1

국제물품매매계약에 관한 국제연합협약 (CISG)

2

제 1 절 서설

3

1.국제거래 중 국제물품매매 (intl sales of goods) 가 대표적

2.매매계약의 구체적 내용 당사자간 합의 ( 合意 ) – agreemento 정형거래조건을 활용하기도

합의되지 않은 부분에 대해서는 국제물품매매법 적용

3.준거법 문제 각 국가마다 다른 국제물품매매법 동일 법률용어의 다른 해석 불확실성 초래

I. 통일국제매매법 필요성18

4

1.통일국제매매법의 발전 UNIDROIT 가 논의 시작

2.헤이그협약 UNIDROIT Principles 라는 별칭

3.비엔나협약 UNCITRAL 주도 CISG 라는 별칭 우리나라 2005 년 3 월 1 일 발효 우리나라와 미국 , 중국 , 일본 등 대부분의

중요 거래국과 국제 물품매매거래에 적용되는 국내법이 되었음

II. 통일국제매매법인 비엔나협약의 성립과정19

5

Introduction to CISG

• 출처 : ◦ Schaffer, International business law and its environment (7th ed)

Sales contracts are the uniform method of conducting commercial transactions:◦ Set out parties’ rights and duties.◦ Terms and Conditions.◦ Quantity and Price.◦ Choice of Law and Forum.

Law of Sales◦ Body of law which governs contracts for the present or future

sale of goods.◦ National differences in Sales Law and Contractual Uncertainty.◦ Unification of Sales Law: UNCITRAL.

Schaffer’s view

출처 : Richard Schaffer, International Business Law and Its Environment, 8판

6

CISG

Country differences in approach to contract law.Response-

CISG (Convention for the International Sale of Goods) negotiated in 1980 became effective in 1988.

CISG a compromise: tries to keep parties in bargain (compare with perfect tender).

Applicability of CISG◦ Commercial sale of goods.◦ Between parties whose places of business are in

different countries.◦ The places of business are in countries that have ratified

the CISG.◦ Over 70 countries have ratified CISG.

Schaffer’s view

출처 : Richard Schaffer, International Business Law and Its Environment, 8판

7

제 2 절 비엔나협약의 성격

8

CISG 의 구성 (Table of Contents)

PART I -- SPHERE OF APPLICATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS◦ CHAPTER I -- SPHERE OF APPLICATION◦ CHAPTER II -- GENERAL PROVISIONS  

PART II -- FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT

PART III -- SALE OF GOODS (Obligations ; Remedies) ◦ CHAPTER I -- GENERAL PROVISIONS ◦ CHAPTER II -- OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER ◦ CHAPTER III -- OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER ◦ CHAPTER IV -- PASSING OF RISK ◦ CHAPTER V -- PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE

SELLER AND OF THE BUYER

PART IV -- FINAL PROVISIONS

국제거래는 이행에 장기간 소요되어 중요하므로 세부적으로 규정

20%

70%

10%

22

9

Cf. CISG 의 정신 : CISG Preamble (cont’d)

BEING OF THE OPINION that ◦ the adoption of uniform rules which

govern contracts for the international sale of goods and take into account the different social, economic and legal systems

◦ would contribute to the removal of legal barriers in international trade and promote the development of international trade

공통법 채택◦ 국제물품매매계약을 규율◦ 상이한 사회적 , 경제적 , 법적 시스템을 반영

작동하는 국제거래법을 도입하려면 , 단순히 법의 문제라는 시각에서 탈피 사회적 현상 , 경제적 측면도 반영

추구하는 목표◦ 국제무역에서의 법적 장애를 제거◦ 국제무역 발전을 증진

규정상의 특징◦ 국제무역의 특성을 반영 (이행과 구제 부분이 많음 )◦ 많은 규정이 거래 당사자의 협력을 장려 (클레임보단 협력 !)

참고

10

제 3 절 비엔나협약의 적용범위

I. 직접적용II. 간접적용III. 적용배제IV. 합의에 의한 적용 배제V. 합의에 의한 적용

25

Transactions Covered in CISG

11

• Choice-of-law clause

Opting In and Out

• CISG speaks of the seller’s and buyer’s obligations

Sales Defined

Goods Defined

Mixed Sales

August’s view

출처 : August 외 , International Business Law: Text, Cases, and Readings (6판 )

Suggested “choice of laws clause”"Questions concerning the formation of this contract and the rights and obligations of Seller and Buyer that are not settled by the terms stated in this document shall be settled in conformity with those provisions of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods that do not conflict with the terms stated in this document."

