(e !("e%e$#",

$+e)-* %!-(&#% +-#-% !(1"$"( $1$ !e(*##"$#. Ne& %-* e %-&e(e, 3-1+ 1& "!-+ !($&!e% +%%e*$"(e#,$% e#"* e# !)e/e% e# $e(1(% *"$-% 1*$e%, "+ + !%-* !% e51(#"#1$/-% "$*"(e#. Pe(&-((e$% e(1 $"#1$e%, !e %1))&#-%, e# (e$", !"-!e(/-% e# "/4e%%*% !e(%1$%, )e"#1$ %-"e +e)#e( %"#%"&e$%, + !%-* e"$e)?"/"#.C- #"$#"* ("#"*, e4-% +e *e(#-* (e%!&e$%, &1$#-)e("# D1*$-%, -# ("(1 -$3-"* %$e (-- !1!-)-% &1$e$(e#.-#3-e +1*$1 !"!"e, 3- e-* -)#(" *1$#e% %$e +)"#1$e %e3- +e&(ee("#, $ e1+e* e(/1 !)-(*-* $e&e%%"(-%.

[02=7A] N"* !("e&-(%1(% -$-% 1&1, "-+#1(-* *e$#e% "+ 1/e+e$+-* !("e!"("e("#, -# "&)-% +e* !e(%-"+e(e1)e$%, 1/#$e(e# !(1!1%#-*, e# -$e(%1(-* "$*1% "+ %e &1*!e$+1%-% $&)$"(e#.


11/338

CAPUT XIV. De $(e%%- +1*$ U(/"$ !"!"e "+ !"(#e% -)#(" *1$#"$"%, e# %'$1+1 "!-+C)"(-**1$#e* "/#".

A$$1 #-( "/ I$&"($"#1$e D1*$ 709, $+1$e IV, (e$"$#e +1*$1 He$(&1 3-"(#1, Te-#1$&1(-*(ee, e# e1+e* R1*"$1(-* *!e("#1(e, "$$1 (e$ e4-% 3-"+("e%*1 #e(#1, *!e( e(1 +-1+e&*16 ))-%#( 3-13-e("$&1(-* (ee +1*$1 P)!!1, He$(& )1, (e$"$#e $ ("$&", !("e+-% +1*$-% U(/"$-%, +e$% 1*$-**")#"* [02=7B] *1+-* e5&e%%%%e, e# &-$" e(( +e1(%-*, 3-"% "+ *")-* !(1$", !1%# &1$&)-* 3-1+ e5 -$e(%"I#")", "+ &1((e$+1% e5&e%%-% 1*$-* $e&e%%"(-* ")+e, "!-+ P)"&e$#"* &e)e/("e("#, *!e("#1(% !("e+

$+$"#1$e* -e$%, +%&e+e$% "/ I#")", A)!e% #("$%&e$+#, (e$-* ("$&1(-* $(e%%-%. U/ +e$%, %&-# e# !(-%"-+e("#, +$" !"%%* &1$&-)&"( *1$#", +1($"* E"$e) %1(+e(e, +e* !e(%%e, &"(#"#e* e# 1*$e* !e(&)#"((#-#e*8 e&1$#("(1 "-#e* "+e(%"e !1#e%#"#% e# !($&!% #e$e/("(-* )1$e )"#e3-e $*% !"#e(e *!e(-*6 "$5-% !)-(*-*, %&-# e5 1& +e/#1 #e$e/"#-(, 3-1*1+1 #1# #1(-* *1$%#(%, #1# !e&&"#1(-* !(1+% !1%%e# 1&&-((e(e,3-"e #" [02=7C] *%e("/)#e( !-))-)"/"$#, e# 1(/e* $1)e("$# -$e(%-* &1$&)-* e$e(")e, !(-% "!-+ V)"&-*,+e$+e "!-+ P1+-*, &1$1&"(e +%!1%-#. Se+ $1%%*e "!-+ C)"(-**1$#e* A)e($"e &#"#e*, +$" &1*#e

("#", e5 -$e(%% #("$%")!$"(-* !"(#/-% !(1$&"(-*, *e$%e N1e*/(e, e!%&1!1(-* e# "//"#-* &1$e$# %"&e( &1$e$#-%, $ $1*$e D1*$, !("e%e$#/-% e#"* !("e+"(-* !"(#-* $1$$-))% !($&!/-%. U/, 1(+$"#% +e

!("e)"#1(-* E&&)e%"e e# (1(-* De-* #*e$#-* &1$%)1 $%##-#1$/-%, 3-"e "+ e(e$+-* )"/e$#% E&&)e%"e%#"#-* +e/"$#-( (e%!&e(e8 e# !(1*-)"#% &"$1$/-%, 3- "+ *1(-* "e+&"#1$e* e# &1((e$+"* +e)(-*e$1(*#"#e* !1#e("$# !(1&e(e8 e# 3- !"&e*, %-e(e$#e Pe#(1 E(e*#", [02=7D] 3-"e +e (e/-% !e(e("#, (e1(*"(e$#,3- e(/1 %/ $4-$ +e/#"* e(e/"# %1))&#-+$e*8 $1%%*e "+ "$& e51(#"#1$e* %e &1$e(##, +&e$%6

CAPUT XV. E51(#"#1 +1*$ !"!"e "+ !1!-)-*, !(1 " He(1%1)'*#"$".

N1%#%, ("#(e% +)e%%*, e# e%#("* $1%%e + e5!e+# &"(#"#e*, 3-1*1+1 -*"$ e$e(% Re!"("#1(,

!(1 $1%#(" 1*$-* %")-#e &"($e* "%%-*e$%, e# 1*1 $#e( 1*$e% &1$e(%"#-%, #e(("* !(1*%%1$%, 3-"* !(+e* !"#(/-% !(1*%e("#, !(1!(" ))-%#("# !("e%e$#"8 e# "%%-*!#"e +%!e$%"#1$% 1!e(/-%, e# &(e/(" %*-) *("&-)1(-*e5/#1$e (e+++# %!e&")#e( $ $e*. I+ e$* e# Ve#e(% e# N1, !e$e $ 1*$/-% %'))"/%, +1&e# %e(e% Te%#"*e$#.

Q-"+"* [02=2A] %"$e +)e1$% !("e(1"#" &e(#-* e%# e"* +)e5%%e, #", 3-1+ e"* 1(/% !"(#e*, *1 !"(#&-)"*,"e(e+#"#e* %-"* +$"#-% e%# "!!e))"(e, &-* e4-% %# 1*$% #e((" e# !)e$#-+1 e4-% I%". XXXIV, 7:. U$+e !e( I%""*"#6 H"e(e+#"% *e" I%("e) I%". XIX, 2:8 e# #e*6 V$e" D1*$ S"/"1#, +1*-% I%("e) e%# I%". V, :. E# )&e# #1#"*, $

!"(#e* !("e&!-"*, %/ +e+&"e(# "/ $#1, !e&-)"(-% #"*e$ U(/e* %"$"* %/ "+1!#"# $ !(1!("*, #e%#"$#eP(1!e#", 3- "#6 D)# D1*$-% !1(#"% S1$ %-!e( 1*$" #"/e($"&-)" "&1/ P%"). LXXXVI, 7:. De 3-" )1(1%"+&-$#-(, +e)&e# 3-1+ $ e" +1&e$%, !"%%-%, e# (e%-(e$% S")"#1(, %")-#e* 1!e("#-% e%# $ *e+1 #e(("e6 "+ 1& "%"e&-)% !("ee)e", -# #"$#1(-* e%%e# &1$%&", e# &e))" "*)"(% *'%#e(1(-*. E)e" $*(-*6 [02=2B] 3-1+ !%e 3-e)e#, #e%#"#-(, +&e$%6 E# +e He(-%")e* &#"#e 3-"* e)e, e$e# 1/% S")"#1(. Q-"* e#% !e&&"#% $"/#"$#-* +e5e$#/-%, 4-%#1 4-+&1 %-1 $ *"$-% *!1(-* %"e!-% #("+ !e(*%e(# De-%, e# +-("e 4--* %e(#-#% "+ #e*!-%

e"* %-%#$e(e !"%%-% %#8 $1$ #"*e$ "(/#("$+-* e%#, 3-1+ e"* 3-"% " %e (e!-+"#"* "/4e&e(#. C-* %&(!#-* %#6)"e))"# De-% 1*$e* )-* 3-e* (e&!# He/(. XII, :8 )) e(1 #e%"-(?"# ("*, &- +&#6 Re&e%%# ?e)-% *e-% " #e, 4"* "*!)-% $1$ ("%&"( #/ E?e&. XVI, E4&e"$&))"*, e# )-* e4-% Ge$. XXI, 70:. S"(("&e$1(-* e$* e$% *!", e# *-$+"$"(-* %e"#(5 #("+#1$-*, )1&"%"$", $ 3-/-% %#e#e(-$# !e+e% D1*$, 4"* " *-)#% (e#(1 #e*!1(/-% 1)e$#" !(e*# #'("$$+e, %-/"% +e)/-% e#$ %e(#-#e* +"*$"#%. I$(e%% %-$# &"$e% $ S"$", !(1"$"#-* e%# %"$-"(-*8 -*)"#-% e%# &-)#1( De !1!-)-%8"$"("% !"##-( $+$"% e$-% e)e-*8 %e(# $ )-#1 e# )"#e(e (e")e [02=2D] %"&e(+1#-*8 !($&e!% !(1$&"(-*,"" e%# %-/ #(/-#1, &#"% De. C-4-% $1$ )3-e"# "$*"> &-4-% $1$ #"/e%&"$# !("e&1(+", % "+ "$*-*

