2010 Olimpiadis Krebuli Qimia

8/16/2019 2010 Olimpiadis Krebuli Qimia

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erovnuli saswavlo olimpiada

q i m i a

2 0 1 0


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S e s a v a l i

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros iniciativiT 2009

wels Catarda SemoqmedebiTi olimpiada sxvadasxva saganSi, maT Soris,

qimiaSi. olimpiadis mizani iyo gamorCeuli codniTa da niWiT dajildoebuli

moswavleebis gamovlena, maTi waxaliseba da saswavlo procesis stimulireba.

moswavleebs moeTxovebodaT rogorc Teoriuli codna, aseve praqtikuli

Sinaarsis amocanebis amoxsna.

2009 wels qimiaSi erovnuli saswavlo olimpiada or etapad Catarda,

romelSic monawileobda oTxi asakobrivi jgufi: VIII, IX, X da XI_XII

klasebis moswavleebi.

2010 wels qimiaSi erovnuli saswavlo olimpiada sam etapad Catarda da

monawileobda ori asakobrivi jgufi: IX-X da XI_XII klasebis moswavleebi.

2010/11 saswavlo wels qimiaSi erovnuli saswavlo olimpiada kvlav sam

etapad Catardeba da monawileobas miiRebs ori asakobrivi jgufi: IX-X da

XI_XII klasebis moswavleebi.

mocemul krebulSi warmodgenilia 2010/11 saswavlo wels qimiaSi

erovnuli saswavlo olimpiadis I turis programa, aseve 2009 da 2010 wlebis

olimpiadebis yvela turis davalebebi, swori pasuxebiTa da amoxsnebiT.


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3

qimiis progr m

erovnuli saswavlo olimpiadis I turisTvis

IX-X klasebi

martivi da rTuli nivTierebebi. sufTa nivTiereba da narevi. narevebisdayofis xerxebi.

gansxvaveba fizikur da qimiur movlenebs Soris. qimiuri reaqciismimdinareobis niSnebi da pirobebi.

qimiuri elementi. qimiuri simboloebi. valentoba. qimiuri formulisSedgena valentobis mixedviT. fardobiTi atomuri masa da fardobiTimolekuluri masa. naerTSi elementis masuri wilis gaangariSeba.

moli – nivTierebis raodenobis sazomi. avogadros ricxvi. molurimasa. gaangariSebiTi amocanebi nivTierebis raodenobisa da masis

dasadgenad.

masisa da Sedgenilobis mudmivobis kanonebi.

qimiur reaqciaTa klasifikacia. daSlis, SeerTebis, Canacvlebisa damimocvlis reaqciebi. qimiuri reaqciis tolobis Sedgena.

araorganul naerTTa klasebi. oqsidebi: fuZe da mJava oqsidebi, miReba,Tvisebebi. hidroqsidebi: fuZe, tute, miReba, Tvisebebi. mJavebi:Jangbadiani da uJangbado mJavebi, miReba, Tvisebebi. marilebi:marilTa klasifikacia da nomenklatura, miReba, Tvisebebi.

xsnarebi, nivTierebaTa xsnadoba, xsnadobaze moqmedi faqtorebi.xsnaris koncentracia: nivTierebis masuri wili xsnarSi.gaangariSebiTi amocanebi xsnarSi nivTierebis masuri wilisdasadgenad.

XI-XII klasebi:

martivi da rTuli nivTierebebi. alotropia. sufTa nivTiereba danarevi. narevebis dayofis xerxebi.

gansxvaveba fizikur da qimiur movlenebs Soris. qimiuri reaqciismimdinareobis niSnebi da pirobebi.

qimiuri elementi. qimiuri simboloebi. valentoba. qimiuri formulisSedgena valentobis mixedviT. fardobiTi atomuri masa da fardobiTimolekuluri masa. naerTSi elementis masuri wilis gaangariSeba.

moli – nivTierebis raodenobis sazomi. avogadros ricxvi. molurimasa. avogadros kanoni. airis moluri moculoba. airebis simkvriveebisTanafardoba. gaangariSebiTi amocanebi nivTierebis raodenobis, masisada moculobis dasadgenad.

masisa da Sedgenilobis mudmivobis kanonebi.


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qimiur reaqciaTa klasifikacia. daSlis, SeerTebis, Canacvlebisa damimocvlis reaqciebi. qimiuri reaqciis tolobis Sedgena.gaangariSebiTi amocanebi reaqciis tolobis mixedviT (reaqciaSimonawile nivTierebis an reaqciis produqtis raodenobis / masis /moculobis mixedviT sxva nivTierebis raodenobis / masis / moculobis

gamoangariSeba; reaqciis produqtis raodenobis / masis / moculobisgamoangariSeba, rodesac erT-erTi moreagire nivTiereba aRebuliaWarbad).

atomis aRnagoba. atombirTvis Sedgeniloba. masuri ricxvi. izotopebi.

periodulobis kanoni. elementis rigobrivi nomeri. elementTaperioduli sistema. periodebsa da jgufebSi elementTa gaerTianebisprincipebi. I_VII jgufebis mTavari (A) qvejgufebis elementebisTvisebebis da naerTTa formebis gansazRvra periodul sistemaSi maTiadgilmdebareobis mixedviT.

eleqtrouaryofiToba. kovalenturi (arapolaruli da polaruli) daionuri bmebi.

araorganul naerTTa klasebi. oqsidebi: fuZe da mJava oqsidebi, miReba,Tvisebebi. hidroqsidebi: fuZe, tute, miReba, Tvisebebi. mJavebi:Jangbadiani da uJangbado mJavebi, miReba, Tvisebebi. marilebi:marilTa klasifikacia da nomenklatura, miReba, Tvisebebi. kavSiriaraorganul naerTTa klasebs Soris.

xsnarebi, nivTierebaTa xsnadoba, xsnadobaze moqmedi faqtorebi.xsnaris koncentracia: nivTierebis masuri wili xsnarSi.gaangariSebiTi amocanebi xsnarSi nivTierebis masuri wilis

dasadgenad.

eleqtrolituri disociacia: mJavebis, fuZeebis da marilebiseleqtrolituri disociacia. ionuri mimocvlis reaqciebi. sruli daSekvecili ionuri tolobebis Sedgena.

qvanturi ricxvebi. energetikul doneebze eleqtronebis ganawileba(umciresi energiis principi, paulis principi, hundis wesi). I–IIIperiodis elementTa atomebis eleqtronuli da eleqtronul-grafikuli formulebis Sedgena.

alkanebi, alkenebi, alkinebi _ ZiriTadi Tvisebebi. genetikuri kavSiri

naxSirwyalbadebis klasebs Soris.spirtebi, aldehidebi, karbonmJavebi _ ZiriTadi Tvisebebi. genetikurikavSiri funqciuri jgufebis Semcvel naerTebs Soris.


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2009 weli VIII klasi I turi

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ν(NaOH): ν(H2SO4)=0.3:0.1=3:1, amocanis pirobis mixedviT ki ν(NaOH): ν(H2SO4)=2:1

e. i. Warbia NaOH, amitom lakmusi galurjdeba.

5. kalciumisa da kalciumis karbonatis narevs Warbad daamates marilmJava.

gamoiyo 0.336 l airi (n.p.). igive masisa da Sedgenilobis narevs daasxes

Warbi wyali, ris Sedegadac gamoiyo 0.224 l airi (n.p.). gansazRvreT sawyisi

narevis masa.

amoxsna

I SemTxvevaSi:

Ca+2HCl→CaCl2+H2↑ CaCO3+2HCl→CaCl2+H2O+CO2↑ gamoyofili airebia

V(H2+CO2)=0.336 l ν(H2+CO2)=0.336:22.4= 0.015 moli

II SemTxvevaSi:

Ca+2H2O→Ca(OH)2+H2↑CaCO3+H2O⇸

V(H2)=0.224 l ν(H2)=0.224:22.4= 0.010 moli

ν(Ca)= ν(H2)=0.010 moli; m(Ca)=0.010⋅40=0.4 g

orive reaqciaSi gamoiyofa erTi da igive

raodenobis wyalbadi, amitom:

ν(CO2)= ν(H2+CO2)_ ν(H2)=0.015_0.010= 0.005 moli

ν(CaCO3)= ν(CO2)= 0.005moli; m(CaCO3)=0.005⋅100=0.5 g

m(narevis)=0.5+0.4=0.9 g

pasuxi: 0.9 g


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2009 weli VIII klasi I turi

7

VIII klasi _ II turi

1. airTa narevi, romelic Seicavs Jangbads, azots da naxSirbadis (II) oqsids,

15-jer mZimea wyalbadze. ramden % Jangbads (moculobis mixedviT) Seicavs

es narevi?

amoxsna

vTqvaT, 1 mol narevSi aris x moli O2, y moli N2 da z moli CO.

e. i. x y z = 1

M(narevis) = 32x 28y 28z = 2 D(H2) = 30

32x 28(y z) = 30

32x = 30 – 28(y z)

radgan narevi 1 molia, x y z = 1, aqedan y z = 1 – x

CasmiT miviRebT:32x = 30 – 28(1 – x)

32x = 30 – 28 28x

4x = 2

x = 0.5 moli O2,

e. i. Jangbadi Seadgens narevis moculobis naxevars, anu 50 -s.

pasuxi: 50 -s

2. ra masis alumini unda Sevides reaqciaSi 11.6 g oqsidTan Fe3O4 rkinis

srulad aRsadgenad? rogor gamovyoT miRebuli narevidan sufTa rkina?daasaxeleT erTi fizikuri da erTi qimiuri meTodi.

amoxsna

11.6 g x g

3FeO + 8Al ⟶ 9Fe 4AlO 3 232

g/moli

8 27

g/moli

x =8· 27· 11.6

3· 232

x = 3.6 g alumini

miRebuli narevidan, romelic Seicavs rkinas da aluminis oqsids, sufTa

rkina SeiZleba gamovyoT magnitiT (fizikuri meTodi) da narevis tuteSi

gaxsniT (qimiuri meTodi). tuteSi gaixsneba mxolod aluminis oqsidi:

Al2O3 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2H2O

(an: Al2O3 2NaOH 3H2O → 2Na[Al(OH)4])

pasuxi: 3.6 g alumini.


