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Retrieved from Digital Repository at Srinakharinwirot University http://kids-d.swu.ac.th หนวยการเรียนรูที5 พื้นฐานทางเรขาคณิต ผลการเรียนรูที่คาดหวัง บอกสิ่งตางๆ ที่เปนพื้นฐานทางเรขาคณิตได 1. สรางสวนของเสนตรงใหยาวเทากับสวนของเสนตรงที่กําหนดใหได 2. A B B A พื นฐานทางเรขาคณิต สิ่งตางๆ ที่อยูรอบตัวเราไมวาจะเปนอาคาร บานเรือน โรงเรียน ถนนหนทาง เครื่องมือเครื่องใช ตางๆ จะเกี่ยวของกับรูปเรขาคณิตทั้งสิ้น ซึ่งเนื้อหาเรขาคณิตในวิชาคณิตศาสตรคําที่ใชที่เปนพื้นฐาน โดย ไมใหนิยามหรือคําจํากัดความ ไดแก จุด เสน เสนตรง ระนาบ โดยใชจุดสําหรับบอกตําแหนง ไมมีความ กวางและความยาว เสนตรงมีความยาวไมจํากัดและไมมีความกวาง เราจะใชคําพื้นฐานเหลานี้มาใหคํา จํากัดความหรือบทนิยาม คําวา สวนของเสนตรง รังสีและมุม และจะใชสัญลักษณแทนจุด เสนตรง สวน ของเสนตรง รังสีและมุม 5.1 จุด เสนตรง รังสี มุม 5.1.1) จุดและเสนตรง จุด ใชบอกตําแหนง ไมมีความกวาง ความยาว นิยมใชอักษรภาษาอังกฤษตัวพิมพใหญ เรียกชื่อจุดที่กลาวถึง เชน จุด A และ จุด B ใชสัญลักษณตอไปนี้แทน แทน จุด A z z แทน จุด B เสนตรง มีความยาวไมจํากัด และไมมีความกวาง เชน เสนตรงที่ผานจุด A และจุด B เรียกวาเสนตรง AB เขียนแทนดวย ดังรูป AB สัญลักษณของเสนตรง จะมีหัวลูกศรทั้งสองขาง แสดงวาเสนตรงมีความยาวไมจํากัด เรา สามารถตอเสนตรงออกไปตามทิศทางของหัวลูกศรทั้งสองขางโดยไมมีที่สิ้นสุด

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  • Retrieved from Digital Repository at Srinakharinwirot University http://kids-d.swu.ac.th

    5

    1. 2.

    A

    B

    B A

    5.1

    5.1.1) A B

    A z

    z B A B AB AB

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    1

    1. 1

    1 .........................

    2. 2

    ......................................................................................................................................

    3. 2

    ..........................................................................................................................................................

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    1.

    1) 2) 3) 4)

    5) 6) 7) 8)

    9) 10) 11) 12)

    13) 14) 15)

    16) 17) 18) 19) 20)

    2

    1) ......................................................................... 2) ........................................................................................... 3) ............................................................................................ 4) .....................................................................................

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    5.1.2)

    A B AB AB BA BA CD CD EF EF

    GH GH

    AB ) AB measure of AB 5 m = 5 . AB = 5 .

    (ABm ( )ABmAB AB

    ( )AB AB + CD + CD

    AB ( )ABmAB CD ( ) ( )CDm+ABm

    AB

    H

    G

    F

    E

    D C

    B

    A

    1)

    2) 2

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    3

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    5.1.3)

    B B

    A A A B AB BA

    B B BA AB

    1) B AB AAB

    5.1.4)

    A

    R () C ABC B BC B

    BA ABC A

    () DEF ED E

    FED DEF EF

    RQP PQR () PQR QP QR B

    () () B P Q

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    ABC DEF

    C

    A

    B D F

    E ABC

    ABC 30 m = 30 ( )CBAm ( )ABCm

    ( )CBA AB CD E

    m = m ( )DEA ( )BECA = m ( )( )CEAm BED DEA BEC

    C D CE BEAB

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    1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

    5.2

    , , ,

    5.2.1) 1 AB XY AB

    A

    Y

    1) XZ AB

    2) X AB Y

    XZ XYAB

    AB XY

    XY AB XY

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    1. AB

    A B

    CD CD A B

    1.1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.2............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2. a , b c 3

    a b c

    ABC a , b c

    1).................................................................................................. 2) ................................................................................................. 3) ................................................................................................. 4) ................................................................................................. 5)................................................................................................... 6) ..................................................................................................

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    3. a , b , c d 4 d

    ABCD a , b , c d 1) ................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

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    5.2.2)

    2 AB

    B

    1) A B AB M N

    2) MN AB O O 2 AO = OB AB

    O AO = OB AB

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    5) ..............................................................................................

    G H

    GH 8 2)

    M N 1) .............................................................................................. 2) .............................................................................................. 3) .............................................................................................. 4) .............................................................................................. 5) ..............................................................................................

    MN 4 1)

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    5.3

    3 C m ( ) ( )ZYX B m=CB ZYA A X ZYX

    1) BC

    2) Y YX YZ M N

    3) B YM BC O 4) O MN P 5) BA P m ( ) ( )ZYXm=CBA

    O

    P

    C

    X

    M

    B N Z Y

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    1. 2.