(e&-((e$#/-%> Q-% "e& %&&% 1&-)% "-+(e !1#e%#, ("#(e% &"(%%*> Te*!)-* D1*$, +e 3-1 ?e)"$% D1*$-%e$+e$#e% e4e&# e# e*e$#e%, $e +1*-% P"#(% e4-% e(e# %!e)-$&" )"#(1$-* M"##. XXI:, "-* e%# %e+e%+"e*1$1(-*. I+ !%-* e$* e# M"#"#"* %"&e(+1#e* *"$-*, %"$(-* !(1e$#1(e* M"&"/"e1(-*, "+ ?e)-*"&&e$+# &1**e$+"/)e*, %&-# !%e #e%#"#-(, +&e$%6 Te*!)-* D1*$ 3-"% ( $1/)%8 "%" )1("e e4-% "/+-"%-$# &"!#" I M"&. II, ;:. C#"% Re% (e-* 1*$-*, 3-"e ")% (e-)"% $#e*e("#"e #("++# +e, e$#-*

%-!e(%##1$/-% &1#-( $#" +e%e((e. S"$"e Re%-((e1$% [02==A] e&&)e%", (e3-e% +1(*e$#% D1*$, e1(-*%-%#$e# *!e(", 1e+"#-( %!-(&#%, 3- (e%-((e1$% $1$ "/e/-$# !"(#&!-*, %e+ %#!-)" $% "e#e($, !e(e$$/-%


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+e!-#"/-$#-( $&e$+%. L1&" e$e("/)" +$% +e!-#"#" *'%#e(%, 3-"e D1*$-* $ &"($e %-%&e!e(-$# 1%!#e*,%$" +e(-$#, %e$%e(-$# /e$e&", 3-1(-* 1*$-* $ %e !)e$" +e !("e#e$+-$# "(-*e$#", "" %-$# (e-* !("e%e!", %#"/-)" 4-*e$#1(-*. L"-+"/)% !1!-)-%, &- /e$e+5# D1*$-% e5e(&#--*, %-/ "$"("(-* e# %1(++"(-* !("e%#"#1$-* !1$+e(e e*# "#"#-%8 ("!-$#-( e1(-* ), *"#(% E&&)e%"e &"(" !$1(", -# e$#-* **-$+#%+e%e("$#, e# $1*e$ De "/$ee$# e) 1(e /)"%!e*e$# %"&()e1, &1*!e))-$#-(8 "-# *!" +e#e%#"$#e% *!e(",

&"e+-$#-( )"+% *1(e /+e$#-*, [02==B] %"$% *"(#'(/-% %1&"$+. N1$ e%# %"&()e% )1&1(-* +e(e$#", $1$ e%#

!e(%1$"(-* (e%!e-%6 $ %"$-"(% 1&&+-$#-( %"&e(+1#e% e# )e#"e8 &1-$#-( ($e% 1($&"(, "-# !e( #1(*e$#" !e((e8 $e& *"#(1$% "e#"% *"#-(1( %-(""#-(. V"e $1/%, 3- $ "$& #"* !e(&-)1% #e*!1(% +e%&e$+*-% *%e("*,3-"* $ %!(#- !("e+e$% e)e-% " D1*$1 D"+ (e5 +e)%, +e!)1("# +&e$%6 De-%, e$e(-$# e$#e% $ "e(e+#"#e*#-"*, !1))-e(-$# #e*!)-* %"$-* #--* P%"). LXXVIII, 7:. E# #e*6 P1!-)-* #--* -*)"e(-$#, e# "e(e+#"#e*#-"* e5"e(-$# P%"). XCIII, :. U#3-+, D1*$e, ("%&e(% $ $e*, "&&e$+e#-( e)-# $% (" #-"> P%"). LXXVIII, 8

LXXXVIII, P%"). LXXXVIII, 0.: Ve(-*$e [02==C] e%# 3-1++&#-(6 N1$ 1/)%&e#-( *%e(e( De-%, $1$ &1$#$e/# $ (" %-" *%e(&1(+"% %-"%> P%"). LXXVI, 70.: Re&1(+"(e3-+ "&&+e(# $1/%8 $#-e(e, e# +e 1!!(1/(-* $1%#(-* T(e$. V, 7:. V"e $1/%, -# 3-+ $"# %-*-% +e(e&1((-!#1$e* !1!-) $1%#(, e# &1$#(#1$e* &#"#% %"$"e8 e# %e+e(e ))& &-* +"$#-( $ *"$/-% $*&1(-* %"$">I M"&. II, .: V1% #-(, +)e%%*, "(*"*$ ?e)1 De. A&&$*$ -$-%3-%3-e )"+1 %-1 %-!e( e*-( %--* !1#e$#%%*e P%"). XLIV:. A&&$*$, e# e%#1#e ) !1#e$#%. Me)-% e%# e$* *1( $ /e))1, 3-"* +e(e *")" e$#%

$1%#("e e# %"$(-*. S 3-% ?e)-* )e% De "/e#, "+4-$"# %e $1/%. S-/e$"*-% ("#(/-% $1%#(%. D%(-*!"*-%$&-)" [02==D] e1(-*, e# !(14&"*-% " $1/% 4--* !%1(-* P%"). II, =:. E(e+*$, e# D1*$-% e(# 1/%&-*.

A(*" 3-"e &"e+e *-#-" ))&#e &(-e$#"%#%, $ 1%#e% +e e# $1*$% C(%#"$ &1$e(##e. -(#", $&e$+", ("!$"%,1*&+", e# &"e#e(" 3-")" 3- "-$#, (e$-* De $1$ !1%%+e/-$#, 1& De1 /e$e!)"&#1 (e+*#e 1/%e3-18 -#+e)(-*, 3-/-% D1*$-* "+ ("&-$+"* !(11&"%#%, &e)e(e* $+-)e$#"* !(1 1/% 1/#$e"$# "e& !e#"#% 1!e(",e# +e!(e&"#1 &1))"#" %"$(-*. M1$e*-% #-( e# e51(#"*-( $ D1*$1, e# $ (e*%%1$e* !e&&"#1(-* $4-$*-%,

-# ("#(/-% $1%#(%, e# &1e)e%#% (e$ &1"e(e+/-% 1*$e% e$* %-*-% $&e* *e*/(", "e(e+e% 3-+e* De,&1"e(e+e% "-#e* C(%# [R1*. VIII, 7]: 3- He(1%1)'*% e# $ $/-% e4-% "/#"$#, ")1$ [02=


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%!1$#"$e !(1!#e( D1*$-*. Ne& #"*e$ "!-+ 1*$e% e("# $ &"-%" D1*$-%8 e# (#-#-* *"#e( +%&(e#1 1#-*e5&#"/"#8 %e+ 3-+"* $e "*&1% +e%e(e(e$#, 3-+"* $e +e%+e% "/e(e$#-(, [02=B] 3-+"* %1)" )e#"#% &"-%", "-# -#&(e+#1(e% %-1% 3-/-% *-)#1(-* +e/#1(-* !1$+e(e #e$e/"$#-( 1/)"#: +e&)$"$#e% e)-+e(e$#, ")% %e "+4-$e/"$#.O*$e% #-( e5 &"-%% "(% !(1!e("/"$#. N1$ e("# $ (e$% 1&&+e$#")/-%, 3- "-# "e#"#%, "-# %e5-%, "-# &1$+#1$%,"-# %#"#-% e))e# e%%e *e*1(8 "-# ")3-/-% !e(%-"%1$/-% +e#e((#-% "/ $&1e!#1 +e%%#e(e#8 %e+ 1*$e% $+e(e$#e(

*"$-% +"/"$#8 1*$e% -$"$*#e( &1(+e e# 1(e 1#-* !(1#e/"$#-(. V+e/"#-( "+ )##e("* *!)e( 3-1+ $ T1/"

%&(!#-* e%#6 e(-%")e* &#"% De, $"#1$e% e5 )1$$3-1 "+ #e e$e$#, e# *-$e(" +ee(e$#e%, "+1("/-$# $ #eD1*$-*6 e# #e(("* #-"* $ %"$&"#1$e "/e/-$#, $1*e$ *"$-* $1&"$#e% $ #e T1/. XIII, 7=:. De !("e%e$#/-% #-( 3- &1$&)1 [02=C] $#e(-e("$#, *-)# &-* "-+1 %-%&e!e(-$# $%#-* e(/-*, 3-1(-* !(*-%-# +1*$-% A+e*"(-%, /1$"e *e*1("e P1+e$%% e!%&1!-%, ( #"e e$e("/)%, 3- !1%#e" "!1%#1)&"e %e+%)e"#1$e -$-%, $ e"+e* e5!e+#1$e !1!-)1 De #"* +e)#e( 3-"* !(-+e$#e( !("e-#6 D1*$-% 3-13-e W))e)*-%

A-("%&e$%% e!%&1!-%, ( e(e (e)1%-%, "& #*e$% De-*. De "/%e$#/-% e(1 -#(-%3-e (e$ !($&!/-%, e1+e*e(1(e %-&&e$%, "+ #e( %e "&&$e/"$#, *-#-1 %e e# (e3-e$#e( e51(#"$#e%8 e# &e(#-* !("ee$#e% +e*, -# &1))e%$e&e%%"(%, e# "e &1$%1(#/-% &1$1&"#%, #e( "((!e(e$#. V+e#-( e(e +$#-% !(1&-("#-* !("e%e$%, -$+e )13-*-(,$e1#-*, e# e(/-* e(e e(e%%-* " D1*$1. [02=D] N"* &"#e("#* &1$&-((e/"$# !1!-), -$-* -/&-$3-e +e !($&!/-% #e( 1%%e "-+e("$#, -# %e ))-% &1*#"#- %1&"(e$#8 e4-%3-e %-!e( %e $ #1#1 #$e(e $1&"(e$# $1*e$,1/%e3-" !(1*##e$#e% e# +e*. E# 3-" e(/-* ))-+ !-/)&e +&e(e#-(6

O&&-!e# e5#(e*-* %&"/e%, * #-(!e (e)$3-8 )"/1("/"$# &e(#"#*, %e $e&e%%"(% &1**-$(e, *-#-1 %e