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2009 weli VIII klasi II turi

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3. 1.8 g ucnob metalze imoqmedes Warbi marilmJaviT. warmoiqmna am metalis

(III) qloridi da gamoiyo airi moculobiT 2.24 l (n.p). gansazRvreT ucnobi

metali.

amoxsna

1.8 g 2.24 l

2 Me 6 HCl ⟶ 2MeCl 3H↑

2 x

g/moli 3 22.4

l/moli

pasuxi: alumini

4.

narevi, romelic Seicavda 11.2 g rkinas da 13 g TuTias, gaacxeles Warb

gogirdTan. reaqciis produqtebi daamuSaves Warbi marilmJaviT.

gamoyofili airi gaatares spilenZ(II)-is sulfatis xsnarSi. gansazRvreT

CuSO4-is 10%-iani xsnaris masa, romelic saWiroa gamoyofili airis

srulad STanTqmisaTvis.

amoxsna

Fe S → FeS

ν(Fe) = 11.2 : 56 = 0.2 moli, ν(FeS) = ν(Fe) = 0.2 moli

Zn S → ZnS ν(Zn) = 13 : 65 = 0.2 moli, ν(ZnS) = ν(Zn) = 0.2 moli

FeS 2HCl → FeCl2 H2S↑ ν(H2S) = ν(FeS) = 0.2 moli

ZnS 2HCl → FeCl2 H2S↑

ν(H2S) = ν(ZnS) = 0.2 moli

e. i. sul gamoiyo 0.2 0.2 = 0.4 moli H2S

x = 0.4 moli m(CuSO4)=0.4 160 = 64 g

mxsn.

(CuSO4) = 64 : 0.1 = 640 g

pasuxi: 640 g.

x =3 · 2.24 · 1.8

2 · 2.24

x = 27 g/moli, e. i. ucnobi metalia alumini

x moli 0.4 moli

CuSO4 H2S ⟶ CuS ↓ HSO 1 moli 1 moli


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2009 weli VIII klasi II turi

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5. kalciumis hidridze (CaH2) wylis moqmedebiT miiReba Camqrali kiri da

wyalbadi. adre am reaqcias iyenebdnen savele pirobebSi aerostatis

wyalbadiT asavsebad. iangariSeT, ra masis hidridia saWiro aerostatis

wyalbadiT asavsebad normalur pirobebSi, Tu aerostatis moculobaa

224 m3. ra masis tvirTis awevas SeZlebs aseTi aerostati (n.p)? CaTvaleT,

rom haeris saSualo moluri masaa 29 g/moli.

amoxsna

x kg 224 m3

CaH2 + 2 H2O ⟶ Ca(OH) 2H↑

42kg/moli

2 22.4

m3/moli

aerostati haerze msubuqi rom iyos, misi masa tvirTianad ar unda

aRematebodes aerostatis moculobis haeris masas.

n.p. wyalbadiT avsebul 224 m3 moculobis aerostatSi iqneba

(224 : 22.4) 2 = 20 kg masis wyalbadi,

xolo amave moculobis haeris masaa (224 : 22.4) 29 = 290 kg,

amitom wyalbadiT avsebul 224 m3 moculobis aerostatis mier aweuli

tvirTis masa ar aRemateba 290 – 20 = 270 kg-s.

pasuxi: 210 kg kalciumis hidridi; 270 kg-s.

x =42 · 224

2 · 22.4

x = 210 kg kalciumis hidridi


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2009 weli IX klasi I turi

10

IX klasi _ I turi

1. SeadgineT rkinis sami oqsidis (FeO, Fe2O3 da Fe3O4) ganzavebul

gogirdmJavasTan urTierTqmedebis reaqciaTa tolobebi.

pasuxi

FeO+H2SO4→FeSO4+H2OFe2O3+3H2SO4→Fe2(SO4)3+3H2OFe3O4+4H2SO4→ FeSO4+Fe2(SO4)3+4H2O

2. mocemulia marilebis ori narevi. pirveli Seicavs BaCl2-s da Na2SO4-s, meore

ki _ BaSO4-s da NaCl-s. romeli narevis dayofas SeZlebT wylisa da

filtris qaRaldis saSualebiT? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

pasuxi

I narevis wyalSi gaxsnisas warimarTeba reaqcia

BaCl2+Na2SO4→ BaSO4↓+2NaClmiRebuli xsnaridan BaSO4 da NaCl daiyofa gafiltvriT, magram es ar iqneba

sawyisi narevi.

II narevis wyalSi gaxsnisas NaCl gaixsneba, BaSO4 – ara, amitom es narevi

daiyofa.

3. ganzavebul azotmJavaSi spilenZis gaxsnis reaqcia Semdegi ionuri

tolobis saxiT SeiZleba warmovadginoT:

Cu + NO−3 + H

+→ Cu2+ + NO + H2O

gaaTanabreT es toloba eleqtronuli balansis saSualebiT da

warmoadgineT reaqcia molekuluri saxiT.

amoxsna

Cu0 + N

+5O

−3 + H

+→ Cu2+ + N+2O + H2O

3Cu0 + 2N

+5O

−3 + 4H

+→ 3Cu2+ +2N+2O + 2H2O

3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O

4. naxSirwyalbadis simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT aris 28. am naxSirwyalbadis

11.2 l (n.p.) dawves da miRebuli airi gaatares xsnarSi, romelic 80 g

natriumis tutes Seicavs. daadgineT miRebuli marilis formula.

amoxsna

Cu0 – 2e → Cu2+ 3 N

+5+ 3e → N+2 2


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2009 weli IX klasi I turi

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Mr (CxHy)=2⋅28=5612x+y=56

x=4, y=8

C4H8 + 6O2 = 4CO2 + 4H2O

ν(C4H8)= 11.2 : 22.4 = 0.5 moli

ν(CO2)=4⋅ν(C4H8)=4⋅0.5 = 2 moli

M(NaOH)=40 g/moli

ν(NaOH) = 80 : 40 = 2 moli

e. i. reaqciisaTvis NaOH da CO2 aRebulia TanafardobiT:

ν(NaOH): ν(CO2)=2:2=1:1, amitom warimarTeba reaqcia:

NaOH + CO2 = NaHCO3

pasuxi: NaHCO3

5. 25 g spilenZis sulfatis kristalhidrati (CuSO4⋅5H2O) gaxsnes 175.9 ml

wyalSi, ris Semdegac xsnars daamates 4 g natriumis hidroqsidi.

warmoqmnili naleqi moaciles gafiltvriT. rogoria spilenZis sulfatis

koncentracia miRebul filtratSi?

amoxsna

CuSO4 + 2NaOH=Cu(OH)2+Na2SO4

Mr (CuSO4⋅5H2O)=160+90=250

e. i. 250 g CuSO4⋅5H2O-Si aris 160 g CuSO4 25 g CuSO4⋅5H2O-Si iqneba _ x g CuSO4

x=16 g

spilenZis sulfatis sawyisi masa m1(CuSO4)=16 g

x1g 4 g x2g

CuSO4 + 2NaOH = Cu(OH)2↓+Na2SO4 160

g/moli2⋅40

g/moli98

g/moli

reaqciis mixedviT:

80 g NaOH-Tan reaqciaSi Sedis _ 160 g CuSO4

4 g-Tan reaqciaSi Sevidoda _ x1gx1=8 g

xsnarSi darCeboda 16_8=8 g CuSO4xsnaris masa iqneba mxs=175.9+25+4_m(Cu(OH)2)

reaqciis mixedviT:

80 g NaOH-Tan reaqciaSi gamoileqeba _ 98 g Cu(OH)2

4 g-Tan reaqciaSi gamoileqeboda _ x2g; x2=4.9 g

mxs=175.9+25+4_4.9=200 g

ω (CuSO4)=8:200=0.04; ω (CuSO4)=4%.

pasuxi: 4%.


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2009 weli IX klasi II turi

12

IX klasi _ II turi

1. miiReT 12 rTuli nivTiereba, Tu mocemuli gaqvT mxolod Semdegi martivi

nivTierebebi: Mg, H2, O2, N2. dawereT Seabamisi reaqciebi.

pasuxi

2H2 O2 → H2O 2Mg O2 → MgO 3H2 N2 → 2NH3 N2 O2 → 2NO 2NO O2 → 2NO2 H2O 2NO2 → HNO2 HNO3 MgO 2HNO2 → Mg(NO2)2 H2OMgO 2HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 H2ONH3 HNO2 → NH4NO2 NH3 HNO3 → NH4NO3 Mg H2 → MgH2

aseve swori pasuxebia:

3Mg N2 → Mg3N2Mg3N26H2O→ 3Mg(OH)2 2NH3

2. 21 g orvalentiani metalis karbonatis daSliT gamoiyo 5.6 l CO2 (n.p).

daadgineT marilis formula.

amoxsna

21 g 5.6 l

MeCO3 ⟶ MeO CO↑ x 60

g/moli 22.4

l/moli

x =21 · 22.4

5.6

60 x = 24 g/moli, e. i. ucnobi metalia magniumi

pasuxi: Mg O

3

.

3. ozonatorSi Jangbadis gatarebis Semdeg Jangbadis 10% gardaiqmna ozonad.

gansazRvreT miRebul narevSi ozonis moculobiTi wili.

amoxsna

3 O2 ⟶ 2 O3 vTqvaT, aRebuli iyo 100 l Jangbadi, ozonad gardaiqmneba 100 0.1 = 10 l,


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gardauqmneli darCeba 100 – 10 = 90 l.

