samecniero Sromebis krebuli - dspace.nplg.gov.gedspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/144561/1/Samecniero_Shromebis... · naT TavianTi codna amerikis, safrangeTis, didi britaneTis, TurqeTis,

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samecniero Sromebis krebuli

eZRvneba universitetis 10 wlis iubiles

Collection of Scientific works

Dedicated to the 10th Anniversary of the University

კავკასიის უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობაCaucasus University Publishing House

�4 oqtomberiOctober 14Tbilisi

Tbilisi2008

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kavkasiis universitetis samecniero Sromebis krebuli 2008

kavkasiis universitetis profesor-maswavlebelTa samecniero Sromebis krebuli momzadebulia universitetis daarsebis aTi wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT. masSi gaerTianebulia bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli samecniero Sromebi, romlebic garkveul warmodgenas qmnian universitetSi mimdinare samecniero muSaobis speqtrze.

This collection of works of the lecturers and professors of Caucasus University is dedicated to the 10th Anniversary of the University. It unites scientific works accomplished during last 10 years, which serves to make general point of view of the ongoing scientific process at the University.

სარედაქციო კოლეგია: შალვა მაჭავარიანი (თავმჯდომარე), ნათია ამილახვარი (მდივანი), ქეთევან ინწკირველი (კორექტორი), დინა ონიანი, ნათია ნარსავიძე.

კავკასიის უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა

თბილისი, 2008

ISBN 978-99940-861-2-2

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sarCevi

winasityvaoba 5

kaxaSengelia,albertj.milsi

sarkis meore mxare – marTvis Teoria, civi omida ssrk 6

SalvamaWavariani,saorganizacio kultura, rogorc safuZveli

sajaro samsaxuris Tvisobrivi gardaqmnisaTvis ��

giorgiRaRaniZe,sainvesticio klimati saqarTveloSi - ganviTarebis

Semaferxebeli faqtorebi da samomavlo SesaZleblobebi 22

nodarxaduri,laris gacvliTi kursis zegavlena

postrevoluciuri saqarTvelos ekonomikaze ��

guramleJava,cifruli dayofa da cifruli SesaZleblobebi

samxreT kavkasiis regionSi postindustriuli da

globaluri sainformacio sazogadoebis Seqmnis fonze �7

bubaleJava,`jer kvercxi iyo Tu qaTami?~ mizez-Sedegobrivi

kavSiri momxmareblis mier momsaxurebis xarisxis

aRqmasa da momxmareblis kmayofilebas Soris 49

lelaabduSeliSvili,xarisxis marTvis meqanizmebis praqtikuli

gamoyeneba zrdasrulTa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi 6�

sofogogoCaSvili,ukukavSiris mniSvneloba

SromiT motivaciasa da SromiT nayofierebaSi 66

giorgikverenCxilaZe, konstitucis samarTlebrivi dacva da

sakonstitucio iusticiis modelebi (zogierTi Teoriuli sakiTxi) 7�

devixvedeliani,memkvidreobis urTierTobebis zogierTi koliziuri

sakiTxis regulirebis Tavisebureba saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTalSi 8�

makasalxinaSvili,administraciuli saqmeebis gansjadobis zogadi mimoxilva

sazRvargareTis zogierT qveyanaSi (aSS, safrangeTi, germania, indoeTi) 9�

zazamaruaSvili,didi istoriis patara istoria 96

TeimurazxuciSvili,axlad aRmoCenili arqiteqturuli Zeglebi SavSeTSi �04

gurandaWeliZe,ekakvaWantiraZe,qalis politikuri statusi saqarTveloSi ��

irmamaxaraZe,qristianoba da islami (qristianuli Tematika yuranSi) ��5

muzaferqiri, nodar dumbaZis romanis `me vxedav mzes~

Turquli Targmanis ilustrirebuli gverdebi �25

cisanabibileiSvili,Rvino qarTulsa da frangul frazeologizmebSi ��2

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Contents

Introduction 5

KakhaShengelia,AlbertJ.Mills, The other side of the Mirror - Management theory, the Cold War and the USSR 6

ShalvaMachavariani, Organizational Culture, as Fundamental Phase for Qualitative Reorganization of Governing System 13

GiorgiGaganidze, Investment climate in Georgia - major obstacles for the development and future opportunities 22

NodarKhaduri, Influence change of the exchange rate on economy of post revolutionary Georgia 31

GuramB.Lezhava, Global Information Society, Digital Divide and Digital Opportunities of South Caucasus Region against the Background of Creation of Postindustrial and Global Information Society 37

BorisLezhava,“What was First: Hen or Egg?”-Cause and Effect Relationship between Service Quality and Satisfaction 49

LelaAbdushelishvili, Practical Application of Quality Control Mechanisms in the Sphere of Adult and Higher Education 61

SofoGogochashvili, Meaning of feedback in working motivation and working satisfaction 66

GiorgiKverenchkhiladze, Judicial Protection of Constitution and Constitutional Justice Models 71

DeviKhvedeliani,Peculiarity of regulation of some collision issues of the inheritance relations in the international private law 81

MakaSalkhinashvili,Overall Review on Jurisdiction over Administrative \Law Cases in Foreign Countries (USA, France, Germany, India) 91

ZazaMaruashvili,Small part of the big history 96

TeimurazKhutsishvili, Newly discovered architectural monuments in Shavsheti 104

GurandaChelidze,EkaKvachantiradze, Women’s Political Status in Georgia 111

IrmaMakharadze,Christianity and Islam (Christian references in the Koran) 115

MuzaferKir, The Illustrated Pages of the Turkish Translation of Nodar Dumbadze’s Novel I See the Sun 125

TsisanaBibileishvili,Georgian and French Phrases Related to Wines 132

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winasityvaoba

kavkasiis universitetis profesor-maswavleblebis samecniero Sromebis krebuli miZ-Rvnilia kavkasiis biznesis skolis �0 wlisTavis iubilisadmi.

kavkasiis biznesis skolam, rogorc kavkasiis universitetis winamorbedma, grZeli da saintereso gza gaiara. dafuZnda �0 wlis win, jorjiis saxelmwifo universitetis mak robinsonis biznes-kolejTan xelSewyobiT. es koleji cnobilia swavlebisa da kvlevis maRali doniT, aq muSavdeba da xorcieldeba saerTaSoriso masStabis programebi. mak rob-insonis biznes-kolejis daxmarebiT kavkasiis biznesis skolam SeZlo Seeqmna iseTi sabaka-lavro da samagastro programebi, romlebmac saerTaSoriso standarti daakmayofiles. Tavisi arsebobis periodSi, kavkasiis biznesis skolam xeli Seuwyo biznesis sferosTvis profesionalTa axali Taobis momzadebas, romelTac hqondaT SesaZlebloba gaeRrmavebi-naT TavianTi codna amerikis, safrangeTis, didi britaneTis, TurqeTis, samxreT koreis, latviisa da sxva qveynebis wamyvan saswavleblebSi. bevri maTgani dasaqmebulia rogorc saqarTvelos wamyvan organizaciebSi, aseve sazRvargareTis cnobil firmebSi.

kavkasiis biznesis skolis saqmianobis warmatebam ganapiroba misi transformacia uni-versitetad, romelic dRes aerTianebs biznesis, samarTlis, mediis, teqnologiebisa da saxelmwifo moxeleTa skolebs.

kavkasiis biznesis skolisa da Semdeg kavkasiis universitetis winsvla ganpirobebulia ara marto Tanamedrove saswavlo programebiT, aramed prfesor-maswavlebelTa samec-niero muSaobiTac. yovelwliur tradiciad iqca studenturi samecniero konferenciebi, romelTa monawileebmac araerTxel asaxeles biznesis skola respublikur Tu saerTaSor-iso konferenciebze. mimdinare wels universitetma umaspinZla samxreT kavkasiis region-alur samecniero konferencias. gamoica studentTa samecniero naSromebis krebulebi. TandaTan ikveTeba kavkasiis universitetis samecniero saqmianobis prioritetebi. samec-niero programebsa da proeqtebSi kavkasiis universiteti warmatebiT TanamSromlobs sx-vadasxva qveynis cnobil mecnierebTan. saqmiani urTierToba damyarebulia adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso fondebTan, rac xels uwyobs universitetis samecniero potencialis zrdas.

winamdebare krebulSi warmodgenilia Temebis farTo speqtri, rac asaxavs univer-sitetSi warmoebul samecniero kvlebis mravalferovnebas. imedi gvaqvs, rom krebuli saintereso iqneba rogorc specialistebisaTvis, aseve farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.

kaxa Sengeliakavkasiis universitetis prezidenti

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The oTher side of The MirrorManageMenT Theory, The Cold War and The Ussr

Kakha ShengeliaPhD,

Professor

Albert J. MillsPhD,

ProfessorSobey School of BusinessSaint Mary’s University

Introduction

“The Cold War between the two camps of the USA and the USSR . . . utterly dominated the international scene in the second half of the Twentieth Century”

(Hobsbawm, 1994: 226).

The period of confrontation that lasted after the end of the World War II until the beginning of the 1990s between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union (USSR) and its allies is known as the Cold War. It only can be distinguished from “hot” war by the fact that there was not a full-scale military escalation between adversaries.1 Nevertheless, the two main sides were very much engaged in a war mentality; spending billions of dollars on war preparations. The USSR and the United States were struggling for world domination (or limiting another’s global advances), both using its military superpower to defend its interest; but not only military power, ideological confrontation was also a distinguishing factor of this conflict. From one perspective, the Unites States and its allies argued that they were defending the democratic values of its citizens against the totalitarian dictatorship of the Soviet Union. On the other hand, the Soviets depicted themselves as a force to liberate the work-ing and peasant classes against capitalist and imperialist dominance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of this superpower struggle on dominant management theories in the former Soviet Union.

Like other wars, the Cold War required mobilization of citizens and high military costs; and had a large impact on the way ordinary citizens lived and worked their lives (Major & Mitter, 2004). Both, the United States and the Soviet Union were increasing their military cost that would undoubedtly label them as a “nation at war”. The Cold War had an impact not only on the countries’ military, but is a phenomenon that impacted almost every aspect of the respective society’s functioning (Major & Mitter, 2004). This paper analyzes the effect of the Cold War on the functioning of organizations and describes dominant management theories remarkable for this period in the Soviet Union.

Before understanding the influence of the Cold War on the institutions in the Soviet Union, we need to undertake a brief history of the industrialization of this country. The communist regime was the driver of the industrialization that characterized much of the development of the USSR, thus analyzing the dynamics of organizational development entering the cold war period is essential. It can help us understand the dynamic at play as the USSR entered the Cold War era.

Lenin and Scientific Management

In the aftermath of the October 1917 Russian Revolution, Lenin, seeking to rapidly industrialize the country, looked to utilize “àll that is best in capitalism’ such as labor discipline, the Taylor sys-tem, piecework, and competition” (Lenin, quoted in Bendix, 1974: 191). In some respects this seems 1 There were of course proxy wars, such as the Korean and Vietnam wars, that did involve large-scale military engage-

ments.

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to run counter to received wisdom about the conflicting character of Taylorism - with its ideological focus on the mutual interests of management and labour, and Leninism – with its ideological focus on the dictatorship of the proletariat and the characterization of managers as the agents of capitalism.2 There are several theories why Lenin was drawn to scientific management. Rose (1978: 42) argues that Taylorism appealed to a “technicist” worldview that saw science and technology as “apparently timeless and politically neutral – so much so that both Lenin and Mussolini expressed enthusiasm for scientific management.”� According to Braverman (1974) this was not a naïve assumption. Lenin was well aware that, “like all capitalist progress, [the Taylor system] is a combination of the refined brutality of bourgeois exploitation and a number of the greatest scientific achievements” (Lenin, quoted in Braverman, 1974: 12). Interestingly, later Soviet accounts acknowledged Lenin’s critique of Taylorism as containing scientific advances yet reflecting “the selfish interests of the bourgeois (Bogomolova, 1973: 11),” but seem to downplay the adoption of Taylorism in the emergent USSR.4 In a passage which set American industrialists to crowing when its translation first became available in the United States, Lenin went on to say: “The Russian is a bad worker compared with the workers of the advanced countries. Nor could it be otherwise under the tsarist regime and in view of the tenacity of the remnants of serfdom. The task that the Soviet government must set the people in all its scope is—learn to work. The Taylor system, the last word of capitalism in this respect, like all capitalist progress, is a combination of the subtle brutality of bourgeois exploitation and a number of its greatest scientific achievements in the field of analyzing mechanical motions during work, the elimination of superfluous and awkward motions, the working out of correct methods of work, the introduction of the best system of accounting and control, etc. The Soviet Republic must at all costs adopt all that is valuable in the achievements of science and technology in this field. The possibility of building socialism will be determined precisely by our success in combining the Soviet govern-ment and the Soviet organization of administration with the modern achievements of capitalism. We must organize in Russia the study and teaching of the Taylor system and systematically try it out and adapt it to our purposes. At the same time, in approaching the task of raising the productivity of labor, we must take into account the specific features of the transition period from capitalism to socialism, which, on the one hand, requires that the foundations be laid of the socialist organization of competition, and on the other hand the application of coercion, so the slogan “dictatorship of the proletariat” shall not be desecrated by the practice of a jellyfish proletarian government.” Braver-man (1974: 12) goes on to argue that “as industrialization advanced the structure lost is provisional character and the Soviet Union settled down to an organization of labor differing only in detail from that of the capitalist countries.” Bendix (1974) argues that the adoption of scientific management principles was adapted not to socialist practice (however defined) but to a deeply-rooted historical tradition of adherence to a sovereign will: “According to this principle, all relations among men in society are an outgrowth of a sovereign will, that of the Tsar or that of the people as `represented’ by the Communist party” (: 190). Bendix (1974) goes on to argue that the ideology of direct mana-gement by the people was never abandoned although in practice it generally disappeared with the development of the USSR. Bendix (1974: 191) claims that Lenin “was soon aware of the fact that the compelling symbol of the revolution [worker’s control] did not provide a guide for action. But instead of abandoning it, he simply reiterated it along with the demand that the Soviet government utilize àll that is best in capitalism’ [including Taylorism].”

Whichever historical account is invoked it is clear that there were a number of tensions involved 2 Ironically, it was in the United States that Taylor found his greatest critics, and was called before Congress to defend

scientific management against hostility from right-wing business leaders and their political representatives. The con-gressional investigation, in 1912, was before the Special Committee to Investigate the Taylor and Other Systems of Shop Management (Bendix, 1974; Rose, 1978).

3 Interestingly, this “technicist” approach also captured the imagination of members of the Taylor Society, which at-tracted “many left liberal thinkers” in the interwar era (Nyland & Heenan, 2005: 1361-62). Among this group was Mary van Kleek who was part of a group of socialist feminists who believed that Taylorist principles offered much to social reform. These feminists “sought to establish the `facts’ shaping women’s work and home life, and used these facts as tools in their reform campaign” (Nyland & Heenan, 2005: 1359).

4 Bogomolova (1973) goes on to save her ire for the Human Relations School, which she characterizes as the “ideological weapon of the monopolies.”

The oTher side of The Mirror KAKhA ShengeLIA, ALbert J. MILLS

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in the adoption of scientific management in the post-1917 era following the Russian Revolution, and those tensions were to vary in the decades to come.Taylor (1911) rested his philosophy on four basic principles: (1) the development of a true science of management, so that the best method for performing each task could be determined, (2) the scientific selection of workers, so that each worker would be given responsibility for the task for which he or she was best suited (3 ) the scientific edu-cation and development of the worker, (4) intimate, friendly cooperation between management and labor.

While Lenin’s notes reveal a distinct fascination with Taylorism, his published works prior to the October Revolution certainly give no indication of this. Indeed, having condemned Scientific Management in 1916, he advocated in the following year the complete democratization of the state apparatus through the elimination of bureaucracy built on specialized and technical functions. Only after the revolution did he openly promote the installation of the Taylor system in industry and go-vernment. However, in Lenin’s pre-Revolutionary treatment of the sources of bureaucratic power in The State and Revolution (1917) certain echoes of the Western management literature with which he was acquainted may be found in what has been called a predominantly anarchistic statement.

Central to Lenin’s definition of the “withering of the state” is the idea that the state’s essential functions can be reduced to methods of accounting and control so simple as to allow their carrying out by any ordinary citizen without special training. These simplified duties can then be performed on a rotational basis by all citizens, and housewives will rule the state on their day off. The democra-tic control of the Soviets, egalitarian councils of workers in all phases of production, is thus assured over this truncated version of what was once a “state.” The dominance of bureaucrats and experts, as well as their claim to special social rewards, will thus be broken by these standardization of public duties according to a rationalized and simplified pattern.

While this pattern of breaking down the state is vaguely reminiscent of the ways in which the introduction of new management methods broke down monopolies on craft skills and redistribu-ted power in traditional manufacturing organizations, it also contains two mistaken assumptions common to the great mass of industrial and political literature on management that appeared in the West during this period. In the first place, it is assumed that methods of “accounting and control,” despite their origination in the capitalist superstructure of the West, are value neutral. This is, of course, the claim of American civil service reformers, who developed from this idea of neutrality the notion of the “politics-administration” dichotomy. The second assumption is that of the imminence of the development of a science of management suited to statecraft, which is the burden of much of the administrative literature of the period. If this were indeed the case, the Bolsheviks had only to borrow and install these objective and simple methods; but the slowness with which the “science of management” evolved practical techniques suited to state operations was destined to be a source of disappointment to both Russians and Americans alike.

In 1935, Alexander Stakhanovism mined 102 tones of coal in less than 6 hours. Stakhonovite movement was born which employed Taylorism efficiencies to over-achieve on the job. The Stakha-novite movement supported and led by the Communist party, soon spread over other industries of the Soviet Union. On November 14-17, 1935, the 1st All-Union Stakhanovite Conference took place at the Kremlin, which emphasized the outstanding role of the Stakhanovite movement in socialist re-construction of national economy. In December of 1935, the plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) specifically discussed the aspects of developing indus-try and transport system in light of the Stakhanovite movement. The resolution of the plenum said: “The Stakhanovite movement means organizing labor in a new fashion, rationalizing technologic processes, correct division of labor, liberating qualified workers from secondary spadework, impro-ving work place, providing rapid growth for labor productivity and securing significant increase of workers’ salaries.” During World War II the Stakhanovites used different methods to increase productivity, such as working several machine tools at a time and combining professions. Stakhanov and other “model workers” were promoted in the press, literature, and film, and other workers were urged to emulate their heroic examples. What is more, the achievements of stakhanovites served as an argument in favor of increasing of work quotas. In reality, the Stakhanovite movement was a

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propaganda maneuver. Where workers received the best equipment and most favorable conditions, the best results of course showed up.

stalin

When Stalin took over power in 1923 he put his stamp on the development of the USSR for the next thirty years until his death in 1953. Stalinism and the history of the USSR during this period are beyond the scope of this paper5 but various general points are relevant at this stage: 1. The economy was industrially backward; 2. Economic conditions had been exacerbated by civil war and the in-vasion of troops by fourteen foreign countries, including the United States; 3. Centralized planning and a command economy were developed to rapidly industrialize the newly established Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922; 4. The political system was controlled from the top down by a one-party state whose leaders grew increasingly fearful of external attack and associated inter-nal enemies. 5. The political philosophy of “Socialism in one Country” -- as opposed to worldwide revolution, or the permanent revolution advocated by Trotsky and his followers (Deutscher, 1959) -- further encouraged insularity and attempts at economic self sufficiency. Only this latter element changed as a result of World War II, when the Soviet Union ended its wartime battles at the head of a bloc of countries throughout Eastern Europe, and eventually China, and provided leadership to a number of emerging or newly triumphant national liberation movements in Asia and Africa, and eventually Cuba. This expansion of Soviet influence fuelled fears among certain western leaders and heightened fears on all sides. In addition to beefed up military planning on both sides, these fears were translated into heightened concerns with internal enemies, particularly within the Soviet Union and the United States. Definitions of enemies of the state were constructed from the cloth of ideological contrasts. In the United States those contrasts coalesced in the notion of “un-American” activities, which treated as suspicious the non-religious, trade unionist, people struggling against racism and for sexual equality, and those with a (broadly defined) liberal viewpoint (Schrecker, 1998; Whitfield, 1991): the impact that this had on management theory has been discussed at length elsewhere (Grant & Mills, 2006; Landau, 2006; Mills & Cooke, 2005; Mills et al., 2002; Runté & Mills, 2006). But there has been little or no research been done to understand the impact of the Cold War context on management in the Soviet Union. This paper attempts a preliminary review.

Soviet Management Culture during Cold War

Scholars have come to appreciate the role culture plays in influencing the economic behavior and strategic decisions made by managers. Culture frames the reasons why certain goals and objec-tives are developed and are in turn used to create strategic responses for companies. Such scholars as Max Weber have noted the role of history and culture in the development of capitalism in the United States. Combining the Anglo-Saxon values of private ownership of property, preference for individual over community gain, and the general acceptance of economic inequality (as opposed to Americans’ theoretical approval of political equality--“one man, one vote”) with the philosophy of Adam Smith, the American free market system was created. Values of profit maximization and individual gain became entrenched in managerial thinking and are integral components of many American strategic management models today. Sacrificing competitiveness, Soviet senior managers implement strategies that often run contrary to what would occur in the United States. They were too bound by cultural conditions and constraints that influence the “appropriate” courses of action. These cultural conditions and constraints are grounded in the ideology of socialism, under which the first and foremost endeavor of managers is to act out of the need to improve “collectivity.” This

5 There are of course numerous, and sometime conflicting accounts of this era that provide a useful understanding of the historical context in which Soviet industry in managed – a project we hope to expand on in future research (Deutscher, 1959, 1965, 1967; Dobb, 1972; Elleinstein, 1976; Franklin, 1973; Rothstein, 1948).


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means maintaining technological “superiority,” preserving full employment, making decisions that are in the best interests of the workers (in contrast to the “shareholders”), and attaining produc-tion goals over profit maximization. Cold War and arms race dictated to the Soviets the necessity of concentrating it’s production resources on defense industry which required big investments in technology; Russia’s desire was to be at least a technological equal with the West, if not to surpass it. Historically, technology holds a critical position in Russia partly because of its national security needs. Russia believed that the acquisition and development of technology abetted protection from its enemies. Even during the reign of Peter the First (1682-1725), Germans and other Western Euro-peans were brought to the country for their technical expertise. In the Soviet era, not only did the USSR have the greatest number of engineers in the world, but the way to achieve top management positions was to be an engineer--and, of course, a member of the Communist Party. It is interesting to note that in 1980, roughly 80 percent of the Politburo members were engineers. Based on this conver-gence of technology and national security needs, defense enterprises held a preeminent position in the Soviet economic system. The Soviet managers considered the achievement of production goals paramount, often retaining excessive capital and equipment no longer required to manufacture the newly (converted) commercialized product. Such behavior also stems from the edicts of a command system. Managers were trained and compensated for achieving production quotas determined by the central government administrators in the ministries and the State Committee for Planning (Gos-plan). These production goals reflected the Soviet Union’s drive for military superiority and techno-logical preeminence.

The Soviet propaganda equally stressed the superiority of its system due to equality in the work place. Gender equality was in particular a common tool for propaganda against cold war adversar-ies. The participation of women in work force was not as much of a policy of central planners but much of an economic need. The large portion of male population cherished during the world war II and in order to sustain economic development demand for women workers increased. However, the arms race and rhythm the arms control dictated its rhythm, a broad stereotype of male making the most important decision were still strong, thus women didn’t hold top managerial positions or were decision makers in the higher echelons of the government.

The one great enduring achievement of the Soviet Union was to have freed the Soviet working class from the constant fear of unemployment and destitution that drives its Western counterpart and Soveit leadership equally boasted this element as a propaganda tool against the west. But life is more than a guaranteed living. For workers to attain the high level of competence and responsibility required for the optimal functioning of a planned economy, they were to be assured of a dignified material existence and motivated by the knowledge that their individual efforts could contribute to the improvement of society as a whole. Soviet worker lacked both these prerequisites. While basic wages bought the essentials, a second job or trade in the black and gray markets was necessary to obtain many of the things that make life comfortable and enjoyable.

All initiative and control, in both political and economic spheres, was monopolized by a bureau-cratic apparatus. The workers were demoralized by the incompetence and cynicism of the materi-ally-privileged parasites who have arrogated all decision-making. The Soviet masses were also well aware that the nomenclature would benefit disproportionately from any improvements in economic performance. Deprived of any means of influencing the nature or contents of their work, Soviet workers were profoundly indifferent to its results, and sleeked to do as little as possible in return for their wages. The widespread alcoholism and absenteeism which the rulers decry were symptoms of increasing apathy. This attitude of passivity is not limited to the working class, but pervades all layers of the bureaucracy.

Considering a Soviet factory manager, who occupied an intermediate position between the workers and the upper echelons of the ruling elite. On the one hand, he seemed to rise through the bureaucratic ranks by fulfilling or over-fulfilling the plan targets handed down by his superiors. Success in this endeavor gave him greater access to the goods beyond the reach of the average citi-zen. On the other hand, he was severely constrained in his ability to impose discipline on the work-ers under his authority. The days when workers could be sent to concentration camps or shot for

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minor infractions of the labor code were gone. Neither can the manager resorted to layoffs or firing. During the entire period of cold war, soviet workers were free to choose their place of employment, and could go elsewhere if their bosses are too demanding. Since labor were in short supply, the manager was reluctant to push workers too hard for fear of losing them. With the economic situation deteriorating due to catastrophic inefficiencies, the Soviet Union was steadily moving to economic collapse, while it’s labor lacked motivation and sense of indifference to quality of goods/services produced. The Cold War was taking it’s tall for central planners concentrating on defense industry and causing huge underinvestment in other sectors of economy. With growing sense of apathy, and “impatience” for building true communism, Marxist ideals were becoming less and less attractive to working classes, the collapse of the Soviet Union was becoming imminent.

referenCes:

Adoratskii et al., p. 226, and pp. 104, 254, 262, 264

Cook B., Mills A., & Kelly E (2005) Situating Maslow in Cold War America Group and Organization Management 30, no. 2;

Gregory P. (1990) Restructuring the Soviet Economic Bureaucracy. Soviet Interview

Project Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;

Hosking, G.(1997) Russia: People and Empire, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press;Karlof, B. (1991) Business Strategy: A Guide to Concepts and Models, Moscow: Economy;Kryshtanovskaya O. and Stephen W., (1996) “From Soviet Nomenklatura to Russian Elite”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol 48, Nr 5;Lenin V. (1918) The urgent problems in of the Soviet rule; April 28, 1918 PravdaV.I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel’stvo Politicheskoi Literatury, 1962), 28:126-32.Lowenhardt, J, 1995. The Reincarnation of Russia: Struggling with the Legacy of Com-munism, 1990-1994, Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press;

Luthars F., Welsh D., Rosenkrantz S. (1993) What do Russian Managers Really Do?

An observational study with comparison to U.S. Managers; Journal of International Business Studies Vol. 24, No. 4, 741-761

Ponomarev, L N and Toschenko G T, (1984). Communist Education Dictionary, Moscow: Political Lite-rature. “Strani y Narodi – S.SH.A”: (Countries and People – USA (1985) Misl Publication Taylor F. W. (1911) Principles of scientific management New York: Harper & Bros

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Parsons, Talcott, Trans.). London: Free Press

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Elleinstein, J. (1976). The stalin phenomenon. London: Lawrence & Wishart.

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Mills, A. J., Kelley, E., & Cooke, B. (2002). Management theory in context: Exploring the influence of the cold war. In G. Spraakman (Ed.), Proceedings of the business history division of the administrative sciences association of canada (Vol. 23, pp. 11-20). Winnipeg.

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Whitfield, S. (1991). The culture of the cold war. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

The oTher side of The MirrorManageMenT Theory, The Cold War and The Ussr

Kakha ShengeliaPhD,

Professor

Albert J. MillsPhD,

ProfessorSobey School of BusinessSaint Mary’s University

In recent years there has been a growing interest in the relationship between social formations and management theory, in particular the impact of the Cold War on management theorizing. To date, this work has been focused on the west but in this paper we examine the contours of management theory in Cold War USSR.

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saorganizacio kultura, rogorc safuZveli sajaro samsaxuris Tvisobrivi gardaqmnisaTvis

Salva maWavarianimecnierebaTa doqtori

profesori

saqarTveloSi sajaro samsaxuris Tanamedrove sistemis Camoyalibeba iTvaliswinebs dasavlur moTxovnebTan da standartebTan miaxloebas, rac moiTxovs rogorc sajaro samsaxuris sistemis, aseve misi calkeuli dawesebulebebis Tvisobriv gardaqmnas.

sajaro samsaxuris gardaqmnis Tanamedrove principebi

arsebuli gamocdilebis Sesabamisad, evroantlantikur sivrceSi gaerTianebis msur-velma qveynebma�,6mtkiced unda daicvan sajaro samsaxurebisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi:

kanonis uzenaesoba da sakanonmdeblo bazis srulyofa evrokavSiris moTxovnebis Se-sabamisad, Ria da gamWvirvale saqmianoba, angariSvaldebuleba, Sesrulebadoba, SesaZle-blad mcire personaliTa da biujetiT saqmianoba, efeqtiani koordinireba, miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis logikuri erTianoba, korufciis daZleva.200� wlamde saqarTvelos sajaro samsaxuris sistemaSi Catarebulma gamokvlevam |�| ga-moavlina saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiT sistemaSi arsebuli naklovanebebi:

inerciulobadamouqneloba. miuxedavad mimdinare cvlilebebisa, saxelmwifo samsaxu-ris dawesebulebebi TavianTi formiTa da arsiT inarCunebdnen `sabWouri~ struqturebis-Tvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs: avtokratiul mmarTvelobas, uflebamosilebaTa delegi-rebis dabal raodenobriv da xarisxobriv maCvenebels, funqciebis arasrulyofil ganxor-cielebas, dawesebulebebs Soris sust horizontaluri kavSirebs. sajaro dawesebulebebs ar hqondaT Camoyalibebuli xangrZlivvadiani miznebi da umTavresad momarTuli iyvnen mimdinare problemebis mogvarebaze. e.i. sajaro dawesebuleba ver axerxebs problemebis prevencias da moqmedebs mexanZris principiT: ebrZvis gaCaRebul xanZars da ar SeuZlia qmediTi zomebis miReba misi Tavidan asacileblad.

dezorganizebuloba. qveyanaSi arsebulma procesebma xeli ver Seuwyo Tanamedrove, efeqtiani kontrolis meqanizmis Camoyalibebas, ramac gamoiwvia, sajaro dawesebulebebis mier TavianTi saqmianobis «Selamazeba», sakmaod xSirad ki, fiqtiuri Sedegebis Cveneba. unda aRiniSnos agreTve, rom, arcTu iSviaTad, dawesebulebebi moqmedednen mxolod Ta-vianTi partikularuli interesebis Sesabamisad. sajaro dawesebulebebis saqmianobis sus-ti koordinaciis gamo dafiqsirebuli iyo dublirebis ramdenime done (dawesebulebebs, dawesebulebis qvedanayofebs da TanamSromlebs Soris). am faqtorebma ganapiroba sajaro samsaxuris mTeli sistemis dezorganizacia |2|.

ganviTarebissrulyofilistrategiisuqonloba.gasuli saukunis bolos ganxorcie-lebuli ramdenime mcdelobis miuxedavad,ver moxerxda saqarTvelos sajaro samsaxuris ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSaveba. ris gamoc, calkeuli sajaro dawesebulebebi viTar-deboda ama Tu im ministris, an saxelmwifo departamentis xelmZRvanelebis Sexedulebis Sesabamisad. uwyebebSi axali xelmZRvanelobis mosvlis SemTxvevaSi, es procesi Tavidan iwyeboda. am viTarebis gamo, dairRva sajaro samsaxuris erTianoba, stabiluroba da mem-kvidreobiToba, anu sajaro samsaxuris saqmianobis ZiriTadi principebi. sajaro dawese-bulebebis saorganizacio struqturebis agebisas, ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli marTvis erT-erTi fuZemdebluri debuleba: struqtura warmoadgens dasaxuli strategiis saSemsru-leblo meqanizms da ara calkeuli xelmZRvanelis mier dasaxuli moklevadiani amocanebis gadawyvetis saSualebas. sajaro samsaxuris ganviTarebis erTiani gegmis ararsebobis gamo, sajaro dawesebulebebis saorganizacio struqturebis ageba da maTi funqcionireba mi-mdinareobda diskretulad, erTmaneTTan kavSiris gareSe. 16 Comprehensive Monitoring Reports on the Future Member States (Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta,

Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Slovakia).www.europa.eu.int/scandplus

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gaumWvirvaloba. sajaro samsaxuris sistemas da calkeul dawesebulebebs, maTi sak-maod dafaruli saqmianobis stilidan gamomdinare, dakarguli hqodaT kavSiri sazogadoe-basTan. moqalaqeebisTvis sajaro informaciac ki, xSirad xelmisawvdomi ar iyo. sajaro samsaxuris struqturebi faqtobrivad ar Tvlidnen Tavs angariSvalebulad sazogadoebis winaSe. aRniSnuli ar Seesabameba demokratiuli qveynis sajaro samsaxurisaTvis wayenebul moTxovnas gamWvirvalobasa da RiaobasTan dakavSirebiT.

saxelmwifosamsaxurissaqmianobismaregulirebelisakanonmdeblobazisarasrulyo-filoba. sajaro samsaxuris sferos regulirebisaTvis xSirad naCqarevad miRebuli kanonebi sustad korelirebdnen erTmaneTTan. gansakuTrebiT es exeboda kanonqvemdebare aqtebisa da normativebis mdgomareobas, maT urTierTSeuTavseblobas da mimdinare procesebTan Seusabamobas. gamarTuli sakanonmdeblo bazis gareSe warmoudgenelia sajaro dawesebu-lebisa da saxelmwifo moxeleTa normaluri saqmianoba.

sustimotivacia.saxelmwifo moxeles Tanabrad esaWiroeba qmediTi materialuri da moraluri waxaliseba. rTulia motivaciaze msjeloba, roca saxelmwifo moxeleTa sa-Sualo anazRaureba Seadgenda oTxsuliani ojaxis saarsebo minimumis 40 – 60 procents |�, 4|. araviTari yuradReba ar eqceoda saxelmwifo moxelisTvis ramdenadme seriozuli socialuri garantiebis Seqmnas.

sakadromenejmentisarasrulyofiloba ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo am sakiTxis ga-dawyvetisTvis saWiro Tanamedrove midgomis uqonlobiT. saxelmwifo samsaxuris ierarqiul vertikalsa, Tu funqcionalur horizontalebze arsebul TanamdebobebisaTvis mkafiod ar iyo Camoyalibebuli, rogorc Tanamdebobrivi aRweriloba, aseve Tanamdebobrivi moTxov-nilebebi. e.i. bundovani rCeboda kriteriumebi, romelTa mixedviT unda Sefasebuliyo sax-elmwifo moxelis profesiuli codna da pirovnuli Tvisebebi. aseTi midgomis gareSe ver xerxdeboda rogorc kadrebis SerCevis, aseve atestaciis procesis obieqturad warmarTva. amave mizeziT ver SemuSavda moxeleTa momzadebisa da gadamzadebis erTiani saxelmwifo programa _ ar arsebobda saTanado saganmanaTleblo standartebi, Tanamedrove organiza-ciisaTvis misaRebi Tanamdebobrivi moTxovnebis erTiani nusxa da moxeleTa miznobrivi mom-zadebisaTvis saWiro pirobebi |6|. moxeleTa momzadebisa da maTi perioduli gadamzadebis gareSe warmoudgenelia profesiuli sajaro samsaxuris Camoyalibeba.

korufciis maRali done.saerTaSoriso organizaciis Transparency International, 200� wlis 8 oqtombris angariSis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos korufciis indeqsis mixedviT �27-e adgili miekuTvna |7|, maSin, roca 2000 wels imave organizaciis monacemebiT saqarTvelo 84-86-e adgilebs iyofda albaneTTan da yazaxeTTan erTad |8|. amave periodSi Crdilovani ekonomikis donec sakmaod maRali iyo, ekonomikis umetes sferoebSi 2002 wlis dasawyisSi is mSp-is 60%-s aRwevda |9|. 2000, 200� da 2002 wlebSi mewarmeTa gamokiTxviT gamoikveTa biznesis ganviTarebis umTavresi damabrkolebeli faqtorebi:

_ saxelmwifo moxeleTa korumpirebuloba, rasac miTiTebuli wlebis mixedviT aR-niSnavda respondentTa 62,7%, 52,6% da 6�,6%;

_ saxelmwifo moxeleTa biznesSi zedmeti Careva (Sesabamisad, respondentTa 50,6%, 59,5% da 6�,9% ) |�0, ��|.

saxelmwifo moxeleTa korumpirebulobiTa da maTi mxridan biznesis „mfarvelobiTaa` ganpirobebuli iyo is, rom sagadasaxado Semosavlebis wili mSp-Si 2002 wels ��,7% Sead-genda, rac yvelaze dabal maCveneblad iTvleboda postsabWour sivrceSi arsebul qvey-nebs Soris |�2|. dadasturebulia, rom korufcia, saxelmwifo struqturebis gaumarTaoba da ekonomikuri problemebi Tvisobrivad urTierTdamokidebuli da urTierTgamomwvevi movlenebia. cnobili mklevaris, daniel kaufmanis mier damtkicebulia, rom korufcia da ekonomikuri danaSauli TavisTavadi ki ara, aramed meoradi movlenebia, gamowveuli saxelmwifo struqturebis arasrulyofilebiTa da susti administrirebiT |��|. amito-mac korufciisa da ekonomikuri danaSauli daZlevis aucilebel winapirobad miCneulia gamarTuli saxelmwifo marTvis sistemis Seqmna da saxelmwifo dawesebulebebisaTvis efe-qtiani saorganizacio struqturebis Camoyalibeba.