CISG Article 7 조에 부합하는 표현임 출처 : DRAFTING CISG CONTRACTS AND DOCUMENTS by John P. McMahon (

http://www.luyulei.net/drafting/M003-Drafting_CISG-Contracts.html)

12

Opting In

1.당사자 합의에 의한 CISG 적용

실무상 가장 안전하고 바람직한 방법 o 당사자 자치 원칙에 따라 당사자가 CISG 를 적용하기로 명시적으로 합의한

경우라면 원칙 적용 ( 거래의 성질에 반하지 않는 한 )

좋은 변호사는 당사자간 가급적 CISG 적용을 계약서상 명시할 것 권장할 것o 중립성 : 대륙법과 영미법을 조화시켜 만든 비교적 중립적이면서도 , o 잘 만든 법 : 국제운송 등 거래 특성을 잘 반영한 법이라고 평가됨o 판례 등 풍부 : 많은 국가가 판례로 그 내용을 정립 , 발전시키고 있으므로 참조

가능

35

(1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States:

(a) when the States are Contracting States; or

(b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.

13

Article 1 Basic Rules on Applicability

• 명시적 합의 없는 경우 CISG 가 적용되는 경우 강학상 소위 직접 적용과 간접 적용 있음

I.CISG 직접 적용1. 영업소가 상이한 국가에 소재하고 , 양쪽 모두 CISG 체약국 (contracting

states) 2. 물품 매매계약일 것 o 매매계약일 것 – 교환은 대상 Xo 물품성 (movable goods)

3. 국제성에 대한 인식• 별도로 세부적 설명

25

14

CISG Contracting States

•미국 , 유럽연합 , 중국 , 일본 등 주요 교역국 대부분 가입• Cf. 주요 미 가입국은 영국 , 인도 , 베트남 , 인도네시아 , 브라질

참고

출처 : CISG database homepage

15

Q. When Does the CISG Apply?

“Contracts for the sale” ◦ Must be a commercial sale

“Commercial” does not include consumer sales for personal, family, or household use (2 조 )

“Sale” does not include leases or licenses Seller must deliver the goods, hand over any

documents relating to them, and transfer the property in the goods

Buyer must pay the price for the goods and take delivery of them

The CISG makes it clear that it covers the contractual aspects of the sale and not the property aspects ( 소유권 등은 규율 없음 )

참고

16

Q. When Does the CISG Apply? (cont’d)

“of goods” ◦ The CISG does not define “goods,” but the term is generally

understood to mean “tangible movables” Does not apply to sales of ships, vessels, hovercraft, aircraft, or

electricity (2 조 ) Probably applies to software, although this is uncertain.

If the contract is for software, the parties should reach an agreement on the applicable law and include a contract clause specifying the law that will control the relationship of the parties

Does not cover contracts for services (e.g., construction contracts)

◦ If the contract is a mixed contract covering goods and services, the CISG will apply unless “the preponderant part of the obligations of the party who furnishes the goods consists in the supply of labour or other services.” If the contract is a mixed contract, the parties should reach an

agreement on the applicable law and include a contract clause specifying the law that will control the relationship of the parties (see Article 3)

참고

17

Article 1 Basic Rules on Applicability: Internationality; Relation to Contracting State (cont’d)

3.CISG 간접 적용◦ 물품의 매매계약◦ 영업소가 상이한 국가에 소재하는 당사자들간 ◦ 국제사법 규칙에 의하여 체약국의 법이 준거법이 되는 경우

◦ 사례 예컨대 , 한국 ( 체약국 ) 의 기업과 영국 ( 비체약국 ) 의 기업이 거래하

고 , 우리법원에서 재판 ( 법정지가 우리나라 ) 하는 경우 준거법이 영국법이면 CISG 적용 안됨 준거법이 한국법이면 CISG 적용됨

재판관할권 문제는 수업 마지막 부분 “분쟁해결＂에서 다룸

(1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States:

(a) when the States are Contracting States; or

(b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.

28

(2) The fact that the parties have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract."