3 l Jangbadidan miiReba 2 l ozoni

10 l ________________ x l x 6.67 l ozoni

miRebuli narevis moculoba iqneba 90 6.67 96.67 l.

igi Seicavs 6.67 : 96.67 ≈ 0.07, e. i. 7%ozons.

pasuxi: 7%.

4. kalciumisa da kalciumis karbonatis narevi awones, Semdeg gaavarvares

haerze da kvlav awones. aRmoCnda, rom narevis masa ar Secvlila.

gansazRvreT sawyis narevSi komponentebis moluri Tanafardoba.

amoxsna

2 Ca O2 ⟶ 2 CaO; CaCO3 ⟶ CaO CO2↑

vinaidan masa ar Seicvala, mierTebuli O2-is da gamoyofili CO2-is masebi

tolia.

vTqvaT, ν(Ca)= x mols;

xolo ν(CaCO3)= y mols

maSin:

ν(O2)= 0.5 ν(Ca) = 0.5x mols; ν(CO2)= ν(CaCO3)= y mols

m(O2)= 32 0.5x = 16x g; m(CO2)= 44y g

radgan m(O2)= m(CO2)

16 x = 44 y; x : y = 44 : 16 = 11 : 4 = 2.75 : 1

e. i. ( a): ( a O3

)= 2.75 : 1

pasuxi: ( a): ( a O3

)= 2.75 : 1.

5. eTilenisa da eTanis narevi gaatares bromian WurWelSi, ris Sedegadac

WurWlis masa gaizarda 2.8 g-iT. igive moculobis sawyisi narevis sruli

wvisas gamoyofili gazi STanTqes bariumis tutis xsnariT, ris Sedegadac

gamoiyo 98.5 g naleqi. gansazRvreT sawyisi narevis moculobiTi

Sedgeniloba.

amoxsna

C2H4 Br2 → C2H4Br2


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vinaidan bromiani WurWlis masa gaizarda 2.8 g-iT, reaqciaSi Sevida 2.8 g, anu

2.8 : 28 = 0.1 moli eTileni.

C2H4 3O2 → 2CO2 2H2O2C2H6 7O2 → 4CO2 6H2O

Ba(OH)2 CO2 → BaCO3↓ H2O

gamoiyo 98.5 g naleqi, e. i. warmoiqmna 98.5 : 197 = 0.5 moli BaCO3

ν(CO2)= ν(BaCO3)= 0.5 mols, e. i. wvisas gamoiyo 0.5 moli CO2

0.1 moli C2H4-dan gamoiyofa 0.2 moli CO2, danarCeni 0.5 – 0.2 = 0.3 moli

gamoiyofa C2H6-dan.

2 moli CO2 gamoiyofa 1 moli C2H6-dan,

0.3 moli CO2 gamoiyofa x moli C2H6-dan.

x = 0.15 moli C2H6

amrigad, narevi Seicavs 0.15 mol eTans da 0.1 moli eTilens,

moculobiT: 0.15 : 0.25 = 0.6 anu 60 eTans da 100 – 60 = 40% eTilens.

pasuxi: 60 eTani da 40% eTileni.


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2009 weli X klasi I turi

15

X klasi _ I turi

1. berToles marilis formulaa KClO3. romeli reaqciebiT aCvenebT am

marilSi Jangbadisa da qloris arsebobas? dawereT Sesabamisi reaqciebis

tolobebi da miuTiTeT, rogor amoicnobT TiToeuls am elementTagan.

pasuxi

saWiroa gavacxeloT berToles marili katalizatoris Tanaobisas:

2KClO3= 2KCl+3O2↑

gamoyofil Jangbads amovicnobT mbJutavi kvariT, romelic ainTeba;

KCl-s gavxsniT wyalSi da davamatebT vercxlis nitrats, gamoiyofa TeTri

naleqi, romelic qloridis arsebobaze miuTiTebs:

KCl+AgNO3= AgCl↓+KNO3

2. dawereT 8 iseTi marilis formula, romlebic mxolod meore periodis

elementebisgan aris Sedgenili.

pasuxi

LiF; LiNO2; LiNO3; Li2CO3; BeF2; Be(NO2)2; Be(NO3)2; BeCO3.

3. mocemulia nivTierebaTa gardaqmnis sqema:

polieTileni

CaCO3

X CaC2

C2H2

Y

Z

C2H5OH

1

2

3

45

6

8

7

daadgineT ucnobi X, Y da Z nivTierebebis formulebi da dawereT sqemaSi

cifrebiT aRniSnuli reaqciebis tolobebi.

pasuxi

1) CaCO3 ° CaO+CO2↑, e. i. X aris CaO

2) CaO +3C ° =CaC2+CO↑

3) CaC2 +2H2O=Ca(OH)2+C2H2↑

4) 2C2H2 +5O2=4CO2+2H2O, e. i. Y aris CO25) CaO+CO2=CaCO3

6) C2H2 +H2 °, კატ . C2H4, e. i. Z aris C2H4

7) C2H4 +H2O °,

კატ .

C2H5OH

8) nCH2=CH2°, კატ .

(_CH2_CH2_)n


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2009 weli X klasi I turi

16

4. azotisa da wyalbadis sareaqcio narevi (moculobiTi Tanafardoba 1 : 3)

gaatares sakontaqto aparatSi. reaqciaSi monawileoba miiRo narevis 20%-

ma. gansazRvreT sakontaqto aparatidan gamosul narevSi airebis moluri

Tanafardoba.

amoxsna

vinaidan reaqciaSi Sevida 20%, daixarjeboda 1 ⋅ 0.2 = 0.2 moculoba azoti da

3 ⋅ 0.2 = 0.6 moculoba wyalbadi. reaqciaSi Seusvleli darCeboda:

1 – 0.2 = 0.8 moculoba azoti

3 – 0.6 = 2.4 moculoba wyalbadi.

am airebis garda, sakontaqto aparatidan gamosul narevSi iqneba amiaki,

romelic unda gamovTvaloT reaqciidan:

N2 +3H2=2NH31 moc. azotidan miiReba 2 moc. amiaki

0.2 moc. --------------------------- x

x = 0.4 moc.

amrigad, sakontaqto aparatidan gamosul narevSi iqneba:

wyalbadi _ 2.4 moc.; azoti _ 0.8 moc.; amiaki _ 0.4 moc.

maTi moluri Tanafardoba iqneba:

ν(H2) : ν(N2) : ν(NH3)= 2.4 : 0.8 : 0.4, anu

(H2) : (N2) : (NH3)= 6 : 2 : 1

pasuxi: (H2) : (N2) : (NH3)= 6 : 2 : 1.

5.

9.3 g fosforis sruli wviT miRebuli produqti reaqciaSi Sevida 50 ml

20%-ian NaOH-is xnarTan (ρ=1.2 g/sm3). gansazRvreT miRebuli marilisformula da saxelwodeba.

amoxsna

4P + 5O2= 2P2O5

ν(P) = 9.3 : 31 = 0.3 molireaqciis mixedviT

4 moli fosforidan miiReba 2 moliP

2O

5 0.3 moli --------------------------- x

x = 0.15 moli P2O5

mxs( NaOH) = 50 ⋅ 1.2 = 60 g

m NaOH = 60 ⋅ 0.2 = 12 g

ν(NaOH) = 12 : 40 = 0.3 moli

e. i. ν(NaOH) : ν(P2O5) = 0.3 : 0.15 = 2 : 1amitom warimarTeba reaqcia:

2NaOH+ P2O5 + H2O = 2NaH2PO4

pasuxi:

NaH2PO4 _ natriumis dihidrofosfati


17/47

2009 weli X klasi II turi

17

X klasi _ II turi

1. meTani minarevebis saxiT Seicavs airebs: NH3, CO2 da C2H4. am narevidan

qimiuri meTodebiT rogor miviRoT sufTa CH4 ?

pasuxi

narevi unda gavataroT bromis, mJavasa da tutis Warbad aRebul xsnarebSi.

bromiani xsnari STanTqavs eTilens:

C2H4 Br2 → C2H4Br2 mJava _ amiaks:

2NH3 H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4 tute ki naxSirorJangs:

2NaOH CO2 = Na2CO3 H2O

ufro racionaluria, Tu narevs jer mJavaSi gavatarebT, Semdeg ki tuteSi.

mJava STanTqavs aramarto amiaks, aramed eTilensac, mag.:

C2H4 HBr → C3H5Br.

2. WiqaSi moaTavses 20 g 13.35%-iani aluminis qloridis xsnari da umatebdnen

amoniumis hidroqsids, vidre naleqi srulad ar gamoiyo. amis Semdeg Wiqis

SigTavss daamates natriumis tute, vidre naleqi srulad ar gaixsna da

airis gamoyofa ar Sewyda. iangariSeT, ramdeni moli NaOH daixarja am

dros.

amoxsna

AlCl3 3NH4OH → Al(OH)3↓ 3NH4ClAl(OH)3 NaOH → Na[Al(OH)4] NH4Cl NaOH → NaCl NH3↑

m(AlCl3) = 20 0.1335 = 2.67 g; ν(AlCl3)= 2.67 : 133.5 = 0.02 moli

tutis erTi nawili daixarja aluminis hidroqsidis gaxsnaze:

ν1(NaOH) = ν(Al(OH)3)= ν(AlCl3)= 0.02 moli

meore nawili daixarja amoniumis qloridTan reaqciaze:

ν2(NaOH) = ν(NH4Cl)= 3 ν(AlCl3)= 0.06 moli

sul daixarja 0.02 0.06 = 0.08 moli NaOH.

pasuxi: 0.08 moli.