«vardebis revoluciis» Semdeg, 2004 wlis pirvel naxevarSi mSp zrdis tempma 9,6 procen-

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ti Seadgina, rac nawilobriv qveyanaSi mimdinare pozitiuri cvlilebebiT SeiZleba aixsnas, pirvel rigSi, es exeba ekonomikur danaSaulTan da korufciasTan gamocxadebul brZolas. miuxedavad imisa, rom araformaluri ekonomika da aRuricxavi operaciebi kvlav rCeboda ekonomikuri strategiisa da politikis erT-erT mTavar problemad, Crdilovani ekono-mikis wili saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi 2004 wlis pirvel kvartalSi wina wlis analogiur pe-riodTan SedarebiT, Semcirda 2.6 procentiT |�4|. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos uaxloes istoriaSi pirvelad moxerxda saxelmwifo biujetis ara marto Sesruleba, aramed gadaWar-beba. miRebuli Sedegi ganpirobebuli iyo administrirebis gamkacrebiT, aRricxvianobis gaumjobesebiT, centralur biujetSi gadmouricxavi Tanxebis mniSvnelovani SemcirebiT.

biujetSi, saxelmwifo xarjebis yvelaze didi moculoba saxelmwifo marTvaze modio-da da Seadgina mTliani saxelmwifo xarjebis 25,2 procenti |�5|. am faqtorma ganapiroba saxelmwifo dawesebulebaTa raodenobis mkveTri Semcireba, xelisuflebis mxolod erTi Sto _ aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba Sedgeboda �8 saministros, saxelmwifo kancelariis, �8 saxelmwifo departamentis, � saxelmwifo inspeqciisa da samsaxurisagan, saxelmwifo kancelarias daqvemdebarebuli �0 saqveuwyebo dawesebulebis, saministroebis daqvemdeba-rebaSi myofi 9� saqveuwyebo dawesebulebis, 9 respublikuri uwyebis, 75 sajaro samarT-lis iuridiuli pirisa da agreTve � maregulirebeli komisiisagan, teritorialuri orga-noebisagan |�6|. 2004 wlidan dawyebuli, saministroebisa da saxelmwifo departamentebis gaerTianebiT, Camoyalibda �� saministro, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda sajaro samarTlis iu-rudiuli pirebis odenoba, romlebic finansdebodnen bujetidan. mTavrobis Zalisxmevis Sedegad SesamCnevi gaxda dadebiTi Zvrebi saqarTvelos mmarTvelobiT sistemaSi, bevri ram gakeTda mis gardasaqmnelad, magram Tanamedrove moTxovnilebis Sesabamisi efeqtiani mmarTvelobis gansaxorcieleblad, saWiroa dawyebuli reformis gegmazomieri gagrZele-ba. gardaqmnis am etapze arsebuli saministroebis, saxelmwifo departamentebisa da sxva dawesebulebebis meqanikuri gaerTianebiT Seqmnili struqturuli erTeulebi saWiroebs ukve Tvisobrivi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebas, raTa warmatebiT daiZlios Zveli sistemis `mmarTvelobiTi recidivebi~, romlebic dResac SesamCnevia |6|.

Tvisobrivi reformirebisaTvis, upirvelesad, saWiroa saxelmwifo dawesebulebaTa saorganizacio kulturis transformireba, ise, rom moxerxdes rogorc erovnuli saba-ziso RirebulebiTa kriteriumebis, aseve Tanamedrove saorganizacio moTxovnebis gaTva-liswineba. saorganizacio kulturis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi:

• damcavi;• saintegracio;• maregulirebeli;• adapturi;• ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi;• marTvis xarisxis uzrunvelmyofeli;• momxmarebelze (sazogadoebaze) maorientirebuli;• formaluri urTierTobis ganmsazRvreli;• strategiis organuli Semadgeneli. ganapirobeben organizaciis mdgradi ganviTarebisa da efeqtiani marTvis SesaZleblo-

bas. aRniSnulidan Cans, saorganizacio kulturis daniSnuleba da sasicocxlo saWiroeba Tanamedrove organizaciebisaTvis |�7-�9|. warmatebuli saqmianobisTvis aucilebelia sa-Tanado RirebulebaTa kriteriumebis skrupulozuli SerCeva da organizaciis mier maTi mimReobis dadgena, rac warmoadgens mdgradi ganviTarebis erT-erT seriozul ganmsaz-Rvrel determinants. dRes cnobilia G.Hofstede, W.Newman, S.Eshemura, R.Blake, J. Mouton. W.Ouchi, C.Handy G.A.Colle, F.Hercberg, R.Likert, D.McCleland, El.Mayo, K. Lewin-is kultu-ruli tipologiebi |20-27|, romlebic adgenen e.w. àmerikuli`, èvropuli` da ìaponuri` saorganizacio kulturebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zogadi Rirebulebebis kriteriumebs da qmnian safuZvels konkretuli dawesebulebis saorganizacio kulturis Sesaqmnelad. aR-niSnuli avtorebis naSromebidan gamomdinare, saorganizacio kultura mJRavndeba, ro-gorc organizaciis globalur misiaSi, miznebSi, strategiaSi, marTvis stilSi, saorgani-

saorganizacio kultura, rogorc safuZveli sajaro samsaxuris... Salva maWavariani

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zacio klimatSi, TanamSromelTa qcevaSi, sakadro menejmentSi, aseve TiToeuli samuSao adgilis aRwerilobaSic ki. Tanamedrove menejmentis fuZemdebllebis (A.A.Thompson, Tr.A.Strickland, H.Minzberg, T.R.Quinn, P.Drucker, M.Firsirotu, F. Rieger, G.A.Cole, F.Herzberg, R.Likert, D.McGregor, R.I.Levy, Fr.Luthans, J.W.Newstrom, J.R.Galbreith, R.Akoff da sxva) naS-romebSi aRniSnulia, rom organizaciis struqtura erTdroulad aris strategiis re-aluri saSemsruleblo meqanizmi da am realobis socialuri konstruqcia. aqedan gamom-dinare, saorganizacio kultura, gansazRvravs organizaciis ganviTarebis strategias da struqturasac. am debulebas asabuTebs is, rom swored SerCeuli saorganizacio kultu-ra xels uwyobs organizaciis adaptacias gare samyarosTan da organizaciis SigniT harmo-niuli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas, gansazRvravs mmarTvelobiT stils da ganapirobebs saorganizacio teqnologiebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom marTvis Tanamedrove modelebic dge-ba saorganizacio kulturuli topologiebis mixedviT (J.Gibson, J.Ivancevich, T.Donnelly, D.Matsumoto) |25|. gamokvlevebma cxadyves, rom arsebobs Tvisobrivi kavSiri saorgani-zacio kulturasa da organizaciis ganviTarebis da realizaciis strategiebs Soris (Ed.Schein, D.Boddy, R.Patton, P.Doyle).

Ed.Schein-is koncefciis |28| Sesabamisad, saorganizacio kultura xasiaTdeba gamov-lenis sami doniT:

• artefaqtebis done – anu saorganizacio kulturis xiluli iersaxe: TanamSromelTa urTierTobis forma, etiketi, qceva da a.S.;

• aRiarebuli Rirebulebebis done – gamoixateba organizaciis miznebis, strategiis, samoqmedo ideologiis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis meTodebis, mmarTvelobiTi sti-lis da a.S. saxiT;

• sabazo warmodgenebi _ esaa ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi da Zireuli msoflmxedveloba.

am doneebis Soris arsebobs Tvisobrivi kavSiri (nax. �) da maT aqvT mkafiod gansaz-Rvruli urTierTmimarTebebi.

nax.1.saorganizaciokulturisdoneebi

ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSavebis, saorganizacio struqturis Seqmnis, an struqturu-li gardaqmnebis gansaxorcielebisas, umTavresi yuradReba mipyrobilia saorganizacio kul-turis Zireul doneze (`sabazo Rirebulebebi~). mxolod artefaqtuli gamovlinebis mixedviT SeuZlebelia srulyofili strategiis SemuSaveba. praqtika cxadyofs, rom aseTi midgomiT SesaZlebelia mxolod meqanikuri saxis saorganizacio cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba.

amrigad, organizaciis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia saTanado saorganiza-cio kulturis Camoyalibeba, romelic qmnis safuZvels qmediTi mmarTvelobiTi struq-turis asagebad. bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi udidesi yuradReba eqceva saorganizacio

artefaqtebi

aRiarebuli Rirebulebebi

sabazo warmodgenebi

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kulturis CamoyalibebisaTvis saWiro, praqtikuli Rirebulebis mqone meTodebis Seqmnas. 2005-2006 wlebSi, saqarTvelos sajaro samsaxuris sistemis analizisaTvis27gamoiyenes ka-vkasiis universitetis mklevarTa mier SemuSavebuli midgoma saorganizacio kulturis Sesafaseblad (mskS), dafuZnebuli Kim Cameron –is da Robert Quinn -is “saorganizacio kulturis diagnozisa da gardaqmnis meTodebze~ (“OCAI” da “MSAI”) |29|. midgoma iZleva arsebuli saorganizacio kulturis identifikaciis saSualebas (pirveli safexuri) da gaaCnia diagnozis dasmis unari, organizaciisaTvis sasurveli (an misaRebi) RirebulebiTi kriteriumebis dasanergad (meore safexuri). orive safexurze saorganizacio kulturas afaseben eqvsi RirebulebiTi kriteriumis saSualebiT, sadac TviToeuli miiReba oTxi alternatiuli maCveneblis Sedarebis gziT. arsebuli saorganizacio kulturis dadgena da sasurvelis SerCeva mimdinareobs Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: respondentebi avseben spe-cialur anketebs, sadac �20 parametris mixedviT afiqsireben TaviaT Tvalsazriss arseb-uli saorganizacio kulturis kriteriumebze. miRebuli Sedegebis ranJirebis Semdeg, aj-ameben msgavs monacemebs da saTanado algoriTmis saSualebiT xdeba arsebuli kulturisa da subkulturebis identificireba. meore etapze ki, imave TanmimdevrobiT xorcieldeba sasurveli saorganizacio kulturis realizaciis diagnozi. aRniSnuli midgomis saSuale-biT dgindeba, Tu rogor kulturul tips (`klanurs~, ̀ adhokratiuls~, ̀ ~ierarqiuls~, Tu `konkurentuls~) miekuTvneba arsebuli saorganizacio kultura da saorganizacio kul-turis romeli tipia TanamSromlebisaTvis yvelaze sasurveli. 2005 wels, WB proeqtis “Preparation of Program for reforms in Public Administration System” farglebSi gamoikiTxa sami saministrosa da ori saxelmwifo departamentis sxvadasxva poziciaze dasaqmebuli �56 TanamSromeli. kiTxvarebis damuSavebisa da monacemebis analizis Sedegad gairkva, rom sakmaod didi sxvaobaa arsebul da sasurvel saorganizacio kulturebs Soris (nax. 2,�).

arsebulisaorganizaciokultura(moxeleTaSefasebiT)

cxr.1

# saorganizacio kulturis tipi Sefaseba (%)

�.

2.

�.

4.

ierarqiuli saorganizacio kultura

klanuri saorganizacio kultura

adhokratiuli saorganizacio kultura

konkurentuli saorganizacio kultura

75

�2

�0

�

sasurvelisaorganizaciokultura(moxeleTaSefasebiT)

cxr.2

# saorganizacio kulturis tipi Sefaseba (%)

�.

2.

�.

4.

ierarqiuli saorganizacio kultura

klanuri saorganizacio kultura

adhokratiuli saorganizacio kultura

konkurentuli saorganizacio kultura

�9

�2

�5

�4

27 PHRD Grant For the Preperation of Public Sector Management Reform Program (WB), 2005-2006;


- �8 -


ìerarqiuli kultura~ (formalizaciis maRali done, wesebsa da procedurebze da-fuZnebuli marTva, organizaciisaTvis umTavresi sazrunavia stabilurobis SenarCuneba da racionaluri qmedebebis ganxorcieleba), romelic gamokiTxulTa 75 % -is mier aRia-rebulia yvelaze gavrcelebul saorganizacio kulturad (cxr. �), mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sasurveli saorganizacio kulturis tipebisagan (cxr. 2): mag. àdhokratiuli~ (dinamiuri da SemoqmedebiTi samuSao, sakuTari ideebisaTvis riskze wasvla, novatori liderebis mier organizaciaSi waxalisebulia SemoqmedebiToba, siaxlis Zieba, iniciativis gamovlena) _ gamokiTxulTa �5 % da `klanuri kulturisagan~ (megobruli samuSao atmosfero, Ta-namSromlebs aerTianebT saerTo interesebi, tradiciebi, urTierTpativiscema, pasuxism-gebloba da erTguleba, liderebi asruleben damrigeblis rols, moralur mxares eqceva didi yuradReba) _ gamokiTxulTa �2%.

�%

75%

10%12%

konkurentuli

ierarqiuli

adhokratiuli

klanuri

nax.2.arsebulisaorganizaciokulturistipebi

14%

19%

�5%

�2%konkurentuli

ierarqiuli

adhokratiuli

klanuri

nax.3.sasurvelisaorganizaciokulturistipebi

miRebuli Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom adamianebs xSirad uwevT maTTvis àrakomfortul~ garemoSi saqmianoba, rac amcirebs maTi Sromis nayofierebas. adamianuri resursi efe-qtiani gamoyenebis gareSe organizaciebs gauWirdebaT maT winaSe arsebuli amocanebis warmatebiT Sesruleba, iqneba es sajaro, Tu kerZo organizacia.

daskvna:

• organizaciebis Tvisobrivbi reformirebis, ganviTarebis strategiis Seqmnisa, Tu axa-li saorganizacio struqturis CamoyalibebisaTvis, umTavresi yuradReba unda mie-qces srulyofili saorganizacio kulturis SerCevas da mis gegmazomier danergvas;

• samsaxurSi miRebisas, profesiuli codnis garda, gasaTvaliswinebelia adamianis piro-vnuli Tvisebebis Sesatyvisoba saorganizacio kulturis arsebul tipTan;

• kargad Camoyalibebuli saorganizacio kultura da Sesabamisad SerCeuli personali iZleva jansaRi saorganizacio garemos Seqmnis saSualebas;

• saorganizacio kulturis Camoyalibeba xangrZlivvadiani procesia da moiTxovs perma-nentul dakvirvebasa da srulyofil analizs Tanamedrove meTodebisa, Tu midgomebis gamoyenebiT.

- �9 -

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. Machavariani Shalva, the Main Weaknesses of the Management System in the State Administra-tion of Georgia as Supporting Factors for Corruption and Money Laundering. Selected papers presented at the Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology, Helsinki 2003.Euro-peanInstitute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations. Publication Series # 42, Helsinki, 2004, 147-156;

2. maWavariani S., aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis institucionaluri donis dawesebule-baTa saqmianobis funqciuri analizi. saqarTvelos aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis re-formis programa (DFID/WORLD BANK), komponenti �, konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi, 2002w., �0-�� dekemberi, �25-�98;

3. Georgian Economic Trends. Georgian – European Policy and Legal Advice Centre. Quarterly Review, 2003, #1, 48-50;

4. Georgian Economic Trends. Georgian – European Policy and Legal Advice Centre. Quarterly Review,2002, #3, 57-59;

5. Machavariani Shalva, Gigashvili Lali. How Weaknesses in Georgia’s System of Public Administra-tion Foster Corruption. Conference “Economic Crime & Money Laundering in Georgia.” Transna-tional Crime & Corruption Center. Georgian AML Project. Tbilisi, 2004, June 29- 30, 40-74;

6. Machavariani Shalva. Overcoming Economic Crime in Georgia through Public Service Reform. In Book “Organized Crime and Corruption in Georgia”, edited by Louise Shelley, Rouledge Taylor&Francis Groupe, London and New York, 2007, 37-49;

7. Transparency International /the coalition against corruption/. Annual Report 2003;

8. Transparency International /the coalition against corruption/. Annual Report 2000;

9. Hiding in the Shadows The Growth of Underground Economy, publication 30, Internal Monetary Fund, April 2002;

10. Entrepreneurship in Georgia. The State Department of Statistics of Georgia. Statistical Publica-tion, Tbilisi, 2000, 28-30;

11. Entrepreneurship in Georgia. The State Department of Statistics of Georgia. Statistical Publica-tion, Tbilisi, 2001, 102 – 105;

12. Georgian Economic Trends. Georgian – European Policy and Legal Advice Centre. Quarterly Review, 2002, #1, 9 – 10;

13. Kaufmann Daniel. New Empirical Frontiers in Fighting Corruption and Improving Governance – a few selected issues. Background Comments and Empirics for OSCE Economic Forum 2001, January 30-31. (www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance);

14. Georgian Economic Trends. Georgian – European Policy and Legal Advice Centre. Quarterly Review, 2004, #2, 7-15;

�5. saqarTvelos finansTa saministros oficialuri monacemebi, 2005. (www.mof.ge/Default.aspx?lang=EN)

�6.saxelmwifo samsaxuris biuros masalebi. Tbilisi, marti, 200�;

17. Lewin K., Frontiers in Group Dynamics, Concepts, methods and Reality in Social Science, Human relations, June, 1974, 5-74; ;

18. Newstrom J.W., Davis J.C. Organizational Behavior. Human Behavior at Work The McGrow-Hill Companies, Inc., Boston, 1997;

19. Lewis R.D. When Cultures Collide. Managing Successfully Across Cultures, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, Ltd, London, 1996;


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20. Hofstede G., Cultures and Organization: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, London, 1991;

21. Handy C, Understanding Organizations,4th. edn., Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1993;

22. Blake R., Mouton J., OD Technology for the Future,Training and Development Jornal, November, 1979, 55-63;

23. Herzberg F., the Motivation to Work, Wiley, New York, 1959;

24. Likert R., the Human Organization: its Management and Value, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967;

25. Matsumoto D. Culture and Psychology. People Around the World, Wadsworth, Division of Thomson Learning Inc, 2000;

26. Erez M., Towards a Model of Cross-Cultural industrial & Organizational Psychology, in Triandis H., Dunnwtte M., &Hough M. (Eds.) Handbook of Industrial & Organizational Psychology, vol. 4, 1994;

27. Ouchi W., Theory Z: How American Business Cam Meet the Japanese Challenge, Addison-Wesley, 1981;

28. Schein Ed. H. Organizational Culture and leadership, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, 1992;

29. Cameron K.S., Quinn R.E. Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., Massachusetts, 1999;

organizaTional CUlTUre, as fUndaMenTal Phase for QUaliTaTive reorganizaTion of governing sysTeM

Shalva Machavariani PhD, Professor

Abstract

Purpose – To select criterion for relevant types and values of organizational culture, that is impor-tant for making qualitative reforms in civil service field in Georgia, namely – to build active organi-zational structures for civil service institutions.

Design/methodology/approach – To identify the real organizational culture of the organization and to clarify the future possibilities of changing it, the researchers of Caucasus University use “The Method to Estimate the Organizational Culture”, which represents the modern version of the meth-ods (“OCAI” and “MSAI”) implemented by Kim Cameron and Robert Quinn. The method gives an opportunity to identify existing organizational culture (step one) as well as to accomplish cultural diagnosis acceptable or desirable for the organization (step two). Evaluation of organizational cul-ture is made by means of six value criteria, where each criterion is considered according to four al-ternative ways. For this reason, the information gathered from quaternaries was being adapted with the help of computer programs.

Findings – In 2005, civil servants were interviewed within the WB project `Preparation of Program for Reforms in Public Administration System” in Georgia. Within the relevant method 156 civil ser-vants of different level from three ministries and two former public departments were interviewed.

research limitations/implications – With the help of modern version of the methods “OCAI” and “MSAI” it became possible to identify the types of current organizational culture of civil service institutions and to clarify its possible future changes, which resulted a real base for creating optimal organizational structure and developing strong organizational environment.

Originality/value – Foreseeing the real criterion of organizational culture, the work represents the first effort in Georgia, to develop organizational structure perfect for civil service institutions and effective and desirable for civil servants, which creates a possibility to implement qualitative changes.

- 2� -

sainvesticio klimati saqarTveloSi-ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli faqtorebi da samomavlo SesaZleblobebi

giorgi RaRaniZeekonomikis doqtori,

profesori

winamdebare naSromis mizania ganixilos pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis (pui) zrdis Semaferxebeli faqtorebi.statiaSi calke yuradReba eTmoba fulis gaTeTrebis SesaZle-blobebsa da ekonomikuri danaSaulis mdgomareobis Sefasebas. amdenad, gavaanalizebT-pui-s ZiriTadi maCveneblebsa da tendenciebs, cvlilebebs geografiuli TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisad, warmovadgenT specifikur indikatorebs, raTa Sefasdes fulis gaTeTrebis SesaZleblobebi da ekonomikuri danaSaulis safuZvlebi.

pui-s intensificirebis aucilebloba

saqarTvelos miswrafeba evro-atlantikuri integraciisaken dRis wesrigSi ayenebs eko-nomikuri zrdis iseTi modelis formirebas, romelic, erTi mxriv, xels Seuwyobs pui-s mozidvas, xolo, meore mxriv, xels Seuwyobs eqsportze orientirebuli warmoebis ganviTa-rebas. biznes garemos liberalizacia warmoadgens qveynis ekonomikuri potencialis ukeT gamoyenebis aucilebel, magram arasakmaris pirobas. saqarTvelos mTavrobam warmoadgina daCqarebuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sakmaod ambiciuri programa. am programiT xa-zgasmulia pui-s mniSvneloba da, Sesabamisad, mTavrobam warmoadgina ultra liberaluri ekonomikuri reJimi. ekonomikuri politika koncentrirebulia biznesis keTebis yvela administraciuli barieris moxsnasa da, amdenad, pui-s mozidvaze. aRsaniSnavia, am mimar-TulebiT arsebobs garkveuli miRwevebi, kerZod, msoflio bankma daasaxela saqarTvelo, rogorc � reformatori qveyana, xolo saerTaSoriso safinanso korporaciam saqarTvelos mianiWa me-�8 adgili msoflioSi biznesis keTebis Tavisuflebis mxriv. amavdroulad, saqa-rTvelos mTavrobam ganaxorciela specialuri RonisZiebebi evropis saxelmwifoebsa da aSS-Si, raTa moezida meti investori. miuxedavad amisa, miRweuli Sedegebi sakamaToa.

pui-s maCveneblebi

2006 wlis sainvesticio angariSis mixedviT (UNCTAD) 2005 wels pui-m mTel msoflioSi Seadgina 9�6 miliardi aSS dolari, rac 29%-iT metia wina wlis analogiur maCvenebelze. am investiciebis udidesi nawili SeiZleba aixsnas kompaniebis SerwymiTa da gaerTianebiT ganviTarebul ekonomikebSi. ganviTarebuli qveynebidan ganxorcielebulma investiciebma Seadgina �� miliardi anu �7% 2005 wels. am investiciebis ZiriTadi mimRebi qveynebi arian ganviTarebadi ekonomikebi. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropisa da dsT-s saxelm-wifoebisaTvis am maCvenebelma Seadgina 40 miliardi anu 4% 2005 wels. aRsaniSnavia, rom am regionSi, romelSic saqarTveloc Sedis, investiciebis 75% modis ruseTze, ukrainasa da rumineTze.

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#1.saqarTveloSiganxorcielebuliinvesticiebSisxvadasxvaqveyniswili(2000-2006)

saxelmwifo mln. aSS dolari %

aSS 319 22%

didi britaneTi 298 20%

azerbaijani 172 12%

ruseTi 146 10%

TurqeTi 140 9%

kviprosi 102 7%

italia 92 7%

safrangeTi 80 6%

norvegia 77 5%

virjiniis kunZulebi (db) 62 4%

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, saqarTvelos erTobli-vi Sida produqti, msyidevelobiTi paritetis gaTvaliswinebiT, Seadgens analogiuri msoflio maCveneblis 0,023%-s 2005 wels, imave wels saqarTvelos wili msoflio pui-Si ki iyo 0,04%.

interess iwvevs pui-s geografiuli maCveneblebi, amdenad, sainteresoa SevadaroT lideri saxelmwifoebi 2000-07 wlebis mixedviT(saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli pui-s moculobiT)

N2.lideri investori qveynebi

2006 1190.375 mln .$ 2007 1681,637 mln.$

didi britaneTi 15,7% CexeTi 13,2%

aSS 15,3% holandia 13%

yazaxeTi 12,8% virjiniis kunZ. 10,3%

TurqeTi 10,9% kviprosi 8,0%

norvegia 6,5% TurqeTi 6,8%

pui-s zrdis tempi wina welTan SedarebiT STambeWdavia: 2001:-16,4%; 2002: 52,4%; 2003:-103%; 2004- 46,8%; 2005 -10%; 2006- 165%; 2007-41,3%

Zalze sainteresoa, rom 2006 wlidan saqarTveloSi aqtiurad izrdeba pui yazaxeTidan da Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebidan. aRniSnuli faqti ver Sefasdeba, rogorc cal-saxad pozitiuri, yofili sabWoeTis respublikebidan ganxorcielebuli investiciebi ZiriTadad orientirebulia specifikuri amocanebis gadawyvetaze. virjiniis kunZule-bidan (db) ganxorcielebulma investiciebma Seadgina 2007 wels mTeli moculobis �0,�%. qveviT moyvanilia virjiniis kunZulebidan investiciebis zrdis maCveneblebi.

- 2� -

0

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

2005 2006 2007

pui-isstruqtura

aRsaniSnavia, rom 2005 wlamde pui-s ZiriTadi nawili modioda baqo-Tbilisi-jeiha-nis navTobsadenze. 2005 wlidan saqarTvelos mTavrobam warmoadgina agresiuli privati-zacia, rogorc pui-s mozidvis ZiriTadi meTodi. agresiul privatizaciaze dayrdnobili investiciebi ar warmoadgens mdgrad investiciebs da xSirad maT ar mohyveba Semdgomi investiciebi. mxolod ramdenime SemTxvevaSi es investiciebi atarebes mdgrad xasiaTs. mdgradi investiciebi saqarTveloSi orientirebuli unda iyos eqsportis gafarToebaze, vinaidan Sida bazris SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia. saqarTvelos saeqsporto maCveneblebi aSkarad umjobesdeba, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom es zrda mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobe-bulia sabaJo departamentSi administrirebis gaumjobesebiT.

SesaZlebelia, vivaraudoT, rom fizikur infrastuqturaSi ganxorcielebuli inves-ticiebi samomavlod pozitiur rols Seasrulebs pui-s mozidvaSi eqsportze orietire-bul seqtorebSi da gaaumjobesebs samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas. investiciebisa da samuS-ao adgilebis dinamikis martivi Sedareba adasturebs im debulebis marTebulobas, rom agresiul privatizaciaze dayrdnobili investiciebi ar aris mdgradi. statistikis de-partamentis informaciiT, dasaqmebulTa ricxvi(ekonomikis realur seqtorSi, soflis meurneobis garda) 2006 wels Semcirda �540� kaciT 2005 welTan SedarebiT, xolo 2007 wels 59552 kaciT 2006 welTan SedarebiT.

pui-s mniSvlovani zrdis miuxedavad, es maCvenebeli erT sulze gaangariSebiT mainc dabalia saqarTveloSi da CamorCvba centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebis analogiur maCvenebels.

N3.puierTsulze

saxelmwifo mln $

saqarTvelo 248 (2006)

bulgareTi 649 (2006)

CexeTi 1160 (2004)

slovenia 634 (2004)

slovakeTi 243(2006)

fulis gaTeTreba da ekonomikuri danaSauli

am mimarTulebiT kvlevis Catareba sakmaod specifikuria. Tu pui-s Tavisufali eko-nomikuri zonebidan da yofili sabWoTa respublikebidan, Tan axlavs sakmaod maRali riski, sakiTxi mainc detalurad unda Seiswavlon. amdenad, Sesabamisi kiTxvari SemuSav-

sainvisticio klimati saqarTveloSi... giorgi RaRaniZe

- 24 -


da da daurigdaT biznesis xelSemwyob sxvadasxva organizacias. sakiTxis mniSvnelobi-dan gamomdinare, kiTxvari dabrundeba anonimurobis sruli dacviT.. kiTxvari pasuxebis jvaredini Semowmebis saSualebas iZleoda. kiTxvari daurigda saqarTvelos savaWro-sam-rewvelo palatas da amerikis savaWro palatas saqarTveloSi. miuxedavad sruli anonimu-robisa, qarTuli kompaniebi Zalze dabali aqtiurobiT Caebnen am procesSi, gansxvavebiT aSS-s savaWro palatis wevri kompaniebisgan, romlebic aqtiurad CaerTvnen procesSi. sul miiRes �8 Sevsebuli kiTxvari. qveviT naCvenebia pasuxebis ganawileba, xolo TviTon kiTx-vari _danarTSi.

N4.pasuxebisganawileba

%

1. a (44,4%);b(38,8%); g(16,6%)

2. b(50%); d(88,8%); b-d(38,8%)

3. d (33,3%); b(38,8%); b-e(22,2%)

4. a(55,5%); d(38,8%)

5. a(38,8%); d(33,3%)

6. a(50%); e(27,7%); g(33,3%)

7. a(55,5%); g(38,8%)

8. a(22,2%);b(38,8%);g(27,7%);d(22,2%)

im mizniT, rom gamovleniliyo fulis gaTeTrebisa da ekonomikuri danaSaulis SesaZ-leblobebi, SemuSavda specialuri indikatorebi. pui Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebidan, SesaZlebelia, ganvixiloT rogorc indikatori, romelic iribad mianiSnebs fulis gaTe-Trebis safTxeebze. ekonomikuri danaSaulis potencialis Sesafaseblad SeirCa Semdegi indikatori: „saxelmwifo moxeleebis dausabuTebeli Careva biznesis urTierTobebSi`. es kiTxva kiTxvarSi organ figurirebda, respodentTa �8,8%-ma es pasuxi airCia kiTxvaze „ra arTulebs urTierTobas ucxoel investorebTan`. respodentTa 27,7%-ma igive pasuxi airCia kiTxvaze „ra ar moswonT investorebs saqarTveloSi`. amdenad, naTelia, rom eko-nomikuri danaSaulis safuZveli kvlav sakmaod didia saqarTveloSi.

respodentTa 50%-ma damoukidebeli sasamarTlos ararseboba aRniSna, rogorc pui-s zrdis ZiriTadi Semaferxebeli faqtori. damoukidebeli sasamarTlosa an arbitraJis ararseboba xels uwyobs ekonomikuri danaSaulis zrdas.

saxelmwifos politikuri da ekonomikuri stabilurobis dabali done(88,8%) aRiniSna, rogorc puis- Semdgomi intensificirebis ZiriTadi Semaferxebeli

faqtori.grZelvadiani ekonomikuri politikis ararseboba, mkafiod gamokveTili priorite-

tebiT, amcirebs saqarTvelos sainvesticio mimzidvelobas. prioritetebi, romlebsac, saqarTvelos mTavroba fragmentulad warmoadgens, ar iwvevs ndobas investorebSi.

pui-s xelSewyobis damatebiTi meqnizmebi

saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo bazis SedarebiTi analizisaTvis airCa bulgareTisa da CexeTis respublikebi. SedarebiTi analizi naTlad adasturebs im faqts, rom orive qveya-na saqarTveloze winaa investiciebis mozidvis sakiTxebSi. orive qveyanaSi aRqmulia is faqti, rom investiciebis moculoba piradapir ar iwvevs axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas da, amdenad, mTavrobebi ayalibeben damatebiT xelSemwyob meqanizmebs.

- 25 -

N5.sakanonmdeblobazisSedarebiTianalizi

CexeTi bulgareTi saqarTvelo

kanoni investiciebis mozidvaze diax diax diax

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi diax diax ara

garantiebi diax diax diax

specialuri SeRavaTebi axali samuSao adgilebis SeqmnisaTvis

diax diax ara

pui erT sulze 1160$ (2004) 669$ (2006) 248$(2006)

Tavisufali savaWro zonebi

ar SeiZleba gverdi avuaroT iseT sakiTxs, rogoricaa specialuri saeqsporto zonebis formireba, radgan swored es meqanizmia miCneuli yvelaze qmediTad eqsportis waxal-isebisa da pui-s zrdisaTvis. TavSive unda aRiniSnos, rom am tipis zonebis efeqturi funqcionireba damokidebulia realurad arsebul garemoebebze da ara am zonebis funq-cionirebis saerTo principebze.

Saeqsporto-savaWro zonebis formirebas Znelad warmosadgenia hqondes gansakuTreb-uli efeqti, vinaidan eqsportiorebs isedac sakmaod xelSemwyobi reJimi aqvT saqarT-veloSi. qveynis romelime kuTxeSi am tipis zonebis formirebas, naklebad savaraudoa, gavlena hqondes mTeli qveynis masStabiT.

aqedan gamomdinare, albaT, ufro mniSvnelovania ganvixiloT saqarTvelos, rogorc vaWrobaSi regionaluri lideris poziciebi. garda sakmaod xelsemwyobi geografiuli mdebareobisa, saqarTvelom unda gamoiyenos regionSi arsebuli specifikuri viTareba, kerZod, is faqti, rom TurqeTsa da somxeTs, iseve rogorc somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris araa intensiuri savaWro urTierTobebi. am wyvilebs Soris vaWroba xorcieldeba saqarTvelos meSveobiT, xSirad naxevrad legaluri formiT. am urTierTobebis legali-zebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri upiratesobebis misaRebad mizanSewonilia Tavisufali savaWro zonis formireba samcxe-javaxeTSi, romelic esazRvreba rogorc TurqeTs, aseve somxeTs.

yofili ruseTis samxedro bazis teritoria SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT am miznisaT-vis. bazis teritorias gaaCnia karg mdgomareobaSi myofi Sida komunikaciebi, sawyobebi, perimetris kontroli da a.S. 2007 wlis bolos baza mTlianad saqarTvelos gadmoeca da SesaZlebelia tenderis gamocxadeba im kompaniis gamosavlenad, romelic aiRebs menej-mentis funqcias. aRniSnuli modeli sakmaod warmatebiT ganxorcielda yofil iugosla-viaSi.

Tavisufali savaWro zonisa da saerTaSoriso sasawyobo reJimis formirebam (foT-Si) SesaZlebelia gaaumjobesos investiciebis mozidva regionSi da garkveuli dadebiTi gavlena iqonios dasavleT saqarTveloze. amavdroulad ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom am tipis zonebSi Zalze maRalia fulis gaTeTrebasTan dakavSirebuli aqtivobebis riski. saqarTvelos mTavrobam unda gadadgas yvela aucilebeli nabiji, raTa Tavidan aicilos es safrTxeebi. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, saqarTvelom SesaZlebelia miiRos moklevadiani efeqtebi, magram dakargos ndoba strategiuli investorebis mxridan, rac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi uaryofiTi iqneba. Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebidan miRebuli efeqtebi yovelTvis warmoadgens arCevans mokle da greZelvadian prioritetebs Soris.


- 26 -


kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi

�. 2005 wlidan saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier warmodgenili agresiuli privatizacia warmoadgenda pui-s ZiriTad wyaros.

2. agresiul privatizaciaze dafuZnebuli pui ar warmoadgens mdgrad investicias.

�. am tipis investiciebi ar uwyoben xels axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas da ar ax-denen gavlenas dasaqmebis maCveneblebze.

4. 2006 wlidan investorebi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebidan Zalze gaaqtiurdnen saqarTveloSi. amave periodSi izrdeba investiciebi yofili sabWoTa respublike-bidan. am investiciebis wilis zrda saerTo moculobaSi ar SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc dadebiTi faqtori da saqarTvelos mTavrobam unda gadadgas Sesabamisi nabijebi, rom situacia ar gaxdes umarTavi.

5. pui, gaangariSebuli erT sul mosaxleze saqarTveloSi, mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis maCveneblebs.

6. miuxedavad saqarTvelos mTavrobis ambiciuri programisa, moizidos investiciebi, saqarTveloSi ar funqcionirebs investiciebis xelSemwyobi specialuri meqanizme-bi.

7. aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobam, roca gaac-nobiera is faqti,rom investiciebsa da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas Soris araa pirdapiri kavSiri, SeimuSava specialuri sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi, raTa daexmaros investorebs axali samuSao adgilebis SeqmnaSi. qarTuli kanonmdebloba am mimarTulebiT moiTxovs Semdgom daxvewas.

8. miuxedavd im faqtisa, rom saqarTveloSi mimdinare reformebi sakmaod warmatebu-lad Sefasda saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan, saxelmwifo moxeleTa Careva biznes urTierTobebSi kvlav rCeba seriozul problemad.

9. saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli zomebi administraciuli bari-erebis mosaxsnelad ar aRmoCnda gadamwyveti investorebisaTvis. damoukidebeli sasamarTlos ar arseboba ganixileba, rogorc investiciebis zrdis Semaferxebeli faqtori.

�0. investorebi ekonomikuri da politikuri stabilurobis dabal dones aRiqvamen rogorc investiciebis zrdis seriozul problemas. es niSnavs, rom viTarebas kv-lav marTavs personaliebi da ara struqturebi.