!("ee$(e &-!e$#e%. Ve(e +$#-% !(1&-("#-*8 $e&e%%"(-% e$* e("# & $% !-("#1(-%, 3-1 !("e#e(#", 3-"e $*"e("$#, +)-e(e$#-( &1**%%"8 e# 1&&-!"#1 %#" -#)%, 3-" +e&)$"(e$#-( -#-(". N1$ e$* e("# $#e( *1(#")e% (e%!e-%De, $e& "+ 1*$e% (ee(e$#". C1$e$e("# "-#e* "!-+ 1*$e% e# + !%-* +e *"$+"#1 +1*$ !"!"e $4-$-* -e("#,-# 3-1#3-1# !("e+"e "e 1#1 %e [02=A] 1/)"(e$#, &"e &(-&% %")-#"(e %$-* e%#/-% *!(*e(e$#8 e# $

-*e(% ))-% %/ !1(#"(e$# *e*1("*, &-4-% !"%%1$% )1&-* %#"(e !(1!1%-e("$#8 ))-* *#"$#e%, &- "+ $1%#("*(e+e*!#1$e* !(1!e("$#, "-% e%# !($&!"#-% e4-% %-!e( -*e(-* e4-% I%". IX, :. De 3-1 e#"* $1$ **e(#1+e#-( !1%%e $#e)) ))-+ I%""e6 Le"/# D1*$-% %$-* $ $"#1$/-%, e# &1$(e"/# +%!e(%1% I%("e) I%". XI, 72:.Se+ e# ))-+ *"$+"#-* D1*$ 4-5#" )##e("* +e/"#-( *!)e(6 Q- -)# e$(e !1%# *e, "/$ee# %e*e#!%-*8 e# #1))"#&(-&e* %-"*, e# %e3-"#-( *e M"##. XVI, 2


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&(e+e/"#-(8 e# "#&-)" %-", &-* "e 3-"$##"#e *e#( $#e/"$#-(, $1("$#e% 3-1+ $1$ %-$# $ *"$- 1*$% "e ))-%.I$1("# e$* *1(#")% $(*#"% 3-+ %/ &("%#$" !"("# +e%. N1$ e("# -%!"* $ #1# !(1$&%, 3-1# "/e# O&&+e$%,+1*-% 1#1%" e) -$". C-3-e 4-5#" %-"* &1$+#1$e* "*)"(" %-/e("$#, &(&" 3-"e %1))&#"/"$#-(, $e1#", +-* & !"#e("*)"%, / )-%, ))-& e(1 #1#" +1*-% "+ *("$+-* %e &1*!1$e(e#. D(e/"$#-( (e3-e$#e% e!%#1)"e, 3-/-%3- %*-) !(1e-( e("$#, %e *-#-1 e51(#"/"$#-(, "##e$#-% *1("* $&(e!"$#e% e# *1$e$#e% !(1!e("(e &e)e(-%.

[02=C] V1&"$#/-%3-e &"e#e(1% %, 3- #-(*"(-* e("$# +-&e% +e%$"#, &-* %$-)#/-% e# %-%!(% ++e/"$#-( "/

$&e* &"(1(-* "*!)e5-%, e# %-!(e*-* %/ ")e+&e$#e%, %e!"("/"$#-( $ 1%&-)%. M"#e( )-*, !"(e$#e* )", %1(1( ("#(e*, -51( *"(#-*, $ -)$% +e!1(#"$#e% !"(-)1%, e# %-e$#e% -/e(", &-* )"&('*% e# e4-)"#- &1*#"/"$#-( "/e-$#e%6 e# + ")e, 3-1% (e%%- $1$ !1#e("$#, +e5% 1/#-#/-% !(1%e3-e/"$#-(.

CAPUT XVIII. G")#e(-% Se$%"e( !(*-% "* $(e%%-%, C1$%#"$#$1!1)* !e(e$#.

A$$1 #-( "/ I$&"($"#1$e D1*$ 709, *e$%e M"(#1, 1"" +e *e$%%, 3-+"* G")#e(-%,&1$1*e$#1 [02=D] Se$%"e(, ( $1/)% e# $ "(*% %#(e$--%, &-* $e$# *-)##-+$e !e+e%#(-* #-(*"(-* $"* !"-&%%*1% %e&-* "/e/"# e3-#e%: !(*-% #e( "((!-#, e# !e(#("$%e$% Te-#1$&1(-* (e$-*, $ H-$"("*

+e%&e$+#. E%# "-#e* (e$-* H-$"("e !")-+/-% $#e(4e%, e# *"$% )-*$/-% !("e&$-*, e# $"&&e%%/)e8 #" -#$% &e(#% )1&%, e# % ee*e$#e( "$-%#%, 1)e$#/-% $#(1(e e) e(e+, $1$ !"#e"# $#(1#-% e) e5#-%. E+e* "-#e*

(e$1 #-$& !("ee("# ( C(%#"$%%*-%, (e5 C")e*"$$-%, 3- &1$#1 !("e+ G")#e( "+e$#-, e# +e e4-% e+1-% !(1!1%#1, !"* ))-% &1**e$+"$% $#e$#1$e*, e-* /e$$e "+*%#, e# #("$%#- %-% e5!e+#1$/-% !e( H-$"("*&1$&e%%1, !-/)&1(-* &1**e(&1(-* ("#"* $1$ $e"#. I))e [02=;A] e(1 (e$1 e4-% &-* 1*$ #("$3-))#"#e#("$%&-(%1, -%3-e "+ )--* M"(1e, 3- e4-%+e* (e$ )*e% "/ O(e$#e +$1%&#-( e%%e, !e(e$# $&1)-*%. Q-1

#("$%#1, B-)"(1(-* $e% &-* %-% )e1$/-% "###, "+ )1&-* !e(e$e$% 3- +&#-( Be))e("". E1 #"*e$ $1("$#e,#("$% e-*+e* )--* $ )1&1 &- $1*e$ M")"))", +e &1*#"#- e4-% 3-+"* (e*"$%e("$#, -# &/1% e*e(e$#, e# "+ #e( &1))e(e$# 3-"e+"* $e&e%%"("8 3-1% H-$"( &1*!(ee$+e$#e%, $-+"#1%, e# "e% e(/e(/-%, "/)"#% 1*$/-%,(e*%e(-$# "+ %-1%. E# )&e# e1(-* "+e(%#"# -$e(%-% !)e$" &"(#"#e &1*!"#e(e#-( e5e(&#-%, e# %$%#(1, 3- "&&+e("#,&"%- !)-(*-* %1&% &1$+1)e(e#8 #"*e$ +e$#e% 3-" +-(-* e("# $*%, e# !e$e *!1%%/)e )--* (e#("$%(e,[02=;B] e# 1&&"%1$e e*e(e$#-* $e1#1(-* #e( +e((e !(1!1%#-*, %"#-% "(/#("# %-$# +%%*-)"(e "+ #e*!-%

$4-("*, 3-"* "+ + 3-1+ "%%e3- $1$ !1%%e$#, #e*e(e "%!("(e8 %!e* "/e$#e% $ e1, &- *)#"(e !(1!1%-e("$#, 3-1+C(%# %e(% ))"#" ("#% $4-(" $1$ !("e#e((e# *!-$#", %e+ &1$+$"* "/ e1 (e&!e(e$# *e(&e+e*, 3- %-% +e)/-%(e!(1*%# +&e$%6 E# &"!))-% +e &"!#e e%#(1 $1$ !e(/#8 $ !"#e$#" e%#(" !1%%+e/#% "$*"% e%#("% L-&. XXI,

7;:. C1$#$-"$#e% #-( #e(, Be))e(""* !e(e$e(-$#, -# !("e*%*-%, -/ G")#e(-% " +-&e B-)"(1(-*, 3- e+e*)1&1 !("ee("#, e*e$+ )&e$#"* !1%#-)"$%, e# *!e#("(e $1$ ")e$%, "$#e -(/e* &"%#("*e#"#-% e%#8 -/ e5e(&#-*[02=;C] %--* -% $1!" )"/1("$#e*, &1/e(e $1$ ")e$%, ("e $*% !1!-) %- !"%%-% e%# +%!e$+-*. N"* &-*

" B-)"(% 1*$$1 e$")-* $), ")3-1 !(e#1 $#e(e$e$#e, 1/#$e(e !1%%e$#, e(e%%-% e%# e4-% e5e(&#-%, -# %/ *1+13-1&-$3-e ")*e$#" &1*!"("(e$#8 $e !("e $e&e%%"( -% +e&e(e &1e(e$#-( $1!". Q- (ee% B-)"(1(-*$e$e$#e%, e# "(*e$#", 1)e$#e( e5 e% &1e!e(-$# "/+-&e(e, e# &"%#(% $e((e %-%. Q-1+ "-+e$#e% B-)"(, &1((e!#%"(*%, "+ e1% 3- e1(-* "/+-&e/"$# "$*")", 1%#)#e( e(e%%, !("e+"* (e1&"(e 1)e$#e%, /e))-* ("!#1(/-% $e(-$#.E# " %-!e(1(e%, &e$#-* 3-"+("$#" e5 e% " !("e&e+e$#-* &1*#"#- %e!"("#1% $&"-#-%, $ 1("#1(1 3-1+"* 3-1 %e("#" &1$%e3-e$+"e %")-#% &1$#-)e("$#: [02=;D] $e %-!!1%#1, &1*/-%%e(-$#, (e)3-% $ -"* "+"%. A# e(1

G")#e(-% %&e$% 3-1+ !1!-)-* %e&-* #("e(e# +-("e &e(&%, e# $+%&(e#-*, (e)% % 3- %-1 !(1!(1 %!(#-+-&e/"$#-(, $&1((/)e% ", &-* (e)3-% "*$/-% B-)"(1(-* %)"%, )1$e )"#e3-e +-%"%, !(-+e$#e( &(&-*%!ee3-e !e(#("$%e$%, S#(")&"* D"&"e *e+#e(("$e"e *e#(1!1)* e(e"* !e(e$#, -/ e4-%+e* &#"#% !("e%+ +e +"*$1 e# $4-(" !)e/ De $4-%#e " B-)"(% ))"#" &1$3-e%#-%, !)e$"* %-!e( 1*$/-% &1**%%% 4-%##"*

&1$%e&-#-% e%#. I$%-!e( "/ e1+e* +-&e, (1 e(e1, e# #*e$#e De-*, -*"$%%*e #(""#-%, &1**e(&1(-* )ee*1/#$-# &1**-$e*, -# %/, e# !1!-)1 %-1 "e3-" *e$%-(" e# 4-%#1 !(e#1 $e&e%%"(" e$+e(e$#-(8 [02=9A] e# -# )e/-%

-*"$% $ e4-% 1/%e3-1 $) +e(e#-( +ee%%e, +-&e% e#"* #$e(%, 3- e% -%3-e "+ -(/e* !("ee%%e$# (e"*,&1$&e%%#. Q-1 !e(e$e$%, e# $ !("e%e$#"* +1*$ *!e("#1(% $#(1+--%, "/ e4-% 1/#$-# *"$&e$#", -# -%3-e "+"+e$#-* Pe#(, +e &-4-% !("e&e!#1 #e( "((!-e("#, e5e(&#-* %--* $ )1&% -(/ $#*%, $+-)#" e*e$+ e$+e$+3-e)&e$#", "/e(e !e(*##e(e#-(6 3-1+ e &1$&e%%# *!e("#1(.