3. airTa narevi, romelic Seicavda 20% acetilens da 80% wyalbads

(moculobiTi wilebis mixedviT), gaatares platinis katalizatorze.

rogori iqneba miRebuli narevis simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT? ra

moculobis haeria saWiro miRebuli narevis dasawvavad, Tu sawyisi

narevis moculobaa 5 l?


18/47


18

amoxsna

A C2H2 2H2 → C2H6

sawyis narevSi V(C2H2) : V(H2)= 1 : 4,

xolo reaqciaSi V(C2H2) : V(H2)= 1 : 2

e. i. reaqciaSi Seusvleli darCeba 4 – 2 = 2 moc. H2reaqciis Sedegad miiReba eTani:

V(C2H6) = V(C2H2)= 1 moc.

miRebuli narevis (1 moc. eTani da 2 moc. wyalbadi) saSualo moluri masa

iqneba:

M =1 · 30 2 · 2

3=

34

3≈ 11.33

xolo D(H2

) = 11.33 : 2 = 5.665

vinaidan sawyisi narevia 5 l, miiRebul narevSi iqneba 1 l eTani da 2 l

wyalbadi.

2C2H6 7O2 → 4CO2 6H2O

2H2 O2 → 2H2O

1 l eTanis dasawvavad saWiroa 3.5 l Jangbadi.

2 l wyalbadis dasawvavad saWiroa 1 l Jangbadi.

e. i. narevis wvaze daixarjeba 3.5 1 = 4.5 l Jangbadi, romelsac Seicavs

4.5 5 = 22.5 l haeri.

pasuxi:

5.665; 22.5

l.

4. specialur hermetul WurWelSi oTaxis temperaturaze aavses 100 ml

wyalbadisa da 100 ml Jangbadis narevi. narevi aafeTqes, ris Semdegac

WurWelSi temperatura daiyvanes sawyis mniSvnelobamde. rogor Seicvala

WurWelSi wneva sawyisTan SedarebiT?

amoxsna

2H2 O2 → 2H2O2 ml wyalbadTan reaqciaSi Sedis 1 ml Jangbadi;

100 ml wyalbadTan _____________ 50 ml.

reaqciis Semdeg WurWelSi darCeba reaqciaSi Seusvleli 100 _ 50 = 50 ml O2.

sawyis pirobebSi WurWelSi wnevas qmnida 100 100 = 200 ml gazTa narevi,

reaqciis Semdeg ki wnevas Seqmnis 50 ml Jangbadi, amitom sawyisTan

SedarebiT wneva 200 : 50 = 4-jer Semcirdeba.

pasuxi: 4-jer Semcirdeba.


19/47


19

5. 2.22 g malaqitis (Cu2(OH)2CO3) gavarvarebiT miRebuli myari naSTi

daamuSaves 20 g 4.9%-iani gogirdmJavas xsnariT. miRebuli xsnari

gafiltres, filtrati amoaSres 100°C-is pirobebSi. ra nivTiereba darCafiltratis amoSrobis Semdeg da rogoria misi masa?

amoxsna

Cu2(OH)2CO3 → 2CuO H2O↑ CO2↑

myari naSTia CuO.

ν(Cu2(OH)2CO3)= 2.22 : 222 = 0.01 moli

ν(CuO)= 2 ν(Cu2(OH)2CO3)= 0.02 moli

CuO H2SO4 → CuSO4 H2O

m(H2SO4)= 20 0.049 = 0.98 g

ν(H2SO4)= 98 : 0.98 = 0.01 moli

reaqciaSi ν(CuO) : ν(H2SO4)= 1 : 1, e. i. Warbia CuO, romelic darCeba filtrze,

xolo filtratSi gadava 0.1 moli CuSO4. radgan amoSroba xdeba 100°C-is

pirobebSi, miiReba 0.1 moli kristalhidrati:

CuSO4 5H2O → CuSO4 5H2O

m( uSO4

5H

2

O) = 0.1 250 = 25 g.

pasuxi: 25 g uSO

4

5H

2

O.


20/47

2009 weli XI-XII klasebi I turi

20

XI-XII klasebi _ I turi

1. dawereT reaqciebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia propanol-1-dan

propanol-2-is miReba.

pasuxi

CH3

CH2 CH

2

OH

CH3

CH CH2

H2SO

4

+ H2O(konc.)

CH3

CH CH3

OH

CH3

CH CH2 + H2O

kat.

2. dawereT C4H10O molekuluri formulis mqone yvela SesaZlo izomeris

struqturuli formula da TiToeuls miuwereT saxelwodeba.

pasuxi

sul 7 izomeri:

CH2

CH2 CH

2

OH

CH3

butanol-1

CH2

CH CH3

CH3

OH butanol-2

CH3

CH CH2

OH

CH3

2-meTil-propanol-1

CH3

C CH3

OH

CH3

2-meTil-propanol-2

CH2

CH2

O CH3

CH3 meTil-propileTeri

CH3

CH O CH3

CH3

meTil-izopropileTeri

CH2

O CH2 CH

3CH

3 dieTileTeri


21/47


21

3. 6.0 g najeri erTatomiani spirtis daJangviT miiRes 5.8 g aldehidi,

romelic kvlav daJanges vercxlis (I) oqsidiT. warmoqmnil naerTs daamates

eTanoli da gaacxeles koncentrirebul gogirdmJavasTan erTad. daadgineT

saboloo produqtis formula da daasaxeleT igi.

amoxsna

R _CH2OH + [O] → R _CHO + H2O

Mr (R _CH2OH) = x + 31; Mr (R _CHO) = x + 29

reaqciidan Cans, rom:

x + 31 g spirtidan miiReba x + 29 g aldehidi

6.0 g spirtidan ---------------- 5.8 g aldehidi

(x + 31) ⋅ 5.8 = (x + 29) ⋅ 6.05.8 x + 179.8 = 6.0 x + 174

0.2 x = 5.8

x = 29

amrigad: Mr (R) = 29

vinaidan spirti najeria, R aris CnH2n+1

Mr (CnH2n+1) = 29

12n + 2n + 1 = 29

n = 2

e. i. sawyisi spirtia C2H5_CH2OH (propanol-1), xolo aldehidi C2H5_CHO

(propanali). aldehidis Semdgomi daJangviT miiReba propionmJava:

C2H5_CHO + [O] → C2H5_COOHpropionmJava eTilis spirtTan gogirdmJavas Tanaobisas warmoqmnis esters

(rTul eTers):

CH3

CH2 C

O

OH

C2H

5OH CH3 CH2 C

O

O C2H

5

H2SO

4

+ + H2O(konc.)

propionmJavaeTilesteri

4. sasworis TefSebze gawonasworebulia ganzavebul marilmJaviani ori Wiqa.

erTSi daamates 1.0 g CaCO3. ramdeni g BaCO3 unda daematos meore WurWels

sasworis wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad? (CaTvaleT, rom marilmJavaWarbadaa aRebuli).

amoxsna

pirveli WiqaSi warimarTeba reaqcia:

CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑ 100

g/moli

44

g/moli

reaqciis mixedviT gazis gamoyofis gamo

100 g CaCO3-is damatebis dros masa moimatebs 100-44=56 g-iT

1 g ---------------------------------------------------------------------- x g-iT


22/47


22

x=0.56 g-iT

meore WiqaSi warimarTeba reaqcia:

BaCO3 + 2HCl= BaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑ 197

g/moli

44

g/moli

sasworis wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad unda davamatoT imdeni BaCO3, rom

masam moimatos 0.56 g-iT.

reaqciis mixedviT:

197 g BaCO3-is damatebis dros masa moimatebs 197-44=153 g-iT

x g ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.56 g-iT

x=0.72 g BaCO3

pasuxi: 0.72 g BaCO3.

5. rkinis, aluminisa da spilenZis 4 g Senadnobi gayves 2 Tanabar nawilad.

erTi nawili daamuSaves Warbi marilmJaviT, ris Sedegadac gamoiyo 0.896 l

airi (n.p.). meore nawils daamates Warbi tute. am SemTxvevaSi gamoyofili

airis moculoba 0.672 l-ia (n.p.). gansazRvreT Senadnobis procentuli

Sedgeniloba.

amoxsna

I SemTxvevaSi:

2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3+3H2↑ Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2+H2↑Cu + HCl ⇸

gamoyofili wyalbadi

V(H2) = 0.896 l ν(H2) = 0.896 : 22.4 = 0.04 moli

II SemTxvevaSi:

2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O → 2NaAlO2+3H2↑ Fe + NaOH ⇸

Cu + NaOHl ⇸ gamoyofili wyalbadi

V(H2)=0.672 l ν(H2) = 0.672 : 22.4 = 0.03 moli

reaqciis mixedviT tutis damatebisas:

3 moli H2 gamoiyofa 2 moli Al-iT

0.03 moli ------------------ x moli Al-iT

x = 0.02 moli Al

vinaidan I da II SemTxvevebSi aRebulia erTi da imave masis nimuSebi,

I SemTxvevaSi mJavas damatebisas Al-iT gamoiyofa

2 moli Al-iT ------------------- 3 moli H2 0.02 moli Al-iT --------------- 0.03 moli H2


23/47


23

vinaidan I SemTxvevaSi sul gamoiyo 0.04 moli H2, aqedan rkiniT gamoiyofa 0.04

– 0.03 = 0.01 moli H2.

1 moli H2 gamoiyofa 1 moli Fe-iT

0.01 moli ------------------ x moli Fe-iT

x = 0.01 moli Fe

e. i. narevSi iqneba:

ν(Fe) = 0.01 moli; m(Fe) = 0.01 ⋅ 56 = 0.56 g

ν(Al) = 0.02 moli; m(Al) = 0.02 ⋅ 27 = 0.54 g

m(Cu) = 2 – (0.56 + 0.54) = 0.9 g

ω (Cu) = 0.9 : 2 = 0.45 ω (Al) = 0.54 : 2 = 0.27 ω (Fe) = 0.56 : 2 = 0.28

ω (Cu)=45% ω (Al)=27% ω (Fe)=28%

pasuxi: 45 spilenZi, 27 alumini da 28 rkina.