��. grZelvadiani ekonomikuri politikis ararseboba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc safrTxe ekonomikuri stabilurobosaTvis. xSiri cvlilebebi ekonomikur prior-itetebSi ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc pozitiuri faqtori ekonomikuri gan-viTarebisaTvis.

daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi

miuxedavad saqarTvelos mTavrobis ambiciuri programisa, Seeqmna qveyanaSi ultra-liberaluri ekonomikuri reJimi, investorebi uCivian damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sisit-emis arqonas, es ki niSnavs, rom maTi investiciebi daucvelia. damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistemis ararseboba da saxelmwifo moxeleTa Careva biznes urTierTobebSi, qmnis safuZ-vels ekonomikuri danaSaulisaTvis. saqarTvelos mTavrobam dauyovnebliv unda gadadgas nabijebi, raTa Seiqmnas biznes davebis gadawyvetis efeqturi meqanizmi. am mimarTulebiT yvelaze realisturad gvesaxeba specialuri arbitraJis formireba, biznesis xelsemwyobi

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struqturebis farTo monawileobiT. arbitraJi Seamcirebs, anda sruliad aRmofxvris saxelmwifo moxeleTa dausabuTebel Carevas biznes urTierTobebSi.

xangrZlivvadiani ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programis ararseboba aseve ganixileba, rogorc xelsSemSleli faqtori pui-s mosazidad. saqarTvelos mTavrobis bolodroin-deli nabijebi SeiZleba Sefasdes pozitiurad, Tumca mTavrobam unda uzrunvelyos Tavi-si ekonomikuri programebis ganxilva biznesis xelSemwyob organizaciebTan da, saerTod, gazardos maTi monawileoba am programebis SemuSavebaSi.

pui-s zrda Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebidan SemaSfoTebeli faqtoria da unda ga-daidgas Sesabamisi nabijebi, raTa ar dauSvan fulis gaTeTrebis operaciebi. am mimar-TulebiT foTis Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis formireba garkveul safrTxes Seicavs. saqarTvelos mTavrobam unda gaanalizos evrokavSiris gamocdileba am mimarTulebiT da danergos igive praqtika. es xels Seuwyobs investiciebis gamWvirvalobis zrdas.

ekonomikis realur seqtorSi momuSaveTa ricxvis Semcireba warmoadgens 2�-e saukunis ekonomikur realobas. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebma SeimuSaves specialuri xelSemwyobi meqanizmebi dasaqmebis zrdisaTvis. aRniSnuli tipis modeli unda SemuSavdes da dainergos saqarTveloSi qarTuli ekonomikis specifikis gaTval-iswinebiT.


�. erTiani da Zlieri saqarTvelo (saqarTvelos mTavrobis programa), 07.09.2007. www.government.gov.ge

2. Visentzi, Volhart, “Diversification and Promotion of Georgian Exports,” Georgian Economic Trends, A Quarterly Review, October, 2006.

3. “Georgia: An Integrated Trade Development Strategy,” Report No, 27264, World Bank, 5 Novem-ber 2003`,p.16, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/GEOR-GIAEXTN/

4. “Special Economic Zones, Export Oriented Units and Foreign Overseas Investment,” Annual 2003, www.nic.in

danarTi1wamyvani investorebi saqarTveloSi 2000-05

2000 128,823 mln$ 2001 109,840 mln$ 2002 167,362 mln$

USA 30,05% USA 21,2% USA 49,1%

Turkey 22,2% Cyprus 17,5% Greece 11,4%

Ireland 10,9% France 15,9% G.B. 10,5%

S. Korea 7,3% Germany 12,2% Italy 5,9%

Russia 4,76% G.B. 7,7% Russia 5,3%

2003 266,038 mln$ 2004 406,850 mln$ 2005 367,211 mln$

USA 27% G.B. 21,6% G.B. 36,2%

Russia 16% USA 19,9% Azerbaijan 18,2%

G.B. 14,1% Azerbaijan 16,9% Cyprus 12,9%

Azerbaijan 11,1% Russia 10,8% Russia 10,5 %

Australia 9,85% Norway 9,2% Norway 6,4%


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danarTiN2

kiTxvari1. rogor SeafasebdiT pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis (pui) gavlenas saqarTvelos eko-

nomikur zrdaze?a) Zalian dadebiTi (44,4%); b) dadebiTi (38,8%); g) seriozuli gavlena ara aqvs (16,6%); d) uaryofiTi

2. Tqveni azriT, ra uSlis xels pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis zrdas saqarTveloSi?a) korufcia; b) damoukidebeli sasamarTlos ararseboba (50%); g) sagadasaxado sistema; d) qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri stabilurobis dabali xarisxi (88,8%); e) sxva faqtorebi (b da g 38,8%) .

(gTxovT, airCioT ara umetes ori SesaZlo variantisa)

3. rogor migaCniaT, qveynis ekonomikis romel seqtorebs gaaCnia yvelaze maRali potenciali pui-s mosazidad?a) mrewveloba (SegiZliaT miuTiToT konkretuli dargi); b) soflis meurneoba (38,8%); g) transporti da kavSirgabmuloba; d) safinanso-sabanko (33,3%); e) turizmi da momsaxureba; v) sxva.

(gTxovT, airCioT ara umetes ori SesaZlo variantisa)

4. puis ufro intensiuri mozidvisaTvis Tqven gaamartivebdiT:a) sagadasaxado sistemas (55,5%); b) registraciasa da licenzirebas; g) mogebis reinvestirebas an qveynis gareT gatanas; d) sxva sakiTxebs (38,8%) (gTxovT miuTiToT).

5. ucxoel investorebTan urTierTobas arTulebs:a) saxelmwifo moxeleebis biznesSi Careva (38,8%); b) enobrivi barieri; g) kulturaTa gansxvaveba; d) biznesis warmoebis specifika saqarTveloSi(33,3%).

6. Tqveni azriT, ucxoel investorebs ar moswonT saqarTveloSi:a) saerTo ekonomikuri situacia (50%); b) kriminaluri foni; g) infrastruqturis ganviTarebis dabali done (33,3%); d) SezRudvebi eleqtroenergiis miwodebaSi; e) saxelmwifo moxeleebis dausabuTebuli Careva biznes urTierTobebSi (27,7%).

7. Tqven TviTon ganaxorcieldebiT Tu ara investicias saqarTveloSi?a) diax (55,5%); b) ara; g) ar vici (38,8%).

8. Tqveni azriT, ucxoel investorebs ra moswonT saqarTveloSi:a) swrafi mogebis miReba (22,2%); b) xangrZlivadiani zrdis perspeqtiva (38,8%); g) zogadad qveyana (27,7%); d) sxva ram (22,2%) (gTxovT, miuTiToT)

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InveStMent CLIMAte In geOrgIA - MAJOr ObStACLeS for The develoPMenT and fUTUre oPPorTUniTies

giorgi gaganidze,Ph.D. in Economy

Professor

AbstractPurpose - The aim of this paper is to discuss the major obstacles for further intensification of the FDI flow. Specific interest is paid to review the possibilities of money laundering and to evaluate in general the economic crime situation regarding FDI. To this end we will review generalized indica-tors of the FDI and some of the recent tendencies. Special attention will be paid to the changes in the geographical dimensions of FDI. At the same time, some specific indicators would be presented to find out the possibilities for money laundering and basis for economic crime.

goals and objectives of the research work:

To specify issues regarding money laundering and economic crime;

To analyze FDI flows by sectors, country groups;

To compare Georgian policies and regulatory frameworks with sample OECD country;

To identify major obstacles for the FDI growth in Georgia;

To formulate relevant recommendations.

research methodology

To clarify indicators obviously presenting potential for money laundering and economic crime;

FDI from off-shore and free economic zones;

Indicator for economic crime as civil servants unauthorized interventions in business rela-tions;

Statistical data research;

Questionnaire for existed and potential investors;

Major Findings

1. From 2005 aggressive privatization presented by Georgian Government was the major driv-en force for FDI.

2. FDI based on the privatization has the one-off appearance nature and could not be consid-ered as the sustainable in long-term perspective.

3. FDI based on the aggressive privatization do not lead to the creation of the new jobs and do not have any substantial effect on the employment in medium-term.

4. From 2006 investors from Free Economic Zones (FEZ) became very active in Georgia and there share in total FDI is increasing. In the same period former soviet republics and now independent states are also very active in investments. Growing share of FDI from FEZ could not be evaluated as a positive fact and Government should undertake special steps in order to clarify the situation.

5. FDI per capita in Georgia is still low comparing with OECD or Central and East European countries.


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6. Despite the fact that Georgian Government announced ambitious programme to attract FDI, Georgia still lacks special incentives to attract FDI.

7. Majority of Central and East European countries identified the fact that there is not direct link between FDI and new jobs creation. Special incentives have been introduced (including subsidies) to assist investors in creation of the new jobs (Bulgaria, Czech). Georgian legisla-tion in this regard is weaker and could not compete with these countries.

8. Despite the fact that Georgia has international recognition as reformer country majority of investors are identifying unauthorized intervention of civil servants in business as the major obstacle for the FDI growth.

9. Special steps undertaken by GoG to decrease the number of license and permits still did not encourage investors. Majority identifying the absence of the Independent Court as the ob-stacle for FDI growth.

10. Investors are identifying low level of economic and political stability as the serious problem in Georgia. This means that process in Georgia is still driven by persons and not by struc-tures.

11. Lack of long-term economical policy adopted by the Government could be considered as a threat for economical stability. Frequent changes in economical priorities could not be recog-nized as positive factor for the economical development.

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laris gacvliTi kursis zegavlena postrevoluciuri saqarTvelos ekonomikaze

nodar xaduriekonomikis doqtori,

profesori

miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomikaSi konsensusi iSviaTad miiRweva, iseTi mniSvnelovani problemis irgvliv, rogoric saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierTobaa, dRes aseTi konsen-susi praqtikulad miRweulia.

TiTqmis aRaravin ar kamaTobs imaze, rom saxelmwifom unda daicvas konkurencia, xeli Seuwyos Sromis bazris mobilurobas, ganaxorcielos sakuTari funqciebis (da ara mxo-lod qonebis) privatizacia, Seamciros ekonomikaSi Careva, partnioruli urTierToba da-amyaros biznesTan, miaRwios fasebis stabilurobas, daabalansos biujeti, gamWvirvale gaxados sakuTari xarjebi, xeli Seuwyos Tavisufal vaWrobas, ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas da kapitalis liberalizacias.

am RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba stabiluri ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva, rac, Tavis mxriv, mxolod sabazro meqanizmebis efeqtiani funqcionirebiT miiRweva.

politikosebi sul ufro meti seriozulobiT aRiqvamen `didi saxelmwifos~ arae-feqtianobas. maRali gadasaxadebis, biujetis deficitis, saxelmwifos mier sakredito bazarze fulis sesxebis, gacvliTi kursebiT manipulirebis zegavlena iSviaTad fasdeba dadebiTad da, rogorc wesi, ekonomikuri zrdis Seferxebis mizezi xdeba.

miuxedavad amisa, saxelmwifos mxridan zemoT CamoTvlili meqanizmebis gamoyenebis areali sul ufro izrdeba. TeoretikosTa da arasaxelisuflo politikosTa didi na-wilis mtkicebis miuxedavad, mTavrobebi uars ver amboben cdunebaze realurad marTon qveynis ekonomika. es problema yvela qveyanaSi Zalian aqtualuria, magram gansakuTrebiT ki iseT qveynebSi, romlebsac saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri procesebis marTvis ̀ didi ga-mocdileba~ aqvs. postkomunisturi qveynebi, romelTa ricxvs saqarTveloc miekuTvneba, aseTi, arcTu mTlad sasargeblo gamocdilebiT Zalian mdidaria.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, oficialurad dekla-rirebulia is principebi, romlebzec saubari dasawyisSi gvqonda, cduneba imisa, rom saxelmwifom `sakuTari samreklodan~ uyuros bizness da dasaSvebi da dauSvebeli meTo-debiT mis ganviTarebas `sasurveli~ mimarTuleba misces, Zalian didia.

es kargad gamoCnda vardebis revoluciis Semdgom saqarTveloSi, saxelmwifos gacxa-debuli ultra-liberaluri ekonomikuri politikis kvalobaze, xSiri iyo qonebis ro-gorc oficialuri, ise araoficialuri eqspropriaciis faqtebi, biznesis araoficialuri gadasaxadebiT dabegvris SemTxvevebi da a.S.

Cven yuradRebas aRar gavamaxvilebT am faqtorebze, radgan maTi anatomia, xSirad scil-deboda ekonomikur garemos da ufro wminda politikur RonisZiebebs unda mivakuTvnoT.

vardebis revoluciis Semdgom saqarTveloSi bevri, saqarTvelosaTvis manamde ucxo, ekonomikuri procesi daiwyo, romelmac sruliad axali elferi SeiZina. es gansakuTrebiT makroekonomikuri instrumentebis gamoyenebas Seexeba.

mkveTrad gaizarda moTxovna erovnul valutaze. Tu manamde larze moTxovnas aya-libebda mxolod samomxmareblo xarjebi da biujetSi Sesatani daaxloebiT erTi mil-iardi lari�,8dReisaTvis mdgomareoba mkveTrad Seicvala. mkveTrad gazrdilma moTxovnam lari `gaaZvira~, amas Tan daerTo msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare procesebic, romel-mac saqarTveloSi arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri viTareba kidev ufro daZaba. dReisaTvis larze gazrdil moTxovnas, gazrdili samomxmareblo fasebis paralelurad ganapirobebs, ekonomikis legalizaciis procesi da privatizacia.

�995-200� wlebSi, miuxedavad, marTlac, fulis warmatebuli reformisa, romlis Sede-

18 statistikuri informacia aRebulia saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis oficialuri veb-gverdidan www.nbg.gov.ge.

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gadac larma SeZlo da mimoqcevidan gandevna erTdroulad sami valuta: erovnuli bankis kuponi (obieqturoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom mas gandevna namdvilad aRar sWirdeboda, radgan misi mimoqcevis areali Zalian iyo Seviwroebuli), rusuli rubli (romelic gamoi-yeneboda dabali da saSualofasiani nivTebis fasebis dasadgenad da SesaZenad) da dolari (romelsac ZviradRirebuli sagnebis Rirebulebis gazomvisa da SeZenis funqcia hqonda).

miuxedavad amisa, larma ver SeZlo kuponis mier Selaxuli ndobis srulad dabruneba. biznesi mTlianad dolarze darCa mibmuli, rasac adasturebda saqarTvelos ekonomikis dolarizaciis koeficienti, romelic bolo periodamde sakmaod maRali rCeba.

200� wlis dasawyisSi ucxour valutaSi ganTavsebuli depozitebis 98% aSS dolarSi iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom dolari Tmobs saqarTveloSi (iseve rogorc mTel msoflioSi) poziciebs, ucxour valutaSi ganTavsebuli depozitebis 79% dResac aSS dolarSia.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis dolarizaciis koeficienti daaxloebiT 65%-ia, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom lari srulyofilad ver asrulebs fulis funqciebs. amas emateba is garemoebac, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi ganxorcielda saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sruli liberalizacia, rac aisaxa imaSi, rom xelisuflebas sagareo ekonomikur procesebze zegav-lenis arc erTi pirdapiri meqanizmi aRar darCa. ekonomikuri reformebis pirvelive wlebSi gauqmda arasatarifo barierebi, xolo vardebis revoluciis Semdeg realurad gauqmda satarifo barierebic da saqarTvelo msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze liberaluri sagareo-ekonomikuri reJimis mqone qveyanad iqca. Sesabamisad, sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis regulirebisaTvis erTaderT qmediT instrumentad swored gacvliTi kursi rCeba. amasTan, saqarTvelos ekonomikis dolarizaciis maRali donis gamo, gacvliTi kursi mniSvnelovania ara mxolod saerTaSoriso vaWrobisaTvis, aramed qveyanaSi Sida tranzaqciebisaTvisac.

samwuxarod, miuxedavad laris mimarT dolaris kursis cvalebadobisa, saqarTveloSi seriozuli kontraqtebi, praqtikulad, isev mxolod dolariT formdeba.

Tumca, Cveni miznebidan gamomdinare, aqcents mxolod saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze ga-davitanT. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi dolari gamoiyeneba ara mxolod aSS-sTan, aramed Zalian bevr qveyanasTan urTierTobaSi. miT ufro, rom msoflio bazrebze dolariT xdeba navTobis, xorblis fasebis kotireba.

realurad, foni, romelSic saqarTvelos ekonomika viTardeba, sakmaod rTulia. rTu-lia ara mxolod daZabuli rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebis gamo, aramed imis gamoc, rom aSS dolari, romlis mniSvnelobaze zemoTac gvqonda saubari, Tmobs poziciebs msoflio finansur bazrebze.

200� wlis �� seqtembris Semdeg msoflio finansur wreebSi xSiri iyo dolaris dasus-tebis prognozebi, rac pirvelad xmamaRla rusul biznesisa da samecniero wreebSi gaisma2.9saqarTvelos xelisufleba, rogorc Cans, dolaris kraxis rusuli scenars��0se-riozulad ar aRiqvamda. radgan, miuxedavad gafrTxilebisa, ekonomikis dolaridan sxva, Tundac ucxour valutaze gadawyobis procesi, arc ki dawyebula da rogorc manamde, ise mis Semdegac, saqarTvelos ekonomika araoficialurad dolarzea mibmuli. im periodSi, rusuli scenaris gaxmaurebis Semdeg, qarTul ekonomikur literaturaSi gaCnda SeTa-vazeba erovnuli bankis rezervebis da mis Sesabamisad, depozitebis diversifikacia gan-xorcielebuliyo, romlis erT-erT SesaZlo, albaT optimalur variantad SDR-is kalaTa saxeldeboda4,��romelic sxvadasxva valutis msyidvelobiTunarianobis Sewonili maCvene-blebis mixedviT gaiangariSeba. samwuxarod, es rekomendacia ar gaiziares, ramac dolare-

29 dawvrilebiT ixileT, papava v. `postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makroekonomika~, Tbilisi, Tsu, 2005. gv. 314-322; papava v., CoCeli v., àxali ekonomika~, globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis rusuli scenari da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri strategia. wignSi `sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarT-veloSi~, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 200�.

310 dawvrilebiT ixileT Хазин М.Л.. Грегорьев О.В. Сценарий крушения доллара в ближайщей перспекитиве. В кн.: Крах доллара. Москва, издатель Чернишова Н.Е., 2001.

411 papava v. `postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makroekonomika~, Tbilisi, Tsu, 2005. gv. 314-322; papava v., Coxeli v., àxali ekonomika~, globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis rusuli scenari da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri strategia. wignSi `sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 200�. gv. 42.

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bSi ganTavsebuli depozitebis mflobelebi seriozulad daazarala.gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom ekonomikis dolarizaciis maRali maCvenebeli

ar aris mxolod monetaruli faqtori, romelic ekonomikis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs gansazRvravs. realurad, xelisufleba prognozirebisa da regulirebis mniSvnelovani instrumentis gareSe rCeba, rodesac erovnuli valutis samoqmedo areali SezRudulia. miT ufro, rodesac xelisuflebis (da ara mxolod misi romelime calkeuli Stos) mier mimoqcevaSi arsebuli valutis moculobiT manipulireba, dReisaTvis makroekonomikuri politikis erT-erT qvakuTxedad rCeba.

am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTveloSi mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis masis dinamika saintere-so daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva.

�995 wels, rodesac saqarTveloSi fulis warmatebuli reformis Sedegad mimoqcevaSi lari SemoiRes, erovnuli bankis monacemebiT mimoqcevaSi mxolod 95 mln. lari iyo, aSS dolaris gacvliTi kursi �,� laris parametrze dafiqsirda.

200� wlis noemberSi, vardebis revoluciis win mimoqcevaSi arsebuli erovnuli va-lutis raodenoba 460 mln. laramde gaizarda. 2007 wlis dekemberSi mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis raodenobam �,� mlrd. lars gadaaWarba, rasac, erTi SexedviT, gacvliTi kursis dacema unda gamoewvia, Tumca moxda piriqiT, 2004 wlis dasawyisidan erovnuli valutis gacvliTi kursis amaRlebis Seuqcevadi procesi mimdinareobs, rasac SesaZloa antiin-flaciuri datvirTvac hqondes. Tumca, amaRlebis amgvarma tempebma sakmaod mZime mdgo-mareobaSi Caayena isedac deficituri sagadamxdelo balansi.

cxrili1.mimoqcevaSiarsebulifulisraodenoba1995-2008wlebSifulisagregatebismixedviT.

cxrili2.aSSdolarisadaevrosgacvliTikursebisdinamika1995-2008wlebSi.

laris gacvliTi kursis zegavlena... nodar xaduri

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cxrilebidan naTlad Cans, rom erovnuli valutis gacvliTi kursi mkveTrad maRldeba aSS dolaris mimarT da SedarebiT stabiluria evros mimarT. Tumca, Tu 200� wlis noem-berSi � evroSi 2,6� laris miReba SeiZleboda, 2005 wlis noemberSi kursi 2,�� laramde, anu 20%-iT amaRlda. Semdeg evros mimarT laris gacvliTi kursis Semcirebis procesi daiwyo da 2008 wlis martSi 2,�� lari Seadgina, maSin, rodesac martis bolos dolaris gacvliTi kursi �,44 laramde daeca.

rasakvirvelia, kursis amgvar, metad seriozul ryevas ar SeiZleboda makroekonomikur garemoze Tavisi zegavlena ar moexdina. gansakuTrebiT ki eqsportisa da importis Tana-fardobaze.

me-� naxazidan aSkarad Cans, rom Tu �995 wels importis eqsportiT gadafarvis maCvenebeli �2% iyo, romelic 2000 wlisaTvis 46%-mde gaizarda, dReisaTvis 2�%-mdea Semcirebuli.

�995 wlidan 2007 wlamde eqsportis moculoba 8-jer gaizarda, importisa ki ��-jer. Tu amas davumatebT, rom nominaluri mSp imave periodSi �,9 mlrd. laridan �7 mlrd laramde, anu 4,�6-jer gaizarda, xolo realuri mSp mxolod_ 2,�-jer. advili SesamCne-via, rom valutis gacvliTi kursis amaRlebam sagadamxdelo balansis mkveTri gauareseba gamoiwvia.

naxazi3.saqarTvelossagareovaWroba1995-2007wlebSi(mln.aSSdolari).

samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi inflaciis damarcxeba ver xerxdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom importi iafdeba da amasTan importis xvedriTi wili moxmarebaSi izrdeba, rasac Tan da-erTo sabaJo gadasaxadis gauqmeba, dRg ki 20%-dan �8%-mde Semcirda, fasebis stabiliza-cia seriozul problemad rCeba.

naxazi4.wliuriinflacia1996-2008wlebSi.

- �5 -

dReisaTvis saqarTvelos mTavroba seriozul ganacxads akeTebs, rom igi Seecde-ba makroekonomikur stabilizacias Seuwyos xeli da inflacia moTokos. saqarTvelos mTavrobam gamoaqveyna `ZiriTadi monacemebi da mimarTulebebi 2009-200�2 wlebisaTvis~5, romlis�2Tanaxmadac, 2008 wels inflacia 8%-is doneze unda SenarCundes, 2009 welSi in-flacia 9% iqneba, xolo Semdeg saprognozo wlebSi 8,5, 8 da 7 procenti iqneba, rac Ta-visTavad ukve maRali maCveneblebia.

rogorc Cans, xelisuflebisaTvis monetaruli instrumentebi, romlebic am miznis (inflaciis dabali tempebi) misaRwevad SeiZleba gamoiyenon, arcTu ise sandoa. rac dRis wesrigSi sxva instrumentebis gamoyenebis aucileblobas ayenebs. maT Soris, albaT, umTa-vresi gacvliTi kursia. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTvelos moxmarebis didi nawili importiT ifareba, gasagebia, rom valutis kursiT samomxmareblo fasebis Sekaveba abso-luturad realuria, Tumca, meore mxriv, es eqsportis gaZvirebas da, Sesabamisad, sagada-mxdelo balansis kidev ufro gauaresebas gamoiwvevs.

am fonze mniSvnelovania politikuri gadawyvetilebis miReba, romelic monetaruli politikis ganmaxorcielebeli organos – saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis momavals Seexe-ba. procesebi, romlebic bankis damoukideblobas Tundac minimalur safrTxes Seuqmnis, unda SeCerdes.

ar unda warmovidginoT, rom centraluri bankebis damoukideblobis sakiTxi mxolod saqarTveloSi dadga, uamravi magaliTia imisi, Tu rogor cdiloben mTavrobebi centra-luri bankebis `daqvemdebarebas~6.��maT Soris arc saqarTvelos mTavroba aRmoCnda ga-monaklisi, da cdilobs, erovnuli bankis saxiT finansTa saministros daqvemdebarebuli uwyeba Seqmnas. iniciativa, rom inflaciis garkveuli donis SemTxvevaSi, finansTa mi-nistrs erovnuli bankis prezidentis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis dayenebis SesaZlebloba miecema, swored amas niSnavs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnul banks monetaruli politikis ganxorcielebiT SeuZlia inflaciuri procesebis regulireba, mTavrobas uamravi meqanizmi aqvs, romliTac infla-ciur procesebze zemoqmedeba SeuZlia. magaliTebis mosaZebnad Sors wasvla ar dagvWir-deba, imdenad uxvia isini saqarTvelos uaxloes warsulSi (dasaqmebis programa am magali-TebSi erT-erTi TvalsaCinoa). gamodis, rom mTavrobas SeuZlia inflaciis provocireba, xolo Semdeg yvelafris erovnuli bankisaTvis gadabralebiT gantevebis vacic martivi mosaZebni gaxdeba.

cxadia, imis iluzia ar gvaqvs, rom erovnuli banki odesme absoluturad damoukide-beli iyo. Tumca, damoukideblobis maRali xarisxi, romelic saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcielebis procesSi miaRwies, sakmaod maRali iyo, rac erovnuli bankis mier seriozuli reformebis ganxorcielebis winapiroba gaxda.

imedia, rom damoukideblobis maRali xarisxi SenarCundeba. miT umetes, rom ukanasknel wlebSi miRebulia iseTi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, romlebic erovnul banks biujetis defi-citis dasafinanseblad sesxis micemas ukrZalavs.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, erovnuli banki ver gauZlebs mTavrobis wnexs da iZulebuli gaxdeba sxvadasxva saxiT mimoqcevaSi fulis masa gazardos, rac kidev ufro waaxalisebs inflaciur procesebs da makroekonomikur stabilurobas saerTod dausvams wertils.

5 12 ixileT saqarTvelos parlamentis oficialur veb-portalze www.parliament.ge. 613 magaliTad, ixileT Проблемы независимости Центрального банка, wignSi Албегова И.М., Емцов Р.Г., Холопов А.В.

Государственная экономическая политика: опыт перехода к рынку. М., «Дело и Сервис», 1998

laris gacvliTi kursis zegavlena... nodar xaduri

- �6 -



�. papava v. `postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makroekonomika~, Tbilisi, Tsu, 2005.

2. papava v., CoCeli v., àxali ekonomika~, globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis rusuli scenari da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri strategia. wignSi `sabazro ekonomikis ganvi-Tarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 200�.

3. Хазин М.Л.. Грегорьев О.В. Сценарий крушения доллара в ближайщей перспекитиве. В кн.: Крах доллара. Москва, издатель Чернишова Н.Е., 2001.

4. Проблемы независимости Центрального банка, wignSi Албегова И.М., Емцов Р.Г., Холопов А.В. Государственная экономическая политика: опыт перехода к рынку. М., «Дело и Сер-вис», 1998

inflUenCe Change of The exChange raTe on eConoMy of PosT revolUTionary georgia

nodar KhaduriPhD in economics

Professor

Abstract

After “Rose Revolution” Georgian economy started processes which have caused sharp increase of demand for national currency – Lari. If the demand has been certain by only consumer charges (1 billion Lari) till 2003, now the situation has changed radically. The factors which promoted increase of demand are privatization, legalization of economy and growth of prices. And the result is the increase of the exchange rate to USD. In addition there is a situation in the world financial markets, where the Dollar concedes Euro. This is the forecast we had in 2002. But nobody has paid attention to it at that time and in spite of the recommendation of Georgian scientists there hasn’t been done the diversification of the reserves of National Bank of Georgia, not to say anything about the population deposits. The dollarization of Georgian economy is more than 65%. An opportunity of macroecono-mic stability is under the doubt because of the inflation, caused by currency in circulation.

For the present time Georgian government has begun the process, which was an infringement of independence of NBG. In case of high inflation, the president of NBG will be responsible for it, but the government will always try to blame the NBG, which obviously doesn’t promote economic growth and stability in Georgia.

- �7 -

cifruli dayofa da cifruli SesaZleblobebi samxreT kavkasiis regionSi postindustriuli da globaluri sainformacio

sazogadoebis Seqmnis fonze

guram leJavasaqarTvelos sainJinro akademiis wevr-korespodenti,

profesori

XXI saukunis postindustruli sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba globalizaciis Seuqcevadi procesebiT da e.w. globaluri sainformacio sazogadoebaSi (gss-GIS) etapobrivi gadas-vlis tendeciebiT. es tendeciebi naTlad vlindeba sazogadoebaSi iseTi Tanamedrove infosakomunikacio teqnologiebis danergviT da farTo gavrcelebiT, rogoricaa: in-terneti, mobiluri satelefono kavSiri, WiMax, Tripel Play, E-vaWroba, E-swavleba da sxva uaxlesi momsaxurebis saxeebi.

specialuri kongresebi, konferenciebi, seminarebi da Sexvedrebi eZRvneba gss-Si eta-pobrivi gadasvlis, misi kriteriumebis dadgenis, infosakomunikacio industriis miRw-evebis mosaxleobaSi SeRwevadobis da Sesabamisi momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobis sakiTxebs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi am mxriv iyo 200� da 2005 wlebis sainformacio sazogadoebis msoflio samitebi (WSIS) Jenevasa da tunisSi. agreTve aRniSvnis Rirsia etapobrivi xasiaTis publikaciebi: evrokomisiis e.w. `mwvane wigni telekomunikaciSi kon-vergeciis Sesaxeb~ da aSS-s yofili vice-prezidentis el. goris `msoflio telekomis xuTi gamowveva~ [�,2] da sxva.

xsenebuli tendeciebi, procesebi da zogierTi gadasaWreli (an gadaWris stadiaSi arsebuli) problemebi asaxulia sur.�-ze warmodgenili diagramiT, sadReisod global-izaciis fonze mimdinare gss-is Camoyalibebis etapebis saxiT.

pirvelad postindustrialuri sazogadoebis terminis gansazRvreba, rogorc ser-visze orientirebuli sazogadoebisa, mogvca daniel belma �97� wels [�]. gamoiyena ra msoflio ekonomikis sam-seqtoraluri modeli (samrewvelo-I, agraruli-A da momsax-urebis-S seqtorebi), man identificireba moaxdina XXI saukunis dasawyisis postindus-triuli sazogadoebisa, rogorc momsaxurebaze orientirebulis. es prognozi savsebiT gamarTlda. msoflio bankis monacemebiT ukve 200� wlisaTvis momsaxurebis seqtoris wili Seadgenda msoflioSi warmoebuli mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp-GDP), anu ��.� trilioni aSS dolaris 66%-s, xolo evrokavSiris qveynebisTvis ki maTi mTliani mSp-is (anu 6.� tri-lioni aSS dolaris) 69%-s.

msoflio bankis monacemebze dayrdnobiT[4], axali aTaswleulis dasawyisisaTvis cal-saxad gamoikveTa msoflio ekonomikaSi momsaxurebis seqtoris upiratesi roli (rodesac qveynis ekonomikaSi momsaxurebis seqtoris wili metia cal-calke agraruli da samrewve-lo seqtorebis wilebze e.i. S>A da S>I, amasTan S+A+I=1, anu �00%), xolo 50-ze meti qveynis SemTxvevaSi ki S>0,5(50%),anu igi dominirebul seqtors warmoadgens.

amgvarad, savsebiT logikuria mivakuTnoT postindustriuli sazogadoeba (e.i gss-c) momsaxurebaze orientirebul sazogadoebas, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom:

• momsaxurebis seqtoris wili msoflio ekonomikaSi daaxloebiT tolia 66%-is da es mniSvneloba sagrZnoblad aRemateba dominantur sidides 0,5 (50%);

• �52 qveyanas Soris ��2(74%-Si) momsaxurebis seqtori aris upiratesi;

• postindustrialuri qveynebis ekonomika Seadgens msoflio ekonomikis 92%-s;

• 6� didi qveynidan 58(anu 92%) warmoadgens postindustrialur qveyanas, sadac cxovrobs msoflio mosaxleobis TiTqmis 60%.

- �8 -


sur.1

sur. 2-ze mocemulia msoflio bankis monacemebis Sesabamisi grafikebi, romlebic asax-avs msoflio ekonomikis sam-seqtoraluri modelis zemoT xsenebuli A, I da S seqtorebis wilebis cvlilebis dinamikas erT sul mosaxleze mosul mSp-Tan (anu smSp) mimarTebaSi, �7 wliani intervaliT (�987 da 2004 wlebi). isini gviCveneben, rom aSkaraa S-is wilis Tan-mimdevruli zrda, xolo A da I-is wilebis kleba smSp-Tan da drosTan mimarTebiT. �7 wlis ganmavlobaSi praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi aiwia smSp-is donem da sagrZnoblad moimata momsaxurebis (S) seqtoris wilma, 60%-dan 70%-mde.

- �9 -

sur.2

daniel belis mixedviT postindustrialuri sazogadoebis ori ZiriTadi niSanTviseba unda gaaCndes: pirveli _ rogorc ukve aRiniSna, iyos servisze orientirebuli (anu mom-saxurebis seqtors gaaCndes upiratesi-dominanti wili qveynis ekonomikaSi) da meore _ amavdroulad gamokveTilad izrdebodes masSi codnis da informaciis roli.

bunebrivia, rom gss-is etapobrivi Seqmna postindustriuli sazogadoebis warmoqm-nis da globalizaciis procesebis logikuri Sedegia. gss-is ZiriTadi kriteriumebi misi specifikidan gamomavali ekonomikuri xasiaTisa da misawodebeli informaciis moculo-bis amsaxveli unda iyos, rac xdeba kidec realobaSi, adamianis mier informaciis aRqmis fiziologiuri SesaZleblobebidan da am informaciis miwodebis sadReiso satelekomuni-kacio saSualebebidan gamomavali [5]. kerZod, ekonomikur kriteriumad miiCneven Semdegs: gss-is infosakonomukacio industriis wili unda aRematebodes mSp-is naxevars, misi ab-soluturi mniSvnelobis gaormagebis fonze.

sagulisxmoa, rom ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis da ganviTarebis organizaciis mo-nacemebiT, erT sulze mSp-is gaormagebis savaraudo droiT intervalebs, misi zrdis sxvadasxva tempis dros aqvs Semdegi saxe (cxrili �)

cxrili1

smSp-is wliuri zrda % �5 �0 5 � �

smSp-is gaormagebisaTvis saWiro wlebi 5 7 �4 24 70

amJamad maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi samrewvelo produqciis 25%-ze meti modis maRal teqnologiur nawarmze, xolo mSp-is naxevarze mets, rogor ukve aRvniSneT, Sead-gens momsaxurebis seqtori, sadac mniSvnelovani nawili infosakomunikacio servisze mo-dis da es wili mudmivad izrdeba. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom ekonomikuri da struqtu-ruli cvlilebebis Sedegad gis-Si gadasvlis periodi Semcirdeba, qveynebis mSp-is matebis tempis zrdis kvaldakval.

informaciuli kriteriumis ukeT gaazrebis mizniT saWiroa aRiniSnos Semdegi. sxva-

cifruli dayofa da cifruli SesaZleblobebi... guram leJava

___________ 2004

- - - - - - - - - 1987

- 40 -


dasxva gamokvleviT dadgenilia, rom adamians dRe-RameSi, Teoriulad, aqtiur periodis (�6 saaTis) ganmavlobaSi, SeuZlia smenis organoebiT aRiqvas da gadaamuSaos daaxloebiT 460 megabaiti. salaparako da 2000 megabaiti musikaluri informacia, maSin, roca mxedvelobiT aRqmuli informacia �000-jer metia da daaxloebiT 878 gigabaits Seadgens. amgvarad, in-formacia, romelic saSualo statistikur adamians Teoriulad SeuZlia dRe-RameSi aRiq-vas, Seadgens daaxloebiT 88×�0�0 baits, xolo weliwadSi ki _ 88×�0�0×�65=�,2×�0�4 baits. es, rasakvirvelia, mxolod Teoriulad dasaSvebi monacemebia, radganac adamians sistematu-rad, yovel dRe �6 saaTis ganmavlobaSi informaciis miReba da gadamuSaveba ar ZaluZs.