18

Article 1 국제성 (Internationality) 인식

당사자가 거래의 국제성 (Internationality) 에 대한 인식 있어야o 조항 표현으로는 당사자가 서로 다른 국가에 소재한다는 사실이o 계약 , 협상 , 정보에 의해 드러나야

계약서상 주소 기재 (seller 는 한국 , buyer 는 중국 ) 한국 바이어가 미국 바이어와 국제 trade show 에 참여해서 협상 외국 주소의 상대방과 교신 ( 한국 판매자가 미국 바이어에게 이메일 )

o 인지 시기 : 계약체결시점이나 그 전에 알고 있어야

규정 취지 : o 적어도 자신들이 하는 거래가 국제거래에 해당한다는 당사자들의 주관적 인식은 있었음이

확인되어야 한다는 의미 당사자들이 의도하지도 않았는데 그 거래에 국제거래법을 적용하는 것은 불합리 , 부당할 수 있으므로

예제o 매도인은 한국과 일본 양국에 영업소 보유 , 매수인은 일본에 영업소 보유하는데 , 계약체결시

매수인이 매도인 갑 ( 한국 영업소 ) 이 한국에 영업소가 있다는 것을 몰랐다면 갑과 을간의 거래는 국제성이 있는가 ? 설사 사안에서 한국 영업소가 거래와 밀접한 관련 있더라도 , 을이 인식할 수 없었다면 동 거래는 국제성이

없다 [ 최준선 로스쿨국제거래법 43 면 ]

27

19

Article 1 적용과 무관한 사항

(3) Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration in determining the application of this Convention.

1.아래사항은 협약의 적용과 무관

당사자의 국적 (nationality) 당사자의 법적 성격 : 상인 , 기업 여부 거래계약 성격 : 상사계약인지 민사계약인지 여부 등

20

Article 2. This Convention does not apply to sales: (a) of goods bought for personal, family or household use, unless the seller, at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract, neither knew nor ought to have known that the goods were bought for any such use; (b) by auction; (c) on execution or otherwise by authority of law; (d) of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money; (e) of ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft; (f) of electricity.

III. 적용 배제 (2 조 )

• 협약은 아래 대상물의 매매에 적용 안됨 (2 조 ) 품목에 상관없이 거래방식에 의한 제외

1. 소비자 구매 – 상사거래만 해당2. 경매 ,

3. 강제집행 , 기타 법정 매매 등 거래대상 물품의 종류에 의한 제외

1. 유가증권 등 2. 선박 , 항공기 등3. 전기

29

21

Article 3. Goods to be Manufactured; Services(1) Contracts for the supply of goods to be manufactured or produced are to be considered sales //unless the party who orders the goods undertakes to supply a substantial part of the materials necessary for such manufacture or production.

o 매수인이 원재료의 주된 부분을 공급하기로 하는 경우 제외o 도급계약으로 보는 것이 타당 제외

(2) This Convention does not apply to contracts in which the preponderant part of the obligations of the party who furnishes the goods consists in the supply of labour or other services.“

o 주된 의무가 노무 , 기타 서비스인 경우 제외

III. 적용 배제 (3 조 ) - 혼합계약

1.협약은 일정한 주문계약과 서비스계약을 적용 제외 (unless 이하 ) So, 제외되지 않는 주문계약 , 서비스계약은 결국 sale of goods 가 될 수 있음 유의 !

2.Mixed Sales 주문생산계약 (3 조 1 항 ) – 3 조 1 항 단서에 의해 협약 적용 배제

o 필요한 원료의 중요한 부분 (substantial part) 을 매수인이 공급하는 경우o 매수인은 결국 위탁생산 시키는 것이므로 법률상 도급계약으로 볼 수 있는 거래임o 즉 , 원재료의 중요한 부분 판단이 중요 이슈

실무상 우리나라의 많은 기업이 중국 , 베트남 등에 위탁생산 시켜 그 물품을 수입하는 경우가 많은 바 , 이런 거래는 본조에 의해 협약 적용 제외 대상이 될 것임

3.Service K 서비스 공급이 주된 경우 (3 조 2 항 ) 주된 의무 (Preponderant part)

32

22

제 4 조 – Validity; Effect on Property Interests of 3rd PersonsThis Convention governs only the formation of the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer arising from such a contract. In particular, except as otherwise expressly provided in this Convention, it is not concerned with:

(a) the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any usage;

(b) the effect which the contract may have on the property in the goods sold.

III. 적용 배제 (4 조 ) – Contractual issues excluded

1.계약의 효력 , 소유권 이전 (4 조 ) 협약은 모든 영역 규율하는 법은 아님o 오직 , 계약성립 , 이행 및 구제에 국한

계약의 유효성 , 적법성 , 소유권은 규율 X

33

23

Article 5 Exclusion of Liability for Death or Personal Injury; "Product Liability”

This Convention does not apply to the liability of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods to any person.

III. 적용 배제 (5 조 ) - Third-Party Claims and Personal Injuries

1.인적 손해에 적용 X 협약은 계약법이므로 불법행위에 기한 손해배상책임은 적용 않함은

당연 주의 . 계약법적으로도 물품 하자로 인한 인적 손해에 대한 매도인의

책임도 협약은 적용 않됨2.제조물 책임 적용 X

33

24

To determine if CISG applies to a particular contractual issue, one must look to the convention itself, not to domestic law. • If the convention does apply, domestic law is preempted.