24/47

2009 weli XI-XII klasebi II turi

24

XI-XII klasebi _ II turi

1. meTanis gardaqmnis produqtebidan miiReT ori sxvadasxva polimeri.

pasuxi

meTanidan unda miviRoT acetileni:

2CH4°

C2H2 3H2

xolo Semdeg SesaZlebeli iqneba polimerebis miReba:

I. C2H2 H2 კატ.

C2H4

nCH2=CH2 კატ.

(_ H2

_ H

2

_)

n polieTileni

II. 2C2H2კატ.

CH2=CH_CCH

CH2=CH_CCH H2 კატ.

CH2=CH_CH=CH2

nCH2=CH_CH=CH2 კატ.

(_ H

2

_ H= H_ H

2

_)

n polibutadieni

an:

C2H2 HClკატ.

CH2=CHCl

nCH2=CHClკატ.

(_ H2

_ H l_)

n polivinilqloridi

2. ra moculobis eTania saWiro (n.p.) 8.8 g ZmarmJava eTilesteris misaRebad,

Tu TiToeul etapze danakargi Seadgens 50%-s?

amoxsna

C2H6კატ., °

C2H4 H2

C2H4 H2Oკატ., °

C2H5OH

C2H5OH კატ., ° CH3CHO H2

CH3CHO [O] CH3COOH

CH3COOH C2H5OH (კონც.) CH3COOC2H5 H2O

ν(CH3COOC2H5) = 8.8 : 88 = 0.1 moli

0.1 moli ZmarmJava eTilesteris misaRebad saWiroa 0.1 moli ZmarmJava, magram

radgan danakargia 50%, saWiroa 2 0.1 = 0.2 moli CH3COOH.

0.2 moli CH3COOH-is misaRebad saWiroa 0.2 moli Zmris aldehidi, danakargis

gaTvaliswinebiT _ 2 0.2 = 0.4 moli CH3CHO.

0.4 moli CH3COOH-is misaRebad saWiroa 0.4 moli eTilis spirti, danakargis

gaTvaliswinebiT _ 2 0.4 = 0.8 moli C2H5OH.


25/47


25

garda amisa, eTilis spirti saWiroa bolo etapzec: 0.2 mol ZmarmJavasTan

reaqciisaTvis daixarjeba 0.2 moli C2H5OH, e. i. sul saWiroa

0.8 0.2 = 1.0 moli C2H5OH.

1.0 moli C2H5OH-is misaRebad saWiroa 1.0 moli eTileni, danakargis

gaTvaliswinebiT _ 2 1.0 = 2.0 moli C2H4.

2.0 moli C2H4-is misaRebad saWiroa 2.0 moli eTani, danakargis gaTvaliswinebiT

_ 2 2.0 = 4.0 moli C2H6.

V(C2H6) = 4 22.4 = 89.6 l.

pasuxi: 89.6 l .

3. qimiuri reaqcia 20oC temperaturaze mTavrdeba 27 wm-Si, xolo 40oC-ze _ 3

wm-Si. ramden wm-Si damTavrdeba reaqcia 10oC-ze?

amoxsna

vTqvaT, reaqciaSi Sevida 1 moli/l koncentraciis nivTiereba, maSin:

V =1

27 moli/(l wm); V =

1

3moli/(l wm)

γ

=

; γ

=/

/

; γ = 9; γ = 3.

VT = VT · γTT

V =1

27· 3

=

1

27· 3 =

1

81 moli/(l wm)

e. i. reaqcia damTavrdeba 81 wm-Si.

pasuxi: 81 wm .

4. ucnobi naxSirwyalbadis 2.24 l auferulebs 16 g bromis Semcvel xsnars.

am naxSirwyalbadis 1 moculobis srulad dasawvavad ixarjeba 6-jer meti

moculobis Jangbadi. dawereT am naxSirwyalbadis yvela SesaZlo

izomeris struqturuli formulebi da saxelwodebebi.

amoxsna

ν(CxHy) = 2.24 : 22.4 = 0.1 moli

ν(Br2) = 16 : 160 = 0.1 moli


26/47


27/47


27

1 moli meTanidan miiReba 1 moli CO

0.5 moli ------------------------- 0.5 moli CO

1 moli meTanidan miiReba 3 moli H2

0.5 moli --------------------------- 1.5 moli H2

amrigad, reaqciis Semdeg WurWelSi iqneba:

meTani _ 0.5 moli

wylis orTqli _ 0.5 moli

naxSirbad(II)-is oqsidi _ 0.5 moli

wyalbadi _ 1.5 moli

sawyis pirobebSi WurWelSi wnevas qmnida 1 1 = 2 moli gazTa narevi, reaqciis

Semdeg ki wnevas Seqmnis 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 = 3 moli gazTa narevi, amitom

sawyisTan SedarebiT wneva 3 : 2 = 1.5-jer gaizrdeba.

pasuxi: 1.5-jer gaizrdeba .


28/47

2010 weli IX-X klasebi I turi

28

IX-X klasebi _ I turi

1. mocemuli reaqciebSi gamotovebulia koeficientebi da/an formulebi.

a) gaaTanabreT reaqciis toloba:

C2H2 O2 → CO2 H2O b) CasviT gamotovebuli formula:

2 ... 3H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 6 ...g) CasviT gamotovebuli formula da gaaTanabreT reaqciis toloba:

Ba(OH)2 P2O5 → ... H2Od) daasruleT reaqcia da gaaTanabreT toloba:

ZnSO3 HNO3 → ... ... ...

swori pasuxebi

a) 2C2H2 5O2 → 4CO2 2H2O

b) 2Fe(OH)3 3H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 6H2Og) 3Ba(OH)2 P2O5 → Ba3(PO4)2↓ 3H2O

d) ZnSO3 2HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 H2O SO2↑

an ZnSO3 2HNO3 → ZnSO4 2NO2↑ H2O

2. Saqris 200 g 10%-iani xsnaridan aaorTqles 50 g wyali da mis nacvlad

daamates 50 g Saqari. gansazRvreT miRebul xsnarSi nivTierebis masuri

wili.

amoxsna

sawyis xsnarSi iqneboda mნ =·%

%= 20 g Saqari,

xolo miRebul xsnarSi mნ = mნ 50 = 70 g Saqari.

miRebuli xsnaris masaa m ხ = 200 50 50 = 200 g

miRebul xsnarSi nivTierebis masuri wilia ω =

= 0.35 anu 35%.

pasuxi: 0.35 anu 35 .

3. erT WurWelSi moTavsebulia 4.48 l naxSirorJangi (n.p.), xolo meoreSi _

5.6 g azoti. romel WurWelSi ufro metia atomTa saerTo raodenoba?

amoxsna

ν(CO) =.

.= 0.2 moli

ν(N) =.

= 0.2 moli

rogorc vxedavT, orive WurWelSi molekulaTa toli raodenobebia. radgan

erT molekula naxSirorJangSi 3 atomia, xolo erT molekula azotSi _ 2,


29/47


29

amitom im WurWelSi, romelSic 0.2 moli naxSirorJangia, ufro meti atomi

iqneba, vidre amave raodenobis azotis Semcvel WurWelSi.

an

0.2 moli naxSirorJangi Seicavs 0.2· 3· N= 0.6 · N atoms

0.2 moli azoti Seicavs 0.2· 2· N= 0.4 · N atoms

pasuxi: naxSirorJangian WurWelSi.

4. 50 g kalciumis karbonats daamates Warbi marilmJava, gamoyofili naxSir-

orJangi Seagroves WurWelSi da normalur pirobebSi gazomes misi

moculoba.

a) dawereT Sesabamisi reaqciis toloba.

b) ra moculobas ikavebs gamoyofili airi n.p.-Si?

g) rogoria am airis simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT?

d) rogor aCvenebT, rom gamoyofili airi naxSirorJangia?

amoxsna

a) CaCO 2HCl = CaCl HO C O ↑

b) rogorc reaqciidan Cans, ν(CO) = ν(CaCO)

ν(CaCO) =

= 0.5 moli, e. i. ν(CO) = 0.5 moli.

ν(CO) = 0.5 · 22.4 = 11.2 l

pasuxi: . l.

g) () = 44

() = 44 2 = 22

pasuxi:

.

d) gamoyofili airi aamRvrevs kirian wyals.

da/an

gamoyofili airi Caaqrobs mbJutav kvars.

5. gvaqvs kipis aparati, gogirdmJavas 4.9%-iani xsnari, magniumi da alumini.

saWiroa 2.24 l wyalbadis miReba (n.p.).

a) mocemuli metalebidan romeli ufro naklebi masiT unda aviRoT, rom

gamoiyos saWiro moculobis wyalbadi?

b) ramdeni grami gogirdmJavas xsnari daixarjeba am dros?

amoxsna

a) amoxsnis I gza:


30/47


30

g 2.24 l

M g HSO = MgSO H ↑ 24

g/moli 22.4

l/moli

proporciidan =·.

. = 2.4 g Mg

proporciidan =··.

·.= 1.8 g Al

amrigad, 2.24 l wyalbadis misaRebad ufro naklebi masis aluminia saWiro

(1.8 g), vidre magniumi (2.4 g).

amoxsnis II gza:

M g HSO = MgSO H ↑

ν(Mg): ν(H) = 1: 1

2Al 3HSO = Al(SO) 3H ↑

ν(Al): ν(H) = 2: 3

rogorc reaqciebidan Cans, 1 moli magniumi da 2/3 moli alumini erTi da

igive raodenobiT wyalbads gamoyofs. 1 moli magniumis masaa 24 g, xolo 2/3

moli aluminis – 18 g, e. i. erTi da igive raodenobis wyalbadis misaRebad

yovelTvis ufro naklebi masis alumini daixarjeba, vidre magniumi.

pasuxi: alumini.

b) rogorc reaqciidan Cans, orive SemTxvevaSi ν(HSO) = ν(H)

ν(H) =.