Tavis mxriv, gamomuSavebeli an mopovebuli informacia, misi aRqmisaTvis saWiroa ga-daices satelekomunikacio saSualebebiT momxmareblamde (adamiani, kompiuteri). cnobi-lia, rom informaciis mimwodebel wyarosa da mimRebs Soris urTierTobis ori meTodi arsebobs: interaqtiuri da arainteraqtiuri. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, informaciis wyaro da mimRebi urTirTobis procesSi morigeobiT icvlian rolebs, anu urTierToben e.w. dia-logur reJimSi, meore SemTxvevaSi ki_ urTierToba calmxrivia. radio, satelevizio da videogadacemebi, aseve beWdviTi media, rogorc wesi, arainteraqtiuria-simpleqsuria, xolo satelefono saubrebi, interneti da sxva_ interaqtiuri (ormxrivi, anu dupleqs-uria).

informaciis gacvlis interaqtiuri reJimi yvelaze efeqturia, magram SedarebiT Zne-lad realizebadi infosatelekomunikacio qselebSi, radganac, Cveulebriv, unda warmoe-bdes drois realur masStabSi. swored amitom gis-Si gadasvlis mniSvnelovan amocanas interaqtiuri momsaxurebis gafarToeba warmoadgens, rac aseT sazogadoebaSi informaci-uli gacvlis gamokveTili, ZiriTadi saSualeba gaxdeba.

sadReisod informaciis moculoba, romlis miReba ganviTarebuli qveynebis macxovre-blebs dialogiur reJimSi SeuZliaT, weliwadSi daaxloebiT 8×�08 baits Seadgens da es sidide gamiangariSeba martivi Tanafardobebidan: miRebuli informaciis moculoba to-lia misi gadacemis (V) siCqare (biti/wm) gamravlebuli gadacemis xangrZlivobaze (T) weli-wadSi. telekomunikaciis saerTaSoriso kavSiris (ITU)-s monacemebiT, satelefono xazis sadReRamiso dakavebis dro amJamad saSualod SeiZleba aviRoT � saaTi (�600wm), xolo monacemTa gadacemis miwodebis siCqare saboloo momxmareblamde (saboloo abonentamde), e.w. ùkanaskneli milis~ problemis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTlianobaSi realurad jerjero-biT tolia 4,8 an 8,0 kbt/wm. amgvarad, miviRebT zemoT moyvanil sidides.

mecnierTa azriT, informaciul sazogadoebaSi es sidide, sul cota, erTi TanrigiT unda gaizardos da Seadginos 1010 baiti, rasac miiCneven kidec am sazogadoebis infor-maciul kriteriumad. am sididis informaciis moculobis gadasacemad gis-is yvela wevri-saTvis saSualod weliwadSi saWiro iqneba, abonentisaTvis informaciis miwodebis kav-Siris xazis dakavebis dro dialogur reJimSi dRe-RameSi daaxloebiT 2-jer gaizardos, xolo informaciis gadacemis siCqare bolo momxmareblamde ki-6-jer, anu, Sesabamisad, Seadginos 2 sT da �0 kbt/wm mainc.

amJamad gss-is baziss warmoadgenss globaluri infosakomunikacio kompleqsi, anu globaluri infokomi (GIC), romelic SeiZleba warmovadginoT mravalSriani, piramiduli struqturis saxiT (sur.�), romlis fuZe Sre warmoadgens infosatelekomunikacio ser-visis momxmarebelTa (abonentTa) terminalebis (fiqsirebuli da mobiluri telefonebis, faqsebis, personaluri kompiuterebis, agreTve tele da radiomimRebebis da a.S.) erTo-bliobas. meore Sre moiazreba sxvadasxva infosatelekomunikacio momsaxurebis qselis saxiT: mobiluri da fiqsirebuli satelefono, interneti (eqstraneti da intraneti), far-Tozolovani, sakabelo televiziis da a.S. mesame Sres warmoadgens satelekomunikacio sa-transporto qselebi da sistemebi: radio_sareleo da optikur-boWkovani magistralebi, teleradiosamauwyoblo qselebi da sxva. ukanasknel SemakavSirebel Sres qmnis global-uri Tanamgzavruli sakomunikacio sistemebi da globaluri transkontinentaluri opti-kur-boWkovani magistralebi, e.w. globaluri sainformacio infrastruqtura (GII).

- 4� -

sur.3

cxadia, am struqturis baziss warmoadgens momxmarebelTa terminalebis erToblioba, radgan swored maTi saSualebiT xdeba mosaxleobis SeRwevadobis uzrunvelyofa msoflio infosakomunikacio resursebTan. amdenad, infokomunikaciebis ganviTarebis sabaziso indikatorebad miiCneven swored am terminalebis raodenobas �00 sul mosaxleze gaan-gariSebiT, anu e.w. simkvrives, kerZod: TD da MD _ warmoadgens fiqsirebuli da mobiluri qselebis satelefono simkvrives, PCD-personaluri kompiuterebis simkvrives, IHD-in-ternet `hostebis~ simkvrives da a.S. (sur �).

bunebrivia, rac ufro didia qveynis mSp, miT ukeT unda iyos ganviTarebuli misi satelekomunikacio infrastruqtura, ris gamoc am seqtoris mier warmoebuli momsax-ureba ufro SesaZlebelia da xelmisawvdomia mosaxleobisaTvis. aseTi kanonzomiereba marTlac arsebobs da cnobilia jipis diagramis saxiT �96� wlidan [6]. sur. 4-ze mocemu-lia jipis Tanamedrove diagramebi warmodgenili komunikaciebis saerTaSoriso akademiis (ICA) mier ITU-s statistikur masalaze dayrdnobiT [4]. am damokidebulebebs smSp-is da infosakomunikacio indikatorebs-simkvriveebs (TD, MD da sxva) Soris wrfivi saxe aqvs logariTmul koordinatebSi da izrdeba smSp-is zrdis kvalobaze, ise rogorc, es aris S mrudis SemTxvevaSi sur. 2-ze. amdenad, sainformacio sazogadoebis arsis ukeT gaazrebis mizniT mizanSewonilia, gamoikveTos damokidebuleba qveynebis mSp-is momsaxurebis seqto-ris – S wilsa da maTi infokomunikaciebis ganviTarebis dones Soris.

- TD+MD – fiqsirebuli da mobikurei qselebis jamuri satelefono simkvrive

- MD – mobikurei qselebis satelefono simkvrive

- TD – fiqsirebuli qselebis satelefono simkvrive

- ICV _ infosakomunikacio veqtoris simkvrive

- PCD – personaluri kompiuterebis simkvrive

- IHD – internet hostebis simkvrive

wyaro: ICA

- TD+MD – fiqsirebuli da mobikurei qselebis jamuri satelefono simkvrive

- MD – mobikurei qselebis satelefono simkvrive

- TD – fiqsirebuli qselebis satelefono simkvrive

- ICV _ infosakomunikacio veqtoris simkvrive

- PCD – personaluri kompiuterebis simkvrive


wyaro: ICA


TD MD PCD IHD . . .

GII – globaluri sainformacio infrastruqtura:Tanamgzavruli sakomunikacio sistemebi da globaluri transkontinentaluri optikur-boWkovani magistralebi

msoflio infosakomunikacio

kompleqsi

msoflio infosakomunikacio

qseli

- 42 -


sur.4

amisaTvis saWiroa Tavidan zemoTxsenebul sxvadasxva indikators (TD, MD, PCD da a.S.), romlebic asaxaven amaTuim qveynis infosatelekomunikacio sferos calkeuli seg-mentebis ganviTarebis dones, miusadagod erTiani infosatelekomunikacio indikatori, anu mravalparametriani amocana daviyvanoT erTparametrianze. swored aseT meTodikas gvTavazobs ICA [4], Semoaqvs ra e.w. mravalganzomilebiani infosakomunikacio veqtoris (ICV) cneba sxvadasxva qveynisaTvis (an regionisaTvis) rogorc:

∑=

=n

iia

nA

1

21 (�)

sadac, A am veqtoris modulia (sigrZe, norma), ia – ki am veqtoris i–uri koordina-tia (anu zemoTxsenebuli indikatori: TD, MD, PCD da a.S.), xolo n – parametrebis raode-nobaa da mocemuli n – ganzomilebiani sivrcis ganzomilebas iZleva. mgvarad n – parame-trebis (indikatorebis) nebismieri Tanmimdevroba aisaxeba wertiliT n – ganzomilebian veqtorul sivrceSi, xolo misi SeerTeba koordinatTa saTavesTan iZleva xsenebul ICV veqtors, romlis moduli ganisazRvreba (�) – iT.

sur. 5-ze naCvenebia, ICV-is modulis A -s da momsaxurebis seqtoris S-is wilis damokidebulebebi smSp-Tan mimarTebaSi msoflios 6� didi qveynis mixedviT (wyaro: The Economist, 2004), xolo sur.6-ze ki mocemulia sxvadsxva qveynis mdgomareoba ICV-S koor-dinatebSi [4]. rogorc sur.5 cxadyofs Tu ICV-s damokidebuleba praqtikulad wrfivia, momsaxurebis wilis S-mrudi ki mniSvnelovani arawrfivobiT gamoirCeva mcire Semosav-lebis ubanze. rac Seexeba sur. 6-is arss, imis gamo, rom didi qveynebis umravlesoba postindustrialur kategorias miekuTvneba, isini ZiriTadad ganTavsebulia am suraTze im ubanSi, sadac S>0,4-ze.

sur.5 sur.6

- TD+MD – fiqsirebuli da mobikurei

qselebis jamuri satelefono simkvrive

- MD – mobikurei qselebis satelefono

simkvrive

- TD – fiqsirebuli qselebis satelefono

simkvrive

- ICV - infosakomunikacio veqtoris simkvrive

- PCD – personaluri kompiuterebis

simkvrive


wyaro: ICA

- 4� -

gansxvaveba xsenebul parametrebis mixedviT ganviTarebul da da ganviTarebad qvey-nebs (iseve rogorc did qalaqebsa da daSorebul regionebs) Soris eWvs ar iwvevs da e.w. cifruli dayofis mizezia, xolo am ukanasknelis daZleva gss-is formirebis aucilebeli winapirobaa, raTa mosaxleobas SesaZlebloba mieces Tanamedrove infosakomunikacio mom-saxurebiT Seuferxeblad isargeblos. bunebrivia, rom cifruli dayofis daZleva pirda-pir kavSirSia qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dinamikasTan da mis diversifikaciasTan, anu e.w. qveynis/ekonomikuri profilis gaumjobesebasTan.

cxril 2-Si Semoklebulad mocemulia 2004 wlis statistikuri (wyaro: ITU) da gamoTv-lili (wyaro: ICA) monacemebi rigi qveynebis mixedviT, maT Soris samxreT kavkasiis regionis (skr), romlebic cxadyofs mniSvnelovan cifrul da ekonomikur dayofebs_gansxvavebebs msoflioSi (detaluri monacemebi moicavs �82 qveyanas). qveynebi ranJirebulia ICV-s ga-moTvlili mniSvnelobebis mixedviT da dayofilia 4 qvejgufad: maRali (H), zeda saSualo (UM), qveda saSualo (LM) da dabal (�) doneebad. niSandoblivia, rom yofili sabWoTa ka-vSiris respublikebidan, mxolod baltiis qveynebi moxvdnen UM donis qvejgufSi. skr-is qveynebi. ruseTi, ukraina, moldova, belorusia aRmoCndnen LM qvejgufSi, Sua aziis qvey-nebi ki-L qvejgufSi. yofili socialisturi qveynebidan mxolod CexeTi da slovenia damkvi-drdnen H donis qvejgufSi (Sesabamisad 2�-e da 22-e adgilebi). cxrilSi agreTve mocemulia qvejgufebSi qveynebis raodenoba da masSi asaxuli parametrebis saSualo mniSvnelobebi.

cxrili2

Ranking According to ICV Country GDP per capita

(thou USD) TD MD PCD A (ICV)

High Level ( 1 to 32)

1 Luxemburg 47255 0.797 1.001 0.594 0.750

2 Sweden 26864 0.736 0.889 0.621 0.715

3 Island 26613 0.660 0.906 0.451 0.712

4 Norway 42194 0.734 0.909 0.528 0.689

11 Germany 24122 0.659 0.785 0.431 0.604

14 USA 36221 0.621 0.542 0.659 0.596

Upper Medium ( 33 to 60)

35 Estonia 4732 0.351 0.650 0.210 0.418

55 Bulgaria 1992 0.368 0.333 0.052 0.251

56 Turkey 2722 0.277 0.408 0.045 0.251

Lower Medium ( 61 to 112)

84 Russia 2370 0.242 0.120 0.089 0.144

91 Iran 5876 0.220 0.051 0.075 0.123

93 Ukraine 827 0.210 0.084 0.019 0.177

105 Georgia 637 0.133 0.107 0.032 0.088

109 Azerbaijan 697 0.114 0.107 0.018 0.080

111 Armenia 623 0.148 0.030 0.016 0.078

Low Level ( 113 to 182)

Average 6351 0.200 0.285 0.109 0.203

maximum 47255 0.797 1.108 0.709 0.750

minimum 65 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.002


- 44 -


yvelaze adekvatur meTodad cifrul dayofis gansazRvrisa da gazomvisaTvis, isaxe-ba maTematikaSi kendalis da stuartis mier [8] Semotanili e.w dispersiuli (gabnevis) mrudeebis meTodi, romlebic ekonomikaSi cnobilia lorencis mrudeebis saxelwodebiT [9], sadac isini gamosaxeven Semosavlebis ganawilebis uTanabrobas mosaxleobaSi. arsebuli uTanabrobis Sesafaseblad, anu sxvadasxva jgufs (magaliTad: qveynebis, regionebis da a.S) Soris arsebuli garRvevis (dayofis) asaxvis mizniT SemoaqvT e.w. dayofis (uTanabrobis) koeficienti, rogorc:

∆=

Q1

(2)Q2

sadac Q1 da Q2 warmoadgenen gansaxilveli parametris simkvrivis saSualo mniSvnelo-bebs mocemul intervalebSi (anu dispersiuli mrudeebis pirveli warmoebulis saSualo mniSvnelobebs qvejgufSi). infokomunikaciebis SemTxvevaSi, am parametrs warmoadgens ICV, xolo dayofis koeficienti ki cifruli dayofis indikatorad gvevlineba.

cifrul dayofis arseboba warmoadgens ufro farTo problemis –mosaxleobis Se-mosavlebis, teqnologiebisa da momsaxurebis araTanabar ganawilebis- kerZo SemTxvevas. es zogadi problema Zalze aqtualuria msoflio sazogadoebisTvis, radgan is uSualo kavSirSia Tanamedrove kacobriobis usafrTxoebis da mdgradobis sakiTxebTan, globali-zaciis Seuqcevadi procesis fonze.

cxadia, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri (da rogorc Sede-gi infosakomunikacio, saganmanaTleblo, samedicino da sxva) uTanasworoba mosaxleobis mdidar da Rarib fenebs Soris SemaSfoTebelia da udavod gasaTvaliswinebeli. negatiur Sedegs amgvari uTanasworobisa da garRvevis arsebobis, warmoadgens dovlaTis xelaxali gadanawilebis survili, rasac SesaZloa Tan sdevdes iseTi uaryofiTi movlenebi sazo-gadoebaSi, rogoricaa – Zaladoba, areuloba, konfliqtebi da sxva. es SemaSfoTebeli tendeciebi ar rCeba yuradRebis miRma gaeros, sxva saerTaSoriso da arasamTavrobo or-ganizaciebis, qveynebis liderebis mxridan. kerZod, infosatelekomunikacio sferoSi ar-sebul uTanasworobis _ `cifrul dayofas~ aqtiur monitorings awarmoebs ITU. am aqtivo-bis erT-erTi Sedegia specialuri programa e.w. sabaziso infosakomunikacio resursebTan universaluri daSvebis programa (Universal Service Obligation).

unda aRiniSnos, rom es qmedebebi Sedegs iRebs da ITU-s monacemebiT, saerTo jamSi, SeimCneva dadebiTi tendecia _ msoflioSi cifrul dayofis Tanmimdevruli kleba, bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi saSualod 4-5% weliwadSi. aseT kleba, zog SemTxvevaSi, ufro mkve-Tri xasiaTi aqvs, gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove teqnologiebis (kerZod, mobiluri satele-fono kavSiris da internetis) upiratesi gavrcelebis gamo. ase magaliTad, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi 2007 wlis monacemebiT, cxrili 2-Si moyvanili Sedegebi sagrZnoblad gaumjo-besda (TiTqmis 5-jer ICV-Tan mimarTebaSi), ZiriTadad mobiluri satelefono momsaxure-bis abonentTa raodenobis swrafi zrdis gamo, romelmac qveyanaSi 2 milions gadaarWarba da �-jer gauswro fiqsirebuli satelefono qselis abonentTa ricxvs, rac msoflioSi arsebuli tendeciis Tanmxvedri procesia.

yvela qveyana, maT Soris skr-is, cdilobs ar CamorCes zemoT xsenebul globalur procesebs, saTanadod ganaviTaros satelekomunikacio infrastruqtura, xeli Seuwyos saxelmwifosaTvis esoden mniSvnelovani sferos bazris efeqtur funqcionirebas da konkurentuli garemos Seqmnas, Sesatyvisi kanomdeblobisa da maregulirebeli organoe-bis SemoRebiT.

globalur infosakomunikacio sivrceSi warmatebuli integraciisaTvis, gareSe fa-qtorebs Soris mniSvnelovania geopolitikuri situaciis efeqtiani gamoyeneba. saqarTve-lo da skr mTlianobaSi, karg magaliTs warmoadgenen momgebiani geopolitikuri mdgoma-reobis warmatebuli gamoyenebis kuTxiT.

- 45 -

sur.7

istoriulad skr-ze gadioda mniSvnelovani savaWro gzebi, maT Soris cnobili didi abreSumis gza (sur.7). aRsaniSnavia, agreTve me-�9 saukuneSi (�865-�870ww) simensis mier agebuli evropis da aziis damakavSirebeli, im droisaTvis yvelaze grZeli, satelegrafo magistrali londoni –kalkuta, romelic Tbilisze gadioda da meore msoflio omis drosac ki moqmedebda. geopolitikuri da sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sadReisod skr-ze gadis Tanamedrove telesakomunikacio, energetikuli da satrasporto magistra-lebi (kerZod: TAE - trans–azia_evropis optikur-boWkovani magistrali, baqo-Tbilisi-jeixanis navTob da gazsadenebi, TRACECA-s satransporto koridori (evropa-kavkasia-azia). sur.7-ze naCvenebia agreTve saqarTveloSi gamavali sxva satelekomunikacio magis-tralebi, kerZod, rkinigzis optikur-boWkovani xazi, `saqarTvelos telekomis~ cifruli radio-sareleo xazi da sxva.

skr-is qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia satelekomunikacio bazris ganviTarebis zo-gadi sadReiso tendeciebi: bazris liberalizacia, konkurenciis zrda, mobiluri satele-fono qselis upiratesi ganviTareba, aseTi qselebis abonentebis da internetis momxmare-belTa zrdis mniSvnelovani dinamika, axali teqnologiebis, kerZod, Tripel-Play da WiMax momsaxurebis dawyeba, maregulirebeli organoebis Seqmna da sxva. yovelive es amierkavka-siis samive qveyanaSi sxvadasxva intesivobiT da warmatebiT mimdinareobs.

kerZod, saqarTvelos satelekomunikacio bazris ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi 2000-2007 wlebSi iyo:

• 2000 wels _ saqarTveloSi erT-erTi pirveli postsabWoTa sivrceSi iqmneba damou-kidebeli maregulirebeli organo `saqarTvelos komunikaciebis erovnuli komi-sia~ (skek);

• 200� wels _ saqarTveloSi mobiluri telefonebis momxmarebelTa ricxvma gadaa-Warba fiqsirebuli satelefono qselis abonentebis raodenobas;

• 2005 wels _ dasrulda satelekomunikacio bazris liberalizacia. ganxorcielda saxelmwifo kompaniis, fiqsirebuli satelefono qselis dominant-operatoris `sa-qarTvelos gaerTianebuli satelekomunikacio kompaniis~ privatizacia;


- 46 -


• 2005 wels _ miiRes kanoni èleqtronuli komunikaciebis Sesaxeb~, romelic harmo-nizebulia evropul kanonmdeblobasa da ITU-s rekomendaciebTan;

• 2006 wels _ mobilurma operatorebma daiwyes 3G (mesame Taobis) fiWuri sateleko-munikacio servisi, amave wels gaica pirveli WiMax licenziebi;

• 2006 wels _ satelekomunikacio seqtoridan Semosavlebma erT miliard lars gada-aWarba da wina welTan SedarebiT 28.5% -iT gaizarda;

• 2007 wels _ mobiluri qselebis abonentebis raodenoba or milions gascda (rac �-jer metia, vidre fiqsirebuli satelefono qselis momxmareblebi), daiwyo pirve-lad WiMax teqnologiis gamoyeneba. Semosavlebma satelekomunikacio seqtoridan �.2 miliard lars gadaaWarba, aqedan 60% -ze meti mobilur segmentze modis.

saqarTvelos satelekomunikacio bazris dinamiuri ganviTarebis ilustraciis mizniT, sur.8-ze warmodgenilia skek-is monacemebze dayrdnobiT [7] am seqtoridan miRebuli Se-mosavlebi 2000-2006 wlebSi, xolo sur.9-ze moyvanilia amave wlebSi satelekomunikacio seqtoris Semosavlebis wili mSp-Si. niSandoblivia, rom es wili TandaTanobiT izrdeba da 2006 wels 7%-s gadaaWarba. cnobisaTvis, ITU-s monacemebiT am seqtoris wili ganviTare-bul qveynebSi ufro dabalia da �-5% Seadgens.

sur.8

sur.9

sur.�0-ze mocemulia saqarTvelos satelekomunikacio seqtoris sxvadasxva segmentis sa-bazro wilebi Semosavlebis mixedviT, 2006 wlis monacemebiT, romlebic cxadyofs mobi-luri segmentis udavo liderobas (masze modis mTeli Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 65%).

sur.10

dasasruls, unda aRiniSnos, rom cifruli dayofis garda, Tanamedrove teqnologie-bi uzryunvelyofen sazogadoebas cifruli SesaZleblobebiT. rogorc aRiniSna, skr-is

Georgian Telecommunication Market Share According to the Revenue of its Segments in 2006

Fix LEC18.58%

Mob64.79%

Radio-TV4.42%

Post0.95%

ISP2.60%

IGFO8.66%

Total Revenue = 1001.4 mil.GEL Source: GNCC

3.52

4.04

4.56

5.36

6.33 6.21

7.49

0

1

2

�

4

5

6

7

8

%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Share of telecommunication revenues in GDP

211.52268.52

339.84

459.07

595.96

715.52

1001.4

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

mil.GEL

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Telecommunication Revenues for years 2000-2006

- 47 -

qveynebi aqtiurad CarTuli arian am SesaZleblobebis realizaciaSi. kerZod, saqarTvelos magaliTze SeiZleba naCvenebi iyos Tanamedrove cifruli SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis tendenciebi: mobiluri 3G, WiMax, Tripel Play teqnologiebis, agreTve E– swavlebis, E-vaWrobis, E–marTvelobis proeqtebis saxiT. es proeqtebi xorcieldeba rogorc kerZo (maT Soris ucxouri) investiciebis, aseve saxelmwifo dafinansebis saSualebiT.sayuradReboa ukanaskneli periodis ramdenime inovaciuri proeqti:

• 2008 wels dasruldeba wyalqveSa �200km sigrZis optikur-boWkovani magistralis varna-foTis Cadeba, romliTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, �.� terabiti internet trafikis miwodeba saqarTvelosaTvis da mezobel qveynebisa-Tvis (es daaxloebiT �00-jer metia, rasac dRes moixmars saqarTvelo). proeqtis realizacias uzrunvelyofs kerZo adgilobrivi dominant internet provaideri `kavkasus-onlaini~, amerikul investorebTan_kompania Tyco-Telecommuniotions-Tan erTad. proeqtis saerTo moculobaa 25 milioni aSS dolari da ekonomikuri mizan-Sewonilobis garda, mniSvnelovnad zrdis regionis usafrTxoebis dones, warmoad-gens ra infosatelekomunikacio servisis miwodebis alternatiul gzas, ruseTidan damoukideblad;

• saimedo internet-resursis miwodeba saqarTvelos masStabiT saganmanaTleblo da-wesebulebebisaTvis (proeqti_e.w ìrmis naxtomi~), SemdgomSi E-swavlebis meTode-bis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebiT. proeqti xorcieldeba kerZo kompaniebis da sa-xelmwifos ZalisxmeviT;

• E-marTvelobis proeqtis realizacia, romelic dawyebulia 2008 wels mobiluri operatoris `magTikomis~ mier, romelmac moigo saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier gamo-cxadebuli tenderi.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom garkveuli sirTuleebis miuxedavaT skr–is qvey-nebis infosatelekomunikacio seqtorebi swori mimarTulebebiT viTardeba da jer kidev arsebuli cifruli dayofa, wamyvan qveynebTan mimarTebiT, ukanasknel periodSi sagrZlo-blad mcirdeba. ase rom, am qveynebis etapobrivi integracia gis-Si savsebiT realuria da msoflioSi arsebuli tendeciebis Tanmxvedri da Seuqcevadi procesia.


1. Green Paper on the Convergence of the Telecommunications, Media and Information Technol-ogy Sector and the Implications of Regulation, European Commission, Brussels, December 3, 1997.

2. ITU Releases Its Year 2000 Guide for Telecommunications Operators, ITU News 3/99.

3. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting. Book by Daniel Bell; Basic Books, 1973.

4. L. E. Varakin, Digital Divide in Global Information Society, Moscow, ICA, 2004.

5. World Telecommunication development Report, ITU. 2004

6. Jipp A. Wealth of Nations and Telephone Density. Telecommunication Journal, 1963 No. 6

7. Annual Report of Georgian National Communication Commission (GNCC), Tbilisi, Georgia, 2006.

8. Candall M., Stuart A. Theory of Distribution, vol.1, Moscow, Publishing House “Science”, 1966.

9. Samuelson P., Nordhouse V. Economics, , Moscow, Publishing House “Williams”, 2000.


- 48 -


gloBal inforMaTion soCieTy, digiTal divide and digiTal oPPorTUniTies of soUTh CaUCasUs region againsT The BaCkgroUnd

of CreaTion of PosTindUsTrial and gloBal inforMaTion soCieTy

guram b. LezhavaPhD (EE)Professor

Abstract

The postindustrial society of the 21st century is characterized with the irreversible processes of globalization and stepwise entering into the Global Information Society (GIS) the outlines of which are explicitly manifested in kind of the Internet, mobile telephone connection, SDH, WiMax, Triple and Quad Play and other cutting-edge technologies.

Introduction of the advanced ICT worldwide is uneven thus generating the so called Digital Divide. This is per se the reflection of more common phenomenon – the inequality of distribution of revenues, technologies and services. Such inequality arises the aspiration for redistribution of revenues, often by forcible methods that entail the tension and instability worldwide. Different in-ternational organizations, in particular, ITU, try their best to overcome such Digital Divide and to provide all countries with the conditionally equal Digital Opportunities.

The main trends of the development of the postindustrial society as the society of services are shown and the degree of Digital Divide of countries of the South Caucasus Region (SCR) in compari-son with some developed countries is evaluated. The dynamics of Digital Divide changes is given by the example of Georgia. The respective digital data and charts given are generally conforming to the information-economical regularity in the society expressed in the Jipp’s Diagram. The method proposed by the International Academy of Communications based on the so called Multidimensional Info communication Vector which includes the penetration of different info communication services into the society is applied for the objective evaluation of the digital divide.

The report shows the importance of the SCR as the connecting link between Europe and Oriental countries for transmission of energy, information and transport flows by the existing and pending pipelines, fiber-optic and transport backbones.

The trend of successful employment of advanced Digital Opportunities (such systems as e-learn-ing, e-governance and so on) within the framework of implemented special projects and programs funded by the governmental and private investments with the example of Georgia is demonstrat-ed.

- 49 -

“jer kvercxi iyo Tu qaTami?”mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri momxmareblis mier momsaxurebis

xarisxis aRqmasa da momxmareblis kmayofilebas Soris

boris (buba) leJavadoqtoranti

Sesavali

miuxedavad saTauris ritorikuli, SesaZloa iumoristuli xasiaTisa, saqme exeba iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa momsaxurebis xarisxi, momxmareblis kmayofileba, loialoba da a.S, romlebic momsaxurebis marketingis sakvanZo cnebebs ganekuTvneba. es ki gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im zogad tendeciebs, romlebic sadReisod arsebobs momsaxurebis sferoSi.

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, sul ufro mkafiod ikveTeba servisis sferos mniSvneloba da prioritetuli roli. jer kidev gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, zogma mecnierma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom XXI saukune momsaxurebis sferos dominirebis periodi iqneboda, rac gamarTlda. ukve 200� wlisaTvis, msoflio bankis monacemebiT, (2003 World Development Indicators)�, msoflios �52 qveynidan ��2-Si (74%-Si), servisis (S) seqtoris wili, maT mTlian Sida produqtSi (mSp - GDP) aRemateboda samrewvelo (I) da agraruli (A) seqtorebis wilebs, cal-calke aRebuls. es tendecia dResac grZeldeba.

cxril �-Si moyvanilia monacemebi mTlianad msoflios, calkeuli regionebisa da gan-viTarebis sxvadasxva donis mqone qveynebis jgufebis mSp-is da masSi momsaxurebis seqto-ris wilebis. es cxrili cxadyofs, rom mTlianad msoflioSi 200� wlisaTvis momsaxurebis seqtoris wili Seadgenda globaluri mSp-is 66%-s, xolo evrogaerTianebisa da sxva maRa-li Semosavlebis mqone qveynebis SemTxvevaSi 69%-sa da 70%.-s amgvarad, SeiZleba movaxdi-noT Semdegi faqtebis konstantacia,:

• qveynebis wili, sadac momsaxurebis seqtori upiratesad viTardeba, Seadgens 74%-s;

• msoflio ekonomikaSi im regionebis ekonomikuri wili, sadac momsaxurebis seqtori upiratesad viTardeba, Seadgens daaxloebiT 92%-s;

• msoflio ekonomikaSi momsaxurebis seqtoris wili Seadgens 66%-s.

cxr.1

regionebi an qveynebis jgufebimSp,

mln aSS dolari.servisis wili

msoflio ��,�2� 0.66

qveynebi maRali SemosavlebiT 24,887 0.70

evrogaerTianebis qveynebi 6,�� 0.69

qveynebi saSualo SemosavlebiT 5,�57 0.54

qveynebi dabali SemosavlebiT �,082 0.45

qveynebi saSualoze dabali SemosavlebiT 2,7�9 0.48

qveynebi saSualoze maRali SemosavlebiT 2,422 0.60

qveynebi dabali da saSualo SemosavlebiT 6,0�9 0.52

aRmosavleT azia da wynari okeanis regioni �,665 0.�6

laTinuri amerika da karibebi �,969 0.60

aRmosavleT evropa da centraluri azia 994 0.55

samxreT azia 6�4 0.49

afrikis sub-saharis regioni ��6 0.56

- 50 -


amgvarad, savsebiT dasturdeba msoflioSi globaluri postindustriuli sazogado-ebis arsebobis koncefcia (Bell, 1973)2, rogorc servisze orientirebuli XXI saukunis sa-zogadoebisa, sadac prioritetuli iqneba codnisa da informaciis roli yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi.

msoflioSi cnobil statistikur cnobarSi (“Poket World in Figures” 2004 weli)�, moyva-nilia sami seqtoraluri ekonomikis monacemi 6� didi da ekonomikurad warmatebuli qvey-nebis mixedviT. am monacemebiT, 6� qveynidan 58-is ekonomikaSi upiratesi wili modis ser-visis (S) seqtorze.

cxril 2-Si arasruli saxiT moyvanilia zemoT xsenebuli qveynebis nusxa, ranJire-buli servisis seqtoris wilis odenobis mixedviT. aqve mocemulia: qveynebis agraruli da samrewvelo seqtorebis wilebi. cxril 2-Si Setanilia pirvel 7 adgilze moxvedrili qveynebi, ruseTi da ukraina.

cxr.2

# qveyanasmSp aSS dolari

AA i s Ps

1 honkongi 2�,200 0.00� 0.055 0.944 S

2 avstria �9,070 0.079 0.��6 0.805 S

3 aSS �5,200 0.0�4 0.20� 0.78� S

4 axali zelandia ��,240 0.084 0.�57 0.759 S

5 belgia 22,�70 0.0�� 0.244 0.74� S

6 didi britaneTi 2�,920 0.009 0.276 0.7�4 S

7 niderlandebi 2�,860 0.0�� 0.257 0.7�2 S

38 ruseTi 5,5�0 0.0�8 0.�68 0.594 S

62 ukraina 770 0.2�4 0.4�5 0.�5� I

sur. �-ze datanilia cxrili 2-is monacemebi mSp-is samive seqtoris wilebisa da erT sul mosaxleze mosuli mSp-s (smSp) koordinatebSi. samkuTxedis, kvadratisa da rombis niSnebiT aRniSnulia Sesabamisad S, I d A seqtoris wilebi qveynebis mSp-Si. amave suraTze mocemulia sami korelaciuri damokidebuleba A, I da S-is wilebis smSp-Tan mimarTebaSi, romlebic aproqsimirebulia xarisxovani funqciebiT umciresi kvadratebis meTodis ga-moyenebiT. es gasaSualeburi damokidebulebebi gviCvenebs, rom smSp-s zrdasTan erTad izrdeba servisis (S) wili, xolo agraruli (A) da samrewvelo (I) seqtoris wilebi ki ece-ma, Tumca maTi absoluturi mniSvnelobebi izrdeba smSp-s zrdasTan erTad. ramdenadac es damokidebuleba gasaSualebulia, zogierTi konkretuli qveynis seqtorebis wilebi SeiZleba mkveTrad gansxvavdebodes am korelaciuri mrudeebisagan (magaliTad, ixileT suraTze honkongi, irlandia, saudis-arabeTi da sxva.

- 5� -

sur. 1

SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom ukve mSp 0.4 servisis seqtoris wilis SemTxvevaSi igi upi-ratesi xdeba, rogorc es sur.� da cxrili 2-dan gamomdinareobs, xolo mSp 0.5 dros is dominirebul seqtors warmoadgens, rac zemoT moyvanil mosazrebas emTxveva. amgvarad, postindustriuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis kriteriumad SeiZleba CaiTvalos servi-sis seqtoris minimaluri wili S=0.4. rogorc gaTvlebi gviCvenebs, imis albaToba, rom servisis seqtoris wili 0.4-s gadaaWarbebs tolia {S >0.4}=0.92, anu sakmarisad maRalia da igi praqtikulad emTxveva msxvili postindustriuli qveynebis wils 58/6�=0.92.

momsaxurebis industriis mniSvneloba kargad aris aRwerili fargo da luSis (2004)4 statiaSi Èvolving To a New Dominant Logiq for Marketing~, romelSic isini axal marketin-gul paradigmas _ momsaxurebis dominantur logikas ayalibeben. Tu klasikuri modelis mixedviT, gacvlis erTeuls materialuri produqti warmoadgenda, momsaxurebis dominan-turi logikis axleburi xedvis mixedviT, momsaxureba ekonomikuri gacvlis erTaderTi erTeulia. xolo saqoneli, fuli da organizaciebi instrumentebia, romlebis saSualebi-Tac momsaxurebebs erTmaneTSi cvlian.

amgvarad, servisis seqtoris roli da mniSvneloba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTa-rebis am etapze savsebiT cxadia. Zalze sagulisxmoa momsaxurebis sferos iseT aspeqtebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba da maTi niuansebis Seswavla, rogorebicaa momxmareblis kmayofi-leba, loialoba, momsaxurebis xarisxi da sxva.

momsaxurebis xarisxi da momxmareblis kmayofileba

wlebis ganmavlobaSi momsaxurebis mimwodebeli kompaniebi cdiloben daadginon momx-mareblis kmayofilebisa da mis mier aRqmuli momsaxurebis xarisxis doneebi, raTa ga-erkviaT Tu ramdenad kargad Seesabameba maT mier SeTavazebuli momsaxureba momxmareblis moTxovnebs.

sainteresoa, rom yoveldRiurad momsaxurebis xarisxisa da momxmareblis kmayofile-bis cnebebi urTierTmonacvleobiT gamoiyeneba, rac imas migvaniSnebs, rom, praqtikulad, maT Soris sxvaobis dadgena Znelia (Cooper, Cooper and Duhan 1989)5. bevri ram dawerila momxmareblis kmayofilebasa da momsaxurebis xarisxis cnebebze, magram Zalian cota kvle-

`jer kvercxi iyo Tu qaTami?~, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri... boris (buba) leJava

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va Tu Catarebula maT Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dasadgenad. mkvlevarebis erTi nawili amtkicebs, rom am or cnebas Soris urTierTkavSirs mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod momx-mareblis mxridan momsaxurebis aRqmis procesis Sesaswavlad da ara organizaciis marTvis TvalsazrisiT (Iacobucci, Graison end Ostrum 1994)6. Tumca, bunebrivia, rom marketologe-bisaTvis sainteresoa am ori cnebis srulfasovani Seswavla, vinaidan isini ganapirobeben momxmareblis qcevasa da Semdgom damokidebulebas momsaxurebisadmi (iqneba es xelmeore moxmareba Tu dadebiTi sityvieri marketingis gavrceleba) (Reicheld �99�)7. Tavis mxriv, momxmareblis qcevas pirdapiri zegavlena aqvs kompaniis Semosavlebze. magram Tu imis damtkicebas SevecdebiT, rom momsaxurebis xarisxsa da momxmareblis kmayofilebas Soris kavSiri marTlac ganapirobebs momxmareblis cvalebad qcevas, es sakiTxi, menejeruli TvalsazrisiTac, metad mniSvnelovani gaxdeba.

am naSromis mTavari mizania CamovayaliboT modeli, sadac davadgenT im garemoebebs, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen momxmareblis kmayofilebasa da momsaxurebis xarisxs Soris urTierTkavSiris cvalebadobaze. aRniSnuli modeli SesaZleblobas miscems marketolo-gebs ufro zustad daadginon Tu rogor afasebs momxmarebeli momsaxurebas da gansazR-vron Tu romeli gzaa swori momxmareblis saukeTeso qcevamde anu loialurobamde.

modelis Sedgena

momxmareblis dadebiTi qceva, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, produqciisadmi loialurobis gamo-Cena, ganpirobebulia mis mier ama Tu im momsaxurebis SefasebiT. SeiZleba Sefasdes mom-saxurebis anda momsaxurebisgan miRebuli kmayofilebis xarisxi. es yvelaferi ki damoki-debulia imaze Tu momxmarebeli rogor Seafasebs momsaxurebas, momsaxurebis sakuTar Tavze gamocdamde, misi pirveli Tu ramdenime moxmarebis Semdeg.

rodesac vsaubrobT uSualod momsaxurebis miwodebis procesze, xarisxsa da kmayo-filebasa afaseben sxvadasxvanairad, sxvadasxva situaciisa da tipis momxmareblisTvis. swored am SemTxvevebze iqneba orientirebuli mogvianebiT ganxiluli modeli.

arsebobs mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac momsaxurebis xarisxis Sefasebisas adamiani SemecnebiT gzas iyenebs (Bitner 19908, Parasuraman, Zeitahml end Berri 19889) xolo momxmare-blis kmayofilebis Sefasebisas_ emociur gzas (Oliver 198910, Westbrook 1987��). Sesabamisad, momsaxurebis xarisxsa da kmayofilebas Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dadgena da-mokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu rogor afasebs momxmarebeli momsaxurebis process. dadge-nilia, rom, rodesac momsaxurebis moxmarebis procesi fasdeba gonebrivad (SemecnebiT) da mxolod Semdeg erTveba emocia, momsaxurebis xarisxi iqneba momxmarebilis kmayofi-lebis ganmapirobebeli (Service Quality (SQ) → Customer Satisfaction (CS)). xolo, rodesac gonebriv Sefasebas ar mohyveba aranairi emociuri muxti, momsaxurebis xarisxisa da momx-mareblis kmayofilebis erTmaneTisagan gansxvaveba, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia (SQ = CS). da bolos, rodesac momsaxurebis miRebis procesSi Zlieri emociaa CarTuli da mxolod Semdeg erTveba procesSi goneba, momxmareblis kmayofileba iqneba momsaxurebis xarisxis ganmsazRvreli (CS → SQ).

magaliTad, momxmarebeli Sedis maRaziaSi, sadac momsaxurebis procesi mimdinareobis misTvis savsebiT damakmayofileblad, ar xdeba aranairi dadebiTi an uaryofiT movle-na, romelesac SeuZlia emociis gamowveva. momsaxurebis miRebis Semdeg, momxmarebeli, savaraudod, gansjis gonebrivad Tu ramdenad kargi Tu cudi iyo misTvis momsaxurebiT miRebuli STabeWdileba da mogvianebiT kmayofilebis grZnoba eufleba (SQ → CS). maSin, rodesac momxmarebels maRaziaSi rame sasiamovno an arasasiamovno situacia xvdeba, rac masSi emociur muxts iwvevs, misi Sefaseba damokidebuli iqneba emociaze. am dros ki momx-marebels jer eufleba kmayofilebis gancda, xolo mere askvnis, rom es ganpirobebuli iyo momsaxurebis maRali xarisxiT (CS → SQ).

sxvadasxva faqtori axdens zegavlenas momsaxurebis xarisxisa da momxmareblis kmayo-filebis urTierTkavSirze. isini mokled moyvanilia cxril �-Si.