• That is, the remedies provided in CISG are the only remedies available.

• This result is the consequence of the convention’s basic function: • to establish uniform rules for international sales contracts.

 적용• Under CISG, a remedy is available if the goods failed to conform to the

contract (Article 35) and damage resulted from the defect (Article 74). • Despite the fact that local law may require a third proof element to

establish product liability, this does not mean that a tort remedy is available.

• The only permissible remedy is the one provided by CISG.

Cf. Preemption ( 협약의 우선적용 )August’s view

출처 : August 외 , International Business Law: Text, Cases, and Readings (6판 )

제 4 절 협약의 해석원칙GENERAL PROVISIONS

• Article 7. Interpretation of the Convention• Article 8. Interpretation of Statements or Other

Conduct of a Party• Article 9. Usages and Practices Applicable to

Contract• Article 10. Definition of "Place of business"• Article 11. Inapplicability of Domestic Requirement

that Contract be in Writing• Article 12. Declaration by Contracting State

Preserving Its Domestic Requirements as to Form• Article 13. Telegram and Telex as a "Writing"

25

35

26

Article 7 (1) In the interpretation of this Convention, regard is to be had • to its international character and • to the need to promote uniformity in its application and the observance of

good faith in international trade.

협약의 해석원칙

1.통일적 해석 ( 협약의 ) 국제적 성격 ( 협약 ) 적용상의 통일성 증진할 필요 & 국제거래에서의 신의의 준수 필요성 :

각 체약국 법원이 협약을 자국 국내매매법에 근거해 편의적 해석하는 것 금지 오히려 , 협약 자체의 입법과정 자료를 면밀히 검토 고려하여 그 의미 파악

국내 판례가 아니더라도 타국의 CISG 판례도 참조할 필요 (CLOUT, UNILEX)

35

27

출처: http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/digest-art-07.html#a

Interpretation of the Convention in general1. Because national rules on sales diverge sharply in conception and approach, in interpreting the Convention it is important for a forum to avoid being influenced by its own domestic sales law.[1] Article 7, paragraph 1 therefore provides that, in the interpretation of the Convention, "regard is to be had to its international character and to the need to promote uniformity in its application".

The Convention's international character2. According to a number of courts, article 7(1)'s reference to the Convention's international character [2] forbids cts from interpreting the Convention on the basis of national law;[3] instead, courts must interpret the Convention "autonomously".[4]

Nevertheless, some courts have stated that case law interpreting domestic sales law, although not per se applicable, may inform a court's approach to the Convention where the language of the relevant articles of the Convention tracks that of the domestic law.[5]

According to case law, reference to the Convention's legislative history,[6] as well as to international scholarly writing, is admissible in interpreting the treaty.[7]

Promoting uniform application3. The mandate imposed by article 7(1) to regard the need to promote uniform application of the Convention has been construed to require fora interpreting the CISG to take into account foreign decisions that have applied the Convention.[8] In one case, a court cited 40 foreign court decisions and arbitral awards.[9] Two decisions have each cited two foreign cases,[10] and several cases have cited a single foreign decision.[11] More recently, a court referred to 37 foreign court decisions and arbitral awards.[12] 4. Two courts have stated that foreign court decisions have merely persuasive, non-binding authority.[13]

CISG Case law digest 상 내용• CISG 조항별 판례법을

요약하고 각국의 판례를 주석으로 볼 수 있는 방대한 공신력 있는 자료집

• 인터넷 공개 자료

출처 : http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu

28

Article 7

(2) Questions …. are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on which it is based or, in the absence of such principles, in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law.

협약의 해석원칙

2.( 일반원칙을 통한 ) 법률 흠결의 보완 CISG 조항 참조만으로는 명시적인 해결이 곤란한 경우o 협약이 근거하고 있는 법률원칙 (7 조 2 항 )

협약 입법 자료 ( 협약 외굑관 회의 자료 등 ) 협약에 근거한 타국 판례에 나타난 원칙도 참조 가능 일반적인 무역거래의 상인법 (merchant law) 도 참조 가능

o 그런 원칙이 없는 경우 국제사법에 의해 적용되는 법에 따라 해결

37

29

협약의 해석원칙

8 조는 당사자 의사의 존중을 원칙 규정

1 항 소위 Subjective intent of the party 2 항 소위 Objective interpretation 3 항 소위 Standard contract terms and the language of statements

Article 8 Interpretation of Statements or Other Conduct of a Party

(1) For the purposes of this Convention statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to his intent where the other party knew or could not have been unaware what that intent was.