CAPUT XIX. Pe#(-% E(e*#" %-/%e&-#-%, !e( H-$"("* #("$%e$%, H-$"(1(-* %e$## !e(+"*.

A# e(1 Pe#(-%, !1%# "e& $1$ *-)#1 $#e(4e #e*!1(% $#e("))1, [&-* $$-*e("/) e5e(&#- #("$%&-(%"L1#"($", ("$&1$", B""(", e# e" [02=9B] (e1$e 3-"e A-%#(" +&#-(, &-* -$e(%" *-)##-+$e, 3-"* e5 1*$

!1!-)1, e# #(/-/-%, e# )$-%, e# $"#1$/-% &1))ee("#, 3-"% "+ 3-"+("$#" *))", $e% H-$"(1(-* "##e("#. U$+e*%%" )e"#1$e "+ +1*$-* (ee*, *!e#("#, -# % !"&&-* e))e# "/e(e $#(1#-*, e# %$e #-*-)#- e# %&"$+")%


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(e$-* e4-% !e(#("$%(e, e %$e +&-)#"#e "+#-% !("e%#e#-(. Q-" %-%&e!#" )&e$#", e# &1$+#1$e* "!!(1/"$%$#e(!1%#"*, &-* -$e(%% )e1$/-%, 3-"e e-* %e3-e/"$#-(, (e$-* $(e%%-% e%#. Q-1+ &-* 1*$ #("$3-))#"#e#("$%&-((e$%, ")*e$#1(-* *-)#" &1!", 4-%#1 !(e#1, e# /1$% &1$+#1$/-% "/ $+e$% *$%#("#", -%3-e "+ %-!e(-%*e*1("#"* M")e))"* !e(e$#. U/ $#e))e 3-1+ &1$%1(#/-% e1(-*, 3- G")#e(-* %e&-#, [02=9C] e1% !("e&e%%e("$#, *-)#"* ))-% )1& "/#"#1(e% $#-)e("$# $4-("*, e# *!e#"#e* $1$ *1+&"* $ e1% e5e(&-e("$#8

+e$#e% e#"* e1(-* %!1)" e# "(*" $)1*$-% $ *-(1 &#"#%, 3-"% !(1 #(1!"e1 +e!e$+e$#", 4-%#" (" %-&&e$%,

!(1#$-% "(*" &1((!-$#, e# %e $&e* e51(#"$#e%, -(/e* 1)e$#e( $($-$#, $&1)% !e$e 1*$/-% "-# $#e(e*!#%)"+1, "-# $ &$1 )-*$e %-/*e(%%. I$ 3-1 #-*-)#-, e1(-* *e(#% + e5e$#/-%, ))" +e &e&+%%e +&-$#-( +eH-$"(% 3-"% "+ 3-"#-1( *))"8 +e e5!e+#1$e e(1 Pe#(, &e$#-* +&-$#-( 1&&-/-%%e. S& #-( -(/e &1((e!#"1)e$#e(, 3-$3-e +e/-% &1$#$-% *"$%e(-$# $ e", !(1!#e( ")*e$#1(-*, 3-"* $ e" (e!e(e(-$# 1!-)e$#"*. [02=9D]A# e(1 B-)"(1(-* +-5, N&#" $1*$e, 3- G")#e(1 e# e4-% )e1$/-% (e(-* e$")-* 1(-* !(-% $#e(+5e("#,

$#e))e$% 3-1+ M")e))"$% !(1 e1 3-1+ $ !("e&e+e$#e% !%e 3-13-e +e)3-e("#, %-/%e3-e$#e% $ e-* e))e$#(e-$+e(e, (e)" Be))e("", &- !("ee("#, +e )1& ++e$% *-$#1$e, "--#. L1& e(1 $&1)"e &-* %-" 3-%3-e"*)" 1!!+-* $)1*$-% +e%e(e$#e%, &-* (e/-% e# "(*e$#% $ 1!"&" %)"(-*, e# $e*1(-* "/+#", )1$e $#e(-%%e &1$#-)e(-$#. Pe#(-% "-#e* +-* "+-& $ e5!-$"#1 !("e%+1 *1("* "&e(e#, (e)"#1$e 3-1(-*+"* e+1-%, 3-1+ (e5H-$"("e %-1(-* %#("e*, 3-"* "-+e("#, $*% "e(e e(e$%, *)#"(e% e5 -$e(%1 (e$1 &1$1&"(e# &1!"%, e# $%-1(-* -)#1$e* "&&$e(e#-( "$*1%-%, &1$(e"#% [02


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I$#e(e" ( e$e("/)%, Pe#(-%, e# -$e(%" 3-"e !("e/"$# "*$", *"41(e%3-e &-$ e5!e+#1$% (,-4-% $1(#-$, 3-1+ %-% "&&+e("#, $"( !e$#-%, #e( &1$#$-"/"$# $&e!#-*. C-* e&&e 3-+"* e3-1 ("!#-%e)1&%%*1, &-(%- !("e&!# e%#$"$%, &"%-* $-$#"#, %#("e* %-1(-* e# &"!##"#e* [02


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)1&1 %/ +e!-#"#1 *e#"# %-$#. Pe#(-% e(1 " +1*$1 *!e("#1(e 1&"#-%, -(/e* $(e%%-% e%#8 e# $ e4-% !("e%e$#"&1$%##-#-%, %&-# ( *"$"$*-% e("# e# e)13-e$%, +e %-" $#e$#1$e, e# #"$# )"/1(% &"-%" $#e((1"#-%, !)e$e +%%e(-#6e# 3-1+ e-* *"5* O&&+e$#")-* !"(#-* e# De1 +$ !($&!e%, $ !(15*1 %-/%e3-e(e$#-(, e+1&-#6 #"$#" *e$#%&1$%#"$#", e# e(/1(-* -%-% 1($"#-, -# e# !")"# !($&!e%, ( "+*("(e$#-( "$*1%#"#e* e# !(-+e$#"*, e# !%e[02


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CAPUT XXV C1$&#"#-( "+e(%-% e-*+e* S1)*"$$-* 1/ &"e+e* ("#(-* -$e(%-% e5e(&#-%, e# !-$"$% "+e(%-% e-* &1$%-*#-(.

P("e")-# #"$+e* +e#e(-% "e(-* %e$#e$#"8 [02


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e# (e)"#1$e $+$", 3-"e $1$$% &-* %-/4e(-* 1+1 e# #*+#"#% $1#", (e5 !1#e("# +%%*-)"(e. C1$1&"#" #-( #1#-% (e$ *)#", #"$3-"* $ 1%#e% e# %-!(e*" +$1% "$*"+e(%1$e, -$"$*#e( (--$# !("e&!#e%, !(1 #"$#%e5&e%%/-% *1(#e* ((1"#-(. T"$+e*3-e "!-+ )1&-* &- $1*e$ Be))e("" e%#, 3- )1&-% $ -*/)&1 (e$ e1(-* !1%#-% e%#, !("e+(-* $%e$%"#1(-* &1$-%"* (e!e(-$# *-)##-+$e*, 3- !("e&1$#1 (e% "+e$#-, e# +e [02


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%/ #*e(e &1*!e))e/"$#. O/#$-e(-$# #"*e$ "/ % 3- "+ !("e+ *-$&! +e!-#"# e("$# &-%#1+"*, e# " !($&!/-%)e1$-*, 3- $ e" !"(#e (e1$e* 1/%e("/"$#, -# )e"#1% "+ (ee* +(e(e$#, 3-, !(1 *!e#("$+" !"&e e# 1/#$e$+"#("$%e-$+ )/e(#"#e, (ee* %-!!)&#e( &1$e$(e$#. I!% e(1 $#e(* &#(" !")-+e% $ )1&% !"%&-% &"%#("*e#"# %-$#, (e !("e%#1)"$#e% ee$#-*.