.= 0.1 moli, e. i. ν(HSO) = 0.1 moli.

m(HSO) = 0.1 · 98 = 9.8 g.

m ხ =ნ

% · 100% =.

. · 100 = 200 g

pasuxi: g.

g 2.24 l

2Al 3HSO = Al(SO) 3H ↑ 2 · 27

g/moli 3 · 22.4

l/moli


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IX-X klasebi _ II turi

1. mocemulia 6 nivTiereba: Mg, O2, S, HCl (wyalxsnari), NaOH (wyalxsnari) da

CuSO4 (wyalxsnari). miiReT magniumis hidroqsidi 4 iseTi sxvadasxva gziT,

rom saboloo jamSi eqvsive nivTiereba iqnes gamoyenebuli. dawereTreaqciebi TiToeuli gzisTvis. SegiZliaT sxvadasxva gzaze gamoiyenoT

erTi da igive nivTiereba.

swori pasuxebi

I. Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2↑

MgCl2 + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl

II. 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

MgO + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O MgCl2 + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl

III. Mg + S → MgS

MgS + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2↓ + Na2San

MgS + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2S↑ MgCl2 + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl

IV. Mg + CuSO4 → MgSO4 + Cu↓

MgSO4 + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2↓ + Na2SO4


X

FeCl3

Fe

Fe(OH)2

Fe(OH)3

Fe Y

1

2

4

5

3

6 7

dawereT sqemaSi cifrebiT aRniSnuli reaqciebis tolobebi.

swori pasuxebi

1. Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2↑

2. FeCl2 + 2NaOH → Fe(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl

3. 4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 → 4Fe(OH)3

4. 2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3

5. FeCl3 + 3NaOH → Fe(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl

6. 2Fe(OH)3→ Fe2O3 + 3H2O7. Fe2O3 + 3H2 → 2Fe + 3H2O


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32

3. airTa narevi Seicavs 3.2 g Jangbads, 5.6 g azots da 4.4 g naxSirbadis (IV) -

oqsids. gansazRvreT narevis simkvrive gogirdwyalbadis mimarT.

amoxsna

narevSi aris:

ν(O) =.

= 0.1 moli

ν(N) =.

= 0.2 moli

ν(CO) =.

= 0.1 moli,

aqedan gamomdinare, narevSi aris 0.10.20.1=0.4 moli airebi.

narevis masaa 3.25.64.4=13.2 g

narevis saSualo moluri masa iqneba M =

=.

.

= 33 g/moli

xolo simkvrive gogirdwyalbadis mimarT () = 33 34 = 0.97

pasuxi: 0.97 .

4. ra moculobis (n.p.) amiaki ( NH3) da wyalia saWiro, rom miviRoT 500 g

xsnari, romelSic amiakis masuri wilia 17%?

amoxsna

500 g 17%-iani xsnari Seicavs:

mნ = ხ ·%

%=

·

= 85 g amiaks da 500-85=415 g anu 415 ml wyals.

85 g amiaki n.p. daikavebs V(NH) =

· V =

· 22.4 = 112 l moculobas

pasuxi: 112 l amiaki da415 ml wyali

5. ucnobi orvalentiani metalis sulfiti (MeSO3) 40% masur wil Jangbads

Seicavs. gansazRvreT nivTierebis formula.

amoxsna

vTqvaT, ucnobi orvalentiani metalis sulfitis formulas MeSO3

maSin M(MeSO) = 32 48 = 80

Jangbadis masuri wili iqneba:

40% =48

8 0· 100%

gantolebis amoxsniT miviRebT, rom = 40, e.i. ucnobi metalia Ca

pasuxi:


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33

6. Warb JangbadSi dawves 13.6 g fosfini (PH3). wvis produqtebi srulad

gaxsnes 160.8 g wyalSi. gansazRvreT miRebul xsnarSi warmoqmnili naerTis

masuri wili.

amoxsna

2PH3 4O2 = P2O5 3H2O

ν(PH3) = 13.6 : 34 = 0.4 moli. rogorc reaqciidan Cans:

ν(P2O5) = ν( PH3):2 = 0.2 moli m(P2O5) = 0.2 142 = 28.4 g

ν(H2O) = ν( P2O5) · 3 = 0.6 moli m(H2O) = 0.6 18 = 10.8 g

mx = m(P2O5) m(H2O) 160.8 = 28.4 10.8 160.8 = 200 g

wyalSi gaxsnisas warimarTeba reaqcia:

P2O5 3H2O =2H3PO4

rogorc reaqciidan Cans:

ν(H3PO4) = ν( P2O5) · 2 = 0.4 moli m(H3PO4) = 0.4 98 = 39.2 gω(HPO) =

.

= 0.196 anu 19.6 %

pasuxi: 0.196 anu 19.6% H

3

PO

4

7. gogirdis (VI) oqsidis sinTezisaTvis kontaqtur aparatSi toli

moculobebiT gaatares gogirdis (IV) oqsidi da Jangbadi. aRmoCnda, rom

reaqciiis Sedegad gardaiqmna gogirdis (IV) oqsidis 40%. gansazRvreT

miRebuli airebis narevSi komponentebis moculobiTi Tanafardoba.

amoxsna

2SO2 O2 = 2SO3

vTqvaT, aRebuli iyo 1 moli SO2 da 1 moli O2

reaqciaSi Sevida 40%, anu 0.4 moli SO2, e. i. darCa 1-0.4=0.6 moli SO2

rogorc reaqciidan Cans, reaqciaSi Sevida ν(O2) = ν( SO2) 2 = 0.2 moli,

e. i. darCa 1-0.2=0.8 moli O2

reaqciis Sedegad warmoiqmneboda ν(SO3) = ν( SO2)= 0.4 moli gogirdis (IV)

oqsidiamrigad V(SO2) : ν(O2) : ν(SO3) = 0.6 : 0.8 : 0.4 = 3 : 4 : 2

pasuxi: V(SO

2

) : (O

2

) : (SO

3

) = 3 : 4 : 2


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2010 weli IX-X klasebi III turi

34

IX-X klasebi _ III turi

1. Jangbadis areSi 28 g rkinis fxvnilis gaxurebis Sedegad misi masa 38%-iT

gaizarda. gansazRvreT, ra nivTiereba warmoiqmna am dros.

amoxsna

FexOy

ν(Fe) = 28 : 56 = 0.5 moli

mierTebuli Jangbadis masaa: ∆m = 28 · 0.38 = 10.64 g

ν(O) = 10.64 : 16 = 0.665 moli

x : y = 0.5 : 0.665 = 1 : 1.33 = 3 : 4

e. i. warmoiqmna Fe3O4 – rkinis (II,III) oqsidi anu rkinis xenji

pasuxi: Fe

3

O

4

.

2. qlorwyalbadiT avsebuli (n.p.) Tavdaxuruli kolbis yeli CauSves wylian

WurWelSi da wyalqveS moxades sacobi, ris Sedegadac kolba mTlianad

wyliT aivso. gansazRvreT kolbaSi miRebul xsnarSi marilmJavas masuri

wili, Tu xsnaris simkvrivea 1 g/sm3.

amoxsna

vTqvaT, WurWlis moculobaa 1 l, maSin igi Seicavs

1 : 22.4 ≈ 0.045 mol qlorwyalbadsm(HCl) = 0.045 · 36.5 ≈ 1.64 g

radgan xsnaris simkvrivea 1 g/sm3, wyliT avsebis Semdeg kolbaSi iqneba

1000 g xsnari

ω(HCl) =.

= . anu 0.164%.

pasuxi: 0.164%.

3. gogirdmJavas Semcvel 80 g xsnars daamates 22.2 g natriumis karbonati,ris Sedegadac xsnaris masa gaxda 100 g. gansazRvreT miRebuli xsnaris

procentuli Sedgeniloba.

amoxsna

NaCO HSO = NaSO HO C O↑

amocanis pirobidan Cans, rom gamoiyo 8022.2–100=2.2 g CO2.

ν( CO2) = 2.2 : 44 = 0.05 molirogorc reaqciidan Cans:

ν(Na2CO3) = ν(CO2) = 0.05 moli, m(Na2CO3) = 106 0.05 = 5.3 gxsnarSi darCeboda reaqciaSi Seusvleli 22.2–5.3=16.9 g Na2CO3.


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2010 weli IX-X klasebi III turi

35

radgan Na2CO3 Warbia, gogirdmJava srulad daxarjula.

xsnarSi iqneba reaqciis Sedegad warmoqmnili natriumis sulfatic:

ν(Na2SO4) = ν(Na2CO3) = 0.05 moli, m(Na2SO4) = 142 0.05 = 7.1 gamrigad xsnari Seicavs:

ω(Na

SO

) =.

= 0.071

anu7.1%

natriumis sulfats da ω(NaCO) =

.

= 0.169 anu 16.9% natriumis karbonats

pasuxi: 7.1% natriumis sulfati da 16.9% natriumis karbonati.