(2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to the understanding that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would have had in the same circumstances.

(3) In determining the intent of a party or the understanding a reasonable person would have had, due consideration is to be given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations, any practices which the parties have established between themselves, usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties.

30

4.관행 및 관례의 존중

협약의 해석원칙

Article 9 Usages and Practices Applicable to the Contract

(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves. Usages agreed to and practices established between the parties

o 이기수 . 당사자간 관례에 구속력 부여한 것은 신의성실의 한 표현

(2) The parties are considered, unless otherwise agreed, to have impliedly made applicable to their contract or its formation a usage of which the parties knew or ought to have known and which in international trade is widely known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type involved in the particular trade concerned. Binding international trade usages (Article 9(2))o 위 1 항에 추가하여 명시적 합의가 없더라도 널리 알려진 관행은 구속력

있음 . Letters of confirmation, Incoterms, and the UNIDROIT Principles

38

31

1.읽기 자료

• 2012 UNCITRAL Digest of case law on the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods Digest of Article 9 case law • 출처: http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/text/digest-2012-09.html#iv

2.요약서 제출 2 페이지 이내로 내용 요약 및 본인의 평가 요약 및 분량은 1:1 정도 권장 .

Reading Assignment

32

10 조 영업소의 정의

1.영업소 정의 필요성 거래가 협약 적용대상이 되는 국제거래가 되기 위해서는 거래 당사자가

서로 다른 영업소에 소재하여야 하므로 협약은 영업소를 구체적으로 정의

Article 10 Definition of "Place of business"

For the purposes of this Convention: (a) if a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract; (b) if a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made to his habitual residence.

33

서면계약을 요구하는 국내법 규정 효력 부인

1.11 조 계약의 방식 서면거래의 원칙 불 채택 o 주로 영미법계 일부 국가들은 물품매매거래에 대해 서면 입증 요구하는

점을 고려하여 혼선 방지 위해 명시적으로 동 원칙 불채택 Cf. 미국 통일상법전은 500 불 이상 동산매매거래에서 서면에 이한 입증

요구

96 조에서 체약국의 서면계약원칙 고수 선언 허용

Article 11 Inapplicability of Domestic Requirement that Contract be in Writing

A contract of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.

제 5 절 계약의 성립Part II. Formation of the Contract (Articles 14–24)

Article 14. Criteria for an Offer

Article 15. When Offer Becomes Effective; Prior Withdrawal

Article 16. Revocability of Offer

Article 17. Rejection of Offer Followed by Acceptance

Article 18. Acceptance: Time and Manner for Assent

Article 19. Acceptance With Modifications

Article 20. Interpretation of Offeror’s Time-Limits for Acceptance

Article 21. Late Acceptances: Response by Offeror

Article 22. Withdrawal of Acceptance

Article 23. Effect of Acceptance; Time of Conclusion of Contract

Article 24. When Communication "Reaches" the Addressee 34

39

35

1.학습범위

청약의 요건

효력발생시기

철회

거절

I. 청약 39

36

14 조 청약의 요건40

• Indication of the Goods • Fixing or Determining the Quantity • Fixing or Determining the Price

Article 14 Criteria for an Offer

(1) A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. A proposal is sufficiently definite if it indicates the goods and expressly or implicitly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and the price. •

Article 14 Criteria for an Offer

(1) A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. A proposal is sufficiently definite if it indicates the goods and expressly or implicitly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and the price.

37

14 조 청약의 요건 – 내용의 확정성

• Relevance of Price Formula in Article 55 ( 관련 부분에서 학습 )• 55 조와 함께 해석해야 함• 두번째 문장에서 가격을 정하지 않은 청약은 불명확을 이유로 계약 불성립한다 하였지만 , 55

조에서는 확정되지 않은 open price contract 를 허용하고 있어 문제 발생 • Interplay of articles 14 and 55• With regard to the constitution of the offer, article 14 requires the price to be fixed or made determinable

while article 55 provides a formula for establishing the price where a contract has been validly concluded but does not expressly or implicitly fix or make provision for determining the price of the goods sold.

• Article 55 provides a price formula that applies "[w]here a contract has been validly concluded but does not expressly or implicitly fix or make provision for determining the price".[47]

• The price supplied by article 55 is "the price generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such goods sold under comparable circumstances in the trade concerned.“

• 출처 : http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu

41

38

Three different interpretations have been adopted in case law with regard to the meaning to be ascribed to the preliminary requirement in article 55, which gives rise to the difficulty of reconciling article 14 — which requires, for the constitution of the offer, a fixed or determinable price — with article 55.