- 5� -

cxr.3

momsaxurebisxarisxisadamomxmarebliskmayofilebisurTierTkavSirisganmsazRvrelimodeli

sQ →Cs Cs→ sQ

momsaxurebis saxeobaemociuri datvirTvis gareSe

emociurad datvirTuli

daSvebulobis zonadaSvebulobis zonis farglebs SigniT

daSvebulobis zonis farglebs gareT

momsaxurebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi

momsaxureba ZiriTadi atributebiT

momsaxureba ZiriTadi atributebis gareSe

momsaxurebis damatebiTi momsaxurebebi

momsaxureba damatebiTi atributebis gareSe

momsaxureba damatebiTi atributebiT

momsaxurebis tipebi Semecneba dominanturi emocia dominanturi

momxmareblis saxeoba gonieri momxmarebeli emociuri momxmarebeli

momxmareblis xasiaTi neitraluri xasiaTiZalian kargi an Zalian cudi xasiaTi

• daSvebulobis zonaTu momsaxurebiT miRebuli STabeWdileba momxmareblisaTvis damakmayofilebel dia-

pazonSia moqceuli, romelsac sxvagvarad daSvebulobis zonas uwodeben (Erevelles and Le-avitt 1992)12, momxmarebelisagan emociuri reaqcia naklebadaa mosalodneli da, am SemTxve-vaSi, momsaxurebis xarisxi iqneba momxmareblis kmayofilebis ganmsazRvreli (SQ → CS). meore mxriv, Tu momsaxurebis xarisxi daSvebulobis zonis farglebs cdeba, momxmarebeli emociurad reagirebs (Bloemer and Poiesz 1989)�� da am SemTxvevaSi, momxmareblis kmayofi-leba iqneba momsaxurebis xarisxis ganmsazRvreli (CS → SQ).

• momsaxurebis ZiriTadi da damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi momsaxurebas gaaCnia maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic ZiriTad faseulobas uqmnis da maxa-

siaTeblebi, romlebic damatebiT faseulobas uqmnis momxmarebels (Satisfiers vs. dissatis-fiers - Cadotte and Turgeon 198814; core vs. pheripheral (factors) _ Iacobucci 1994�5). momxmarebels gaaCnia molodini imisa, rom momsaxurebisagan miiRebs ZiriTad faseulobas, ris gamoc am maxasiaTeblis Sesrulebis xarisxi fasdeba (magaliTad, momxmarebeli elis samedicino daxmarebas eqimisagan, daniSnulebis adgilas Casvlas gadafrenisas da a.S.). am SemTxvevaSi, momxmarebeli momsaxurebas gonebrivad afasebs da Sesabamisad SQ → CS.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac momsaxurebisagan momxmarebeli ver miiRebs im ZiriTad faseu-lobas, rasac elis (magaliTad, pacienti ver gaesaubreba eqims, TviTmfrinavi uecrad sxva aeroportisaken gaeSureba), momxmarebeli amas advilad amCnevs, momsaxurebiT miRebuli STabeWdileba daSvebulobis zonas gadacdeba da amitom emociuri reaqcia gardauvali iqneba, rac gamoiwvevs kmayofilebisa Tu ukmayofilebis grZnobis warmoSobas. aseT situ-aciaSi CS iwvevs SQ.

damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi ararseboba SeumCneveli rCeba momxmare-blis mxridan (magaliTad, Tu pacientisaTvis Cveulebrivi ambavia eqimis saaTobiT lodini, is arc ki ifiqrebs ufro swraf momsaxurebaze). am SemTxvevaSi, momsaxureba momxmarebelis molodinis Sesabamisia, amitom momxmarebeli am STabeWdilebas gonebrivad afasebs (SQ → CS). magram, Tu uecrad vizitze misul pacients dauyovnebliv eqimTan gamoiZaxeben, igi Zalian nasiamovnebi iqneba da misi Semdgomi STabeWdilebebic am grZnobebs daefuZneba (CS → SQ). sainteresoa, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi, Zlieri emociis gamo, momsaxurebaSi arsebuli sxva xarvezebi, SesaZloa, SeumCnevelic ki darCes momxmareblisaTvis.


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• momsaxurebis tipebizogierTi momsaxureba, Tavisi bunebiT, SesaZloa ufro metad emociuri iyos (maga-

liTad, Teatri, gasarTobi parki). aseT garemoebaSi, momsaxurebis pirveladi emociuri Sefaseba mxolod mogvianebiT imoqmedebs gonierebaze (CS → SQ). sxva tipis momsaxurebebi, (magaliTad, sasursaTo maRaziaSi vaWroba), naklebad emociuria, amitom iq miRebul mom-saxurebas momxmarebeli gonebrivad afasebs (SQ → CS). radgan yvela saxis momsaxurebis mxolod or kategoriad dayofa SeuZlebelia, momsaxurebis saxeoba unda warmovidginoT, rogorc kontiniumi.

• momxmareblis tipebisxvadasxva tipis momxmarebeli sxvadasxvagvarad afasebs erTsa da imave saxis momsaxu-

rebas. `gonieri~ momxmareblebi (Cacioppo and Petti 1984)�6 saguldagulod eZeben informa-cias momsaxurebis mimwodebeli kompaniis Sesaxeb, momsaxurebis miRebis Semdgom STabeWdi-lebebs Rrmad aanalizeben, TavianT gamocdilebasa da momsaxurebis xarisxs gonebrivad afaseben da mxolod Semdeg euflebaT momsaxurebiT gamowveuli kmayofilebis gancda (SQ → CS). emociuri momxmareblebi (Larsen and Diener 1986)�7, ki piriqiT, grZnobebze dayrdno-biT afaseben momsaxurebas da TavianTi kmayofilebis mixedviT gansazRvraven momsaxure-bis xarisxis dones (CS → SQ).

• momxmareblis guneba-ganwyobilebadadginda, rom momsaxurebis miRebis procesSi momxmareblis guneba-ganwyobilebasac

aqvs gavlena kmayofilebisa da momsaxurebis xarisxis urTierTkavSirze. Tu momxmarebeli Zalian cud (an karg) xasiaTzea, misgan metad mosalodnelia emociuri damokidebuleba momsaxurebis procesisadmi, amitom, am SemTxvevaSi, kmayofileba iqneba momsaxurebis xa-risxis aRqmis ganmsazRvreli (CS → SQ). Tu momxmarebeli neitralur ganwyobazea, maSin is Tavdapirvelad gonebrivad Seafasebs momsaxurebis xarisxs da mxolod Semdeg daeufleba kmayofilebis grZnoba (SQ → CS).

sxvadasxva faqtoris urTierTqmedeba

realur garemoSi, zemoT aRniSnuli faqtorebi erTdroulad zemoqmedebs momxmarebe-lis mier momsaxurebis xarisxis Sefasebaze, kmayofilebis grZnobis aRqmasa da am oris ur-TierTkavSirze. bunebrivia, am faqtorebis kombinaciis uamravi varianti arsebobs, magram Cven ganvixilavT mxolod sam SesaZlo urTierTdamokidebulebas, romlebic mocemulia cxril 4-Si.

cxril 4a-Si mocemulia ori faqtoris – momxmareblis tipisa da emociuri efeqtis arseboba an ararsebobis _ erTdrouli zegavlenis Sedegi momsaxurebis Sefasebis pro-cesze. rTulia, Seafaso momsaxurebis xarisxis aRqma uswrebs kmayofilebis grZnobas, Tu piriqiT. im situaciaSi, rodesac emociuri momxmarebeli iRebs naklebad emociur momsa-xurebas an rodesac gonieri momxmarebeli iRebs metad emociur momsaxurebas. am SemTxve-vaSi, es ori SegrZneba, savaraudod, erTmaneTs daemTxveva.

cxril 2b-Si mocemulia Tu rogor afasebs momxmarebeli momsaxurebas, rodesac mom-saxurebas eqneba an ar eqneba ZiriTadi da damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi. Tu momsaxurebas gaaCnia mxolod ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi (ar aqvs damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi), igi gone-brivad afasebs momsaxurebas, Sesabamisad, jer SeigrZnobs momsaxurebis xarisxs da mxo-lod Semdeg ganicdis kmayofilebas. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac momsaxurebas gaaCnia rogorc ZiriTadi, aseve damatebiTi atributebi, momxmarebeli amCnevs mxolod damatebiT maxasia-Teblebs, magram iseTi nasiamovnebi rCeba, rom es emocia Semdgom gavlenas moaxdens mis gonierebaze. aq ukve momxmareblis kmayofileba gamoiwvevs momsaxurebis xarisxis aRqmas. Tu momsaxurebas ar gaaCnia arc ZiriTadi da arc damatebiTi atributebi, momxmarebeli SeamCnevs ZiriTadi atributebis deficits, rac Tavdapirvelad mis ukmayofilebas ga-

- 55 -

moiwvevs, xolo Semdeg mis gonierebaze imoqmedebs (momxmareblis kmayofileba ganapirobe-bs momsaxurebis xarisxis aRqmas). da bolos, Tu momsaxurebas ar gaaCnia ZiriTadi atribu-tebi, magram, samagierod, mdidaria damatebiTi atributebiT, momxmareblisTvis es orive garemoeba SesamCnevi iqneba. man SesaZloa, daafasos damatebiTi atributebis arseboba, magram is ukmayofilo iqneba ZiriTadi atributebis naklebobiT, amitom misi emociuri re-aqcia gamoiwvevs ukmayofilebas, rac gavlenas moaxdens momsaxurebis xarisxis aRqmaze.

cxr.4

ramdenimefaqtoriserTdroulizegavlenamomxmarebliskmayofilebisa(CS)damomsaxurebis

xarisxisaRqmas(SQ)SorisurTierTdamokidebulebaze

4a)gonierimomxmarebelisadaemociurimomxmareblisfaqtorebisurTierTzemoqmedeba

goniereba

dabali maRali

emociurobadabali damTxveva SQ→CS

maRali CS→SQ damTxveva

4b)momsaxurebisZiriTadidadamatebiTimaxasiaTeblebisurTierTzemoqmedeba

ZiriTadiatributebi

gaaCnia (SeumCnevelia)

ar gaaCnia (cudia)

damatebiTiatributebi

gaaCnia(kaia)

sasiamovno STabeWdileba

CS→SQ

(ara)sasiamovno STabeWdileba

CS→SQ

ar gaaCnia (SeumCnevelia)

SQ→CSarasasiamovno STabeWdileba

SQ→CS

4g)daSvebulobiszonisadamomxmareblisguneba-ganwyobilebisurTierTzemoqmedeba

daSvebulobis zona

farglebs gareT

(qveviT)

farglebs Soris

farglebs gareT(zeviT)

momxmareblisguneba

ganwyobileba

Zalian kargiSQ→CS,

damTxveva an xasiaTis cvlileba

CS→SQ an damTxveva

CS→SQ

neitraluriCS→SQ an damTxveva

SQ→CS CS→SQ an damTxveva

Zalian cudiCS→SQ CS→SQ an

damTxveva

SQ→CS damTxveva an xasiaTis cvlileba


- 56 -


cxril 4g-Si aRwerilia momxmareblis xasiaTisa da momsaxurebis miwodebis donis ur-TierTzemoqmedeba momsaxurebis Sefasebaze. momxmarebeli SeiZleba iyos Zalian karg, neitralur an cud xasiaTze. momsaxureba, SesaZloa iyos, dasaSvebi zonis farglebSi (damakmayofilebeli momsaxureba), dasaSvebi zonis qveviT, (aradamakmayofilebeli momsa-xureba) an dasaSvebi zonis zeviT (kargi momsaxureba). rodesac neitralur xasiaTze myofi momxmarebeli misTvis dasaSvebi zonis farglebSi miwodebul momsaxurebas iRebs, misagan emociuri reaqcia naklebadaa mosalodneli, amitom igi momsaxurebas jer gonebrivad aa-nalizebs da mxolod Semdeg aris kmayofili an ukamyofilo. Tu momsaxureba dasaSvebi zonis farglebs gareTaa (an zeviT an qveviT) aq, erT SemTxvevaSi, momxmareblis reaqcia Se-saZloa emociuri iyos, magram, meore SemTxvevaSi, dabalansdes momxmareblis neitraluri ganwyobiT. amitom an momxmareblis kmayofileba gamoiwvevs momsaxurebis xarisxis aRqmas an es ori faqtori erTmaneTs daemTxveva.

Tu momxmarebeli Zalian karg an Zalian cud xasiaTzea, momsaxureba dasaSvebi zonis far-glebSic rom iyos, momxmareblis STabeWdilebebi emociuri iqneba anu momxmareblis kmayo-fileba gamoiwvevs momsaxurebis xarisxis aRqmas. Tumca, aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom SesaZlebelia momxmarebelma SeZlos Tavisi guneba-ganwyobilebis Sekaveba, raTa man gadawyvetilebaze zega-vlena ar moaxdinos da, am SemTxvevaSi, momsaxurebis xarisxisa da momxmareblis kmayofilebis aRqma erTmaneTs daemTxveva. rodesac momxmarebeli Zalian karg (cud) xasiaTzea da momsaxu-rebisagan miRebuli STabeWdileba daSvebuli zonis zeviTaa (an qveviT), amas mohyveba Zlieri emociuri reaqcia. am SemTxvevaSi, momxmareblis kmayofileba gamoiwvevs momsaxurebiT xaris-xis aRqmas da es emocia Zlier zegavlenas moaxdens momxmareblis Semdeg qmedebebze.

da bolos, Tu momxmarebeli Zalian karg (cud) xasiaTzea da momsaxureba daSvebuli zonis qveviTaa (an zeviTaa), aq konfliqti xdeba momxmareblis Tavdapirvel grZnobebsa da momsaxurebiT gamowveul SegrZnebebs Soris. am SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, sami saxis Sedegi miviRoT. karg xasiaTze myofma momxmarebelma, cudi momsaxurebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, aRelvebis nacvlad, SeiZleba, gonebrivad gaaanalizos momsaxurebis xarisxi da mxolod Semdeg darCes ukmayofilo. amis msgavsad, rodesac momxmarebeli Zalian cud xasiaTzea, igi daafasebs karg momsaxurebas da mas gonebrivad gansjis, rac imas niSnavs, rom momsaxu-rebis xarisxi ganapirobebs momxmareblis kmayofilebas. amavdroulad, orive situaciaSi, SesaZlebelia, momxmarebels orive cnebaze erTdroulad Camouyalibdes STabeWdileba. am orive SemTxvevam, SesaZloa, momxmareblis xasiaTis cvlilebac ki gamoiwvios.

momxmareblis Semdgomi qmedebis winaswar ganWvreta

sainteresoa, dadgindes Tu ra zegavlenas axdens, momsaxurebis xarisxisa da momxma-reblis kmayofilebis urTierTkavSiri momsaxurebisadmi damokidebulebaze. rodis aris momxmareblis loialurobis albaToba yvelaze maRali? im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac momxmare-blis kmayofileba da momsaxurebis xarisxis aRqma erTmaneTs emTxveva, emocia naklebadaa CarTuli (ixileT cxrili 5a) gadawyvetilebis miReba gonivrulad xdeba, ramac, SesaZloa, Semdegi moxmareba gamoiwvios, magram am SemTxvevaSi, momxmareblis mxridan Zlieri en-Tuziazmi naklebadaa mosalodneli. rodesac momsaxurebis xarisxis aRqma momxmareblis kmayofilebis gancdamde xdeba, momxmarebeli ganizraxavs Semdgom moxmarebas. (ixileT cxrili 5b) am SemTxvevaSi, Sefasebebi Tavdapirvelad azrovnebaze dayrdnobiT xdeba, ro-melic Semdgom emociurad mtkicdeba, da Semdgomi moxmarebis ganzraxviT sruldeba, ma-gram amavdroulad arsebobs albaToba, rom momxmarebels konkurentebis momsaxurebebis gamocdis survili gauCndes. da bolos, rodesac momxmareblis kmayofileba gamoiwvevs momsaxurebis xarisxis aRqmas, es imas niSnavs, rom momsaxurebis gonebriv Sefasebaze did gavlenas moaxdens im situaciaSi gancdili emociebi, romlebic dadgenilia, rom qmedebis yvelaze Zlieri winaswarmetyvelia (Izard 197718, Westbrook 198719). aq, Sefaseba, SesaZloa, ar iyos iseTi racionaluri, rogoric wina SemTxvevaSi, magram Semdgomi moxmarebis ganzraxva gacilebiT ufro Zlieri iqneba (ixileT cxrili 5g).

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cxr.5

sxvadasxvaSemTxveviszemoqmedebaSemdgomgadawyvetilebebze

a SQ/CS → INT (Cognitive model)

b SQ → CS → INT (Attitudinal model)

g CS → SQ → INT (Emotion driven model)

momsaxurebis mimwodebeli kompaniis kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, momxmareblisaTvis momsa-xurebis miwodebis Semdeg, SesaZloa, ganviTardes eqvsi gansxvavebuli situacia (ix. cxri-li 6). im SemTxevaSi, rodesac momsaxurebis xarisxisa da momxmareblis kmayofilebis gan-cdebi erTmaneTs emTxveva da momxmarebeli iRebs maRali (dabali) xarisxis momsaxurebas, es, SesaZloa, CaiTvalos karg (cud) Sedegad. magram miuxedavad amisa, maRali xarisxis momsaxurebis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi, momsaxurebis gaumjobesebis didi albaTobaa, radgan Zalian didi survili ar arsebobs Semdgomi moxmarebisa. Tu momsaxurebis xarisxi iwve-vs momxmareblis kmayofilebas, da momxmarebeli iRebs karg momsaxurebas, es SeiZleba CaiTvalos ukeTes Sedegad, vidre wina Sedegi (magram ara idealurad). aq momxmarebelis dabruneba ufro mosalodnelia, magram amavdroulad arsebobs albaToba imisa, rom igi konkurent kompaniasTan wava (Shlossberg 199320). amis mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom miuxedavad xarisxiani momsaxurebis miwodebisa, momsaxurebis mimwodebeli bolomde ar ecada momxmareblis emociebis gaRvivebas, misi loialurobis mopovebis mizniT. zustad analogiuri TanmimdevrobiT, (anu rodesac, momsaxureobis xarisxi iwvevs momxmareblis kmayofilebas) Tu momsaxurebis xarisxi dabalia, amas Zalian cud Sedegamde mivyavarT. momxmarebelis dabrunebis albaToba Zalze dabalia, magram arsebobs albaToba, rom man kompaniisTvis meore Sansis micema gadawyvitos.

rodesac momxmareblis kmayofileba iwvevs momsaxurebis xarisxis aRqmas, da rodesac momxmarebeli maRali xarisxis momsaxurebas iRebs, es kompaniisaTvis yvelaze sasurveli Sedegia. momxmarebeli kmayofilia da igi cxovrebis manZilze kompaniis erTguli rCeba (Shlossberg 1993). emociuri gancdebis safuZvelze momxmarebeli midis im azramde, rom mas surs ganagrZos aRniSnuli kompaniis momsaxurebis moxmareba. da bolos, kompaniisaTvis yvelaze arasasurveli Sedegia, rodesac momsaxureba aradamakmayofilebelia da momxma-rebeli amas emociurad ganicdis. aseT garemoebaSi, momxmarebeli, savaraudod, Zalian gulnatkeni darCeba, misi es gancda mis azrovnebaze imoqmedebs da mas kompania samudamod dakargavs. da, rac yvelaze cudia, misgan aseve mosalodnelia uaryofiTi sityvieri ma-rketingis gavrceleba.

cxr. 5

momsaxurebiTmiRebuliSTabeWdilebismiergamowveulisituaciebi

momxmareblisaRqma

kargi momsaxureba

cudi momsaxureba

mimdevroba

damTxveva kargi Sedegi cudi Sedegi

SQ→CS ukeTesi Sedegi cudi Sedegi

CS→SQ saukeTeso Sedegi

yvelaze cudi Sedegi


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daskvna

rogorc ukve gavarkvieT, literaturaSi erTiani azri ar arsebobs momsaxurebis xa-risxis aRqmasa da momxmareblis kmayofilebis urTierTdamokidebulebaze. TiToeul mkv-levars sakuTari mosazreba gaaCnia zogadad am mcnebebze da, konkretulad, maT Soris mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirze.

modeli, romelic am naSromSia Camoyalibebuli, cdilobs gaCvenoT Tu rogor icvle-ba aRniSnul faqtorebis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri sxvadasxva garemoebaSi. mkvlevarebi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom momxmareblis kmayofileba iwvevs momsaxurebis xarisxis aRq-mas, iTvaliswineben mxolod im situacias, rodesac momsaxurebis miwodebis procesSi mou-lodnelobis elementebia CarTuli, romlebic momxmareblis emociebze axdens zegavlenas (magaliTad, Bitner 199021, Oliver 198122, Parasuraman, Zeitahml and Berri 198823). es xedva xazs usvams kmayofilebisa da STabeWdilebis Sefasebis ekvivalentobas da Semdeg momsaxurebis xarisxis mxolod am faqtorebis safuZvelze gansjas. meore mxriv, isini, vinc mxars uWe-ren Tvalsazriss, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom momsaxurebis xarisxis aRqma iwvevs momx-mareblis kmayofilebas, Tvlian, rom kognitiuri Sefaseba win uswrebs emociuri damoki-debulebis Camoyalibebas. amis magaliTia telefonebis momsaxurebis Sefasebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvleva (Bolton and Drew 199224, Drew and Bolton 199125), sadac Tavdapirvelad momxmareblebs kognitiuri damokidebuleba uyalibdebodaT momsaxurebis xarisxisadmi da mxolod Semdgom gansazRvravdnen Tu ramdenad damakmayofilebeli iyo igi maTTvis.

aRniSnuli modelis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva kvlevis Catareba. magali-Tad, faqtorebi, romlebic cxril �-Sia mocemuli (ra Tqma unda, sxva SesaZlo faqto-rebTan erTad) SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT eqsperimentebis Casatareblad, sadac ama Tu im faqtorebis sxvdasxva variacia momxmareblis kmayofilebasa da momsaxurebis xarisxis aRqmas Soris urTierTkavSiris gamokvlevaSi dagvexmareba. modeli agreTve dagvexmareba kritikuli SemTxvevebis Sesaswavlad da uSualod momsaxurebis miwodebis procesis moni-toringisaTvis, romelic kargi saSualebaa momsaxurebis xarisxis aRqmasa da momxmareblis kmayofilebas Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dasadgenad da yvelaze sasurveli Sede-gis miRwevis gzis gamosarkvevad. (Bitner 199026, Bitner and Hubbert 199427).

am naSromi daexmareba praqtikosebs. pirvel rigSi, momsaxurebis mimwodebelma kompa-niebma unda gaanalizon cxril 5-Si mocemuli sami modeli, eqvsi SesaZlo momsaxurebis miwodebis Semdeg ganviTarebuli situacia (cxrili 6), raTa Semdeg gaiTvaliswinon es garemoebebi da TavianTi momsaxure personali Sesabamisi momsaxurebis miwodebisaTvis saTanadod moamzadon. magaliTad, kompania darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom mis mier momx-mareblisaTvis SeTavazebuli momsaxureba Seicavs yvela saxis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs, momsaxureba daSvebuli zonis farglebs SigniTa momxmarebelTa umetesi nawilisaTvis da a.S. raTa momxmarebeli nasiamovnebi darCes da igi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze kompaniis erTguli iyos.

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1 “2003 World Development Indicators Washington”, The World Bank, 20032 Bell Daniel, “The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting”,

London Basic Books, 19733 Pocket World in Figures, London, The Economist, 20044 Vargo, Stephen L. and Lusch, Robert F. (2004) “Evolving to a New Dominant Logic for

Marketing,” Journal of Marketing5 Cooper, Ann R., Cooper, M. Bixby and Dale F. Duhan, “Measurement Instrument Devel-

opment Usint Two Competing Concepts of Customer Satisfaction”, Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction Complaining Behavior”, 1989

6 Iacobucci, Dawn, Kent Grayson and Amy Ostrum, “The Calculus of service quality and customer satisfaction: Theoretical and Empirical Differentiation and Integration,” in ad-vances in service marketing and management, Teresa A. Swartz, David A. Bowen, and Stephen W. Brown, 1994

7 Reichheld, Frederick F. “Loyalty based management”, Harvard business review, 19938 Bitner, Mary Jo, “Evaluating service encounters; the effects of physical surroundings and

employee responses”, Journal of marketing, 19909 Parasuraman, A., Valerie A. Zeithaml, and Leonard L. Berry, “SERVQUAL: A multi item

scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality”, Journal of Retailing, 198810 Oliver, Richard L., “Processing of the satisfaction response in comsumption: A suggested

framework and research propositions”, Journal of consumer satisfaction, dissatisfaction and complaining behavior, 1989

11 Westbrook, Robert A., “Product consumption-based affective responses and post pur-chase processes”, Journal of marketing research, 1987

12 Erevelles, Sunil and Clark, Leavitt, “A Comparison of Current models od customer sat-isfaction/dissatisfaction”, Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction Complaining Behavior, 1992

13 Bloemer, Jose M. M. and Theo B. C. Poiesz, “The Issusion of Customer Satisfaction”, Jour-nal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction Complaining Behavior, 1989

14 Cadotte, Ernst R. and Normand Turgeon, “Dissatisfiers and satisfiers: Suggestion form consumer complaints and compliments,” Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfac-tion Complaining Behavior, 1988

15 Iacobucci, Dawn, Kent Grayson and Amy Ostrum, “The Calculus of service quality and customer satisfaction: Theoretical and Empirical Differentiation and Integration,” in ad-vances in service marketing and management, Teresa A. Swartz, David A. Bowen, and Stephen W. Brown, 1994

16 Cacioppo, John T. and Richard E. Petty, “The need for cognition: Relationship to Attitudi-nal Processes,” in Social perception in clinical and counceling psychology.

17 Larsen, Randy J. and Ed Diener, “Affect Intensity as an Individual Difference Character-istic, Journal of Research and Personality, 1986

18 Izard, Carroll E., Human emotions, New York: Plenum, 197719 Westbrook, Robert A., “Product consumption-based affective responses and post pur-

chase processes”, Journal of marketing research, 198720 Schlossberg, H. “Dawning of the era of emotions”, Marketing news, 199321 Bitner, Mary Jo, “Evaluating service encounters; the effects of physical surroundings and

employee responses”, Journal of marketing, 1990


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22 Oliver, Richard L., “Processing of the satisfaction response in comsumption: A suggested framework and research propositions”, Journal of consumer satisfaction, dissatisfaction and complaining behavior, 1989

23 Parasuraman, A., Valerie A. Zeithaml, and Leonard L. Berry, “SERVQUAL: A multi item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality”, Journal of Retailing, 1988

24 Bolton, Ruth N. and James H. Drew, “A multistage model of consumers’ assessments ser-vice quality and values”, Journal of consumer research, 1991

25 James H. Drew and Bolton, Ruth N., “The structure of customer satisfaction: effects of survey measurements”, Journal of consumer satisfaction, dissatisfaction and complain-ing behavior, 1992

26 Bitner, Mary Jo, “Evaluating service encounters; the effects of physical surroundings and employee responses”, Journal of marketing, 1990

27 Bitner, Mary Jo and Amy R. Hubbert, “Encounter satisfaction versus overall satisfaction versus quality: the customers’ voice”, in service quality: new directions in theory and practice, 1994

“WhaT Was firsT: hen or egg?”CaUse and effeCT relaTionshiP BeTWeen serviCe

QUaliTy and saTisfaCTion

boris (buba) LezhavaDoctorate student

One of the major sectors in the economies of most countries became a service sector. Ba-sed on the World Bank data (2003 World Development Indicators), out of 152 countries, in 112 the share of service sector (S) in the GDP exceeded shares of industrial (I) and agrarian (A) sectors. This tendency had an impact on the development of service marketing as an independent discipline. This research shows the importance of the concepts such as service quality, satisfaction with services, characteristics of services, etc.

The main goal of this research is to look at the interrelationship of two major service ma-rketing concepts: service quality (SQ) and satisfaction (SAT). Both concepts are very impor-tant for the companies to run profitable business, because they affect the customer behavior and determine whether customer will continue to buy service or not. The major dilemma in the literature is the sequence of occurrence of these two concepts. Some authors argue that service quality precedes satisfaction (Bitner 1990, Parasuraman, Zeitman and Berry 1988) and some argue that satisfaction precedes service quality (Oliver �989, Westbrook �987).

Our research looks at different external factors that affect the interrelationship of these concepts and causes different cause and effect relationship. These factors are: type of ser-vice, main features of service vs. augmented features, type of customer, type of decision making process and mood of the customer. Research also looks at the situation where two factor influence the interrelationship of SQ and SAT.

Marketing specialist should know whether customer evaluates SQ first or SAT and he should accordingly pay attention to the factors that cause the positive evaluation of each one. If evaluation of SQ comes first, than marketer should pay more attention to rational attributes of services and if evaluation of SAT comes first, than to emotional attributes.

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xarisxis marTvis meqanizmebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba zrdasrulTa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi

lela abduSeliSviliasocirebuli profesori

zrdasrulTa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi xarisxis gansazRvra da erTi saboloo ganmartebis moZebna arc Tu ise advilia, radgan xarisxis marTva da kontroli TiTqmis yvela processa Tu meqanizmze vrceldeba. maTi amocanaa uzrunvelyon ama Tu im RonisZie-bis xarisxi da xeli Seuwyon adamianebs Soris aqtiur TanamSromlobas.

winamdebare naSromSi mogaxsenebT xarisxis marTvisa da kontrolis im meqanizmebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac aqtiurad viyeneb zrdasrulTa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi. Cemi daskvnebi efuZneba kavkasiis biznesis skolaSi, saqarTvelos inglisuri enis maswavlebel-Ta asociaciasa da sxvadasxva enis Semswavlel centrebSi muSaobisas SeZenil gamocdile-bas, sadac studentebTan da zrdasrulebTan gvaqvs saqme.

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba zrdasrulTa sistemuri swavlis procesia. isini swavlas ubrundebian sawyisi momzadebis an ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg. zrdasrulTa ganaTleba moicavs iseT sferoebs, rogorebicaa Semdgomi ganaTleba, umaRlesi ganaTleba, uwyveti ganaTleba. dRevandeli cxovreba imdenad swrafad viTardeba, rom igi zrdasrulebs mra-val moTxovnas uyenebs da aiZulebs maT mudmivad iswavlon da ganviTardnen. imisaTvis, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTleba warmatebulad ganxorcieldes, unda arsebobdes misi Sefase-bis instrumentebi. yuradReba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaze imitom SevaCere, rom Cemi yvela moswavle Tu maswavlebeli, romelTa momzadeba-gadamzadebasac me vewevi, zrdasrulia. amdenad, aucilebelia zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis codna imisaTvis, rom maT maRali xarisxis momsaxureba SevTavazoT.

xarisxis marTvas bevri ram aqvs saerTo SefasebasTan. Sefaseba saswavlo procesis xarisxis kontrolis sakmaod efeqturi meqanizmia. xSirad amboben, rom SeuZlebelia imis marTva, risi Sefasebac ar SeiZleba. amdenad, SemogTavazebT im ZiriTad parametrebs, ro-melTa gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia Sefasebis warmoebisaTvis:

• momxmareblis moTxovnebis dakmayofileba;• naTeli miznebis dasaxva da maTi miRweva; • standartebis daweseba SedarebisaTvis; • sakuTari muSaobis xarisxis TviTkontroli; • xarisxTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Tavidanve aRniSvna da Sesabamisi zomebis miReba;• cudi xarisxiT gamowveuli savalalo Sedegebi danaxarjebis CvenebiT;• resursebis mizanmimarTulad gamoyeneba; • Sedegebis gaSuqeba xarisxis gaumjobesebis mizniT;

xarisxis marTvis meqanizmebi unda dagvexmaros imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ramdenad marTe-bulad varTmevT Tavs momxmarebelTa momsaxurebas, miznebis ganxorcielebas da ramdenad Seesabameba moTxovnas Cveni sistemebi da problemaTa gadawyvetis gzebi.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mravali mizezi arsebobs imisa, Tu ratom ar aris warmatebu-li xarisxis marTvis sadReisod arsebuli sistemebi. saxeldobr,

• isini ver sazRvraven Sesrulebul samuSaos droulad; • isini xSirad arasworad gamoiyeneba an maT ver iyeneben marTebulad; • ar aris gamijnuli kontroli da gaumjobeseba; • arsebobs imis saSiSroeba, rom adre Tu gvian aRmoCndeba kargi da cudi; • igi zedmet tvirTad moiazreba, radgan did drosa da pasuxismgeblobas moiTxovs; • mravali sistema orientirebulia mxolod Sida da ara gare sferoze;• yovelTvis arsebobs imis saSiSroeba, rom SemoiReben ufro mkacri marTvis kontrols;

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msgavsi problemebi xSirad Tavs iCens cudad dagegmili samuSaos ganxorcielebisas, an im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ver moxerxdeba arsebuli sistemebis Sefaseba. xarisxis marTva ar unda warmoadgendes ama Tu im saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaze sxva-dasxva miznis Tavze moxvevas. praqtikosebma gundurad unda imuSaon da erToblivad Sei-muSaon is meqanizmebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeZleben dasaxuli miznebis monitorings.rodesac monacemebTan gvaqvs saqme, unda gaviTvaliswonoT Semdegi:

• kargad unda gvesmodes Tu ras vafasebT; • unda vicodeT, Tu ratom vakeTebT am Sefasebas;• unda gvesmodes, Tu ras gviCvenebs monacemebi; • kargad unda gvesmodes, Tu rogor gamoviyenebT monacemebs xarisxis gasaumjobese-

blad; sawarmoo sferoSi xarisxis uzrunvelyofa sxvadasxva procesis meSveobiT xorciel-

deba, romelTaganac mniSvnelovania:a) funqciis analizi; b) sxvadasxva komponentis dakvirvebiT SerCeva; g) SeTanxmebuli standartebis mixedviT muSaoba; d) sawarmoo procesis standartizacia;e) mza produqciis Semowmeba; v) momxmareblis komentarebis analizi da Sesabamisi zomebis miReba;

xarisxis uzrunvelyofa, adamianuri resursebis TvalsazrisiT, miiRweva Semdegis gaTva-liswinebiT:

a) gundis yvela wevrs unda SevatyobinoT saerTo miznebi da amocanebi; b) gundis yvela wevri erTiani standartiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes; g) xeli unda SevuwyoT mcire jgufebs, romlebSic didi mniSvneloba eniWeba individu-alur iniciativas;d) saWiroa moqniloba samuSaos Sesrulebisas; e) gundma da misma yvela wevrma saTiTaod unda izrunos sakuTari samuSaos xarisxze;momsaxurebis sferoSi, romelsac swavleba da momzadeba-gadamzadeba miekuTvneba, sa-warmoo procesebis mkacri kontroli arc Tu ise advilia. ZiriTadi azri imaSi mgdgo-mareobs, rom xarisxis uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia mxolod momxmareblis moTxovne-bis dakmayofilebiT. amdenad, unda arsebobdes is praqtikuli saSualebebi, romelTa meSveobiTac gaumjo-

besdeba xarisxi . xarisxis marTvis meqanizmebi gvexmareba problemaTa amocnobaSi da maTi saukeTeso gzebiT gadaWraSi. zogierTi meqanizmi martivia, zogi ki ufro rTuli. auci-lebelia mivagnoT CvenTvis saWiro meqanizms da SevaswavloT Cvens muSakebs, Tu rogor gamoiyenon igi efeqturad. es meqanizmebi TandaTan yvela saswavlo dawesebulebis warma-tebis safuZveli gaxdeba.

axali winadadebebis SeTavazeba da maTi koleqtiuri ganxilva xarisxis marTvis idealu-ri meqanizmia orive SemTxvevaSi. igi jgufSi yvelas aZlevs SesaZleblobas azrebi swrafad ganaviTaron. ar gulisxmobs situaciis obieqtur Sefasebas. amdenad, igi unda gamoviye-noT sxva meqanizmebTan erTad. es meTodi gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa iseTi problemebis gadawyvetisas, romelTac ar sWirdebaT teqnikuri an siRrmiseuli analizi. arc didi profesiuli gamocdilebaa aucilebeli.