4. xsnars, romelic Seicavda 5.88 g fosformJavas, daumates 8.4 g kaliumis

hidroqsidi. gansazRvreT xsnaridan wylis mTlianad aorTqlebis Sedegad

miRebuli naSTis Sedgeniloba.

amoxsna

ν(H3PO4) = 5.88 : 98 = 0.06 moli

ν(KOH) = 8.4 : 56 = 0.15 moli

reaqciis pirvel safexurze: KOH HPO = KHPO HO,

0.06 mol fosformJavasTan reaqciaSi Seva 0.06 moli kaliumis hidroqsidi,

warmoiqmneba 0.06 moli KHPO. reaqciaSi Seusvleli darCeba 0.15 – 0.06 = 0.09

moli KOH.

reaqciis meore safexurze: KOH KHPO = KHPO HO,

0.06 mol KHPO-Tan reaqciaSi Seva 0.06 moli kaliumis hidroqsidi,

warmoiqmneba 0.06 moli KHPO. reaqciaSi Seusvleli darCeba 0.09 – 0.06 = 0.03

moli KOH.

reaqciis mesame safexurze: KOH KHPO = KPO HO,

darCenil 0.03 mol KOH-Tan reaqciaSi Seva 0.03 moli KHPO, warmoiqmneba

0.03 moli KPO. reaqciaSi Seusvleli darCeba 0.06 – 0.03 = 0.03 moli KHPO.

amrigad, miiReba ori marili: 0.03 moli da0.03 moli .

pasuxi: 0.03 moli da0.03 moli .

5. narevi Seicavs rkinas da mudmivi valentobis mqone ucnob metals moluriTanafardobiT (Fe) : (Me) = 1 : 2. am narevis marilmJavaSi srulad gaxsnisas

gamoiyofa 4.48 l wyalbadi, xolo igive raodenobis narevis srulad

qlorirebisas ixarjeba 5.04 l qlori (n.p.). daadgineT ucnobi metalis

valentoba.

amoxsna

vTqvaT, ucnobi metalis valentobaa n,

(Fe) =

(Me) = 2

marilmJavaSi gaxsnisas gamoyofili wyalbadis raodenoba:


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37

XI-XII klasebi _ I turi

1. SeadgineT Semdegi sami nawilakis eleqtronuli formulebi:

a) Na b) K g) Cl.

swori pasuxebi

a) 1s22s22p63s1

b)

1s22s22p63s23p6

g) 1s22s22p63s23p6

2. mocemulia reaqcia:

Cu HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 NO H2O

a) eleqtronuli balansis saSualebiT SearCieT koeficientebi da

gaaTanabreT toloba.

b) miuTiTeT, am reaqciaSi romeli elementia mJangavi da romeli –

aRmdgeni.

swori pasuxebi

a)

Cu HNO Cu(NO) N

O HO

3Cu 8HNO 3Cu(NO) 2NO 4HO

b) mJangavia azoti, aRmdgeni _ spilenZi.

3.

NaHSO4-is wyalxsnars daamates natriumis tute.


b) warmoadgineT reaqcia sruli da mokle ionuri tolobebis saxiT.

swori pasuxebi

a)

NaHSO NaOH NaSO HO

b) Na H SO Na OH 2Na SO

HO

H OH HO

3 Cu 2e Cu

2N

3e N


38/47


38


Ca

1

2

34

5

Ca3(PO4)2

P2O5

Ca(H2PO4)2

P

dawereT sqemaSi cifrebiT aRniSnuli reaqciebis tolobebi.

swori pasuxebi

1. 4P 5O2 = 2P2O5

2. 3Ca 2H3PO4 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ 3H2↑ 3. 3CaO P2O5 = Ca3(PO4)2

an 3Ca(OH)2 P2O5 = Ca3(PO4)2 ↓ 3H2O4. Ca(OH)2 P2O5 H2O = Ca(H2PO4)2

an CaO P2O5 2H2O = Ca(H2PO4)2

5. Ca3(PO4)2 4H3PO4 = 3Ca(H2PO4)2

5. 40 g spilenZis (II) oqsids daamates gogirdmJavas 24.5%-iani xsnaris is

raodenoba, rac oqsidis srulad gaxsnisaTvis iyo saWiro.


b) ramdeni g gogirdmJavas xsnari daixarja am dros? g) iangariSeT miRebul xsnarSi marilis masuri wili.

amoxsna

a) CuO + H2SO4 = CuSO4 H2O

b) rogorc reaqciidan Cans, ν(HSO) = ν(CuO)

ν(CuO) =

=

= 0.5 moli e. i. ν(HSO) = 0.5 moli.

m(HSO) = ν · M = 0.5 · 98 = 49 g.

m ხ =ნ

%· 100% =

.· 100 = 200 g.

pasuxi: g.

g) rogorc reaqciidan Cans, ν(CuSO) = ν(CuO), e. i. ν(CuSO) = 0.5 moli.

m(CuSO) = ν · M = 0.5 · 160 = 80 g.

m ხ = 200 40 = 240 g.

ω =

≈ 0.33 anu 33%

pasuxi: 0.33 anu 33 .


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40

5) n HC = CHCl კატ . [HC CHCl ]

3. airad mdgomareobaSi najeri naxSirwyalbadis simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT

36-is tolia. dawereT misi yvela SesaZlo izomeris struqturuli

formulebi da daasaxeleT isini. miuTiTeT, am izomerebidan romelsSeuZlia warmoqmnas 4 sxvadasxva monoqlornawarmi.

amoxsna

M(CnH2n2)=2 36=72, aqedan n=5. e. i. najeri naxSirwyalbadi aris pentani _ C5H12.

misi izomerebia:

CH2

CH2 CH

2CH

3 CH

3

* * *

CH2

CH CH3

CH3

CH3

* * * *CH

3 C CH

3

CH3

CH3

*

n-pentani 2-meTilbutani2,2-dimeTil-

propani

am izomerebidan n-pentans SeuZlia warmoqmnas 3 monoqlornawarmi (qloris

atomi SeiZleba Canacvlebuli iyos * simboloTi aRniSnul lokantebTan),

2-meTilbutans – 4, xolo 2,2-dimeTil-propans – 1.

pasuxi 2-meTilbutani

4. dawereT yvela im alkenis struqturuli formula da saxelwodeba,

romlebic warmoiqmneba 2,4,4-trimeTilheqsanis katalizuri dehidrirebiT.

swori pasuxebi

C CH2 CCH

2 CH

2 CH

3

CH3

CH3

CH3

C CH CCH3

CH2

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH CH2

CCH3

CH CH2

CH3

CH3

CH3

2,4,4-trimeTilheqsen-1 2,4,4-trimeTilheqsen-2 3,3,5-trimeTilheqsen-1

5. 3.36 l (n.p.) acetilenis sruli wvisas warmoqmnili naxSirorJangi gaatares

kalciumis hidroqsidis 400 g 3.7%-ian xsnarSi. gansazRvreT warmoqmnili

naleqis masa da miRebul xsnarSi marilis masuri wili.

amoxsna

2C2H2 5O2 = 4CO2 2H2O

ν( C2H2) = 3.36 : 22.4 = 0.15 moli reaqciis mixedviT ν(CO2) = ν(C2H2)·2 = 0.3 moli


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41

m(CO2)=0.3·44=13.2 g

m(Ca(OH)2)=·.

= 14.8g

ν( Ca(OH)2) = 14.8 : 74 = 0.2 molixsnarSi warimarTeba reaqcia

Ca(OH)2 CO2 = CaCO3↓ H2Omagram reaqciidan Cans, rom ν(CO2)= ν(Ca(OH)2), amitom 0.3-0.2=0.1 moli CO2

darCeba reaqciaSi Seusvleli. igi imoqmedebs warmoqmnil CaCO3 –Tan:

CaCO3 CO2 H2O = Ca(HCO3)2

am reaqciaSi ν(CO2)= ν(CaCO3)= ν(Ca(HCO3)2),

e. i. 0.1 moli CO2 reaqciaSi Seva 0.1 mol CaCO3-Tan da miiReba 0.1 moli

Ca(HCO3)2.

sabolood miviRebT:

naleqis saxiT 0.2-0.1=0.1 mol CaCO3-s, romlis masaa

m(CaCO3)=0.1·100=10 g

da xsnarSi 0.1 mol Ca(HCO3)2-s, romlis masaa

m(Ca(HCO3)2)=0.1·162=16.2 g

xsnaris masa iqneba:

mx = 400 m(CO2) – m(CaCO3) = 400 13.2 – 10 = 403.2 g.

xolo gaxsnili marilis masuri wili:

ω(Ca(HCO)) =.

.≈ 0.04 anu 4%

pasuxi

naleqi – 10 g a O

3

; gaxsnili marili – 4%

().


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2010 weli XI-XII klasebi III turi

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XI-XII klasebi _ III turi

1. narevi Seicavs spilenZs, alumins, siliciumis (IV) oqsids, magniumisoqsids da aluminis sulfats. moifiqreT narevidan TiToeuli nivTierebis

sufTa saxiT gamoyofis racionaluri xerxi. aCveneT gamoyofis etapebisTanmimdevroba da dawereT Sesabamisi reaqciebis tolobebi.

amoxsnis pirveli gza

I etapi:

narevi movaTavsoT wyalSi. gaixsneba mxolod Al2(SO4)3

gavfiltroT. filtrati warmoadgens Al2(SO4)3-is wyalxsnars, romlidanac

wyals movacilebT gaxurebiT da darCeba sufTa saxiT aluminis sulfati.