Liberal viewo by commencing the performance of a contract whose price was not contractually established, the

contracting parties wished to derogate from the requirement of a fixed or determinable price, as set forth in article 14. Several courts have so ruled with respect to contracts whose performance had been commenced by the parties.

[10]

View given precedence to article 14 over article 55o the contract had not been formed since no price had been specified by the parties.

In one famous case, a court held that a proposal to sell aircraft engines did not meet the requirements of article 14 of the Convention because it did not include the price for all the types of aircraft engines from which the buyer could choose, and that the contract allegedly resulting from the proposal could not come into being.[12]

다음 페이지 참조 third position

o the question of the validity of a contract without a price is governed by domestic law, in accordance with CISG article 4. It should therefore be ascertained whether the national law applicable by virtue of choice-of-law rules allows

the conclusion of a contract of sale without a fixed or determinable price before CISG article 55 can be implemented.[13]

CISG Case law digest on Art. 14

41출처 : http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu

39

HUNGARY: Supreme Court 25 September 1992 Case law on UNCITRAL texts (CLOUT) abstract no. 53

• The [seller], an American manufacturer of aircraft engines, further to extensive negotiations with the [buyer], a Hungarian manufacturer of Tupolev aircraft, made two alternative offers of different types of aircraft engines without quoting an exact price.

• The [buyer] chose the type of engine from the ones offered and placed an order. • At issue was whether a valid contract was concluded.

• The court of first instance held that a valid contract had been concluded on the ground that the offer indicated the goods and made provision for determining the quantity and the price.

• The Supreme Court found that the offer and the acceptance were vague and, as such, ineffective since they failed to explicitly or implicitly fix or make provision for determining the price of the engines ordered (Article 14(1) CISG).

• The Supreme Court considered that the acceptance was a mere expression of the intentions of the [buyer] to conclude a contract for the purchase of the engines chosen and, as such, the acceptance could not operate as a counter-offer.

• The Supreme Court therefore overturned the decision of the first instance and held that there was no valid contract concluded.

Case abstracts [ 판례 요약 ]

105출처 : http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu

Article 14 Criteria for an Offer

(2) A proposal other than one addressed to one or more specific persons is to be considered merely as an invitation to make offers, unless the contrary is clearly indicated by the person making the proposal.

40

청약의 요건 (cont’d)

• 소위 청약의 유인• 청약 유인한 자가 유인을 넘어 확약한 경우엔 청약이 될 수도• 청약의 유인을 넘어 청약이 되는 경우 • 일반적인 광고는 청약의 유인에 해당하나 , • 만약 광고 자체에서 명확히 청약이라 하거나• 홈쇼핑 광고• 전자무역 사이트에서 가격을 정하여 다수의 매수인을 대상으로 광고한 경우

• 특정 인원들에게 한정하여 광고하던가• 특정 회사 직원을 대상으로 판촉

• 승락하면 계약이 성립되는 것으로 의도한 것이 명확한 경우 ( 광고 내용에 대해 수락하여 송금하면 , 수량 제한 없이 물품을 공급하기로 하는 경우 )

41

15 조 청약의 효력발생시기 , 청약의 회수

Article 15 When Offer Becomes Effective; Prior Withdrawal(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches

the offeree. ◦ 도달주의

(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.

• 청약의 회수 (withdrawn) 가능 – • 청약이 아직 도착하지 않아 효력이 발생하지 않았으므로

회수라는 용어 사용• Cf. 청약이 도달하여 발효한 경우엔 청약의 철회 (16 조 ,

revocation) 로 구분하여 칭함

42

42

16 조 청약의 철회

Article 16 Revocability of Offer (1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before he has dispatched an acceptance. [ 청약의 철회 ]

• 승락기간을 지정 (fixing time for acceptance)했다 하더라도 철회는 가능 (영미법계의 특성 )

• 그러나 승락기간 정하면서 그 동안 청약이 철회불능 (irrevocable) 임을 명시하면 그 기간 동안 철회 불능

(2) However, an offer cannot be revoked: [철회의 제한 ](a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or

승락기간의 지정이 청약을 철회불능한 것으로 하는 한 방법이 될 수는 있음 . 이기수 .(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.

신뢰보호 ( 신뢰 및 그에 기반한 행동 , 예 , 선적준비 등 )

42

43

17 조 청약의 거절

1.청약 거절은 통지되어야

Article 17 Rejection of Offer

An offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.