TviTSefasebis maCveneblebis CamonaTvali: xarisxis mTeli rigi maCveneblebis gamoye-neba ama Tu im saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis funqcionirebis warmatebis gansazRvrisa-Tvis. aseT maCveneblebs miekuTvneba daxvewili saswavlo programebi, pedagogTa momzade-bis maRali done, efeqturi saxelmZRvaneloebi da a.S.

maswavlebelTa mier garkveuli kriteriumebis SemuSaveba da maT Sesamowmeblad erTma-neTis gakveTilebze daswreba: winaswar unda ganisazRvros, Tu ra sakiTxebi unda gaiTva-liswino gakveTilze daswrebisas da rogor unda gaecnon Sedegebs.

xarisxis marTvis jgufebis Seqmna: es meqanizmi ganaTlebis sferom samrewvelo sferos

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daesesxa. xarisxis marTvis jgufebi warmoadgens maswavlebelTa mcire jgufebs, romle-bic erTmaneTs regularulad xvdebian, raTa ganixilon, Tu rogor muSaoben da risi gau-mjobeseba SeuZliaT.

msmenelTa Sefaseba: kiTxvarebisa da msmenelTa konkretuli jgufebis gamoyeneba imi-saTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu rogor aRiqvamen isini saswavlo processa da dawesebulebas da ramdenad damakmayofileblad miiCneven maT. kiTxvarebs avseben saxelisa da gvaris miTi-Tebis gareSe. Sedegebs yvela muSaks acnoben. maTze dayrdnobiT ki aumjobeseben mTel saswavlo process.

tendenciebis gansazRvra: vxdebiT Tu ara ukeTesi? progresis dasakvirveblad TviTa-nalizisa da sxvadasxva kiTxvaris Sedegad miRebuli informaciis gamoyeneba.

saukeTesos amorCeva: saukeTeso sferoebis aRmoCena da maTi gadmoReba standartis daweseba: saukeTeso nimuSebis standartad gamoyeneba da amiT ama Tu im

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis sxvadasxva RonisZiebis xarisxis Semowmeba ZiriTadi maCveneblebis gansazRvra _ kriteriumebisa da standartuli informaciis ga-

moyeneba imisaTvis, rom moxdes progresis gansazRvra xarisxis uzrunvelyofis procesSi. aseT informacias ganekuTvneba Sevsebul kiTxvarebSi gamoTqmuli kmayofileba, saxelmwi-fo gamocdebSi an standartul testebSi miRebuli Sedegebi.

rodesac msmenelTa progresis SefasebasTan gvaqvs saqme, maswavlebeli unda daakvir-des im elementebs, romlebmac misi msmenelebi warmatebuli gaxada da kritikulad ar unda Sexedos maT. igi dainaxavs Tu ramdeni SeuswavliaT maT. es ki orive mxares siamayis grZnobiT kidev ufro aRavsebs.

msmenelTa progresi maswavleblebma unda Seafason ara mxolod imitom, rom daadgi-non, Tu ramdenad miaRwies TavianT miznebs, aramed imitomac, rom gaiTvaliswinon yoveli studentis mdgomareoba.

warmogidgenT ramdenime meqanizms, romelTa saSualebiTac Cven vafasebT Cveni msmene-lebis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxs:

a) akvirdebian erTi msmenelis ganviTarebas da adareben misi swavlis procesis sxva-dasxva etaps, raTa dadgindes, aris Tu ara progresi

b) adgenen TiToeuli msmenelis Zlier da sust mxareebs. ar aris mizanSewonili sus-ti an Zlieri studentebis cal-calke dayofa

g) yoveldRiurad vakvirdebiT Cveni msmenelebis miRwevebs, grZnobebs da Sexedule-bebs da vaZlevT Sesabamis rCevebs

ucxo enis Seswavla xangrZlivi da rTuli procesia. SemswavlelT sWirdebaT mudmivi gamxneveba. Tu karg da gamocdil maswavlebels yovelTvis axsovs, rom misma msmenelebma rames unda miaRwion, rom isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulni arian da maT sxvadasxva midgoma sWirdebaT, igi maT aucileblad sasiamovnod gadauqcevs saswavlo process.

diskusiebi klasSi xarisxis marTvis kidev erTi meqanizmia. maswavlebeli uerTdeba ms-menelebs da isini erTad ganixilaven im saklaso savarjiSoebs, romlebic klasSi Catarda. gulRia kritika da megobruli rCevebi gvaZlevs saswavlo procesis ara marto obieqtur Sefasebas, aramed moswavlesa da maswavlebels kidev ufro aaxlovebs. didi sargebeli mo-aqvs imis ganxilvas, Tu rogor aswavlis maswavlebeli da rogor swavloben moswavleebi.

dResdReobiT, umaRlesi Tu zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sferoSi mimdinare cvlilebebis gamo, saWiroa kargi kvalifikaciis mqone maswavleblebi, rac ukavSirdeba maTi momzade-ba-gadamzadebis maRal xarisxs. maT xom Tanamedrove msoflios mkacr moTxovnebs unda gauZlon. amdenad, xarisxsa da mis marTvas aqac didi yuradReba unda mieqces.

warmogidgenT xarisxis marTvis im meqanizmebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania maswavlebel-Ta momzadeba-gadamzadebis sferoSi:

• maswavlebelTa samuSao gegmebi, romlebic Seicavs miznebs, amocanebsa da sxvadasxva saxis proeqtsa Tu RonisZiebas konkretuli periodisaTvis;

xarisxis marTvis meqanizmebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba... lela abduSeliSvili

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• progresis werilobiTi,sityvieri Sefaseba winaswar dasaxul miznebTan mimarTebiT;

• studentebis mier maswavleblis oficialuri Sefasebis Sevsebuli kiTxvarebi;

• maswavlebelTa mier erTmaneTis gakveTilebze daswrebis Sedegad momzadebuli angariSebi,Canawerebi;

• maswavlebelTa mier momzadebuli saswavlo masalebisa da kiTxvarebis nimuSebi;

• gakveTilis gegmebis analizi;

• profesiul RonisZiebebSi monawileobis miRebis damadasturebeli dokumentacia;

• maswavleblis mier SemuSavebuli instrumentebi, romelTa saSualebiTac studentebi afaseben swavlebis meTodikasa da xarisxs

bastidas (�997) da brauni da uilfe-quintero (�997) gvaTavazoben e.w. portfels, anu maswavleblis profesiuli ganviTarebis damadasturebeli dokumentaciis nakrebs. igi Seicavs saswavlo gegmebs, klasSi gasakeTebel savarjiSoebs, maswavleblis profesiul ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli miRwevebisa da Sedegebis damadasturebel informacias da a.S. am portfelis Sevsebas TviT maswavlebeli xelmZRvanelobs. igi Seicavs im masalas, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT visaubre xarisxis marTvis meqnizmebSi. yvelaferi es ki dadebiT zegavlenas axdens saswavlo procesze.

amrigad, xarisxis marTva mniSvnelovania rogorc zrdasrulTa, ise umaRlesi ganaT-lebis sferoSi da Tu igi gonivrulad daigegmeba da ganxorcieldeba, mas aucileblad mohyveba sasurveli da dadebiTi Sedegebi.


1. Bastidas, A. 1996. The teaching Portfolio: A tool to become a reflective teacher. English Teaching Forum, 34, 3-4. pp.24-28

2. Brown J., and K.Wolfe-Quintero. 1997. Teacher Portfolios for Evaluation: A great idea or a waste of time? Language Teacher Online, 21-1

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PraCTiCal aPPliCaTion of QUaliTy ConTrol MeChanisMs in The sPhere of adUlT and higher edUCaTion

Lela AbdushelishviliAssociated Professor

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of the study is to examine and introduce to the reader those various quality con-trol mechanisms with the help of which quality control of education of students and adults is suc-cessfully carried out.

Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on the analysis of the experience of using qua-lity control mechanisms in various educational institutions in Georgia.

Findings: It was found out that these mechanisms help to determine whether the service is provided at the required level, aims are implemented and to what extent the systems and ways of controlling quality of education meet the demands.

research limitations/implications: A major limitation is that the findings are based on the experien-ce gained in Caucasus School of Business, English Teachers’ Association of Georgia and Internatio-nal House, and, therefore, envisage only certain target audience. The major implication is that adult learning principles along with quality control mechanisms to gain additional results would help to make more specific conclusions.

Originality/value: The paper is the first of its kind to examine the Georgian context of high and adult education, specifically, foreign language teaching, which offers the methods and ways of qua-lity control with the view of better provision of the service.

xarisxis marTvis meqanizmebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba... lela abduSeliSvili

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ukukavSiris mniSvneloba SromiT motivaciasa da SromiT nayofierebaSi

sofiko gogoCaSvili

organizaciuli fsiqologiis ganviTarebas da adamianuri resursis marTvis, rogorc calke disciplinis Camoyalibebas, ganviTarebul qveynebSi, kerZod ki amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, swored iman Seuwyo xeli, rom SromiTi kmayofileba da ukayofileba zegavlenas axdenda organizaciebis efeqtur funqcionirebaze. dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi Sromis bazarze situacia savalalaoa. arsebobs uamravi dausaqmebeli kvalificiuri muSaki da ar aris samuSao adgilebi, amitom organizaciebs naklebad awuxebs ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebuli erT-erTi mniSvnelovani problema, rasac kadrebis denadoba hqvia, radganac problema araa aSkarad SesamCnevi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iTvleba, rom is saerTod ar arsebobs, Tumca aseTi midgoma swori araa. problemebi CvenTanac igivea, rac nebismier sxva qveya-naSi da is, rom maTi gamovlena zemoT xsnebuli mizezebis gamo gaZnelebulia, kidev ufro arTulebs saqmes. organizacia dainteresebuli unda iyos TanamSromelTa motivirebiT, ar SeiZleba motivaciis erTaderT safuZvels warmoadgendes is, rom adamiani dasaqmebu-lia. ara da dRevande pirobebSi esec ukve mniSvnelovania. aramotivirebuli personali aucileblad aisaxeba organizaciis funqcioirebaze da arc Tu dadebiTad. arsebuli naS-romis mizania gaacnos sazogadoebas, rom saWiro araa velosipedis Tavidan gamogoneba, rom arsebobs uamravi kvleva, romelic xazs usvams motivaciis mniSvnelobas organizaciis warmatebul funqcionirebaSi. kerZod ki, SevexebiT iseT mniSvnelovan mamotivirebel faq-tors, rogoricaa ukukavSiri. esaa ZiriTadi meTodi, romliTac sakuTar TanamSroels SegiZlia daanaxo misi mniSvnelovneba organizaciaSi, rac zgavlenas moaxdens ara marto TanamSromelTa SromiT motivaciaze, aramed, zogadad, gaaumjobesebs organizaciis, ro-gorc erTiani struqturis funqcionirebas.

SromiTi kmayofileba adamianuri resursis marTvis erT-erTi mniSvenlovani aspeqtia. organizaciis warmateba, umetes SemTxvevaSi, damokidebulia masSi momuSave personalis SromiT kmayofilebaze, swored amitomaa, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi kompaniebis xelmZR-vaneloba did yuradRebas uTmobs daqiravebuli personalis SromiT motivacias da kmayo-filebas, es ori faqtori mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. yvelaze gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, SromiTi kmayofileba samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli molodinebis da realuri samuSaos urTierTmimarTebis funqciaa. molodinisa da realobis Sesatyvisoba gansazRvravs SromiT kmayofilebas. SromiTi kmayofileba SeiZleba daukavSirdes SromiTi saqmianobis iseT aspeqtebs, rogorebicaa: samuSao, xelmZRvaneli, kolegebi, xelfasi, dawi-naurebis SesaZlebloba. Tumca yvelaze mniSvnelovani komponenti SromiTi kmayofilebis dros, aris motivacia. termini – Zlierad motivirebuli muSaki – gulisxmobs adamians, romelic cdilobs kargad Seasrulos samuSao, aRiarebs organizaciis miznebs da mTel Za-las da mondomebas mimarTavs maT misaRwevad. ramdenadac motivirebuli personali Zalian mniSvnelovania organizaciis warmatebuli funqcionirebisTvis, imdenad, mniSvnelovania im faqtorebis dadgena, romlebic zegavlenas axdens adamianis motivaciaze. ra SeiZleba iyos motivi: kvlevebma aCvenes, rom mamotivirebli faqtorebi SeiZleba iyos: sazogadoe-brivi mdgomareoba, statusi, aRiareba, adamianTa koleqtivSi yofna, kariera, profesiuli zrdis moTxovnileba, sazogadoebisTvis sargeblis motana. TavisTavad, SromiTi motiva-cia kompleqsuria – adamianTa umetesoba sxvadasxva mizezis gamo muSaobs. zemoT CamoT-vlili motivaciuri faqtorebidan sxvadasxva adamianisTvis sxvadasxva mizezi SeiZleba iyos mamotivirebeli, amis gansazRvra Zalian Znelia. Tuca dRevandeli Cveni naSromis mizania ganvixiloT iseTi mniSvnelovani faqtori, rogoricaa ukukavSiris roli SromiT motivaciaSi.

TavisTavad ukukavSiris arseboba SromiTi aqtivobis procesSi Zalian mniSvnelovania, ara mxolod motivaciuri TvalsazrisiT, aramed SromiTi procesis koreqtirebis da swo-

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rad warmarTvis mxrivac. Tumca, dRes Cven mas ganvixilavT mxolod, rogorc mamotivireb-el faqtors. Tu ki cnobili amerikeli fsiqologis, abraam maslous motivaciuri Teoriis mixedviT vimsjelebT, ukukavSiri, rogorc mamotivirebeli faqtori, SegviZlia davukav-SiroT motivaciuri ierarqiis or yvelaze maRal safexurs, rogoricaa: egos moTxovnile-bebi (TviTSefaseba da Sefaseba sxvaTa mxridan) da TviTaqtualizacia – ~adamianis TviT-ganxorcielebis survili. es aris tendencia Camoyalibde imad, risi potencialic gaqvs~ (a. maslou).

maslous models samuSao terminebSi Tu warmovadgenT, misi moTxovnaTa ierarqia Sem-degnairad SeiZleba gadmovceT:

�. fiziologiuri moTxovnileba; 2 samuSao pirobebis usafrTxoeba; �. megobroba da jgufis wevroba; 4. miRwevis Sinagani grZnoba da aRiareba; 5. SemoqmedebiTi potencialis raelizeba.

am ierarqiis mixedviT, ukukavSiri SegviZlia davakavSiroT motivaciuri piramidis yvelaze maRla myof sam safexurTan. ukukavSiri mniSvnelovania, rogorc jggufis wev-robis gancdis arsebobis, aseve aRiarebisa da SemoqmedebiTi potencialis realizaciis gancdis TvalsazrisiT.

ras warmoadgens ukukavSiri da ratom iTvleba Tanamedrove organizaciul fsiqolo-giaSi is erT-erT mniSvnelovan mamotivirebel faqtorad?

am kiTxvaze pasuxisas Zalauneburad gviwevs vupasuxoT sxva, adamianuri resursis ar-sis TvalsazrisiT, erT-erT mniSvnelovan kiTxvas, Tu ras niSnavs termini `warmatebuli menejeri~.

am terminis mravalnairi ganarteba arsebobs, erT-erTi popularuli ganartebis mixed-viT, menejeri, romelic aRwevs sasurvel Sedegs gansazRvrul droSi, arsebuli biujetiT _ aris warmatebuli. xSirad amboben, rom adamianuri resursi aris organizaciis yvelaze Rirebuli resursi, Tu ki es marTla asea, maSin warmatebuli menejria is, vinc am resurss sworad gamoiyenebs.

terminSi `motivireba~_ SeiZleba bevri ram igulisxmebodes:personalis waxaliseba, STagoneba, stimulacia, kargad muSaobis mizezis micema;maTTvis iseTi gancdis Seqmna, romelic muSaobas moandomebs;personali_ esaa adamianebis erToblioba. amitom warmatebuli menejmenti iseTi gare-

mos Seqmanaa, romelSic daqiravebulebi Tavs kargad grZnoben Sesrulebuli samuSaos gamo. warmatebuli menejmenti gulisxmobs TiToeuli adamianis da ara zogadad personalis mo-tivirebas, amisTvis ukukavSiri erT-erTi yvelaze xelsayreli saSualebaa.

ukukavSiri gamoxatavs interesis arsebobas, ukukavSiris saSualebiT xdeba sasurve-li qcevis waxaliseba, arasasurvelisgan gaTavisufleba. ukukavSiris saSualebiT advili SesZlebelia gaugebrobis Tavidan acileba da poziciebis swori gansazRvra.

erT-erT mniSvnelovan motivaciur Teoriad molodinis Teoria iTvleba. am Teoriis mixedviT, ganmtkicdeba is qceva, romelic dajildovdeba, xolo, dasjis SeTxvevaSi, qceva Seferxdeba da, sabolood, gaqreba. dadebiTi ukukavSiri SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogoc dadebiTi ganmtkiceba, xolo uaryofiTi ukukavSiri, rogorc uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba.

arsebobs ori mizezi, ris gamoc ukukavSiri mniSvnelovani motivatoria: pirvel rigSi, ukuavSiri imis maniSnebelia, rom saqme, romelsac Cven vakeTebT, mniSvnelovania, _ im Sem-TxvevaSic ki, Tu ukukavSiri uaryofiTia, is zrdis Cvens TviTpativiscemas da akmayofi-lebs Cvens maRal ierarqiul doneze myof moTxovnilebebs. meore mxriv, is axorcielebs molodinis Teorias, esaa qceva, romelsac mohyveba dasja an waxaliseba. pozitiuri ukuka-vSiri TavisTavad waxalisebas niSnavs, dasja ki uaryofiTi ukukavSiria. Tu ki ukukavSirs permanentuli xasiaTi eqneba, Cven viswavliT swori qcevis ganxorcielebas da arsebuli qcevis koreqtirebas, Sesabamisi ukukavSiris safuZvelze.

ukukavSiris, rogorc mamotivirebeli meTodis gamoyenebisas, mniSvnelovani ramdenime faqtoris gaTvaliswineba. erT-erTi yvelaze mizanSewonili saxe ukukavSirisa _ esaa Sem-TxveviTi ukukavSiri, roca samuSao sruldeba ar dagegmilad da garkveuli periodulo-bis dacviT, aramed SemTxveviT. Sesrulebuli samuSaodan gamomdinare, es iwvevs momuSavis

ukukavSiris mniSvneloba SromiT motivaciasa da SromiT ... sofiko gogoCaSvili

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Rirebulebis grZnobas da aZlierebs sasurveli qcevisadmi swrafvas. aseTi ukukavSiri dadebiTad moqmedebs ara mxolod calkeul momuSaveze, aramed mTel kleqtivze, radgan arsebuli ukukavSiri naTels xdis im atributebs, romlebic gaaCnia xelmZRvanelobas am samuSaos SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT.

ukukavSiri, ra Tqma unda, yvelasTvis mniSvnelovania, magram, rodesac mas mamotivi-rebel faqtorad viyenebT, aqac ar unda dagvaviwydes momuSaveTa individualuri Tavise-burebani. yvelas ar saimovnebs ukukavSiris miReba sxvebis TandaswrebiT. es SeiZleba de-mamotivirebeli aRmoCndes, es an ar gamoiwvevs Sesasrulebeli qcevis Secvlas, an, uares SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba qceva arasasurveli saxiT Seicvalos.

ase rom, Zalian mniSvnelovania iseTi programebis Seqmna, romlebsac daafasebs mo-muSave personali. amis erT-erTi saSualebaa ukukavSiris meTodebis SemuSavebaSi maTi CarTva. kargi Sesrulebuli samuSaosTvis miRebuli ukukavSiri sxvadasxva adamianisTvis SeiZleba sxvadasxva ram iyos. zogisTvis _esaa fuli. zogisTvis_ maTi saxelis sapatio dafaze gamokvra; Zalian popularuli jildoa damatebiTi Tavisufali drois gamoyofa. oficialuri samdRiani dasvenebis ufleba yvelaze sasurvelia. roca momuSaveebs Seu-ZliaT monawileoba miiRon wamaxalisebeli programebis SeqmnaSi, isini iwyeben ufro meti enTuziazmiT muSaobas. da bolos, ufro advilia organizaciuli erTianoba, maSin, roca isini erTad muSaoben wamaxalisebel programebze, es aadvilebs komunikaciebs da kravs gunds organizaciulad.

arsebobs formaluri da araformaluri ukukavSiri.

formaluri ukukavSiris erT-erTi efeqturi gzaa Sesrulebuli saqmainobis gadamow-meba. idealur SemxvevaSi, ar unda iyos mosalodneli aranairi siurprizebi, Tuki orga-nizaciis ori mxare, menejeruli da Semsrulebeli mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTTan aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen. saukeTeso variantia, roca xelmZRvaneli wers angariSs, xolo momuSave wers TviTSemafasebel daskvnas, misgan damoukideblad. Semdeg, roca isini Seajereben sakuTar daskvnebs, maT Soris SeiZleba iyos damatebiTi mosazrebebis dokumen-ti. aseve sasurveli iqneba orive mxarem winaswar daweros wlis gegmebi da Semdeg SeaTanx-mon da Seajeron isini erTad. am SemTxvevaSi, xelmZRvanelebs kidev erTxel eZlevaT Sansi gamoamJRavnon TavianTi intresi momuSaveebis mimarT. xSir SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi Sefasebebi mxolod momuSaveebis mier iwereba da xelmZRvanelebis nakleb interess iwvevs, aseT dros xelmZRvaneli kargavs TanamSromelTa pativiscemas.

rodesac miznebi isaxeba, igi unda iyos moqnili. amave dros specifikuri _ zustad gansazRvruli, raTa TiToeulma TanamSromelma sworad gaigos ras elian misgan. gazom-vadi _ raodenobrivad SesaZlebeli iyos maTi gazomva, miRwevadi _ Tu mizani momuSaves miuRwevlad miaCnia, igi kargavs motivacias. droSi gansazRvruli _ SesaZlebeli unda iyos arsebuli saqmis mocemul droSi Sesruleba.

momuSave personali imsaxurebs icodes, ramdenad aRweven Tavis dasaxul amocanebs da karierul miznebs. adamianTa umetesobas marTla unda samuSaos Sesruleba, magram, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ar ician Tu ras elian maTgan. an SeiZleba, sakuTari Tavi aRmoaCinon iseT poziciaze, romelsac ar afaseben an ar moswonT misi Sesruleba. patiosani ukukaSiri uzrunveyofs motivacias, Sesrulebis gaumjobesebasa da Sesrulebuli samuSaos xelaxal Sefasebas.

ukukavSiris arseboba gulisxmobs Sesrulebuli samuSaos dafasebas, aRiarebas. Ses-rulebis gadaxedvis Semdeg daqiravebulni ganaxlebuli ZalebiT da energiiT iwyeben muS-aobas. Tu ki aRmoCndeba, rom arsebul poziciaze momuSave arc ise kargad grZnobs Tavs, unda Seucvalon mas pozicia kompaniis SigniT an mis gareT. momuSavis iZuleba, Seasrulos Tavisi saqme kargad im poziciaze, romelic mas ar moswons, ganwirulia. nu dakargavT nurc mis da nurc Tqvens dros.

arsebobs ori wesi, romlebic karg liders yovelTvis unda axsovdes:

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�. Seaqe sazogadoebaSi, gaakritike pirispir. lideri, romelic akritikebs sxvebis TandaswrebiT, kargavs mTeli gundis pativiscemas.

2. gundi iRebs Sefasebas warmatebisTvis, xelmZRvaneli iRebs CaTvlas.

warumateblobis gamo _ liderma unda igrZnos pasuxismgebloba gundis dabali Sede-gis gamo. Tu is amas ver SeZlebs, is araa namdvili lideri. roca liders aqeben gundis warmatebuli saqmianobis gamo, man unda waaxalisos gundis wevrebi.

momuSaveebs yovelTvis aqvT moTxovnileba, hqondeT dasrulebulobis gancda, imisT-vis rom imuSaon maRal doneze, maT Tavi Rirebulad unda igrZnon, unda igrZnon, rom `zeviT miiweven~, rom SeuZliaT aiRon meti pasuxismgebloba da umetesobas survili aqvs naxos karieruli programebi. lideris ukukavSirma msgavs situaciaSi SesaZlebelia Seqm-nas garemo, sadac momuSave iqneba TviTmotivirebuli.

Tu ar arsebobs ukukavSiri, ar arsebobs motivacia. negatiuri ukukavSiri, gansakuTrebiT emociuri saxis, araa sasargeblo, aRwevs tvinis

im nawilSi, sadac xdeba daswavla. imis magivrad, rom impulsi neokorteqsisken gaigzavnos, limfuri sistema mimarTulebas ucvlis. usiamovno stimuls sabrZolo ulufebad uSvebs Cveni tvinisken ise, rom Cven SevZloT TavdacviTi meTodis SemuSaveba. Cveni tvinis sas-wavlo potenciali mTlianad iketeba da Cven gveZleva imdeni mentaluri SesaZlebloba, ramdenic saWiroa TavdacvisTvis.

liderebi, rogorc wesi, iSviaTad gansazRvraven naTlad Tu ras moiTxoven TanamS-romlebisgan, an Tu ki ukukavSiri arsebobs, is, rogorc wesi, negatiuri xasiaTisaa da ufro demotivirebas emsaxureba. miuxedavad amisa, liderebs mainc aqvT molodini, rom Sesrulebis done gaumjobesdeba da motivaciis done amaRldeba.

problemis gadaWra SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ki xelmZRvaneli uzrunvelyofs pozitiur da xSir ukukavSirs da Tavs aaridebs negatiuri ukukavSiris gamoyenebas. Tu ki problemis gadawyveta aseTi martivia, ratomaa rom am meTodebs TiTqmis ar iyeneben? pasuxi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iseTive martivia, rogoric problemis gadawyveta. xelmZRvane-lebs, Tavis mxriv, ar aqvT sakmarisi dro, maTac hyavT TavianTi xelmZRvaneli, romelic samsaxuris gareT arasodes mousmens. es erTgvari mankieri wrea. Tu ki adamianebs eqnebaT araswori ukukavSiri, maTi motivireba warimarTeba mcdari mimarTulebiT. efeqturi uku-kavSiris micemis SemTxvevaSi, aris Sesabamisi motivireba.

yvelaze rTulia, iswavlo rogor misce adekvaturi ukukavSiri, radgan liderisa da TanamSromlis urTierTobis yoveli etapi moicavs ukukavSiris elementebs. iqneba es eleqtronuli fosta, satelefono zari, Tvalis Sevleba Cavlisas, arafris Tqma maSin, roca raRacis Tqma iyo saWiro, is sityvebi, romlebic saubrisas iTqva, _ es yvelaferi ukukavSiris saxeebia. magram, xSir SemTxvevaSi, es araa is dadebiTi ukukavSiri, romelic ase aucilebelia TanamSroelTa motivirebisTvis. es sityvebi da es naSromi unda gaxdes mamotivirebeli imaTvis, vis kompetenciaSic Sedis adamianebis motivireba.


�. i. kutalaZe, adamianuri resursis menejmenti.

2. Kevin McManus, No Feedback, No Motivation. Industrial Magazine, April 2001.

3. John Allan, How to be better at Motivating People, 1996.

ukukavSiris mniSvneloba SromiT motivaciasa da SromiT ... sofiko gogoCaSvili

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Meaning of feedBaCk in Working MoTivaTion and Working saTisfaCTion

Sofiko gogochashvili

Abstract

Working motivation is an important strength for human activities. In modern period as most of the organizations realize that the salary and working compensation in not the only motivating factor for their employees, more and more importance is given to the issue of motivation from the employer for its employee.

There is a wide spectrum of motivation factors; various organizations use various mechanisms of motivation. However, there is no universal receipt, with the use of which we will be able to define beforehand the use of which mechanisms will be affective in certain cases. As a result, in the process of drawing out the working motivation strategy it is essential to foresee the important values of the service personnel. Feedback which the employer permanently receives from its employees serves exactly for this reason.

Therefore, the aim of the work is to introduce the working motivation and the feedback meth-ods and mechanisms to the auditorium which help any organization and the management to better manage and what is the most important to improve working satisfaction and the quality of the ac-complished work.

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konstitucis samarTlebrivi dacva da sakonstitucio iusticiis modelebi

(zogierTi Teoriuli sakiTxi)

giorgi kverenCxilaZe

samarTlis doqtoriasocirebuli profesori

`... sxva arCevani ar arsebobs. kanoni, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias, baTilia. es boWavs rogorc

sasamarTloebs, ise xelisuflebis sxva ganStoebebsac.~“Marbury v. Madison”, 1803.

`Tu konstituciasa da kanons Soris Seurigebeli winaaRmdegoba aRmoCndeba, konstitucias upiratesoba unda mieniWos kanonis winaSe,

xalxis ganzraxvas_misi warmomadgenlebis ganzraxvis winaSe ...~ aleqsander hamiltoni, `federalisti~ N78, 1788.

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo da konstituciis uzenaesobis principi.

adamianis uflebebi, demokratia, samarTali da kanoni, konstitucionalizmi da samar-Tlebrivi saxelmwifo_swored es institutebi warmoadgens zogadsakacobrio da indi-vidualur faseulobebs. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea TavisTavad ar aRmocenebula. igi warmoiSva kacobriobis mier pirovnebis TavisuflebisaTvis, demokratiisa da kanonis uzenaesobisaTvis brZolis procesSi. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideebi da fuZemde-bluri principebi mimarTuli iyo absolutizmisa da tiraniis, avtoritaruli da samx-edro reJimebis winaaRmdeg.

ideebi, romlebic samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cnebebs ukavSirdeba _ xelisuflebis danawileba, saxelmwifos samarTliT SeboWva, adamianis bunebiTi, ganuyofeli uflebebi _ jer kidev antikur xanaSi warmoiSva. Sesabamisad, samarTlebriv saxelmwifos, rogorc garkveul Teoriul koncefciasa da Sesabamis praqtikas, sakmaod xangrZlivi istoria gaaC-nia. antikuri xanis moazrovneebi (sokrate, demokrite, platoni, aristotele, ciceroni) cdilobdnen gamoevlinaT imdagvari kavSirebi samarTalsa da saxelmwifo xelisuflebas Soris, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen Sesabamisi periodis epoqis harmoniul funqcionire-bas. maTi mosazrebiT, yvelaze metad misaRebi da samarTliani iyo adamianTa Tanacxovrebis iseTi politikuri forma, romlis drosac kanoni Sesasruleblad savaldebulo iqneboda rogorc pirovnebisaTvis, aseve Tavad saxelmwifosaTvis. swored antikuri xanis moR-vaweTa Sexedulebebis simbolur gamoxatulebad iqca marTlmsajulebis qalRmerTis saxe, romelic asaxavda Zalisa da samarTlis erTianobas. marTlmsajulebis simbolo gamoxat-avda da dResac gamoxatavs ara mxolod samarTliani sasamarTlos arssa da ideas, aramed mTlianobaSi samarTliani saxelmwifos, konkretulad ki adamianTa sazogadoebaSi xelisu-flebis samarTliani organizaciis ideas.

Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo warmoadgens demokratiul saxelmwifos, ro-melic uzrunvelyofs adamianis ufleba-Tavisuflebebis dacvas da xalxis uSualo monaw-ileobas saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi. miuxedavad im garemoebisa, rom Tanamedrove periodSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mravalgvari ganmarteba arsebobs, TiToeuls gaaCnia erTi saerTo, unificirebuli momenti_samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ZiriTadi principebi. es principebi gaxlavT:

_ saxelmwifo xelisuflebis danawileba sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarT-lo Stoebad;

_ saxelmwifosa da pirovnebas Soris ufleba-valdebulebebis gamijvna;

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_ adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva;_ politikuri da ideologiuri pluralizmi, rac gulisxmobs politikuri partiebis,

sazogadoebrivi gaerTienebebis SeuzRudav funqcionirebas konstituciur farglebSi, sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebuli ideologiuri koncefciebisa da Sexedulebebis arsebobas;

_ sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis subieqtebis sasamarTlo wesiT dacva nebismieri saxis ukanonobisa da TviTnebobisagan;

_ Sidaerovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisoba sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebTan da saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebTan.

da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ZiriTad maxasiaTebels war-moadgens kanonis, upirvelesad ki, konstituciis uzenaesoba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nebismier sferoSi. swored, aRniSnuli principi uzrunvelyofs konkretul saxelmwifoSi konstituciuri kanonierebis reJimis Seqmnas da samarTliani samarTlebrivi wesrigis dam-kvidrebas.

konstituciis uzenaesobaSi moiazreba misi umaRlesi iuridiuli Zala yvela sxva samarTlebrivi aqtis mimarT. saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTv-elobis organoebis mier samarTlebrivi aqtebis gamocema xdeba konstituciis safuZvelze da mis Sesabamisad, xolo im kanonebsa da kanonqvemdebare normatiul aqtebs, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias, ar gaaCnia iuridiuli Zala.

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos aRmSeneblobis umTavres mizans warmoadgens is faqtoric, rom nebismieri saxelmwifo organos samarTalgamoyenebiTi praqtika unda Seesabamebodes qveynis konstitucias. nebismier Tanamdebobis pirsa Tu saxelmwifo moxeles ekisreba pasuxismgebloba konstituciiT ganmtkicebuli principebisa da normebis darRvevisaTvis da bolos, konstituciis uzenaesoba gulisxmobs mis moqmedebas saxelmwifos mTel teri-toriaze da ara mis romelime calkeul regionze.

konstituciis samarTlebrivi dacva da sakonstitucio iusticia.

konstituciis uzenaesobis zemoxsenebuli principebis ganxorcieleba ar xdeba av-tomaturad. misi moqmedeba SesaZlebelia dairRvas ganzrax, an samarTalSemoqmedebis procesSi daSvebuli Secdomebis Sedegad. msgavsi arasasurveli garemoebebis Tavidan ac-ilebis mizniT, konstitucionalizmSi damkvidrebulia konstituciis samarTlebrivi dac-vis saSualebaTa sistema, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanes instituts warmoadgens sakon-stitucio iusticia (kontroli).

ukanasknel periodamde iuridiul Tu politikur literaturaSi gavrcelebuli iyo mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom konstitucia TavisTavad uzrunvelyofs adamianis ufleba-TavisuflebaTa dacvasa da sazogadoebis demokratiul ganviTarebas. xazgasasmelia, rom konstituciis dacvisa da masSi ganmtkicebuli institutebis qmediTobis winapirobas war-moadgens imgvari sociumis Seqmna, romelic win aRudgeba konstituciiT dadgenili wyobis nebismier SesaZlo xelyofis faqts. Sesabamisad, konstituciuri normebis safuZvelze unda Seiqmnas iseTi saxelmwifo Tu sazogadoebrivi institutebi da socialuri urTier-Tobebi, romlebic daexmarebian qveyanas demokratiis ganmtkicebaSi. Tavad demokratiis simyare ganisazRvreba ara mxolod konstituciis (Tundac sakmaod demokratiulis) miRe-biT, aramed am konstituciis cxovrebaSi realuri amoqmedebiTa da xelisuflebis StoTa Soris iuridiulad ganmtkicebuli balansis miRweviT, rac, Tavis mxriv, moqalaqeTa mxri-dan konstituciis pativiscemasa da ndobis maRal xarisxs ganapirobebs. Sesabamisad, kon-stituciis, rogorc qveynis uzenaesi kanonis dacvis qmediTi meqanizmis arseboba Tavad sazogadoebis moTxovnilebas unda warmoadgendes.

kanonis uzenaesobaze dafuZnebul samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi konstitucia, rogorc qveynis uzenaesi kanoni, xalxis nebis sayovelTao gamoxatulebad da umaRlesi rangis erovnul samarTlebriv normad gvevlineba. misi roli samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mSene-blobis procesSi gansakuTrebuli da mniSvnelovnad didia, vinaidan swored konstitucia

- 7� -

amkvidrebs im demokratiul Rirebulebebs, romelTa safuZvelzec unda ganviTardes sax-elmwifo da sazogadoeba.

konstitucia umniSvnelovanesi politikur-samarTlebrivi dokumentia da, amdenad, masSi dafiqsirebul im ZiriTad norma-principebs, romlebsac eyrdnoba qveynis politi-kur-samarTlebrivi sistema, gansakuTrebuli dacva da uzrunvelyofa sWirdeba. konsti-tuciis moTxovnaTa dacva da Sesruleba sayovelTaod savaldebuloa, magram misi stabi-lurobisaTvis es sakmarisi ar aris. konstituciis samarTlebrivi dacvisa da misi uzenae-sobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis konkretul qveyanaSi sagangebo iuridiuli meqanizmebi unda arsebobdes.