CAPUT XXX. Q-1*1+1 &"%#(-* Mee%?e/-( 1/%e+e(-$#, e# %e!#$e$#1% e5 H-$"(% $#e(e&e(-$#, e##"$+e* +$#-% $ -"* e(%, !e$e 1*$e% "/ H-$"(% $#e(e %-$# [02


21/338

)e"#1$e "+ (ee* H-$"("e $%#(-"$#-( !)e$-%, 3-"e$"* &"-%" -e(#, 3-"(e ("#(-* !("e&e+e$#-* "!-+ e1% #"+e!e(e(# e5e(&#-%8 e# -# [027C] 1!!1(#-$#"#e $e$#" +1*$-* (ee* +e !"&e &1$e$"$#, e# 1*%%% 3-e(e)%e#e(/-%, e)"/1(e$# 3-1*1+1 e% )/e( !e( H-$"("* $+-)e"#-( #("$%#-%. N"* ")"% $(e "%, #$e(% &1e!#+e/"#-( +%!e$+-*. M%%-% e%# e(1 ( $1/)% G1+e(+-% +e A%&", He$(& ("#e(, e1 3-1+ e4-%+e* (e% " *-)#%(e#(1 #e*!1(/-% "*)"(#"#e* "/-e("#, &-* 3-/-%+"* 1$e%#% (% e# $1/)/-%, -# e4-%+e* )e"#1$% -$"#-(

1&16 3- "+ (ee* !e(e$e$%, +e!e$%1 +e/#"e %")-#"#1$% ""#-, 3-1+ e -e("# $4-$-* +e)#e( e5%e3-e$%, (e

)1&-#-% e%# $ "e& e(/"6

CAPUT II. Le"#1 e4-%+e* +-&% "+ C")e*"$-* (ee* H-$"("e, !e( G1+e(+-* +e A%&", e#

(e%!1$%-* e4-%+e* (e% "+ e-*+e* +-&e*. [027D]

V( ))-%#(% e# *"$&-%, +1*$-% G1+e(+-%, L1#"($"e +-5, e# ") De &-)#1(e%, 3- &-* e1 %-$# !($&!e%, +$% 1/%e3-% *"$&!"#, "+ e%#("* $1% +(e5e(-$# e*$e$#"*, %&(e !e( $1% &-!e$#e%6 3-"(e +e)-* !1!-)-%, 3-1(-* (e)3-"% $ " (e!e(*-% $1/% 1&&-((e$#e%, #"$#"* "!-+ 1%, 3- +e $-*e(1 +e)-* +&*$,(e!e(e(-$# $-*"$#"#e*, -# #-#-% "+ 1%#e% 3-1%)/e# +e&)$"(e !1#-%%e$#. Q-1+ % !("e+ !1!-) #"$#" -# &-)!", -#

e5#(e*% %-!!)&% +$" -e(# )"e))"(8 3- *e *%e(-$#, !"("# %-$# e1(-* $#e(#-* "e3-"$*#e( #1)e("(e. N"*3-"e&-$3-e e5 *e(#1 !1e$" $)#-(, *$-% "+ ("* !(11&"#, e# *"41(e %-%#$e$+" e%# !"#e$#". Q-1+ % %e&-% e%#, e#

"/%3-e -))" &"-%" &")-*$"# [022A] e%#% $$1&e$#e%, -# e1% *1(# #("+e(e#%, $1$ !1%%-$# ))"#"* %e(% De+%%*-)"(e $4-("*8 %e+ !"("# %-$# ("#(-* %"$-$e* $+&"(e. S-!e( % e(1 e%#(" !e( $1%#(-* *$%#e(-*e5%!e"$# (e%!1$%", !(1 e1(-* 1(*" "$*1% "/#-(. H% +% 1("$+ $e* e&#. C- (e5 %-1(-* %"#e))#-* %#!"#-%&1*#"#-, $ "e& e(/" (e%!1$+#6 P)"&e#, ( "*&#"(-*, G1+e(+e, &- *e(#% e5e$#/-% 4"* !(+e* $1%#("*

&1$#-)*-% ("#"*, 3-1+ "+ $1% $(e%%-% e%, #-* -# e#e(e* (e$1e*-% "*&#"*, #-* -# "!-+ #"* +%&(e#-* 4-+&e* $1%#("* "%#(-"*-% $$1&e$#"*. S-*-% e3-+e* e# +e $-*e(1, -# +&%, +e)-*6 e# -#$"* 1!e(e !1%%*-%*!)e(e -4-% $1*$% (#-#e*F Se+ 3- 1% !("e&e%%e(-$#, #"* Pe#(-* E(e*#"* %e3-e$#e%, 3-"* "+"e(e$#e%G1+e%&")&1, [022B] 3-"* 3- $ (e$ $1%#( )*#/-% &"%#(-* $1%#(-* e5!-$"(e, e# "+ $1% 1)e$#e( $(e+$#e/"$#-(, $e& (e, $e& $1*$e C(%# -e(-$# %e"#1(e%. N"* &-* !(*1 Pe#(-* e# %-1% e5e(&#-% %-%&e!%%e*-%1%!#1, /1$" 3-"e "!-+ $1% e("$# #"* ("#%, 3-"* !(e#1 ))% &1**-$&"$#e% 4-%#1, *1(e %e(!e$#% $ (e*1, e#

*-(% $ !e(", *")e (e*-$e("e(-$# 1%!#e% %-1%. N"* $ e5#(e*% (e$ $1%#( $/-%, &-* 4"* !(1 &1))"#% /e$e&%("#e% #e$e(e$#-( (e!e$+e(e, -$"* +e -(//-% $1%#(% &1$($e$#e%, e# !1!-)-* 3- $ e" e("# +e)e$#e% !e$#-%, &-*e1(-* %!1)%, (e/-% e# "(*e$#%, #"$3-"* 1)e$# !("e+1$e% "/e(-$#. G1+e%&")& e(1 e5!e+#1$e%, #"$3-"* "

!(1(/-% $) 1*$$1 !e(#-)%%e*-% $4-("e, [022C] %$e *1)e%#" e# +&-)#"#e "+*%%"e, $ *e+1 (e$ -4-%("!$"% e5e(&e(e, $e((e 1)e$#"*, $&e$+" !(1&-("(e, e# &"-%% )e/-% %#("e* 1!e("( $1$ e(e$#e%, +e)(-*%-1(-* e$1(*#"#e D1*$-* "+ ("&-$+"* !(11&"e(-$#. N1% 3-13-e %-/+#1(-* e((e $1$ ")e$#e% *1)e%#"%,

*"$-* "+/-*-%, (e !e(&)#"$# (e*e+-* !(1+e$#e%. U$+e e# !(1(-* e5e*!)1 +e#e((#, $e #e(#1 4"*+e#e%#"/)-* #-(*"(-* e5!e((e*-( $4-("%, &1$%-)#-% 1(e %-* e%#, " (e$ $1%#( )*#/-%, De1 !)"$e 1+/)e%,"(&e(e -4-%*1+ *!1(-* *"$!-)1% 1*$-*, 3-"* $4-("% "/ e% e# +"*$" !"# e$1(*", "-# &-* e% 1%#)#e( +e&e(#"(e. H"e& #-( "!-+ #e (-* !(-+e$#e* e# $+-%#(-*, !(1 $1%#(" e5&-%"#1$e %-&"# "))e"%%e. N"* #D1*$-%, !-("*, [022D] %&-# e%#, e+%%e(-*-% e(#"#e*.: H% +%, e1%+e* )e"#1% !("e&!# 1%!#")#e(, e# *-)#"1$e%#"#e "/e(, 3-1-%3-e "/#1 &-* %-% &1))13-1, "+ !("e+% !($&!e% $-$#1% +("#, (e%!1$%" &1$e$e$#"

+e)"#-(1%. T"$+e* *%%% +e "*)"(/-% %-% ")3-1# &-* )e"#% 3- "+ %e e$e("$#, +-& e# !($&!/-% $ "e& e(/"(e%&(!%#6 A-+*-% %"$e, e# "*" (ee(e$#e 4"*+-+-* &1$1*-%, 3-1+ !($&e!% *"$-%, ))-%#(% e# e(e-%*e(#1 "!-+ #-1% "/e"(%6 e# 3-1+ +e #-"e %$&e(#"#e*, e# &1**e$+"/)e* "$* &1$%#"$#"* e#"* )1$e !1%# ( !(-+e$#e% "+*(e$#-(. N1% 3-13-e $1*$% #- /1$1 1+1(e, e# 1!e(-* #(" )"("$#", #e )&e# "/%e$#e* &1)e(e

!(1!1%-*-%, e# !(1*!#-% 1$1("(e. Se+ e# (1% $1/)e% 3- #e&-* %-$#, ?e)1 [02=A] +e C(%#"$"e "&&e$%1%,&(e+*-% !-* "/e(e !(1!1%#-*. U$+e e# e" *e(#", 3-/-% %1)e$# "*& &1*!"("(, $1)-*-% $ $1/% 1#1%"

#1(!e%&e(e8 %e+ 1*$/-% +e/#"* *!e$+e(e &"(#"#e*, e# ("#e($"e +)e1$% e(" e1% 1!e(/-% "/-$+"(e !"("#%-*-%. U$+e 3-1$"* #" %e 1e(# 1&&"%1, (1"*-% -# "+ &"%#(-* $1%#(-*, C!e(1$ $1*$e, !("e%e$% "+e%%e e)%, -##e&-* !1%%*-% 1!#"#" +- *%&e(e &1))13-", e# #-% +e%+e(% &1$(--* "+/e(e &1$%e$%-*.

CAPUT III. C1))-$#-( "+$&e* (e5 e# $1%#( !($&!e%, e# +"#-( B")+-$-% +-&% ("#e( (e 1/%e%8#("$%&-(%"3-e H-$"(", e# ("#(e (e&e!#1, +-5 " (ee *-)#% *-$e(/-% 1$1("#-(.