    5.4

    4 T 2 AC C TA 1) A M

    N AC AT

    2) M N O AO

    T 2 AO AC ( ) ( )TAOm=OACm

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    6

    CBA ZYX

    X

    Y Z

    1) ......................................................................................................

    2) ...................................................................................................... 3) ...................................................................................................... 4) ...................................................................................................... 5) ......................................................................................................

    2) CBA ZYX

    X

    Y Z

    1) .....................................................................................................

    2) ..................................................................................................... 3) ..................................................................................................... 4) ..................................................................................................... 5) .....................................................................................................

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    3) MNO 4 M

    N O

    1) ......................................................................................................

    2) ...................................................................................................... 3) ...................................................................................................... 4) ...................................................................................................... 5) ...................................................................................................... 6) ......................................................................................................

    4) ABC 8 A

    C

    B 1) .....................................................................................................

    2) ..................................................................................................... 3) ..................................................................................................... 4) ..................................................................................................... 5) ..................................................................................................... 6) ..................................................................................................... 7) ..................................................................................................... 8) .....................................................................................................

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    5.5 60 5 J 60=NA

    Y X

    Z XZ XY

    APAQ PQ

    P

    N

    J

    1) AJ

    2) A AJ P 3) P AP Q 4) AN Q m ( )AJ 60=N

    60

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    7

    1) 30 1) ..........................................................................................................

    2) .......................................................................................................... 3) .......................................................................................................... 4) .......................................................................................................... 5) .......................................................................................................... 6) ..........................................................................................................

    2) 120 1) .........................................................................................................

    2) ......................................................................................................... 3) ......................................................................................................... 4) ......................................................................................................... 5) ......................................................................................................... 6) .........................................................................................................

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    5.6 90 6 P PQR 90=RQ 1) PX Q PX

    2) Q PX M N 3) M N R 4) QR P PQR 90=RQ

    P Q M N X

    180 2 PQX

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    8

    5.7

    1) .........................................................................................................

    2) ......................................................................................................... 3) ......................................................................................................... 4) ......................................................................................................... 5) ......................................................................................................... 6) .........................................................................................................

    3) .......................................................................................................... 4) .......................................................................................................... 5) ..........................................................................................................

    2) 270

    1) ..........................................................................................................

    45

    1)

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    5.7.1) 7 O AB AB O AB AB 1 2

    X M M B B A A P

    O

    1) O O AB

    X Y ( 2 P X Y )

    AB AB

    2) X Y Q 3) OQ AB AP M OM O AB

    5.7.2) 90

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    1

    1) ......................................................................................................... 2) ......................................................................................................... 3) .

    1) ......................................................................................................... 2) ........................................................................................................ 3) ........................................................................................................ 4) ........................................................................................................

    ABC

    a b

    a

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    d c

    3) a , b c a , b c

    1) .........................................................................................................

    2) ........................................................................................................ 3) ........................................................................................................ 4) ........................................................................................................ 5) ........................................................................................................

    4) a , b , c d

    a , b , c d

    a b

    a

    c

    b 1) .........................................................................................................

    2) ......................................................................................................... 3) . 4) . 5) . 6) .

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    2

    1)

    1) .........................................................................................................

    2) ......................................... ............................................................... 3) ........................................................................................................ 4) ........................................................................................................ 5) ........................................................................................................

    ................................

    2) a b ABC AB a

    b=ABC=BAC

    1) ........................................................................................................

    2) ........................................................................................................ 3) ........................................................................................................ 4) ........................................................................................................ 5) 6)

    ...................................................

    A B

    b

    C

    D

    a

    CBA CBD

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    2 ()

    a 3) ABCD a b c

    ACAB CB

    1) ..........................................................................................................

    2) ......................................................................................................... 3) ......................................................................................................... 4) ......................................................................................................... 5) .........................................................................................................

    4) a

    ABC AB a ONM=BC , ZX=AA YBC

    1) .........................................................................................................

    2) ......................................................................................................... 3) ......................................................................................................... 4) ......................................................................................................... 5) ......................................................................................................... 6) .........................................................................................................

    b

    c

    M

    N O X

    Y Z

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    5) C BA 1) ..........................................................................................................

    2) ......................................................................................................... 3) ......................................................................................................... 4) ......................................................................................................... 5) .........................................................................................................

    6) C BA

    1) .......................................................................................................

    2) ........................................................................................................ 3) ........................................................................................................ 4) ........................................................................................................ 5) ........................................................................................................ 6) ........................................................................................................ 7) ........................................................................................................ 8) ........................................................................................................

    A

    B

    A

    C

    B C

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    3

    1) TOP 60 2) AOM 120 3) 30 4) 45 BEN KIT 5) LEK 15 6) HAM 22.5 7) AU 150 8) YOT 240 M 9) SAN 270 10) NED 300

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    11) WA 135 12) TI 292.5 S K

    13) MAY 105 14) OIL 75 15) GEM 225 16) CHU 165 17) PUN 247.5 18) SOI 330

    () ABC B () DEF E

    ABC DEF = 2 ()