43

44

II. 승낙 (Acceptance)

1.승낙의 의의 청약과 내용적 일치 의사표시의 전달

2.협약은 승낙 관련 조항들 자세히 규정 이하 참조

Article 18. Acceptance: Time and Manner for Assent

Article 19. Acceptance With Modifications

Article 20. Interpretation of Offeror’s Time-Limits for Acceptance

Article 21. Late Acceptances: Response by Offeror

Article 22. Withdrawal of Acceptance

Article 23. Effect of Acceptance; Time of Conclusion of Contract

45

18 조 승낙 : 동의표시의 시기와 방법

Article 18 Acceptance: Time and Manner for Indicating Assent(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.

• 청약에 동의하여 구속되고자 하는 의사를 표시하는 경우만 해당 . • 단순한 수령 , 관심 표시는 승낙이 아님

• 진술 (statement) 및 행동 (conduct) 포함• 물품의 인도• 대금의 지급• 신용장의 개설

• 침묵 혹은 부작위는 무조건 승낙으로 간주되는 것은 아님 유의• 다만 , 당사자간 관행 (practices) 혹은 관례 (usage) 상 승낙으로 보는 것이 타당한 경우도

있음 (3 항 참조 )

• 청약과의 내용적 일치• 변경을 동반한 청약에 대한 예외는 19 조 참조

44

46

18 조 승낙 : 동의표시의 시기와 방법

• 승낙의 효력 발생• 도달한 승낙은 계약 성립시킴 (23 조 )• 승낙의 청약자 앞 도달주의• 청약에서 정한 기간 내 혹은 합리적인 기간 내에 승낙이 도달하여야

• 구두청약에 대한 승낙은 특별한 사정이 없는 한 즉시 승낙되어야

Article 18 Acceptance: Time and Manner for Indicating Assent

(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective at the moment the indication of assent reaches the offeror. An acceptance is not effective if the indication of assent does not reach the offeror within the time he has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time, due account being taken of the circumstances of the transaction, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.

47

47

18 조 승낙 : 동의표시의 시기와 방법

Article 18 Acceptance: Time and Manner for Indicating Assent(3) However, if,

• by virtue of the offer or • as a result of practices which the parties have established between

themselves or of usage,

• the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act, • such as one relating to the dispatch of the goods or

payment of the price, without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective at the moment the act is performed, provided that the act is performed within the period of time laid down in the preceding paragraph.

• 예를 들어 “즉시 선적요”라는 내용을 포함한 청약에 대해 선적한 경우• 이전 10번 이상의 거래에서 동일 제품을 선적해 온 경우• 행위에 의한 승낙의 경우에는 “발신주의”• 승낙기간의 기산점은 20 조 참조

48

중국 운남성 ** 현 수입자앞 수출 사례 ‘12. 1. 수출입자간 이메일 등으로 견적 등 오고 감 ‘12. 2. 수입자가 방한해 방문도 하였고 , 긍정적으로 계약하자고 언급함 ‘12. 3. 수출자가 Proforma invoice 보냄 ‘12. 4. 수출자가 국내 여러 업체로부터 품목을 수집 구매해 인천항에서

선적하고 거래은행 통해 선하증권 등을 구매자에게 송부 ‘12. 5. 구매자는 자기 은행 통해 물품을 인도받아 자기 거래처들에

재판매 ‘12. 11. 180 일 만기가 되었으나 , 구매자는 품질에 하자 있어 자기도

돈을 못받았다며 지급 거절

기본 질문1. Q. 본건 계약이 성립했는가 ?2. Q. 매수인은 계약서를 작성하지 않았으므로 계약이 불성립하였고 ,

따라서 지급책임 없다고 항변하는데 타당한가 ?

쉬운 사례 검토 : 계약 체결 or not?참고

49

Article 18 (3) 항 분석

제 (3) 항 규정 내용 ( 행위를 통한However, if,

by virtue of the offer or as a result

of practices which the parties have established between themselves or

of usage,

the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act, such as one relating to the dispatch of the goods or payment of the price, without notice to the offeror,

the acceptance is effective at the moment the act is performed, provided that the act is performed within the period of time laid down in the preceding paragraph.

◦ 청약이 행동으로 승낙하라고 요구한 경우 예컨데 , 매수인인 ..월 .. 일 선적하라고 요구한 경우

◦ 당사자간 계속적인 거래관계에서의 관례 (practices) 혹은 업계의 관행 (usage) 상 행동으로 승낙하는 경우에 예컨데 , 몇번의 선적이 있었고 요번에도 이메일로 급히 선적을 요구

◦ 행동으로 승낙 가능하고 그 행위시에 승낙 효력 발생 물품의 선적 대금의 지급 ( 보통 선금지급 )

참고

50

1.Sales of Goods K [Accepted Goods]******* For a sale of goods, part payment or acceptance and receipt of part of

the goods takes the K out of the Statute to the extent of the part payment or partial acceptance and receipt of goods .