D-5 #-(, "-+#" (e% )e"#1$e "/#13-e %-1(-* [02=B] &1$%)1, &-* #(e&e$#% e3-#/-% e5 1*$&1*#"#- e)e%, +e !("e5", "+ )1&-* !e(e$# +e%#$"#-*. U/ !1$#e #("$%#1, (ee* $e$e$%, "/ e1 /e$$%%*e,

e# &-* *-)#" %-%&e!#-% e%# 1$1(&e$#". T"$+e* !1%# *-)#"* $& $+e %/ *-#-1 "*)"(#"#e* e5/#"*, !)"&-#-# +"#% 1/%+/-% +e $-*e(1 $1/)-* e)e%, 1*$ ("$&1(e +e!1%#1, e# !"&e !)e$-% (e1(*"#", (e$ "+#-% +-& e#


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%-% )e1$/-% !"$+e(e#-(. Re5 e(1 -# #"$#1(-* (1(-* )e1$/-% $#(1*%%% +e* "/e(e# !)e$1(e*, $e 1(#e1&&"%1$e 3-")/e#, +e (#-#e %-" e# $-*e(1 &1$% (e$-* #-(/"(e !("e%-*e(e$#, +1*$-* B")+-$-* +-&% ("#(e*&-* -51(e e# "*)" 1/%+e* !e##. C- +-5 ("#1 &1$&-((e$% [02=C] "%%e$%-, ("#(e* )e/-% &1*!)"&#% 1/%+e*#("+#8 e# **%%% )e1$/-%, (e$-* $(e%%-% e%#. P1((1 (e5 +e)#e( "+*!)e$% 3-1+ !(1*%e("#, !e( -$e(%"%(e1$e% "+ 3-"% !e(e$#-(-% e("# e5e(&#-%, )ee !("e&e!# e+"), 3-"#e$-% 4-%#1 !(e#1, "e3-1 !1$+e(e, -

$e&e%%"(" )e1$/-% e5/e"$#-(8 e# (e(-* e$")-* #-(/"% !(1&%&e$#e% 1(-* !e(!e#-1 &1*#e#-(. D-5 e(1 !e(

&"%#(" -$e(%", e# %e1(%-* e# !-/)&e 1&e !("e&e!# e+& !("e&1$", %-/ !1e$" *1(#% e# 1*$-* !-/)&"#1$% /1$1(-*, $e 3-% ("!$"*, * "-# $4-("* "&&e+e$#/-% "+ e5e(&#-* "-+e"# ((1"(e8 %e+ ("#e($" &"(#"#ee*!#1$-* e$+#1$-*3-e &1$#("-% &e)e/(e$#, $ $&-)1 !"&%. "-*3-e e%# #", !("e" D1*$ *%e(&1(+",3-1+ H-$"("* [02=D] #("$%&-((e$#e% -$e(%"*, $e& $ )e e(/1 *-#-1 %e 1e$+e(-$#. Re5 e(1 !(1&%&e$#e*e5e(&#-*, "e3-% !e$e !"%%/-%, &-* $e$#/-% %-1(-* &1!%, 1/%+e% %e&-* +e+-&e$%, e5 )"#e(e %$%#(1 &1*#"/"#-(

!"("#-%, -# % 3-+ 1(#e %e+#1$% e*e(e(e#, !e( e4-% !("e%e$#"* &1$#$-1 %e+"(e#-(. T"$+e* e(1 "+ M")e))"*, +e3-" %-!e(-% (e3-e$#e( e&*-% *e$#1$e*, !e(e$e$#e%, $ (!" )-*$% S"1", 3-1-%3-e e5e(&#- #("$%#-% !"("(e#-(, &1$%e+e(-$#. C1*!1%#% #-( ("#/-%, 3-" $"e% !"-&"%, e# "+ #"$#-* #("$%e(e$+-* !1!-)-* *$-%%-&e$#e% $e$e("$#6 #("4e% *))e )1(&"#% e3-#/-%, 3- &1$#(" 3-"%)/e# 1%#-* $%+"% (!"* -)#e(1(e*&1**-$(e$#, -# #("$%)"#-% !1!-)-% %e+e* $e$(e# 3-e#"*, &e(#"#* [02


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"(/#(1 #(""$+-%, #("$%)"#-% e%#. S& e(1 e-* "!-+ %e #"$3-"* !("e+1$e*, "-# 1*&+ (e-* *!e("#1( +e#$e/"# $&"(&e(e, !($&!-* 3- %-/%e3- +&e/"$#-( e5%!e"$% "+e$#-*, 3-"#e$-% % !(1%!e(e "&&e+e(e$#, e1(-* ("#" e-*%1)%%e +e(e#-(8 %$ "-#e*, !e(!e#-% e-* &1*!e+/-% *"$&!"(e#.

CAPUT V. D-5 )e"#1% "+ *!e("#1(e* +(#, -# H-1$e* M"$-*, e# ")1% $1/)e% %1)"#, 3-1%+e#$e/"# $ $&-)%6 -$e(%" (e1 !("e+"e e5!1$#-(, e# #"$+e* $1%#( C1$%#"$#$1!1)* !e(e$-$#.

P("ee("# "-#e* !e( +e* #e*!-% G("e&1(-* *!e(1 [02D] ( $e3-"* e# %-/+1)-%, A)e5-% $1*$e,"$1*$e +-% C1$$$1. Q- &-* e%%e# $ *!e(") !")"#1 " +1*$1 N&e!1(1, &1$1*e$#1 B1#1$"#, 3- #-$& $

%&e!#(% "e$% !($&!"/"#-(, !)-(*-* 1$1("#-%8 e# *e"+1*e%#& +$#"#e, 3-e* $1% *"41(e* %e$e%&")&-*"!!e))"(e &1$%-e*-%, -$e(e#-( 1&1, "/ *!e("#1(e %e&-$+-%, &1$#(" +1*$-* e# /e$e"(e* %--* *")#1%e(e&")&#("$%, 3-$#1 e) %e5#1 "$$1, "$#e3-"* !1!-)-% $1%#e( "&&e+e(e#, +e!-)%1 +1*$1 *!e(-* $"%e("#8 e# +e#$e(e !("e%-*e/"# 1)e$#e( 1&&-!"#-*. M%% e(1 +1*$ +-&% )e"# "+ *!e("#1(e* "&&e+e$#e%, !("e+-* $1/)e*(-* &-* %1&% %-%, %&-# e% -e("# $4-$-*, $%#"$#%%*e !1%#-)"$# "/%1). Q-1+ &-* e% "/ e1+e* *!e("#1(e[02A] !("e&%e $e"(e#-(, "+ $1%#("% e5!e+#1$e%, 3-"e 4"* A+("$1!1)* !e(#("$%e("$#, / (e%+e$#e% $ !"%&-%,

(ee(% %-$#. P1%#3-"* e(1, e%+e* (ee(e$#/-% $-$#%, +-5 e# ") !($&!e%, 3-1+ $e3-"3-"* !("e+% $1/)e%e))e# *!e("#1( "/%1)e(e, &1$1e(-$#, +e &1**-$ &1$%)1 -$e(%"* ))"* (e1$e* )e1$/-% %-% e5!1$-$# "+

!("e+"*. C-*3-e !e( 1 +e% / *1("* e&%%e$# &1$#$-"*, -$e(%" +e!1!-)"# %-$#. Q-1+ "-+e$% *!e("#1(,$-$#1% "+ e-*+e* +-&e* +(#, (1"$% -# " !("e+" +e%%#"# e4-% e5e(&#-%, e# $1/)e% 3-1% (e!e#e("#, (e&!"#e5!e+#1%. C- e(/1 +-5 )/e$#e( "&3-e%&e$%, !("e+" %-% $/#", !"&"#% )e1$/-%, C1$%#"$#$1!1)* !e(e$#6 -/"$#e -(/e*, $ *"$- (1/-%#" e# &1!1%1 e5e(&#-, 5% [02B] #e$#1(% &"%#("*e#"#-% e%#. O&&-((e$#e% "-#e* !("e+

$1/)e% (, +1*$-% +e)&e# H-1 M"$-%, D(11 +e Nee))", W))e)*-% C"(!e$#"(-%, C)"(e*/")+-% +e Ve$+1)1)1,e5#(" -(/e* $ &"%#(" +-&% %e &1$#-)e(-$#, ("#"% !(1 %-" )/e("#1$e %1)-#-(6 3-1% &-* *-)#" &"(#"#e e# +e/#"1$1(&e$#" %-%&e!#1% /e$$e "/-# %e&-* ")3-"$+-, e1(-* *1)e%#%, 3-"% !e(#-)e("$# !("e#e( *e(#", ("#e($e&1*!"#e$%.

CAPUT VI. I*!e("#1( "+ %e +-&e* $#"#, ))e (e$-# $#(1(e8 ("e% 1(-$#-( $#e( e1% $*&#"e6("-+e *!e("#1(%, +-&% e5e(&#-% #("$%e(#-( "+ )1&-* "$-%#1(e*.

I$#e(e" 5 *-#-1% +%%1)e("$# "*!)e5-% e# ")#e($% [02C] e("$# &1$"/-)"#1$/-% (e&(e"#, &-* e&&e

*!e("#1(% "+%-$# $-$#, *1$e$#e% -# "+ +1*$-* *!e("#1(e* &-* !"-&% +-5 $#(1(e e%#$e#. D-5 e(1, "/#1

&1$%)1, ))-& (e +%#-)#8 -$+e $+$"#1$e* !)-(*"* &1$&!e$% *!e("#1(, 1(-* (e(-* e$")-* )e1$/-% 3-"e&-* +-&e "+e$e("$# $#e(+5#. P1((1 !($&!e% !1!-) +e$#e% $+e$#"* e# ")*e$#1(-* +ee-*, (-(%-* +e&1**-$ &1$%)1 !e( %-/-(/"$" )1$e )"#e3-e &-* $e$#/-% "(*"#1(-* &1!% +%&-((e$#e%, (ee% e# "(*e$#"-$+3-e &1$#("-$#8 e# ")*e$#1(-* 1*$*1+"* $ &"%#(" (ee(-$# 1!-)e$#"*8 #" -# -%3-e "+ %"#e#"#e* *$1(e%e#"* "/-$+"(e$#. V+e$% e(1 *!e("#1( (e1$e* -$e(%"* !("e+"e e# $&e$+% e5!1%#"*, #*e$% $e +e#e(-% e#"*")3-+ [02D] &1$#$e(e#, #e("#1 &1**e(&-* (e%##- !("e&e!#. C-*3-e N"##"#% D1*$&"e +e% **$e(e#