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo aRiarebs konstituciis uzenaesobas da mas uqvemdebarebs qveynis moqmed kanonmdeblobas. magram, samarTlebrivi sistemebisa da sasamarTlos fun-qciebis Sesaxeb arsebuli gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis gamo, konstituciis normatiul mxa-reSi sxvadasxva Sinaarss gulisxmoben. igi, upirvelesad, fuZemdebluri kanoni da mimdin-are kanonmdeblobis bazas warmoadgens, romelic yvelas avaldebulebs imoqmedos konsti-tuciis farglebSi da mis Sesabamisad. amgvari valdebuleba, pirvel rigSi, sakanonmdeblo organoze vrceldeba, radgan konstituciis darRvevis realuri safrTxe swored misgan iqmneba, arakonstituciuri kanonebis miRebis gziT.

amdenad, konstituciis samarTlebrivi dacvis aucilebloba, rac samarTlebrivi sax-elmwifos Camoyalibebis umTavresi winapiroba gaxlavT, dRis wesrigSi ayenebs misi damcavi meqanizmebis srulyofis sakiTxs. konstituciis dacvis mTavari saSualeba misi damrRvevi normebis gamovlena da aRmofxvraa, raSic yvelaze efeqtur samarTlebriv meqanizmad sa-konstitucio iusticia gvevlineba.

Tavisi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, konstituciis samarTlebrivi dacvis sakiTxi nebi-smieri saxelmwifosaTvis aqtualuria, gansakuTrebiT ki àxalgazrda demokratiis~ qvey-nebisaTvis, romlebic jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSi arian da sadac xSirad cvalebadi politikuri klimatis pirobebSi konstitucia arc Tu iSviaTad rCeba daucveli rogorc uSualod masze zemoqmedebis gziT, aseve mimdinare kanonmdeblobisagan.

saqarTvelos �995 wlis konstituciam gaiTvaliswina sakonstitucio kontrolis sa-samarTlo organo_sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, romlis ZiriTad funqciebad ganisazRvra konstituciis uzenaesobis dacva, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis danawilebis principis re-alizaciis uzrunvelyofa da adamianisa da moqalaqis konstituciuri uflebebisa da Ta-visuflebebis dacva. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom xsenebuli funqciebis ganxorcieleba garkveul sirTuleebs waawyda. upirvelesad, es iyo Zveli, sabWouri azrovnebis iner-cia. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Seqmna sawyis etapze garkveul undoblobasa da zogjer gaRizianebasac ki iwvevda, vinaidan pirvelad amoqmedda instituti, romelsac SeeZlo Za-ladakargulad gamoecxadebina prezidentisa Tu parlamentis mier miRebuli normatiuli aqtebi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ZiriTadi funqcia md-gomareobs ara mxolod arbitris saxiT xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris balansis dadgenaSi, aramed igi, rogorc `negatiuri kanonmdebeli~, xels unda uwyobdes kanonmdeblobis sru-lyofis process.

gansakuTrebiT xazgasasmelia is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarT-lo wyvets mxolod samarTlis sakiTxebs. Tumca, migvaCnia, rom sakonstitucio sasamarT-los ZiriTadi funqcia gaxlavT ara mxolod politikisagan daSoreba, aramed politikuri problemebis wminda samarTlebrivi gzebiT gadawyveta. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo war-moadgens samarTlis da ara faqtebis sasamarTlos. igi afasebs aRmasrulebeli da sakanon-mdeblo xelisuflebis normatiul aqtebs konstituciurobis da ara mizanSewonilobis TvalsazrisiT. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos politikisagan gamijvna ganpirobebulia ram-denime garemoebiT. upirvelesad, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ar ixilavs arc erT sakiTxs sakuTari iniciativiT, igi ganixilavs mxolod kanoniT uflebamosili subieqtebis mier Semotanil sarCelebsa da wardginebebs. garda amisa, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosamarTles ekrZaleba politikur procesebSi monawileoba. stabiluro-

konstituciis samarTlebrivi dacva da ... giorgi kverenCxilaZe

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bis meqanizmia Cadebuli Tavad sakonstitucio sasamarTlos formirebis meqanizmSic, misi Semadgenloba dakompleqtebulia aRmasrulebeli, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisu-flebis StoTa Tanabari monawileobiT: sam wevrs niSnavs saqarTvelos prezidenti, sams irCevs saqarTvelos parlamenti, sams niSnavs saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo. niSan-doblivia is garemoebac, rom amgvari kriteriumiT dakompleqtebuli sakonstitucio sa-samarTlo Tavad irCevs Tavmjdomares sakuTari Semadgenlobidan, romlis kandidaturis dasaxeleba xdeba saqarTvelos prezidentis, saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomaris da saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris erToblivi wardginebiT. da bolos, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ar aris aRWurvili prevenciuli, a priori kontrolis funq-ciiT, mas mxolod Semdgomi, a posteriori kontrolis kompetencia gaaCnia, rac gamoricxavs sasamarTlos monawileobas sakanonmdeblo aqtebis momzadebisa da miRebis procesSi, ro-melic, Tavis mxriv, wminda politikuri procesia.

xazgasmiT gvinda SevexoT saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos erT-erT um-Tavres funqcias_moqalaqis konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis sakiTxs. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos upirvelesi movaleobaa xelisuflebisagan adamianis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan garantias, konstituciiT adamianis ufleba-Tavisuflebebis aRiarebis paralelurad, warmoadgens am uflebebis dacvis qmediTi meqanizmebis gaTvaliswinebac. am procesis efeqturoba ki sagrZnoblad izrdeba, Tu saerTo sasamarTloebTan erTad ufleba-Tavisuflebebis dacvas uzrunve-lyofs sakonstitucio sasamarTlo. am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos �995 wlis konstitu-ciam mniSvnelovani garantiebi Seqmna. yofil postsabWoTa sivrceSi saqarTvelo im mci-rericxovan saxelmwifoTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, sadac moqalaqe uflebamosilia sakuTari konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dasacavad uSualod mimarTos sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlos. unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTloebs msgavsi kompetencia ar gaaCniaT. am kompetenciis farglebSi moqalaqeTa sarCelebis ricxvi saqarTveloSi sakmaod maRali da wlebis mixedviT mzardia.

samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi xSirad arasworad xdeba Tavad sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mniSvnelobisa Tu daniSnulebis interpretacia. arc Tu iSviaTad, damatebiT komentar-ebs saWiroebs sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis sabolooba da Sesasrule-blad savaldebulooba, Tavad sasamarTlos damoukidebloba (miuxedavad misi formirebis meqanizmisa). iyo sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis axali normatiuli aqtis gamocemiT `gadafarvis~ SemTxvevac. amgvari sirTuleebi, upirvelesad, ganpirobebulia komunisturi reJimis memkvidreobiT_Cveni sazogadoebis ekonomikuri Tu samarTlebrivi arastabilurobiT, erTgvari samarTlebrivi nihilizmiT. vimedovnebT, rom samarTlebri-vi kulturis TandaTanobiT zrdasTan erTad, Semcirdeba xsenebuli tipis problemebic. Tumca, es ar aTavisuflebs saxelmwifos movaleobisagan, raTa samarTlebrivi, ideolo-giuri an Tundac materialur_finansuri RonisZiebebiT uzrunvelyos sakonstitucio sa-samarTlos Rirseuli arseboba, sruli obieqturoba da damoukidebloba.

sakonstitucio iusticiis modelebi: `brZola upiratesobisaTvis~.

zogadad, cnobilia, sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorcielebis gansxvavebuli si-stemebi da saxelmwifoTa arCevanic am TvalsazrisiT araerTgvarovania. sasamarTlo or-ganoebis mier sakonstitucio iusticiis ganxorcielebis sferoSi ZiriTadad erTmaneTis-gan ganasxvaveben „amerikul` da „evropul` modelebs. pirveli gulisxmobs sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorcielebas saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebis mier, xolo meore–ami-saTvis specialurad Seqmnili sasamarTlo organos–sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier. gvsurs SevCerdeT im ramdenime, Cveni azriT, mniSvnelovan garemoebaze, ramac ganapiroba sakonstitucio iusticiis amerikuli modelis argaziareba evropis mier.

sakonstitucio kontrolis doqtrinas safuZveli Caeyara a.S.S.-Si, ris Sedegadac Ca-moyalibda sakonstitucio iusticiis amerikuli modeli. misi umTavresi maxasiaTebeli,

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rac mas ganasxvavebs sakonstitucio iusticiis sxva modelebisagan, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sakonstitucio iusticiis ganxorcielebis uflebamosileba ekisreba saerTo sasa-marTloTa mTel aparats da sakonstitucio marTlmsajuleba ar aris gancalkevebuli saerTo samarTalwarmoebisagan. nebismieri saqme, miuxedavad misi saxeobisa, ixileba da wydeba erTi da imave sasamarTlo sistemis mier erTi da imave procedurebis gamoyenebiT. garda am maxasiaTeblisa, sakonstitucio iusticiis amerikuli modeli xasiaTdeba oTxi ZiriTadi niSniT:

a) konstituciurobis kontroli atarebs universalur xasiaTs. igi vrceldeba ara mx-olod kanonebze, aramed yvela normatiul aqtze, xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis nebismier doneze;

b) konstituciurobis kontroli arasistematizirebuli xasiaTisaa. igi xorcieldeba drogamoSvebiT, aqvs konkretuli xasiaTi da SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes nebism-ieri donis saerTo sasamarTlos mier nebismieri saqmis ganxilvisas, romelic exeba moqalaqeTa kanonier interesebs. swored am konkretuli saqmis ganxilvis procesSi SesaZlebelia sasamarTlos winaSe dadges kanonebis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxi;

g) konstituciurobis kontroli atarebs kazualur xasiaTs. misi ganxorcieleba Sesa-Zlebelia mxolod konkretuli saqmis ganxilvis procesSi, rodesac erT-erTi mxare miiCnevs, rom meore mxaris moTxovna efuZneba konstituciasTan Seusabamo normas. ama Tu im normis konstituciurobis problema Cndeba mxolod sasamarTlo ganxilvis procesSi, sxva Tanmdev problemebTan erTad, romlebic unda gadawyvitos sasamarT-lom;

d) konstituciurobis kontroli atarebs SedarebiT xasiaTs. sasamarTlos gadaw-yvetileba savaldebuloa mxolod modave mxareebisTvis, ar vrceldeba sxva subi-eqtebze da ar SeiZleba misi Semdgomi gamoyeneba analogiuri saqmeebis ganxilvi-sas. samarTlebrivi normis konstituciasTan Seusabamod gamocxadebis procesSi sasamarTlo ganmartavs mas, rogorc ararsebul normas da, Sesabamisad, masze yur-adRebis gamaxvilebis gareSe gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba arsebiTi davis Taobaze.

evropuli modelis SemoRebas, anu sakonstitucio kontrolis gamijvnas saerTo sa-samarTloebis saqmianobisgan, saTanado motivacia gaaCnia:

_ sakonstitucio kontrolis specialuri sasamarTlo organos Seqmnis erT-erTi Zi-riTadi mizezi gamomdinareobs romanul-germanuli da saerTo samarTlis ojaxebis erT-maneTisagan ganmasxvavebeli kriteriumebidan, romelTagan gadamwyvetia TiToeulis mier samarTlis ama Tu im wyarosTvis upiratesobis miniWeba. anglosaqsuri samarTlis qvey-nebSi prioriteti precedentul samarTals aqvs, xolo evropaSi samarTlis upirveles wyarod kanonia aRiarebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, kanonis pirvel adgilze wamoweva mis gansakuTrebul dacvasac moiTxovs da kanonzomieria, rom pirveloba am TvalsazrisiTac konstituciis–umaRlesi iuridiuli Zalis mqone aqtis dacvas ekuTvnis. saqarTveloc tradiciulad dawerili samarTlis qveyanaa, ramac sawyisSive gansazRvra misi evropis samarTlis ojaxisadmi mikuTvneba. romis samarTalma, romelic msoflios udidesi sa-marTlebrivi ojaxis (romanul-germanuli samarTlis ojaxis) safuZvelia, qarTul marTl-Segnebazec iqonia gavlena, amitom bunebrivia, upiratesi iuridiuli Zalis mqone kanonis dacvis sferoSic saqarTvelos orientacia evropul gamocdilebazea mimarTuli;

_ venis universitetis samarTlis profesoris – hans kelzenis mosazrebiT (rom-lis ideebic sakonstitucio kontrolis evropuli modelis aRmocenebis safuZvlad aris miCneuli), sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoeba, Tavisi funqciebis specifikurobidan gamom-dinare, ar ganekuTvneba xelisuflebis arc erT Stos, is uzrunvelyofs xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris wonasworobas, TiToeuli mier konstituciisa da samarTlis saerTo prin-cipebis upirobo Sesrulebas.


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sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Seqmnis ZiriTad daniSnulebas warmoadgens xelisufle-bis samive Stos Soris arbitris funqciis ganxorcieleba. nebismier saxelmwifoSi, yvelaze demokratiulSic ki, didia xelisuflebis StoTa mier Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis cduneba, Tundac konstituciaSi maTi kompetenciis mkveTrad gamijvnis pirobebSi. amitom, am TvalsazrisiT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs sakonstitucio iusticiis specialuri organos arsebobas, romelic miuTiTebs xelisuflebis samive Stos konstituciis dacvisaken. am misiis saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebisaTvis miniWeba avtomaturad gamoricxavs sa-samarTlo xelisuflebas, rogorc xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris SesaZlo samarTlebrivi konfliqtis iniciators an am urTierTobebSi dazaralebuls, rac, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mas, garkveulwilad, TviTnebobis saSualebas aZlevs, xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi, xelisuf-lebis sxva Stoebs eZleva sasamarTloze zemoqmedebis SesaZlebloba.

sakonstitucio kontrolis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier ganxorcielebis piro-bebSi arsebobs zemoaRniSnuli orive garemoebis ugulvebelyofis SesaZleblobebi. ker-Zod, sakonstitucio sasamarTloTa umravleoba ixilavs davebs saxelmwifo organoebs Soris kompetenciis Taobaze, sadac sasamarTloc SeiZleba iyos rogorc mosarCele, ise – mopasuxe. metic, zogierTi qveynis kanonmdebloba moqalaqeebs icavs ara mxolod saka-nonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis, aramed sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mxridan SesaZlo TviTnebobisganac. kerZod, moqalaqeebs aqvT SesaZlebloba sakonstitucio sa-samarTloSi gaasaCivron ara marto kanonebi, prezidentisa Tu mTavrobis aqtebi, aramed saerTo sasamarTloebis is gadawyvetilebebic, romlebic xelyofen maTs konstituciur uflebebs (germania).

_ specialuri sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis Seqmnis erT-erTi mizezi gaxda sakon-stitucio kontrolis ganxorcielebisas saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa specifi-kuri kompetenciis aucilebloba. swored, amis Taobaze miuTiTa italielma profesor-ma kapeletim, rodesac aRniSna, rom `kontinenturi evropis mosamarTleebi, Cveulebriv, warmoadgenen sasamarTlo uwyebis Cinovnikebs, romelTac ar SeswevT kanonmdeblobaze kontrolis unari, rac Tavisi arsiT yovelTvis SemoqmedebiT xasiaTs atarebs da mo-samarTleTa (igulisxmeba saerTo sasamarTloebi) tradiciuli funqciebidan yovelTvis Sors dgas~.

_ evropis mier amerikuli modelis argaziarebis erT-erTi safuZveli gaxda midgoma mosamarTleTa specializaciis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. Tu saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi sakonstitucio marTlmsajuleba ganuyofelia saerTo samarTalwarmoebisagan, kontinen-turi samarTlis qveynebSi arsebobs mosamarTleTa specializaciis farTo speqtri.

yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT evropuli modelis ramdenime upiratesobaze amerikul mo-delTan mimarTebiT:

�. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos upirvelesi movaleobaa xelisuflebisgan adamianis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan garantias, konstituciiT adamianis ufleba-Tavisuflebebis aRiarebis paralelurad, warmoadgens am uflebebis dacvis efeqturi meqanizmebis gaTvaliswinebac. am procesis efeqturoba ki sagrZnoblad maRldeba, Tu saerTo sasamarTloebTan erTad uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs uzrunvelyofs sakonstitucio kontrolis specializebuli organo–sakonstitucio sasamarTlo. ameri-kuli modelis mixedviT ki adamianis konstituciuri uflebebis dacvis erTaderT saSu-alebad rCeba maTi Sesabamisi apelaciebi mxolod saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebSi. aq konstituciuri uflebebis specialuri dacvis damatebiTi meqanizmi ar arsebobs.

2. sakonstitucio kontrolis amerikuli modelis pirobebSi normis konstituciuro-bis Semowmebis sakiTxi dgeba mxolod konkretuli davis (sisxlis, samoqalaqo, administra-ciul-samarTlebrivi davebis) ganxilvisas, anu xorcieldeba mxolod konkretuli sakon-stitucio kontroli, maSin rodesac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesabamisma subieqtebma SeiZleba mimarTon specialuri normis konstituciurobis dadgenis mizniT, konkretul davasTan kavSiris gareSe.

zogadad, sakonstitucio kontrolis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier ganxorciele-bis SemTxvevaSi, konstituciis uzenaesobis uzrunvelyofis gacilebiT meti saSualebebia.

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es modeli iTvaliswinebs sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sakmaod farTo uflebamosilebebs, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Semdegi funqciebi: konstituciis normebis ganmarteba; dava saxelmwifo organoebs Soris kompetenciis Taobaze; normaTa abstraqtu-li kontroli; normaTa prevenciuli kontroli da a.S. yovelive es ki mniSvnelovanwilad zrdis qveyanaSi normatiuli bazis konstituciasTan maqsimalurad Sesabamisobis uzrun-velyofis SesaZleblobas.

�. konstituciurobis kontroli evropuli modelis pirobebSi atarebs universalur xasiaTs. igi vrceldeba ara mxolod kanonebze, aramed yvela normatiul aqtze, xelisuf-lebis ganxorcielebis nebismier doneze.

4. amerikuli modelis SemTxvevaSi konstituciurobaze davis ufleba aqvT mxolod kerZo pirebs, vropuli modelis SemTxvevaSi_iuridiul pirebsac.

5. saerTo sasamarTloebSi konkretul saqmeTa ganxilva SesaZloa did drosTan iyos dakavSirebuli da Sesabamisad, SesaZlo arakonstituciuri normac imoqmedebs Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis miRebamde.

6. sakonstitucio kontrolis amerikuli modelis Tanaxmad, saerTo iurisdiqciis sa-samarTloebs ara aqvs kanonis Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis ufleba. magaliTad, aSS-s umaRles sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs ar dauSvas konkretuli kanonis gamoyeneba misi qvemdebare saqmeebis gadawyvetisas, magram is ver gamoacxadebs kanons Zaladakargulad. umTavresi, kontrolis Sedegis TvalsazrisiT, gaxlavT is garemoeba, rom arakonstitu-ciurad cnobili samarTlebrivi aqti an misi nawili ar cxaddeba gauqmebulad, igi ar kargavs iuridiul Zalas. Cerdeba arakonstituciurad cnobili aqtis moqmedeba da sa-samarTloebs, saxelmwifo da administraciul organoebs ekrZalebaT am aqtis gamoyeneba samarTalSefardebiT procesSi. uzenaesi sasamarTlos uflebamosileba Semoifargleba mxolod arakonstituciurad cnobili aqtis gauqmebis moTxovniT kongresisadmi mimarT-vis SesaZleblobiT, rac droSi gawerili proceduraa. Sesabamisad, arakonstituciuri norma ganagrZobs moqmedebas, Tumca igi ar gamoiyeneba. Sedegad, kongress ufleba aqvs, Secvalos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, Tu Sesworebas Seitans konstituciaSi (es samjer moxda aSS-s istoriaSi), an Sesworeba Seitanos Tavad kanonSi da moiyvanos is konstituciaTan SesabamisobaSi.

7. kidev erTi garemoeba, romelic unda aRiniSnos sakonstitucio iusticiis ameri-kul modelTan dakavSirebiT. samarTlebriv Tu politikur praqtikaSi damkvidrda ter-mini `sakonstitucio kontrolis amerikuli modeli~, rac aramarTebulad migvaCnia. amis Tqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs is garemoeba, rom amerikuli modeli gaxlavT ara `sakonsti-tucio kontroli~, aramed sakonstitucio iusticiis meore nairsaxeoba_`sakonstitucio zedamxedveloba~. sxvaoba am or termins Soris arsebiTia, isini aratolfas cnebebs war-moadges. sakonstitucio zedamxedveloba (anu amerikuli modeli) gulisxmobs konstitu-ciasTan Seusabamo samarTlebrivi normebis mxolod aRmoCenas da Semdgom rekomendaci-iT mimarTvas im organos an Tanamdebobis pirisadmi, romelic uflebamosilia gaauqmos arakonstituciurad cnobili norma. rac Seexeba sakonstitucio kontrols, romelic sazedamxedvelo funqciis matarebelicaa, igi moicavs konstituciasTan Seusabamo saka-nonmdeblo Tu kanonqvemdebare normebis ara mxolod aRmoCenas, aramed Tavad kontro-lis ganmxorcielebeli organos mier maTi gauqmebisa da Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis uflebamosilebas. rogorc aRiniSna, sakonstitucio iusticiis amerikuli modeli ar iT-valiswinebs arakonstituciurad cnobili normis gauqmebas sasamarTlos mier,Cerdeba am normis moqmedeba. Sesabamisad, amgvari modelis pirobebSi saqme gvaqvs ara sakonstitucio kontrolTan, aramed sakonstitucio zedamxedvelobasTan.

8. ZiriTadi upiratesoba, romelic gaaCnia sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorciele-bas specialuri organos mier, aris samarTalwarmoebis maRali xarisxis uzrunvelyofis ufro didi da realuri albaToba.

sakonstitucio kontroli Tavisi SinaarsiT, funqcionaluri datvirTvis specifikiT, aqedan gamomdinare, samarTalwarmoebis specialuri proceduriT, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba saerTo sasamarTloebis mier marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisagan. marTalia, rogorc


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sakonstitucio kontrolis, ise marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba–orive sasamarTlo xe-lisuflebis prerogativaa, magram isini ar moicaven erTi meores da TavianTi daniSnu-lebiT principulad ganxsxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. bunebrivia, sasamarTlo xelisufle-bis ori gansxvavebuli funqciis–sakonstitucio kontrolis da marTlmsajulebis gan-xorcieleba cal-calke, amaze uflebamosili specialuri organoebis mier praqtikulad ufro efeqtur Sedegs unda iZleodes TiToeuli am funqciis srulyofilad da efeqtu-rad ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, vidre maTi Sejerebisas erTi tipis sasamarTlo organos kompetenciis farglebSi.

am TvalsazrisiT, sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorcielebis evropuli modelis mniSvnelovani upiratesoba aris is, rom specialuri sakonstitucio iurisdiqciis piro-bebSi konkretuli saqmis garemoebaTa gamokvleva da saTanado gadawyvetilebis miReba ufro racionalizirebuli proceduriT xorcieldeba. kerZod, sakonstitucio sasamarT-lo Semoifargleba mxolod sakonstitucio-samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis ganxilviT, mas ar evaleba erTdroulad gadawyvitos aseve specialuri sakiTxebi samarTlis sxva sferoebi-dan (samoqalaqo, sisxlis Tu administraciuli samarTlis sferoSi). es, bunebrivia, iZleva konstituciur-samarTlebrivi konfliqtebis ufro detalurad da amomwuravad Seswavlis SesaZleblobas, Sesabamisad, dadebiTad moqmedebs misi gadawyvetis xarisxzec, rac gaci-lebiT rTulad miRwevadi unda iyos sakonstitucio kontrolis saerTo sasamarTloebis iurisdiqciasTan Sejerebis pirobebSi.

9. evropuli modelis pirobebSi gacilebiT martivia sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisaT-vis sayovelTaod savaldebulo xasiaTis miniWeba. arakonstituciurad cnobili norma uSualod sasamarTlos mier cxaddeba Zaladakargulad da ar Cndeba gamomcemi organos-admi am normis gauqmebis moTxovniT mimarTvis saWiroeba.

�0. Cveni azriT, sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorcieleba saerTo samarTalwarmo-ebis ganxorcielebasTan SedarebiT, garkveulwilad, ufro „sapasuxismgebloa` ramdenime garemoebis gamo:

a) sakonstitucio kontrolis obieqts, umeteswilad, warmoadgens normatiuli aqtebi, romlebic TavianTi bunebiT mravaljeradi gamoyenebisaa da pirTa ganusazRvrel wres Seexeba. Sesabamisad, maTi arakonstituciurad an konstituciis Sesabamisad cnobis Sem-TxvevaSi, Sedegi dgeba ara calkeuli subieqtisTvis, aramed pirTa wrisTvis da moqmedebs droSi manam, sanam gansxvavebuli wesi ar dadgindeba Sesabamisi iuridiuli Zalis mqone aqtiT;

b) sakonstitucio iusticiis sferoSi miRebul gadawyvetilebebs saboloo Zala aqvs da gadasinjvas da gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareba, maSin, rodesac marTlmsajulebis gan-xorcielebaSi sami sxvadasxva instanciaa: pirveli instancia, apelacia da kasacia.

sakonstitucio kontrolis sferoSi gadawyvetilebaTa praqtikulad normatiuli bu-neba da maTi gadasinjvis SeuZlebloba avaldebulebs mis ganmaxocielebl organos, miiRos erTaderTi swori da kompetenturi gadawyvetileba. bunebrivia, gadamwyveti am Tvalsaz-risiT aris mosamarTleTa maRali kvalifikacia da kompetenturoba, Tumca saeWvoa es sakmarisi iyos, rodesac sakonstitucio kontrolis garda, saerTo sasamarTlom unda ganaxorcielos aseve saerTo samarTalwarmoeba sxvadasxva instanciiT da sazedamxedvelo wesiT.

��. evropuli modelis pirobebSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi Tavi-anT saqmianobas axorcieleben damoukideblad, emorCilebian mxolod konstituciasa da kanons. evropuli qveynebis mier amerikuli modelis gauziareblobis kidev erTi, sak-maod misaRebi argumenti gaxda is garemoeba, rom saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebis saqmianobaze erTgvari zegavlenis winapiroba SesaZloa gamxdariyo evropul qveynebSi gavrcelebuli organoebi, romlebic axorcieleben saerTo sasamarTloTa saqmianobis or-ganizebas. amgvari organoebis magaliTebia magistraturis umaRlesi sabWo italiasa da rumineTSi, marTlmsajulebis uzenaesi palata safrangeTSi, umaRlesi sasamarTlo sabWo bulgareTSi, umaRlesi disciplinaruli sabWo saberZneTSi, poloneTis saerTo sasamarT-lo sabWo, slovakeTisa da sloveniis sasamarTlo sabWoebi, mosamarTleTa da prokuror-

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Ta umaRlesi sabWo TurqeTSi, saxelmwifo sasamarTlo veCe xorvatiaSi, respublikuri sasamarTlo sabWo makedoniaSi, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis generaluri sabWo espaneTSi, iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo saqarTveloSi da sxva. am organoTa erT-erT ZiriTad funq-cias CamoTvlil qveynebSi warmoadgens saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa daniSvnis, gadaadgilebis, dawinaurebis, sasamarTloTa specializaciis gansazRvris, mosamarTle-Ta mimarT disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis ganxorcielebis sakiTxebi. Sesabamisad, sa-fuZvliania varaudi imis Taobaze, rom evropul qveynebSi saerTo sasamarTloebisaTvis sakonstitucio kontrolis uflebis miniWeba, zemoxsenebuli konstituciuri organoe-bis arsebobis pirobebSi, erTgvar zegavlenas moaxdenda mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis xarisxze.

�2. saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebis mier ganxorcielebuli marTlmsajulebis-gan sakonstitucio kontrolis gansxvavebuli specifikidan gamomdinare, misi sworad da efeqturad ganxorcieleba aseve gansxvavebul da specialur kompetenturobas moiTxovs. saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa tradiciuli praqtika Semoifargleba qmedebaTa kanonierebis SemowmebiT, rac arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Tavad kanonze kontrolis ganxor-cielebisagan–es ukanaskneli konkretul kazuistikaze maRla dgas da ufro metad Semo-qmedebiT xasiaTs atarebs.

��. gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs saerTo iurisdiqciisa da sakonstitucio iusticiis, am ori funqciis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli specialuri organoebis mier ganxorcielebas im qveynebSi, sadac saTanado tradiciisa da gamocdilebis uqonlobis pirobebSi pirvelad xdeba sakonstitucio kontrolis damkvidreba. zustad am etapze, imisaTvis, rom sakonstitucio kontrolis funqcia sworad Camoyalibdes, miiRos is dat-virTva, romelic mas unda hqondes saxelmwifoSi, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom is ganaxorcielos axalma, specialurad amisTvis Seqmnilma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom da ara absoluturad sxva datvirTvis, gamocdilebis mqone saerTo sasamarTloebma. swored amitom, savsebiT kanonzomieria, rom bolo aTwleulSi demokratiuli gardaqmnebis mimdi-nareobisas saerTo sasamarTloebis sistemis gareT, sakonstitucio kontrolis ganmaxor-cielebeli specialuri organo–sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Seiqmna rogorc aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis saxelmwifoebSi, ise postsabWoTa sivrcis umravles respubli-kebSi: ungreTSi, CexeTSi, slovakeTSi, sloveniaSi, bulgareTSi, iugoslaviaSi, sloveniaSi, xorvatiaSi, makedoniaSi, bosniasa da hercogovinaSi, poloneTSi, rumineTSi, albaneTSi, ruseTSi, litvaSi, latviaSi, somxeTSi, azerbaijanSi, belorusiaSi, yirgizeTSi, moldova-Si, tajikeTSi, uzbekeTSi, ukrainaSi, saqarTveloSi.

sakonstitucio iusticiis modelebze msjelobisas da konkretuli qveynisaTvis misa-Rebi modelis SerCevisas amosaval debulebad unda miviCnioT is garemoeba, rom demokra-tia samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens. saxelmwifo organoebi da Tanamdebobis pirebi valdebuli arian ganuxrelad daicvan konstitucia. saxelmwifom ki, Tavis mxriv, unda Seqmnas konstituciis samarTlebrivi dacvis realuri meqanizmebi. dasaxelebuli argumentebis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sakonstitucio sasa-marTlo erT-erTi mniSvnelovani monapovaria samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mSeneblobis rTul procesSi, saimedo garantiaa xelisuflebis konstituciur farglebSi ganxorcie-lebisa da sabolood, TiToeuli individis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis realurad dacvis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT. swored sakonstitucio kontroli, Tavisi Tan-mimdevruli da ganuwyveteli funqcionirebis gziT, qmnis realur SesaZleblobebs, raTa daculi iqnes konstitucia da konstituciiT aRiarebuli demokratiuli Rirebulebebi, magram sakonstitucio kontroli mxolod maSin Seasrulebs masze dakisrebul amocanebs warmatebiT, rodesac igi ganixileba saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi sinamdvilis organul elementad da am Rirebulebis ganmtkicebis obieqturad saWiro institutad.

jer kidev me-�8 saukuneSi miuTiTebda �789 wlis adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciisa da safrangeTis �79� da �799 wlebis konstituciebis erT-erTi avtori aba-ti siiesi, rom ̀ konstitucia zogadsavaldebulo sakanonmdeblo wesebis erTobliobaa. Tu es ase ar aris, igi araraobaa. Tu konstitucia zogadsavaldebulo wesebis erTobliobaa,


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ismis kiTxva-sad aris misi damcveli instancia, sad aris sasamarTlo xelisufleba?~�. Sesabamisad,�4swored sakonstitucio kontrolisa da misi ganmaxorcielebeli organos _ sakonstitucio sasamarTlos funqcionireba warmoadgens konstituciis uzenaesobis principis dacvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan atributs, rac, Tavis mxriv, samarTlebrivi sax-elmwifos mSeneblobis upirvelesi winapirobaa.

JuDICIAL PrOteCtIOn OF COnStItutIOn AnD COnStItutIOnAL JuStICe MODeLS

(Some theoretical Issues)

giorgi KverenchkhiladzePhD, Associate Professor

Abstract

The main goal of the research represented in the article is to point out the connection between fair state and constitution supremacy principles, to study peculiarities and characteristic of cons-titutional justice models, effective institution of judicial protection of constitution. Analyzing the constitutional justice of American and European models, the research aims to ground preference of implementing the European model in Continental European Law countries.

The article reviews some theoretical issues of ideas and fundamental principles of the fair state. The author surveys the reasons of the origin of these ideas and their importance in the process of the fair state formation. The modern fair state essence issues are discussed in accordance with the ma-jor principles of the fair state, considering the paragraph of the Constitution of Georgia (1995). The author wants to find out the connection between fair state and constitution supremacy principles and analyses the main characteristics of these principles. In the article some theoretical aspects of the problem of judicial protection of constitution and its relation with the institution of the constitutio-nal justice are examined.

The article discusses a brief evolution of the constitutional justice doctrine, which was the basis of American model of constitutional justice. Later on, this model was transformed into the European model. The article gives us the confrontational analysis of these two main models of the constitutio-nal justice, which is the first attempt in the Georgian Constitutional Law Science. At the same time in the process of the above mentioned analysis on the theoretical stage, some positive and negative characteristics of the constitutional justice of American and European models are studied in detail. Arguments are provided by Europe regarding not sharing the American model of constitutional jus-tice pointing out proper reasons. On the basis of theoretical and practical argumentation and judicial system analysis, compared with American model, European model “advantages” of constitutional justice are emphasized in the article.

114 Pasquale Pasquino. Sieyès et l’invention de la Constitution en France. Paris, edition Odile Jacob, 1998. P. 193-196.

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memkvidreobis urTierTobebis zogierTi koliziuri sakiTxis regulirebis Tavisebureba saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTalSi

devi xvedelianidoqtoranti

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobis Tanamedrove etapze sazogadoebis eko-nomikuri safuZvlebis gardaqmnisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba memkvidreobis urTier-Tobebis srulyofasa da samarTlebriv reglamentacias. Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs memkvidreobas zogadad metyvelebs rudolf fon ieringis sityvebi: ̀ memkvidreobis samar-Tali aris adamianTa sazogadoebis mTeli progresis winapiroba civilizaciis istoriis aspeqtSi~�.�5

aRsaniSnavia, rom memkvidreobis urTierTobebs didi datvirTva aqvs ara mxolod qveynis SigniT, aramed saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSic. im problemebs Soris, romlebic dakavSirebulia ucxoel moqalaqeTa sxva qveynis teritoriaze cxovrebasTan, qonebis flobasTan an gardacvalebasTan, aris memkvidreobis koliziis problemebic, romelTa gadawyvetas miznad isaxavs saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali. saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis ZiriTadi wyaro aris �998 wels miRebuli kanoni `saerTaSoriso ker-Zo samarTlis Sesaxeb~. aRniSnuli kanonis miRebiT Seiqmna aucilebeli normatiuli baza saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigebisaTvis, maT Soris memkvi-dreobis sferoSic, Tumca is jer kidev saWiroebs saTanado daxvewas. Tamamedrove saer-TaSoriso kerZo samarTlis miznebi da suliskveTeba sagrZnoblad Seicvala. Tu jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi misi mizani iyo nacionalur samarTlevrivi sferoebis meqanikuri a priori gamijvna ise, rom es sfero metwilad abstraqtul da Teoriul sferod iTvleboda, dReisaTvis ukve saubaria kompetenturi samarTlis arCevaze a posteriori da ad hoc rTuli iuridiuli teqnikis safuZvelze obieqturi da subieqturi xasiaTis garemoebebis gaTval-siwinebiT imdenad, rom saubari ar aris raime abstarqtulze. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali efuZneba cocxal praqtikas. miznebisa da suliskveTebis amgvari cvla aisaxa samarTlis normaTa gamoxatvis formebSic: maT SeiZines TviTmyofadoba, moculoba da dasrulebuli xasiaTi2.�6amiskenve unda miiswrafvodes Cveni samarTalic.

warmodgenili statiis mizania ara mxolod saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis samarT-lebrivi analizi, aramed masSi arsebuli zogierTi sakanonmdeblo xarvezis gamovlena da aRmofxvra Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis meSveobiT.