2.(eg) S orally  agrees to sell 2,000 widgets to B for $10,000 . S delivers 600

widgets.  S sues B for payment for the 600 widgets that have been delivered. Is the Statute of Frauds satisfied, i.e., has S provided the requisite proof?--- Yes, SOF satisfied to the extent performed . S/F is special proof rule.

(* 당사자간 500 불이 넘는 물품매매계약을 구두로 하여 , Statute of Frauds 위반인 경우라도 , 매도인이 인도한 물품에 대하여 매수인이 수령하고 이의제기를 하지 않았다면 이 인도된 물품에 한하여는 SF 가 만족된 것으로 간주하여 the K is enforceable 하다 .

Cf. 미국법상 Statute of Fraud 와 일부 이행참고

51

19 조 변경을 가하는 승낙

Article 19 Acceptance With Modifications(1) A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.

• 변경한 승낙은 새로운 반대청약(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects orally to the discrepancy or dispatches a notice to that effect. …e offer materially.

• 경미한 변경의 승낙은 일반 승낙으로 보아 계약 성립 ( 승낙자 보호 )• 경미한 변경에 대한 이의제기 허용 ( 청약자 보호 )

Q. 실질적 변경을 가하는 승낙은 무엇인가 ? • 3 항에 열거 ( 다음 페이지 참조 )

52

19 조 변경을 가하는 승낙 (cont’d)

Article 19 Acceptance With Modifications(3) Additional or different terms relating, among other things, to the price, payment, quality and quantity of the goods, place and time of delivery, extent of one party's liability to the other or the settlement of disputes are considered to alter the terms of the offer materially.

◦ 위 사항들은 예시적◦ 기타 본질적인 청약 변경 내용으로는 ( 이기수 )

담보의 요구 위약금 철회권 포장 , 인도방식

53

20 조 승낙기간

Article 20 Period of Time for Acceptance(1) A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror in a telegram or a letter begins to run from the moment the telegram is handed in for dispatch or from the date shown on the letter or, if no such date is shown, from the date shown on the envelope. A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror by telephone, telex or other means of instantaneous communication, begins to run from the moment that the offer reaches the offeree.

• 전보에 부친 때• 서류에 표시된 일자 • 봉투에 표시된 일자• 구두청약은 청약 도달시

(2) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during the period for acceptance are included in calculating the period. However, if a notice of acceptance cannot be delivered at the address of the offeror on the last day of the period because that day falls on an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the offeror, the period is extended until the first business day which follows.

• 말일이 공휴일이면 최초 영업일로 순연

21 조 지연된 승낙

Article 21. Late Acceptances: Response by Offeror(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without delay the offeror orally so informs the offeree or dispatches a notice to that effect.

• 청약자가 구두로 그 취지 통보하거나 혹은 통지하는 경우 (승인통지 )

• 청약자의 일방적 결정권 있어 남용 가능• 그 승인통지는 지체 없이 이루어 져야

(2) If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror orally informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed or dispatches a notice to that effect.

54

49-50

55

1.관련규정 23 조o 승낙의 효력이 발생한 때 성립

24 조

2.계약장소 규정 없음 협약은 별도의 규정 없음

일반적으로 다음 장소에서 계약이 체결된 것으로 볼 수 있음 [ 이기수 ]o 승낙의 통지가 청약자에게 도착한 장소o 승낙으로서의 행위를 한 장소

III. 계약의 성립

56

23 조 승낙의 발효 ; 계약의 체결 시기

Article 23 (Effect of Acceptance; Time of Conclusion of Contract) A contract is concluded at the moment when an acceptance of an offer becomes effective in accordance with the provisions of this Convention.

57

24 조 의사표시의 도달

Article 24 (When Communication "Reaches" the Addressee) For the purposes of this Part of the Convention, an offer, declaration of acceptance or any other indication of intention "reaches" the addressee when it is • made orally to him or • delivered by any other means

• to him personally, • to his place of business or mailing address or, • if he does not have a place of business or mailing address, to

his habitual residence.

58

3. CISG may apply even if the buyer’s and seller’s places of business are not in a contracting state. 4. Sales transactions involving electricity are excluded from the CISG.

6. Transactions involving auction sales come under the purview of the CISG.  7. Contracts for goods to be manufactured are treated by the CISG as sales of goods unless the buyer undertakes to supply a substantial part of the materials.

8. CISG deals with the questions related to the legality of a contract. 10. Article 8 of the CISG establishes rules for interpreting the statements and conduct of the parties. 

True or False