II etapi:

filtrze darCenili narevi (Cu, Al, SiO2 da MgO) gavxsnaT ganzavebul mJavaSi.

gaixsneba Al da MgO:

2Al 6HCl = 2AlCl33H2↑ MgO 2HCl = MgCl2H2O

gavfiltroT da miRebul xsnarze Warbi tutis damatebiT gamoileqeba

magniumis hidroqsidi:

MgCl2 2NaOH = Mg(OH)2↓2NaClxolo aluminis hidroqsidi ar gamoileqeba, radgan igi gaixsneba Warb

tuteSi:AlCl34NaOH = Na[Al(OH)4] 3NaCl

gafiltvriT movacilebT magniumis hidroqsids, romlis gaxurebiT miviRebT

magniumis oqsids:

Mg(OH)2=MgO H2O xolo natriumis aluminati, romelic darCeba filtratSi, SevamJavoT da

Semdeg amoniumis hidroqsidiT gamovyoT aluminis hidroqsidi:

Na[Al(OH)4] 4HCl = AlCl3 NaCl 4H2O

AlCl33NH4OH = Al(OH)3↓ 3 NH4Cl an (Tu mJavas zustad gansazRvruli raodenobiT davamatebT)

Na[Al(OH)4] HCl = Al(OH)3↓ NaCl H2O aluminis hidroqsidis gaxurebiT miviRoT aluminis oqsidi:

2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 3H2O

romlis eleqtroliziTac miviRebT alumins:

2Al2O3 ელლიზი

4Al 3O2

III etapi:

II etapis Semdeg darCenili narevi (Cu da SiO2) gavxsnaT tuteSi da

gavfiltroT. filtrze darCeba spilenZi, xolo SiO2 warmoqmnis xsnad

silikats:

2NaOH SiO2 = Na2SiO3 H2O


43/47


43

romelic gadava filtratSi. filtratze mJavas moqmedebiT gamoileqeba

siliciummJava:

Na2SiO3 2HCl = H2SiO3↓ 2NaClromlis gaxurebiT miviRebT siliciumis (IV) oqsids:

H2SiO3=SiO2 H2O

amoxsnis meore gza :

I etapi igivea

II etapze narevi davamuSavoT tutis Warbi xsnariT, romelSic gaixsneba

alumini da siliciumis oqsidi:

2Al 2NaOH 6H2O= 2Na[Al(OH)4] 3H2↑ 2NaOH SiO2 = Na2SiO3 H2O

mJavas Warbad damatebisas gamoileqeba siliciummJava:

Na2SiO3 2HCl = H2SiO3↓ 2NaCl,romlis gaxurebiT miviRebT siliciumis (IV) oqsids:

H2SiO3=SiO2 H2O marilmJavis damatebis Sedegad aluminati gadava qloridSi, romelzec

amoniumis hidroqsidis moqmedebiT gamoiyofa aluminis hidroqsidi:

Na[Al(OH)4] 4HCl = AlCl3 NaCl 4H2O

da

AlCl33NH4OH = Al(OH)3↓ 3 NH4Cl aluminis hidroqsidis gaxurebiT miviRoT aluminis oqsidi:

2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 3H2O

romlis eleqtroliziTac miviRebT alumins:

2Al2O3 ელლიზი

4Al 3O2

III etapze darCenili narevi (Cu da MgO) gavxsnaT ganzavebul mJavaSi da

gavfiltroT. filtrze darCeba spilenZi, xolo MgO gaixsneba:

MgO 2HCl = MgCl2H2O

miRebul xsnarze tutis damatebiT gamoileqeba magniumis hidroqsidi:

MgCl2 2NaOH = Mg(OH)2↓2NaClromlis gaxurebiT miviRebT magniumis oqsids:

Mg(OH)2=MgO H2O

2. narevi, romelic Seicavda kaliumis, TuTiis da vercxlis nitratebs,gaacxeles gavarvarebamde, ris Sedegadac gamoiyo 2.24 l airTa narevi

(n.p.). miRebuli myari naSTi wyliT garecxes, ris Sedegadac naSTis masa

3.4 g-iT Semcirda. amis Semdeg darCenili naSTi garecxes Warbi

marilmJaviT da sabolood miiRes 2.16 g myari nivTiereba. daadgineT

nitratebis sawyisi narevis masa.

amoxsna


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44

2KNO = 2KNO O ↑

2Zn(NO) = 2ZnO 4NO ↑ O ↑

2AgNO = 2Ag 2NO ↑ O ↑

amrigad, gacxelebis Semdeg darCenili myari naSTi Seicavs KNO-s, ZnO-s da

Ag-s. wyliT garecxvisas gaixsneba mxolod KNO, amitom misi masaa 3.4 g.

marilmJaviT garecxvisas gaixsneba ZnO, amitom 2.16 g myari nivTiereba iqneba

vercxli.

ν(KNO2) = 3.4 : 85 = 0.04 moli

reaqciis mixedviT ν(KNO2) = ν(KNO3) = 0.04 moli; m(KNO3) = 0.04 ⋅101 = 4.04 g.

ν(Ag) = 2.16 : 108 = 0.02 moli

reaqciis mixedviT ν(Ag) = ν(AgNO3) = 0.02 moli; m(AgNO3) = 0.02 ⋅170 = 3.4 g.gacxelebis Sedegad gamoyofili airTa narevis raodenobaa:

ν(narevi) = 2.24 : 22.4 = 0.1 molireaqciebidan Cans, rom:

2 moli KNO-idan gamoiyofa 1 moli airi

0.04 molidan ------------------- x x=0.02 moli;

2 moli AgNO-idan gamoiyofa 21=3 moli airTa narevi

0.02 molidan ------------------- x x=0.03 moli;

danarCeni 0.1–0.03–0.02=0.05 moli airTa narevi gamoiyofoda Zn(NO)-is

gaxurebis Sedegad. reaqciidan Cans, rom:

2 moli Zn(NO)-idan gamoiyofa 41=5 moli airTa narevi

x molidan ------------------------------ 0.05 x=0.02 moli Zn(NO)

m(Zn(NO)) = 0.02 · 189 = 3.78 g.

amrigad, sawyisi narevis masa iqneba 4.043.43.78=11.22 g.

pasuxi: 11.22 g.

3. specialur WurWelSi Seuries A da B airebi. A airi miRebuli iyo 4.9 gberToles marilis sruli daSliT, xolo B _ 6 g kalciumis wyalTan

moqmedebiT. narevi aafeTqes, ris Semdegac WurWlis SigTavsi sawyistemperaturamde gaacives. gansazRvreT, rogor Seicvala WurWelSi wneva

(wylis moculoba SegiZliaT ugulebelyoT).

amoxsna

airi A Jangbadia:

2KClO3 = 2KCl 3O2 ↑

ν(KClO3) = 4.9 : 122.5 = 0.04 molirogorc reaqciidan Cans,

2 moli KClO3-is daSlisas gamoiyofa 3 moli O;


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0.04 moli KClO3-is daSlisas ------------ = 0.06 moli O2

airi B wyalbadia:

Ca 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 H2 ↑

ν(Ca) = 6 : 40 = 0.15 molirogorc reaqciidan Cans,

ν(Ca) = ν(H2) = 0.15 moli

afeTqebisas warimarTeba reaqcia:

2H2 O2 = 2H2O

romelSic ν(H2) : ν(O2) = 2 : 1

xolo WurWelSi airebis Tanafardobaa ν(H2) : ν(O2) = 0.15 : 0.06 = 2.5 : 1 aqedan Cans, rom Warbia wyalbadi, amitom reaqciaSi Seva

ν(H2)= ν(O2)⋅2=0.12 moli da WurWelSi darCeba 0.15 – 0.12 = 0.03 moli wyalbadi.

vinaidan sabolood temperatura ucvleli rCeba, wneva pirdapirproporci-

ulad iqneba damokidebuli WurWelSi airad mdgomareobaSi myofinivTierebebis raodenobaze.

sawyis pirobebSi WurWelSi wnevas qmnida 0.15 0.06 = 0.21 moli airTa narevi,

reaqciis Semdeg ki wnevas Seqmnis 0.03 moli wyalbadi, amitom sawyisTan

SedarebiT wneva 0.21 : 0.03 = 7-jer Semcirdeba.

pasuxi: 7-jer Semcirdeba.

4. 5.3 g aromatuli naxSirwyalbadis (CnH2n-6) sruli wvis Sedegad warmoiqmna8.96 l naxSirorJangi (n.p.).

a) daadgineT am naxSirwyalbadis formula.

b) dawereT am naxSirwyalbadis yvela im izomeris struqturuli formula

da saxelwodeba, romlebic benzolis homologebs warmoadgenen.

g) erT-erTi izomeris dehidrirebiT miiReba naxSirwyalbadi, romelic

auferulebs bromian wyals. dawereT am naxSirwyalbadis

polimerizaciis reaqcia.

amoxsna

a) CH xO2 = nCO2 (n-3)H2O

ν(CO2)= 8.96 : 22.4 = 0.4 moli

ν(CnH2n-6)= ν(CO2) : n =.

moli

M(CH) = 14n 6

M(CH) =m

ν=

5.3

0.4n = 13.25n

aqedan

14n 6 =13.25n 0.75n = 6 n=8

e. i. aromatuli naxSirwyalbadis formulaa CH.


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CH yO2 = nCO2 (n1)H2O

CH zO2 = (n1)CO2 (n2)H2O

reaqciebidan Cans, rom:

pirvelis wvisas gamoiyofa n⋅x moli CO2 da (n1)⋅x moli H2O;

meoris wvisas gamoiyofa (n1)⋅x moli CO2 da (n2)⋅x moli H2O.sul gamoiyofa:

n⋅x (n1)⋅x = 2nx x moli CO2 da

(n1)⋅x (n2)⋅x =2nx 3x moli H2O.

koncentrirebuli gogirdmJava STanTqavda wyals, e. i.

m(H2O)= 9 g, ν(H2O)= 9 : 18 = 0.5 moli;

xolo tute STanTqavda naxSirorJangs, e. i.m(CO2)= 13.2 g, ν(CO2)= 13.2 : 44 = 0.3 moli. miviRebT sistemas:

2nx 3x = 0.5 (1)

2nx x = 0.3 (2)

Tu (1) gantolebas gamovaklebT (2) gantolebas, miviRebT:

2x = 0.2 x = 0.1 moli

CasmiT miviRebT: 0.2n 0.1 = 0.3 n = 1

e. i. ucnobi alkanebia H4

(meTani) da

2

H

6

(eTani).

pasuxi:

H

4

(meTani) da

2

H

6

(eTani).

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2010 Olimpiadis Krebuli Qimia