%1)e*$%, +e&(ee(-$# "!-+ %e, (e)1$% $#-#-, !e( ))1% +e% 3-"#-1( $1%#( !($&!e% "/ 1*$ !("e+" e# 3-")/e#$4-(" *"$-% &1/e(e. Q-/-% $ 1*$ 3-e#e e# #("$3-))#"#e !e("%, "+-# *!e("#1(% $-$#-%, *1$e$% e(/% !"&&%, e# #"*e$ $ +1)1, -# !1$#e #("$%#1, 3- e%# 4-5#" !")"#-*, 3-1+ "!!e))"#-( B)"3-e($"%, )e1$e% %-"%#("$%e("$#, $ !")"#% 3-"e %-!e( )##1(" B1%!1( e("$# !)-(*" 1%!#"#-(. P1#-# "-#e* "&)e !e(%-"+e(e8 $"*

$%#"$#% *"5*" e("# *!1(#-$#"% e*% e# !)-"(-* $#e*!e(e% $"-+#", #" -# e1(-* !"!)1$e% 5 !1%%e$#&1/e(e %#))&+"6 -$+e e# -% [02A] e# %-!e))e5 1*$*1+" +e *"+1(e 4-% "3-"e &1((-*!e(e$#-( e#

!-#(e%&e(e$#. Se+ $e& 1*$e%, $e& 4-*e$#", $e& &"e#e(1(-* 3-"e)/e# "$*"$#-*, * ")1(% !e$e#("/)e* e# $-*&(e/("*, *1 !e$e &1$#$-"*, !1#e("$# #1)e("(e +-#-% "%!e($e* *!1(#-$"*, 3-/-% 1*$/-% %-!(" (e%"$e/"$#-( $&e%%"$#e(. H% "-#e*, e#% e(/1 &1*!"# +e(e#-( *!e("#1(, )1$e #"*e$ ")" *e$% e4-% e("#6 e# e1 #1#"e4-% !(1!e("/"# $#e$#1, -# )e1$/-% $ )1&% "$-%#1(/-% &1))1&"#%, *$1(e* e""$+ "/e(e$# )&e$#"*8 e# !%ee"% !(1 "(/#(1 &1/e$+ *"41(e* (e&!e(e# !1#e%#"#e*. Q-1+ -# !)e$-% $#e))"#-(, +e %#- !("e+"e -(/% ")3-+ e%#$#e(%e(e$+-*.

CAPUT VII. De%&(!#1 %#-% -(/% C1$%#"$#$1!1)#"$"e. D-5 )e"#1% "+ *!e("#1(e* +(#8 e5e(&#-%$1%#e( " G("e&% e5 *!(1%1 %-%#$e# $%+"%. [02B]


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M"(e P1$#&-* 3-1+ "/ "+4"&e$#e (e1$e $1*e$ "&&e!#: !("e+"e &#"# " !"(#e %e!#e$#(1$") !1%#-* e%#, "/ e"+e* #($#" +%#"$% *))"(/-%, " 3-1 $ *1+-* )-*$%, !e( 3-"%+"* "$-%#"% $ "-%#(-*+e%&e$+# 3-"e+"* e4-% !1(#1, 3-"e %!"#1 +-&e$#1(-* #($#" *))"(-* +e&-((e$% $ +(e-* $#e( Se%#1$ e# A/+1$-(/e% "$#3-%%*"%, 3-"(-* ")#e(" $ E-(1!" e%#, ")#e(" $ A%", $ $1%#(-* *"(e )"/#-( Me+#e(("$e-*. Q-"e $)-51" !("e+ *"( #("$%-%", !1%#3-"* #($#" *))"(% " !(*% "-&/-%, -$+e "/e# $#(1#-*, [02C] &1$#$-1 #("-

+e%&e$+#, %$-* "&# $ !"(#e* 1&&+e$#")e*, &-4-% )1$#-+1 e%# "+ *))" 3-$3-e, e) %e58 )"##-+1 e(1 3-"% -$-%.

H1& "-#e* #" "$-%#-* *"(e, 3-1+ " P1$#&1 $ Me+#e(("$e-* !e( +-&e$#" #($#" *))"(" !(1#e$+#-(, B1%!1(-%P(1!1$#+% %e He))e%!1$#-% "!!e))"#-(. Q-1+ "-#e* #" %#, S1)$-% $ %e!#*1 +e&*1 De *e*1("/)/-% #e%#"#-(, #"+&e$%6 Q-"$#-% E-(1!"e %$-% He))e%!1$#1 $&!#, M"e1#% 1%#1 #e(*$"#-(, "#3-e 1*$% "e& )"##-+1, 3-"e E-(1!"*A%"*3-e ++#, $ %e!#e* %#"+1(-* "$-%#"% %#($#-(. H& e%# He))e%!1$#-%, 3-e* Xe(5e% !1$#e $"/-% " !e(*e"# #e$-% +e$+e. E-(1!-% !1((#-( "+ A%"e -(/e* P("!-*, 3-" M"$-% A)e5"$+e( !1#-$+ 1(/% "*1(e

#("$%&e$+#, e# !1$#-% e%# [02D] $+e +-%-%, "e3-1(e !"#e$#%%*1 (-(%-% %#($#-( $ P(1!1$#+e*, *15 $3-$e$#1% !"%%-% &1"("#-(, #3-e B1%!1(-% T("&-%, 3-" D"(-% &1!"% #("$%!1(#"#. H1(-* "-#e* &"-%"e$1*$-* " e#e(/-% !1e#"(-* "/-)% +e$#-( +e+-"e. N"* B1%!1(-% +e1 +&#-( 3-1+ -!#e( E-(1!"* Ae$1(%)"* $ /1% ee "%%-*!#", #("$% ))-+ *"(e )e#-( +e!1(#"%%e8 He))e%!1$#-% "-#e* "/ He))e P('5 %1(1(e8 3-"e%-!e( "(e#e* &-* e1+e* ("#(e %-1 $)1*$-% +&#-( #("$%(e#"%%e. Ve(/1 "-#e* -)"( +&#-( B("&-* S"$Ge1(, E-(1!"e A%"e3-e )*e%, &-4-% ))" e%# )1$#-+1, 3-"* +5*-%. Ve(-* )"##-+$% $1$ e%# -%3-e3-"3-e *1+-%

+e*8 $"* !(1 "+4"&e$#-* %#- e# +%!1%#1$e (e1$-*, $-$& "+ -$-% &1$#("#-( *))"( [02;A] %!"#-*8 $-$& !e( #($#" e) "*!)-% +-$+#-(. S$-% "-#e* !("e+-% #e$+e$%, -# !("e*%*-%, $ O&&+e$#e*, !1(#-% e%# $#e( e1%

3-1% 1(/% "/e#, &1**1+" %#"#1$e "*1%%%*-%6 $(" 3-e* e# B1%!1(-*, $ "$-)1 3-1+"*, %#" e%# !("e+"&#"%, 1)* +" B'?"$#-*6 )1&-% $1/)%, e# $#e( T("&"(-* -(/e% 3-"% $1%%*"8 $-$& "*!)"#1(% A--%#e)&1(e $%$#" 1&"/-)1, !($&e!% !(1$&"(-* "" e%#, e# *!e( "*)"(e +1*&)-*6 R1*"e %e$1(% e# $1*e$$+e$%, e# +$#"#% !("e(1"#"*. A P"-%"$" S!"(#"#"(-* (ee !(-% &1$+#", 4-5#" + 3-1+ $ #e(#1 )/(1 P"-)

O(1% &1$#$e#-(, 1(*"* "/e$% #("$-), #(-* $"e3-")-* )"#e(-*, &-4-% !(*-* )"#-% "/ e1 "$-)1, 3- $#e( !1(#-* He))e%!1$#-* &1$#$e#-(, [02;B] -/ e%# e&&)e%" S"$ Ge1(, 3-"e +&#-( M"$"$", -%3-e "+ !")"#-*$1-*, &- $1*e$ B)"3-e($"%, %e&-% !1(#-* +(ee !(1#e$+#-(8 ")#e(-* e(1 "/ e1+e* S"$ Ge1( *1$"%#e(1,-%3-e "+ A-(e"* !1(#"*, %e&-% He))e%!1$#-* +-&#-(8 #e(#-* e(1 "/ e"+e* !1(#" -%3-e "+ !("e+-* !")"#-*B)"3-e($"%, !e( &"*!e%#(", *-(%, #-((/-% e# "$#e*-(")/-% $%$e !(1#e$+#-(. P1(#-* "-#e* )--% 3-+"*$(e+#-(, "e%#"#e 3-+e* *1+&-%8 %e+ e*e "3-% !)-")/-% %1)e# e( #1((e$#1(, !1$#e* "/e$% %-!(" %e !1%#-*,

3-e* !e(#("$%e$% $1%#(1(-* e5e(&#-%, $#e( P1$#&-* *"(e e# B1%!1(-*, e# !1(#-* $ "e+&% 3-"e $ !%1B1%!1( )##1(e e("$# !)-(*" 1%!#"$+ ("#" [02;C] %e &1$#-)e("$#. D-*3-e / *1("* "&e(e$#, (e)3-1(-* !($&!-* e5%!e"$#e% "+e$#-*, +-5 (e3-e$#/-% *!e("#1(% %1))&#"/"#-( )e"#1$/-%, -# "+ e-* $#(1(e#. Q-

%-%!e"* "/e$% e4-% "*)"(#"#e*, e# &1))13--* (e1(*+"$%, "+ e4-% 1&"#1$e* "&&e+e(e e(e/"#-(. V+e$% #"*e$3-1+ 1*$$1 e%%e# $+e&e$% e# &1$#(" +%&!)$"* 1$e%#"#%, % $1$ "-# $ !e(%1$" !(1!(" e$(e#, "-# %")#e* !(1 %e+1$e1% *##e(e# (e%!1$%")e%6 $1/)e% (1% +1*$-* C1$1$e* +e M1$#e "&-#1, +1*$-* 3-13-e B")+-$-* +e

B-(1, e# He$(&-* +e A%&", -# %e e5&-%"#-* "/e(e$#, "+ e-*+e* +(# *!e("#1(e*. Q- +e$% +1*$ +-&%&1$%#"$#"*, e# 3-1+ e-* "+ %e $-))"#e$-% !1%%e# e1&"(e, #e(-* e$")" $#e(+&#. Se+ $e3-e %& [02;D] &1$%#"$#%( "$*-* !1#-# e*1))(e6 -$+e *"$-* "(""$%, *%# 1&&-)#e %"##"(1% 3-, $"/-% $e "+ e"* !"(#e* $3-" +-5 &"%#(" )1&"e("#, !e(e$e$#e%, %-**1 *"$e $ !%1 +e &(e!-%&-)1 *-)#1% e5 $1%#(% 3- "+ *"(e e5e("$#, e#3- +e e$e%#(% %!e&-)"/"$#-(, %"##% &1$1+e(-$#, !)-(*% $#e(&e$#e%.

CAPUT VIII. A+ -(/e* (ee(##-( e5e(&#-%, e# $e$% !-$" &1**###-(. G("e&1(-* # %#("e%*"5*".

Q-1+ !1%#3-"* +-& $-$#"#-* e%#, &1$1&"#% !1!-) !($&!/-%, +e &1**-$ &1$%)1 ("#( !("e&e!#,

-# "%%-*!#" !"(#e *)#"e !(1!e(e# !1$#e* 1&&-!"(e, !e( 3-e* #("$%e("$#, $e $ ))% "$-%#% $#e(&e!#, e$#% %-"e+%!e$+" !"#"$#-(. I))e [029A] e(1 *!e(, 3-$e$#1% %/ "%%-*e$% )1(&"#1%, "+ !("e+-* !1$#e* !(1!e("$%e%#$"#, e# 1&&-!"# 1)e$#e(. "* e$* $1$ %1)-* )), 3- $ $"/-% +e%&e$+e("$#, 1%#e% %e e5/e/"$#, e(-*-$e(%" &#"% &1$#(" e1% 1%#)#e( "(*"/"#-(. N1%#( e(1 &1$1%&e$#e% %#-+1%e e# e5 $+-%#(" !"("#1% %/"+e(%"(1%, e#"* &e% -$e(%1% $ e1(-* !e($&e* "+ "(*" &1$1)"(e, $e %-!!1%#1 -$e(%" !")"#" $ 3-/-%1%!#"# e("$#, #("- &1$#$-1 !e( %e5 "-# %e!#e* *))"(", #"* !("#1(-* 3-"* *!e(")" %-&&e$+e(-$#. De$+e

%#(e!e$#/-% )#-%, &1($&$-* "+*1$#1$e e5 +e(%% !"(#/-% "+ 3-"% ("#" 1%!#"$+ %e &1$#-)e("$#, &1$)1/"#,+-&e*, 3- 4"* +%!1%#% "&e/-%, "+ !1$#e* *"#-("/"#, "(*% &1((e!#% !("e&!#e% [029B] %e3-e/"$#-(. Ve(e/"$#-( e$* !)-(*-*, 3- (e *)#"(% *"41(e* "/e/"$# e5!e(e$#"*, $e !1$#e "/ 1%#/-% 1&&-!"#1, $ )1&% "$-%#1(/-%(e!e(#, "&)-% (""(e$#-(8 -$+e &-* #"$#" $%#"$#" 5 e5%!e"#% !e+#-* *"$!-)%, 1*$% ))-& e3-#-* *"$-%&1$e$e("#. Se+ !("e&-((e$% +1*$-% B")+-$-% +-&% ("#e(, -# !("e+5*-%, !1$#e* $#% 1%#/-% 1)e$#e(

1&&-!"e("#8 e# e% "/"% e# $ -"* &1$e(%%, -)#e(1(e* (!"* )-*$% $1%#(% $+&"e("#. D-5 e(1 e# -$e(%-%e5e(&#-%, &-* %"(&$% e# 1*$*1+" %-!e))e)e %-", %$e +&-)#"#e #("$%e-$#e%, (-(%-% "$#e -(/e* $ )1&% )/e(% e#


25/338

)"#e !"#e$#/-% &1$%##e(-$#. U/ "/#1 &1$)- $#e( e&&)e%"* %"$(-* *"(#'(-* C1%*"e e# D"*"$, 3-"e 1+e-)"( [029C] "!!e))"#1$e +&#-( C"%#e))-* B1"*-$+, e# !")"#-* $1-*, 3-1+ +&#-( B)"3-e($"%, 3-1+ $ "$-)1&#"#% 4-5#" !1(#-* %#-* e%#, &(&" 1("* e%!e(#$"*, $#e(e% $$-*e(%, $1%#( G("e&1% !1$+-% /e)) "*!)-%%-%#$e(e $1$ ")e$#e%, $(" -(/e* %e (e&!e(e &1*!-)e(-$#. N1%#( e(1 &"*!1 ()#e( 1/#e$#1, #"$3-"* (e%, $)1&1 "+ + &1$(-1 &"%#("*e#"# %-$#. E# 1(#"%%e (-(%-* ((-e$#/-% &/-%, &1$(e%%1 !e(&-)1%1(, e# %#("e% "*!)1(

%-/%e&-#" 1(e#, 1+1 *$%#("$#e e(1(e*, $% $15 ((-e$% *-#-% $e* *!1%-%%e# &e(#"*$/-%. H& !(*-* !"#-#,

e# %$e "e%#"#1$e "-* e%# *"$e%#-*, 3-" $#e$#1$e !("e+-% $e3-"* *!e("#1( &"%#(" #("$%e(( !("e&e!e("#6[029D] +e)&e# -# %-%!e-* !1!-)-* $ ))" )1&1(-* "$-%#", 3-"% $(" 3-"e+"* (e!"-)" &1e(&e(e#.

CAPUT IX. P1!-)-% "+ "(*" &1$1)"#, (e1$e* +e!1!-)"#-( -$e(%"*6 $e$% # $ &"%#(% -")-*1!-)e$#".

P1%#e" +e*-* )-&e (e++#", e+-* e%# !-/)&e, -# "+ "(*" !1!-)-% &1$%-(e(e#6 e# !"(% %-/ &e(#%+-&/-% +e!-#"#%, -$e(%"* !e()-%#("(e# (e1$e*8 e# ")*e$#1(-*, 3-1(-* *!e("#1( &1**e(&-* $#e(+5e("#,&1!"%, e) 1)e$#e(, e) &-* !(e#1 &1*!1(#"(e#, (e/-% e# "(*e$#%, (-/-% e# -$e(%% ")*e$#1(-* e$e(/-% $1$

!"(&e$#e%8 !"(% e(1 &-* +-&e e# 3-/-%+"* ")% *"$"#/-%, "+ #-#e)"* &"%#(1(-* $ e5e(&#- (e*"$e(e#. [020A]("-+e* *!e("#1(% e# %-1(-* &1*!e(#"* "/e$#e%, &1$#(" e4-% *-%&!-)"%, 3-"$#" !1#e("$#, %e "(*"/"$# &"-#e)".

"-* e%# #-(, -# 3- !"/-)"#-* e(e%% %-$#, %e5 +e/-% &1$#$-% &-* $e$#, #"* e3-#-* 3-"* !e+#-**-)##-+$e, %-/-(/"$" !e( &(&-#-* -%3-e %+ %e5"$#" *))"(" &1$($e$#e%, #"$#"* ")*e$#1(-* $ &"%#(" +e1"" &1$#-)e(-$# &1!"*, -# "*!)-% e%%e# 1!$1$e 1*$-*8 e# 5 (e-* e# "(*e$#1(-*, e&-)1(-* 3-13-e e# 4-*e$#1(-* #-(/"% "$#e %e #("e(e !1%%e$#.

CAPUT X. N-$#-% B1"*-$+ "+ +-&e* "&&e+#, $e &-* *!e("#1(e &1$e$"# +e!1%&#6 (e%!1$%1+-&%.

D-* "e& e(1 $ &"%#(% "-$#-(, e&&e +1*$ [020B] B1"*-$+ $-$#-% !("e%e$% "$#e +-&e* "%###, !("e+ !($&!% )##e("% +ee(e$% $ "e& e(/"6 N1e(%, (1(-* 1!#*e, 3-1+ #/ &1$#(" e("* !e%%*"* e# &-*1*$e $e3-"* $&-*/# $e1#-*, &-4-% !(1!1%#-* e%# %e*!e( "))e(e e# 1*$e* L"#$1(-* $"#1$e* -%3-e "+

*1(#e* *1+% 1*$/-% !e(%e3-8 e# 3-1+ +e e1 (ee %e$#"*, #-1 3-13-e ")3-"$+1 "!!(1/"/#-( 4-+&1. N1 e$*G("e&1(-* *")#"* e# 1+-* "+e(%-% L"#$1(-* $1*e$ !e(#$"5 e# 1/%#$"#-*. Ce+e e(1, % !)"&e#, -(/e (e)", "+ !"(#e% A+("$1!1)#"$"% e) &(&" P)!1!!1)*, e# )e1$e% #/ " D1*$1 &1**%%"%, $ )1&% -/e(/-%, ")*e$#% e#

1#1 !("e&!e (e&(e"(. E1 "-#e*, "-(e D1*$1, &(&" e(% $#-* e%#$-% "+e(1, &1$%)-* e# "-5)-* ("#e($"&"(#"#e, #"$3-"* +1*$1 *e1, [020C] &1$#(" *!-* G("e&1(-* !($&!e* *$%#("#-(-%. Pe()e% #-( )##e(%, e#e"(-* #e$1(e !)e$-% $#e))e, +e &1**-$ !($&!-* &1$%)1 )##e(% e# " 1&e (e%!1$+# $ "e& e(/"6 N1,+)e%%*e ("#e(, e# "*" (ee(e$#e !(+e* e+1-% %-* 3-1+ 1+1 $e51("/) G("e&1(-* "%#-#

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1174-1190, Guillelmus Tyrensis Archiepiscopus, Historia Rerum Gestarum in Partibus Transmarinis, LT