I. kanoniT memkvidreobis koliziuri sakiTxebi

1.samkvidrosstatuti memkvidreobis urTierTobebi warmoadgens nebismieri sazogadoebis samoqalaqo brun-

vis yvelaze konservatiul nawils. amdenad samkvidro, rogorc wesi, aris obieqti im urTi-erTobebisa, romlebic warmoiSveba erTi qveynis marTlwesrigis farglebSi. magram xSirad gvxdeba memkvidreobis iseTi urTierTobebic, romlebic scildeba am farglebs. aRniS-nuls adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac samkvidro datvirTulia ucxouri elementiT.

praqtikis mravalferovneba da sirTuleebi memkvidreobis konkretuli saqmeebis ga-dawyvetisas aixsneba ama Tu im qveynis kanonmdeblobis mniSvnelovani gansxvavebiT memkvid-reobis samarTlis sferoSi. aRniSnuli vlindeba imaSi, rom gansxvavebulia kanoniTa da anderZis memkvidreTa wre, dadgenilia anderZis formis sxvadasxva moTxovna, arsebobs samkvidros ganawilebis sxvadasxva sistema da sxv.��7

115 Ануфриева Л.П. «Международное частное право», т.2, М.2002г.С.519216 Маковский А.Н.,Жильцов А.Н., Муранов А.И. «Международное частное право», Иностранное законодательс-

тво.М.2001г. С.40317Богуславский М.М.«Международное частное право», М. 2000 г. С. 316-317

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kanoniT memkvidreobisas aucilebelia moiZebno is samarTlebrivi sistema, romelic gansazRvravda memkvidreTa CamonaTvals da daadgenda maTi memkvidreebad mowvevis rigi-Tobas. saxelmwifos samarTalSemfardebelma organoebma aseve unda gaarkvion arsebobs Tu ara safuZveli samkvidros miRebis pretendentebisa da im pirTa gamovlenisaTvis, vi-sac CamorTmeuli aqvs memkvidreobis ufleba.4�8

memkvidreobis urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli kompetenturi samarTlebrivi sistemis dadgenis sakiTxi organulad ukavSirdeba samkvidros statutis sakiTxs. statutis cneba XII saukuneSi gaCnda da Tavdapirvelad igi kanonis (Lat.statuta) mniSvnelobiT gamoiyenebo-da. statutis cnebasTan dakavSirebulia statutaruli swavleba, romelic gansxvavebuli Teoriuli orientaciiT me-�9 saukunemde viTardeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove samarTalSi statutis cneba ar iwvevs davas. germaneli mecnieris hofmanis Tanaxmad, sta-tuti Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTalSi ewodeba samarTlebriv sistemas, rom-lis materialuri normebi, rogorc koliziur-samarTlebrivi sabamis Sedegi gamoiyeneba konkretuli saqmis garemoebebTan mimarTebaSi. statuti aris Sedegi da ara koliziur-sa-marTlebrivi sabamis amosavali wertili.5�9

sxva germaneli mecnieri rauSeri aRniSnavs, rom Tu saubaria statutze dRevandel saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTalSi, igi aRar niSnavs kanons. piriqiT, am cnebaSi gaigeba marTlwesrigi, romelic gamoiyeneba konkretuli saqmis Semadgenlobidan gamomdinare. samkvidros statuti aris samkvidros mimarT gamosayenebeli samarTali da am samarTlis Ziebis Sedegi, gansazRvruli saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis memkvidreobis samarTlis normebiT.620

rusi mecnieris mariSevas azriT, statuti ewodeba samarTlis koliziur normiT gansa-zRvrul marTlwesrigs (qveynis kanons), romelic gamoiyeneba ucxouri elementiT datvir-Tuli memkvidreobis mTeli urTieTobis an misi nawilis mimarT.72�

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, statuti aris im qveynis samarTlebrivi sistema, romelzec miuTiTebs koliziuri norma da romelic awesrigebs konkretul samarTalurTierTobas.

samkvidros statuti gansazRvravs memkvidreobis rogorc saerTo sakiTxebs _ qonebis memkvidreobiT gadacemis safuZvlebs (kanoni, anderZi, memkvidreobis xelSekruleba, Cuqeba gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi da sxv), samkvidros Semadgenlobas (qoneba, romelic SeiZleba gadavides memkvidreobiT), samkvidros (adgili da dro) gaxsnis pirobebs, pirTa wres, rom-lebic SeiZleba mowveul iqnan memkvidreebad (uRirsi memkvidreebis sakiTxis CaTvliT), ise specialur sakiTxebs, romlebic exeba memkvidreobis konkretul SemTxvevebs _ kanonis sa-fuZvelze (kanoniT), anderZiT, xelSekrulebiT memkvidreobis wessa da a.S. memkvidreobis statutiT ganisazRvreba rogorc saerTo, ise qonebis calkeuli saxeobebis memkvidreobis specialuri wesebi _ miwis, sabanko anabris, gansakuTrebuli uflebebis da sxv.822

praqtikaSi xSiria statutis Secvlis SemTxvevebic. kanoniT memkvidreobis dros aR-niSnuli sakiTxis gadawyveta SedarebiT ar aris rTuli. Tu mamkvidrebelma cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi Seicvala moqalaqeoba, misi yofili moqalaqeoba mxedvelobaSi aRar miiReba. memkvidreobis urTierTobis obieqti axal statuts eqvemdebareba.92�

2.samkvidromasisgaxleCasamkvidro masis statutTan dakavSirebulia samkvidro masis gaxleCis sakiTxi (Na-

chlassspaltung). uZravi da moZravi qonebidan Semdgari erTiani samkvidro masis gaxleCas adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac sxvadasxva marTlwesrigi awesrigebs erTsa da imave samkidro SemTxvevas.

418 Ануфриева Л П. ук.соч ., С. 525 519 Bernd von Hoffman “Internationales Privatrecht, einschlisslich der Grundzüge des Internationalen zivil verfahrens-

recht” München, 1999, S. 50620 Thomas Rauscher “Internationales Privatrecht”, Heidelberg, 1999, S. 9.721 Марышева Н.И. «Международное частное право», М. 2000 г., ук.соч. С. 418.822 Марышева Н.И. ук. соч. С. 48.923 Hemmer/Wüste/Berger - Walliser/Knoblauch/Merker “Internationales Privatrecht”, 1997, S. 56.

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magaliTad,germaniis koliziuri samarTali iTvalsiwinebs samkvidros gaxleCis sxva-dasxva safuZvlis _ samarTlis arCevis SemTxvevaSi, miTiTebis da ukumiTiTebis, calkeuli nivTis statutisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis dros. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom miuxedavad, imisa, Tu ra safuZvliT xdeba samkvidro masis gaxleCa, samkvidros TiToeuli nawili mem-kvidreobiT gadadis saerTo samkvidro masisagan damoukidelad. TiToeuli marTlwesrigi wyvets sakuTari samkvidro masis nawilis ̀ beds~: Tu vin iqneba memkvidre, ra wesiT moxdeba memkvidreoba, rogori iqneba savaldebuli wili da sxva.�024

koliziur-samarTlebrivi analizis TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa, ucxouri sasamarTlo praqtikis magaliTi. germaniis federaluri miwis (kiolni) umaRlesi sasamarTlos praqti-kaSi iyo Semdegi precendenti: gardaicvala belgiis moqalaqe, romelsac ukanaskneli Cve-ulebrivi adgilsamyofeli hqonda kiolnSi. mis samkvidro qonebaSi sxva nivTebis garda, Sedioda safrangeTis samxreTSi mdebare orsarTuliani saxli. romeli qveynis marTlwes-rigis mixedviT unda ganawilebuliyo samkvidro?

germaniis koliziuri samarTali, kerZod germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesavali ka-nonis (EGBGB) 25-e muxlis pirveli nawili uTiTebs mamkvidreblis belgiur samarTalze. belgiuri samarTali Code civil-is me-� muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, moZrav qonebis mimarT iyenebs im qveynis samarTals, sadac mamkvidrebels gaaCnda Tavisi ukanaskneli Cve-ulebrivi adgilsamyofeli, xolo uZravi qonebis mimarT_ mis adgilsayoflis samarTals. germaniis koliziuri samarTali germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesavali kanonis me-4 mu-xlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, iziarebs belgiuri koliziuri samarTlis ukumiTiTebas moZ-rav qonebasTan mimarTebaSi. Tavis mxriv, belgiuri koliziuri samarTali Code civil-is me-� muxlis Tanaxmad, orojaxian saxlTan dakavSirebiT uTiTebs frangul samarTals. franguli Code civil-is me-� muxlis meore nawili uZrav samkvidro qonebas uqvemdebarebs mis adgilsamyoflis samarTals da amdenad iziarebs belgiuri samarTlis miTiTebas. Sem-dgomi miTiTeba (Weiterverweisung) gasaziarebulia germaniis koliziuri samarTalisaTvi-sac. aRniSnulis Sedegia samkvidro masis gaxleCa.��25

samkvidro qonebis gaxleCis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad saWiroa gadawydes samarTlis normis gamoyenebis problema, romelic ganisazRvreba Semdegi ori principis Sesabamisad. samkvidro masis erTianobis principi _ aris kontinenturi evropis koliziuri samarTlis principi. memkvidreobis obieqtur-samarTlebrivi sabami mamkvidreblis pirad statutze iZleva mTeli samkvidro masis erTi marTlwesrigis mixedviT gadasvlis garantias.�226aR-niSnuli principi efuZneba universalur samarTalmemkvidreobis kancefcias, romelic SemuSavda romis samarTalSi. am princips gansxvavebulad ganmartavdnen. universaluri samarTalmemkvidreoba xSirad gamomdinareobda iustinianiseul mistikuri ideidan, rom gardacvlili da memkvidre garkveul wilad (quadammodo) warmoadgenen erT pirs da, rom memkvidreSi grZeldeba gardacvlilis pirovneba. am ideis bundovneba gansakuTrebiT naTelia, rodesac arseboben memkvidreebi. aRniSnuli idea SeiZleba ukeT aixsnas praqti-kuli mosazrebebiT, magaliTad, kreditorTa interesebiT; is aRniSnavs mxolod imas, rom samkvidro qoneba erTianad gadadis memkvidreze an Tanamemkvidreze gardacvlili piris wilis CaTvliT. memkvidreebi iReben qonebas erTianad (per universitatem) da ara calkeuli aqtebis saxiT sxvadasxva nivTze. uZvelesi samarTlebrivi sistemebis mier amJamad aRia-rebulia samkvidro qonebis erTianobis principi, rasac savinis unda vumadlodeT.

koliziuri sabamis gaxleCis principis Tanaxmad, rac gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia anglo-amerikuli samarTlisaTvis, uZravi da moZravi qonebis memkvidreobis regulireba xdeba gansaxvavebulad: rogorc wesi, moZravi qonebis sabami aris mamkvidreblis sacxov-rebeli adgilis kanoni (Lex domicili), xolo uZravi qonebis _ nivTis adgilsamyoflis kano-ni (Lex rei sitae).1327sakiTxis gadawyveta, aris Tu ara sakuTrebis uflebis sagani uZravi Tu

1024 Thomas Rauscher, S. 208.1125 Bernd von Hoffman S. 353 vuTiTeb OLG Köln 24.2.1992 - NYW-RR 1992, 1480 - IPRax 1994, 376 m. Anm, Dörner 362-

366 (stark-vereinfacht).1226 Bernd von Hoffman S. 335. 1327Harald Koch, Ulrich Magnus, Peter Winkler von Mohrenfels “IPR und Rechtsvergleichung” München, 1996, S. 120-121.

memkvidreobis urTierTobebis zogierTi koliziuri sakiTxis ... devi xvedeliani

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moZravi qoneba, rogorc wesi, ar warmoadgens problemas da ganisazRvreba nivTis adgil-samyoflis mixedviT.

zemoT ganxilul samkvidro qonebis ganawilebis orive sistemas gaaCnia Tavisi dadeb-iTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT m. volfs, romelic ixilavs am sakiTxs da aRniSnavs, rom samkvidro qonebis dayofis sistemis kritika feodalizmis gamo iqneboda istoriis araswori gageba. araswori iqneboda samkvidro qonebis ganawilebis erTiani sistemis uaryofac. erTianobis normis upiratesoba mis simartiveSia. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi datovebuli uZrav-moZravi qoneba qmnis erTian samkvidro masas. yvela memkvidre iTvleba Tavisi wilis mesakuTred da mTeli samkvidro qonebis masidan xdeba valdebule-bebis dafarva, rogorc es moxdeboda mamkvidreblis sicocxleSi. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebeli xdeba Tavidan aicilon sirTuleebi, rac Tan axlavs samkvidro qonebis ga-nawilebas sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi sistemiT. “samkvidro qonebis erTianobis sistemaSi anderZi SeiZleba iyos namdvili an baTili, samkvidro qonebis dayofis dros erTma da imave sasamarTlom erTi da igive anderZi SeiZleba ganixilos rogorc namdvili, im miwis mimarT, romelic imyofeba qveyana X-Si da rogorc baTili, im miwis mimarT, romelic imy-ofeba qveyana Y-Si”- Tvlis m.volfi. amasTanave mecnieri uTiTebs im mniSvnelovan naklze, romelic gaaCnia am sistemas da mohyavs Semdegi magaliTi: `Tu samarTalmemkvidreobis normebi dadgenili qveyana X-Si gamoyenebul unda iqnas mTeli samkvidro qonebis mimarT, maT Soris miwazec, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mdebareobs qveyanaY–Si, da Tu samarTalmemkvi-dreobis wesi qveyana Y–Si gansxvavebulia, maSin is uflebebi miwaze, romlebic SeZenilia, qveyana X-is kanonmdeblobiT aris nominaluri. qveyana X-is sasamarTloebs ar gaaCniaT araviTari realuri Zalaufleba, raTa ganaxorcielon zemoT aRniSnuli uflebebi.~

rac Seexeba samkvidro qonebis ganawilebis inglisur sistemas m. volfi aRniSnavs Sem-degs - “samkvidro qonebis ganawilebis inglisur sistemas gaaCnia zogierTi uaryofiTi mxare. es exeba 1) valdebulebebis 2) anderZis namdvilobis 3) qonebis gayofis, rodesac gardacvlilma beneficiars dautova avansi 4) da zogierT sxva SemTxvevaSi. Tumca es ar aris dauZleveli dabrkoleba. magaliTad, domicilirebuli ingliseli uZrav-moZrav qonebas tovebs inglisSi, safrangeTsa da germaniaSi. inglisis koliziuri norma mTel samkvidro qonebas yofs sam masad: 1) qonebis masa, romelic regulirdeba inglisis samar-TliT da moZrav-uZravi qoneba, sadac is ar unda imyofebodes 2) qonebis masa, romelic regulirdeba safrangeTis samarTliT da Sedgeba franguli uZravi qonebisagan 3) qonebis masa, romelic regilirdeba germaniis samarTliT da moicavs germaniaSi arsebul uZrav qonebas.” m. volfis mier moyvanil magaliTebSi sakamaod kargad Cans is gansxvavebebi, rom-lebic arsebobs samkvidro qonebis ganawilebis am or sistemas Soris.

saqarTvelos koliziuri samarTali gamomdinareobs ra samkvidro qonebis erTiano-bis principidan, memkvidreTaTvis samkvidro qonebis gadacemis sakiTxSi xelmZRvanelobs gardacvlilis nacionaluri samarTliT. `saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~ saqar-Tvelos �998 wlis kanoni memkviderobis samarTalurTierTobebs awesrigebs 55-e da 56-e muxlebiT. kanonis 55-e muxli gansazRvravs memkvidreobiT urTierTobebs, xolo 56-e mux-li anderZis formas. 55-e muxlis Sinaarsi cxadyofs, rom memkvidreobis urTierTobebis mowesrigebisas Cveni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlisaTvis amosavali koliziuri principi aris mamkvidreblis moqalaqeoba da samkvidro qonebis erTianoba. qarTul koliziur sa-marTalSi samkvidro masis gaxleCis sakiTxi SeiZleba gaCndes mxolod sxva qveynis (maT Soris mesame qveynis) marTlwesrigis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu es ukanaskneli erTmane-Tisagan mijnavs moZrav da uZrav samkvidro qonebas.

vinaidan saqarTvelos koliziuri samarTali iziarebs samkvidro qonebis erTianobis princips, gasaTvaliswinebelia is problemebi, romlebic Tan axlavs samkvidro qonebis ganawilebis am sistemas. magaliTad, Tu saqarTvelos moqalaqis gardacvalebis Semdeg sxva qonebasTan erTad darCa uZravi qoneba inglisSi, Cveni kanoni gavrceldeba mTel samkvidroze, xolo inglisis memkvidreobis wesi gansxvavebulad gavrceldeba uZravi da moZravi qonebis mimarT. ufleba uZrav qonebaze SeZenili saqarTvelos samarTliT, iqneba nominaluri. Cveni kanoni, ubralod, ver aRsruldeba. qarTuli koliziuri norma SeiZle-

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ba srulfasovnad ganxorcieldes mxolod im qveynebSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, aRiareben samkvidro qonebis erTianobis sistemas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi samarTlebrivi sistema, romelmac aRiara samkvidro qonebis erTianoba, daTmobaze wavida samkvidro qonebis dayofis sistemasTan. magaliTad, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesavali kanonis me-� muxlis me-� nawili da ruseTis fed-eraciis samoqalaqo kodeqsis �225-e muxli.

analogiurad, Cveni nawilobriv ukan daxeva saxelmZRvanelo principisagan, iqneba im-denad moxerxebuli, ramdenadac gamarTlebuli praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis srulyofis mizniT, saWiroa damateba Sevides ̀ saerTaSoriso kerZo samar-Tlis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 55-e muxlSi da igi Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:

`muxli 55. memkvidreobiTi urTierTobebi �. memkvidreobiTi urTierTobebi wesrigdeba im qveynis samarTliT, romelsac ma-

mkvidrebeli gardacvalebisas ganekuTvneboda, moqalaqeobis armqone piris mi-marT gamoiyeneba im qveynis samarTali, sadac mas hqonda ukanaskneli Cveule-brivi adgilsamyofeli, aseTis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba saqarTvelos samarTali.

2. aRniSnuli wesi ar vrceldeba uZrav qonebaze, romelic imyofeba sxva saxelmwi-fos teritoriaze da eqvemdebareba mis adgilsamyoflis samarTliT mowesrige-bas~.

II. anderZiT memkvidreobis koliziuri sakiTxebi

1.saanderZogankargulebaTaproblemurisakiTxebi

saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis sferoSi memkvidreobis sakiTxebs Soris mniSvnelova-ni adgili ukavia anderZiT memkvidreobas. anderZiT memkvidreobis sakiTxebis gadawyvetas emsaxureba zogierTi specialuri norma rogorc qveynis Sida kanonmdeblobaSi, aseve saer-TaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis ��44-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, anderZi kanoniT dadgenili formiT Sedgenili mamkvidreblis (moanderZis) gankargulebaa gardac-valebis SemTxvevaSi misi qonebis bedis Sesaxeb. is calmxrivi garigebaa.�428aseve calmxrivi garigebaa anderZis Secvlis an gauqmebis aqti. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom yvela qvey-nis kanonmdebloba Tavis moTxovnebs uyenebs aseT garigebebs. amdenad, praqtikaSi xSirad wamoiWreba iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa moanderZis qmedunarianoba, nebis nakli, for-mis daucveloba. saerTo koliziuri principebi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia, upirveles yovlisa, ormxrivi garigebebisaTvis (xelSekrulebebisaTvis) yovelTvis ar gamoiyeneba iseTi specifikuri calmxrivi garigebebisaTvis, rogoricaa anderZi.�529amitom rogorc Cve-ni qveynis, aseve sxva qveynebis kanonmdebloba, calke awesrigebs anderZiT memkvidreobis sakiTxebs.

`saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis koliziuri norma (56-e muxli), romelic gansazRvras im samarTlebriv wesrigs, romelic unda gamoiyenon ander-ZiT memkvidreobisas, atarebs alternatiul xasiaTs. aRniSnuli norma uSvebs samarTlis arCevis SesaZleblobas, magram es arCevani ganisazRvreba ara mamkvidreblis (moanderZis) mier, aramed kanoniT. anu kerZo nebis avtonomiis principi ar vrceldeba memkvidreobis urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis arCevaze.

unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi qveynis saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis normebi Sez-RudvebiT, magram dasaSvebad miiCneven moanderZis mier samarTlebrivi sistemis arCevas, romlis normebi samkvidros gaxsnis Semdeg gamoyenebul iqneba memkvidreobis urTier-

1428 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, avtorTa koleqtivi, wigni 5, Tb., 2000 w. gv. 40�.

1529 Марышева Н.И., ук.соч. С. 425.


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Tobebis mosawesrigeblad. erT-erT aseT debulebas Seicavs germanuli samarTali, kerZod germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesavali kanoni (EGBGB). am kanonis 25-e muxlSi naTqvamia: „(�). samarTalmemkvidreoba gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi ganisazRvreba im saxelmwifos sa-marTliT, romlis moqalaqec iyo mamkvidrebeli gardacvalebis momentisaTvis. (2). uZravi qonebis mimarT, romelic imyofeba qveynis SigniT, mamkvidrebels Tavisi gankargulebiT gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia airCios germanuli samarTali~.�630

rogorc vxedavT, germanuli norma, uqvemdebarebs ra memkvidreobis urTierTobebs moanderZis moqalaqeobis samarTals, amasTanave dasaSvebad miiCnevs, rom mamkvidrebelma germaniaSi arsebuli uZravi qonebis mimarT TviTon airCios samarTali. mxareTa nebis av-tonomia saerTaSoriso memkvidreobis samarTalSi aris diskusiis sagani da Sedarebis gake-Tebisas igi, rogorc manamde, warmoadgens gamonakliss.

samarTlebrivi sistemis arCevis formaze ar vrceldeba garigebis formis saerTo we-sebi ($��). kanonis 25-e muxlis me-2 abzaci uTiTebs im moTxovnebze, romlebic gaTvalis-winebulia amave kanonis 26-e muxlis I-IV abzacebiT. memkvidreobis urTierTobis momwesri-gebeli samarTlis arCevis forma aris namdvili, Tu is pasuxobs erT-erTs im moTxovnaTa-gan, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia kanonis 26-e muxliT, mamkvidreblis gankargulebisaTvis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi.�731

zemoT moyvanili magaliTidan Cans, rom SesaZlebloba memkvidreobis urTierTobebis ara im samarTlebrivi sistemisadmi daqvemdebarebisa, romelsac iTvaliswinebs koliziuri norma, aris SezRuduli. amasTanave naTelia, rom Tundac am SezRuduli SesaZleblobis gamoyenebiT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia radikalurad Seicvalos aRniSnuli ur-TierTobebis mowesrigeba.

saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis specialur problemaTagan memkvidreobis sferoSi, erT-erTs warmoadgens anderZis formis problema. anderZis formisadmi gamosayenebe-li samarTlis gansazRvris problema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom, erTi mxriv, saerTo wesis Tanaxmad saanderZo gankargulebaTa forma ganisazRvreba memkvidreobis statutiT. ama-sTanave, meore mxriv, anderZi warmoadgens calxriv samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv garigebas. amdenad sxva koliziuri principisadmi (anderZis Sedgenis qveynis samarTalisaTvis) mi-marTva SeiZleba bunebrivad ganixilebodes.�832aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom anderZi, romelic formis dacviT Sedgenilia erT qveyanaSi ar Seesabamebodes meore qveynis samkvidros statutiT gaTvaliswinebul anderZis formas da iTvlebodes baTilad. koliziur-samarTlebriv sabams, romelic atarebs aliternatiul xasiaTs, icnobs zo-gierTi qveynis, maT Soris germaniis samarTali. samkvidros statutis mixedviT xorciel-deba samkvidrosTan dakavSirebuli yvela sakiTxis gadawyveta. gamonakliss warmoadgens saanderZo gankargulebaTa forma, romelic EGBGB–es 26-e muxlSi gansakuTrebiT aris mowesrigebuli.�933EGBGB–es 26-e I-IV muxlSi mocemulma alternatiulma koliziurma sa-bamebma unda gamoricxon anderZis baTiloba formis daucvelobis gamo.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos koliziur samarTals, igi erTmaneTisagan ar ganasxvavebs samkvidros saerTo statuts da anderZis formis statuts. rogorc samkvidros saerTo statuti, ise anderZis formis statuti ganisazRvreba mamkvidreblis moqalaqeobis kano-niT. gamonakliss warmoadgens SemTxveva, rodesac anderZi Seexeba uZrav qonebas. am dros anderZis formis namdvilobisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba ara mamkvidreblis moqalaqeobis qveynis samarTals, aramed im qveynis samarTals, sadac uZravi qoneba imyo-feba.

anderZis formis problema ganpirobebulia imiTac, rom moTxovnebi, romlebic waeye-neba anderZis formas sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdeblobis mier gansxvavdeba ara mxolod

1630 Einführungsgesetz zum BGB “Zivilrecht, Wirtschaftsrecht“ - Baden-Baden, 1998/19991731 Bernd von Hoffman S. 337, 338, vuTiTeb Soergel - Schuring, Art 25, Rz. 3, Müko-Birk. Art. 25, Rz. 21 mit Beispielen in

Fussn. 27, Soergel - Schuring, Art 25, Rz. 9; Staudinger - Dörher, Art. 25, Rz. 4981832 Ануфриева Л.П., ук. соч, С. 5271933 Palandt-Heldrich, Art.25 EGBGB, Rz.10; zur Form s.Rz 33-40

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detalebSi, aramed, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, principuladac. Tu zogierT qveyanaSi formis dacviT Sedgenilad iTvleba mxolod is anderZi, romelic dadasturebulia saxelmwifos mier amisaTvis uflebamosili organos an Tanamdebobis piris mier (sajaro anderZi), sxva SemTxvevebSi dasaSvebia e. w. kerZo anderZebi. magram maSinac, rodesac saubaria erTi ti-pis, magaliTad, sajaro anderZebze, Znelia ipovo Tundac ramdenime qveyana, romelSic anderZis formisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi bolomde emTxveva erTmaneTs. amdenad mniS-vnelovania, rom koliziurma normam, rac SeiZleba vrclad asaxos is sakiTxebi, romelTa Taobazec SesaZlebelia kanonTa koliziis warmoSoba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis, kerZod `saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~ kanonis 56-e muxlis Tanaxmad, anderZi iTvleba formis dacviT Sed-genilad, Tu igi pasuxobs sami pirobidan erT-erTs ,(�) im qveynis samarTals, romelsac mamkvidrebeli gardacvalebisas ganekuTvneboda, (2) im qveynis samarTals, sadac mamkvid-rebels gardacvalebisas hqonda Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofeli, (�) im qveynis samarTals, sadac imyofeboda uZravi qoneba, romelsac exeba anderZi. uZravi qoneba cvlis anderZis formis sakolizio princips. anderZi yovelTvis iTvleba formis dacviT Sedgenilad, Tu igi Seesabameba im qveynis samarTals, sadac imyofeba uZravi qoneba.2034amasTanave unda aRi-niSnos, rom qarTuli koliziuri norma ar Seicavs mTel rig sakiTxebs, romlebic damaxa-siaTebelia anderZiT memkvidreobis urTierTobebisaTvis: �) `saerTaSoriso kerZo samar-Tlis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 56-e muxli Semoifargleba ra mxolod anderZis for-miT, masSi araferia naTqvami anderZis namdvilobisaTvis iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa moanderZis asaki, qmedunarianoba, misi sxva Tvisebebi, anderZis mowmeebi. 2) qarTuli koliziuri norma ar azustebs, Tu uZravi qonebis ra nawili unda imyofebo-des qveyanaSi, rom anderZi, romelic exeba uZrav qonebas, CaiTvalos am qveynis samarTliT saanderZo gankargulebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli formis dacviT. �) igi ar iTvaliswinebs iseT sakiTxsac, rogoricaa moanderZis mier moqalaqeobis an domicilis Secvla anderZis Sedgenis Semdeg. romeli qveynis samarTliT unda vixelmZRvaneloT aseT SemTxvevaSi _ im qveynis, romlis moqalaqec iyo moanderZe anderZis Sedgenis momentSi, Tu im qveynisa, rom-lis moqalaqec Semdeg gaxda moanderZe? kanoni amis Taobaze dums, rac ver uzrunvelyofs moanderZis mier erTxel gamoxatuli ukanaskneli nebis namdvilobas. SedarebisaTvis ger-maniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesavali kanoni erT muxlSi zedmiwevniT awesrigebs rogorc saanderZo gankargulebis formis, aseve masTan dakavSirebul sxva sakiTxebsac. aRniSnuli kanonis 26-e muxli Seicavs im pirobebs, romlebsac unda pasuxobdes anderZi, raTa CaiT-valos formis dacviT Sedgenilad. aseTi pirobebia: (�) im romelime saxelmwifos samar-Tali, romlis moqalaqe iyo moanderZe nebis gamoxatvis an gardacvalebis momentSi ,(2) im adgilis samarTali, sadac moanderZem gamoxata Tavisi neba, (�) im adgilis samarTali, sadac moanderZes nebis gamoxatvis an gardacvalebis momentisaTvis gaaCnda sacxovrebeli an Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofeli, (4) im adgilis samarTali, sadac imyofeba uZravi qoneba im moculobiT, ra moculobiTac aris masze saubari (5) samarTali, romelic gamoiyeneba samarTalmemkvidreobisas gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi an romelic gamoyenebul iqneboda (mis mimarT) gankargulebis gakeTebis momentisaTvis.

samkvidro qonebis statutis Semcvlis (Statutenwechsel) Sedegebs awesrigebs kanonis 26-e muxlis me-5 abzaci., romlis Tanaxmad, saanderZo gankargulebis namdviloba da saval-debulo Zala eqvemdebareba im samarTals, romelic gamoyenebul iqneboda samarTalmem-kvidreobisas saanderZo gankargulebis gakeTebis momentisaTvis.

warmodgenili magaliTidan Cans, rom qarTuli koliziuri normiT ar aris mowesri-gebuli anderZiT memkvidreobis sakiTxTa naxevaric, xolo analogiis principis gamoy-enebiT yvela sakiTxis mikuTvneba anderZis formisadmi ar aris saukeTeso gamosavali da metyvelebs xarvezze kanonmdeblobaSi. memkvidreobis sferoSi arsebuli kanonmdeblobis srulyofis mizniT da zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis gaTvaliswinebiT mizanSewonilia, rom `saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi anderZiT memkvidreobis sakiTxebi mowesrigdes ramdenime muxliT an Sesabamisi cvlilebebi da damatebebi Sevides

2034T. liluaSvili, miT. naS. gv. �20.


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amave kanonis 56-e muxlSi da igi Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:`muxli 56. anderZiT memkvidreoba.

�. saanderZo gankarguleba iTvleba formis dacviT Sedgenilad, Tu igi Seesabameba im qveynis samarTals:a) romelsac mamkvidrebeli gardacvalebisas ganekuTvneboda.b) sadac mamkvidrebels gardacvalebisas hqonda Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofeli.g) sadac imyofeba uZravi qonebis ZiriTadi nawili, romelsac exeba anderZi.

2. im gankargulebis formis mimarT, romliTac xdeba anderZis Secvla an moSla, ise-ve rogorc sxva gankargulebebis mimarT, gamoiyeneba am muxlis pirveli punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesebi.

�. moTxovnebi, gaTvaliswinebuli moanderZis asakis, qmedunarianobis da sxva piradi TvisebebisaTvis ganixileba rogorc saanderZo gankargulebis formisadmi mikuT-vnebuli. igive exeba moTxovnebs, gaTvaliswinebuls anderZis mowmeebisaTvis.

4. danarCen SemTxvevaSi, saanderZo gankargulebis namdviloba ganisazRvreba im qvey-nis samarTliT, romelic gamoyenebul iqneboda saanderZo gankargulebis gake-Tebis momentSi~.

2.anderZiTmemkvidreobissakiTxebisregulirebasaerTaSorisosamarTlebrivaqtebSirodesac vsaubrobT anderZiT memkvidreobaze saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTalSi ar

SeiZleba ori sityviT ar avRniSnoT Tu romeli saerTaSoriso aqtebi awesrigeben mem-kvidreobis urTierTobebs saerTaSoriso doneze. memkvidreobis urTierTobebi warmoad-genen samoqalaqo brunvis yvelaze konservatiul nawils. amiT aixsneba memkvidreobis sa-kiTxebze saerTaSoriso universaluri unifikaciis TiTqmis sruli ararseboba an aseTi normebis SezRudva koliziuri normebiT regionaluri an ormxrivi saxelmwifoTaSoriso urTierTobebis doneze. im zogierT saerTaSoriso aqtebs Soris, romlebic awesrigeben memkvidreobis urTierTobebs aris vaSingtonis �97� wlis 2� oqtomberis konvencia, haa-gis �97� wlis 2 oqtombris konvencia, romelic exeba sazRvargareT arsebul samkvidro qonebis memkvidreobas, haagis �96� wlis 5 oqtombris konvencia saanderZo gankargulebis formis kanonTa koliziis Sesaxeb. am konvenciis monawile aris ocdaaTi saxelmwifo, maT Soris avstria, inglisi, belgia, dania, espaneTi, irlandia, israeli, norvegia, poloneTi, SvedeTi, Sveicaria, germania, safrangeTi, iaponia. regionalur unificirebul xelSekru-lebebs Soris yvelaze cnobilia bustamantes kodeqsi, miRebuli havanaSi �928 wlis 20 Tebervals. igi aerTianebs laTinuri amerikis �5 qveyanas da ucvlelad moqmedebs ukve 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi.2��5

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, igi aris minskis �99� wlis 22 ianvris samoqalaqo, saojaxo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze samarTlebrivi daxmarebisa da samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb konvenciis wevri. aRniSnuli konvenciis 47-e muxlis Tanaxmad, piris unari ander-Zis Sedgenisa da gauqmebis, agreTve anderZisa da misi gauqmebis forma, ganisazRvreba im mxaris uflebiT, sadac moanderZes sacxovrebeli adgili hqonda aqtis Sedgenis momentSi. magram anderZi an misi gauqmeba ar SeiZleba cnobil iqnas baTilad misi formis daucve-lobis gamo, Tu es ukanaskneli akmayofilebs misi Sedgenis adgilis uflebis moTxovnebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom konvencia qarTuli koliziuri normisagan gansxvavebiT, gamodis ara moanderZis moqalaqeobis principidan, aramed misi sacxovrebeli adgilis principidan, romelic gansazRvravs memkvidreobis statuts. amasTanave konvecnia ar akeTebs rame gamo-nakliss uZravi qonebis mimarT, romelsac SeiZleba Seexos anderZi. aseTi anderZis forma ganisazRvreba im qveynis samarTliT, sadac moanderZes hqonda domicili aqtis Sedgenis momentSi. garda amisa konvencia adgens, rom anderZi an misi gauqmeba ar SeiZleba cnobili iqnen baTilad formis daucvelobis gamo, Tu es ukanaskneli akmayofilebs misi Sedgenis adgilis samarTlis moTxovnebs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tu saqarTvelo momavalSi Seuer-Tdeba romelime sxva SeTanxmebas, romlis normebi winaaRmdegobaSi mova minskis konvecni-asTan, imoqmedebs axali SeTanxmebis normebi, vinaidan minskis konvencia atarebs ormxriv

2135 Марышева Н.И., ук.соч. С. 415-416.

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xasiaTs da igi ar exeba sxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa debulebebs, romelTa monawi-lenic arian xelSemkvreli mxareebi (konvenciis 82-e muxli).

daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom `saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~ saqar-Tvelos kanonis memkvidreobis samarTlis maregulirebeli normebi saWiroeben srulyo-fas maTSi cvlilebebis Setanis an axali redaqciiT Camoyalibebis gziT, rogorc es SemoTavazebuli iyo aRniSnuli kanonis 55-e muxlTan mimarTebaSi. aseve koreqtirebas saWiroebs `saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 56-e muxlic. mizanSewonilia, rom `saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi an-derZiT memkvidreobis sakiTxebi mowesrigdes ramdenime muxliT an Sesabamisi cvlilebebi da damatebebi Sevides amave kanonis 56-e muxlSi, romelic SeiZleba Camoyalibdes statiaSi SemoTavazebuli axali redaqciiT. rac Seexeba statutis sakiTxs, saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali, samarTlis doqtrinis doneze igi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad: „sta-tuti (lex causa) aris im qveynis samarTlebrivi sistema, romelzec miuTiTebs koliziuri norma da romelic awesrigebs konkretul samarTalurTierTobas`.

aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo winadadebebi ufro srulyofils gaxdis saqarTvelos ka-nonmdeblobas da memkvidreobis urTierTobebis regulirebas saerTaSoriso kerZo sa-marTlis sferoSi.


�. T. lilaSvili „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali`, Tb.2000w.

2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, avtorTa koleqtivi, wigni 5, Tb., 2000 w. gv. 40�.

3. Bernd von Hoffman “Internationales Privatrecht, einschlisslich der Grundzüge des

Internationalen zivil verfahrensrecht” München, 1999.

4. Hemmer/Wüste/Berger - Walliser/Knoblauch/Merkner “Internationales Privatrecht”, 1997.

5. Harald Koch, Ulrich Magnus, Peter Winkler von Mohrenfels “IPR und Rechtsvergleichung” München, 1996.

6. Thomas Rauscher “Internationales Privatrecht”, Heidelberg, 1999.

7. Palandt-Heldrich, Art.25 EGBGB, Rz.10; zur Form s.Rz 33-40

8. Ануфриева Л. П. «Международное частное право», т.2, М.2002г.

9. Богуславский М. М. «Международное частное право», М. 2000 г.

10. Маковский А. Н., Жильцов А.Н., Муранов А.И. «Международное частное право», Иност-ранное законодательство. М. 2001г.

11. Марышева Н. И. «Международное частное право», М. 2000 г.


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PeCUliariTy of regUlaTion of soMe Collision issUes of The inheriTanCe relaTions in The inTernaTional PrivaTe laW

Devi Khvedeliani

Abstract

Purpose - the purpose of the presented article is the survey, analysis of international private legal is-sues and search for not only the ways of settlement of concrete issues, but also substantiation of the necessity of the respective amendments and additions for perfection of our legislation.

Design/methodology/approach – The methodology and theoretical fundamentals of the article are logical, historical, systematic-legal and comparative-legal methods. During the process of scientific research concerning the specified theme the following literal materials has been studied and applied – dissertations, articles, normative material of Georgia and foreign countries and the practice related to it.

Findings – As a conclusion, it is necessary to emphasize that the Article # 55 and # 56 of the Law of Georgia “On International Private Law”, which regulates the issue of inheritance with the law and testament in the international private law, are not perfect and need to be perfected.

research limitation/implications – The research showed us that the Article # 55 of the Law of Geor-gia “On International Law” applies to the legislation of the country of the testator in relation with the movables and the real estate of the inherited property. The aforesaid does not provide execution of our norms in the countries, the legislation of which separates the regulations of inheritance of movables and real estate property. As far as inheritance with a testament is concerned, the Article # 56 of the Law does not include a number of significant issues concerning inheritance with a testa-ment and the inheritance relations are subordinate only to the legislation of the country, a citizen of which the testator was for the moment of his death and, finally, it can not provide validity of the will once shown by the testator.

Originality/value – The scientific novelty of the article is the fact that in the science of the Georgian law an attempt of research of the inheritance issues has been realized for the first time in the interna-tional private law. As a result of the aforesaid new offers of practical significance are presented and substantiated in the work, which can be proved according to a legislative regulation in the “Interna-tional Private Law” in the law of Georgia.

- 9� -

administraciuli saqmeebis gansjadobis zogadi mimoxilva sazRvargareTis zogierT qveyanaSi

(aSS, safrangeTi, germania, indoeTi)136

maka salxinaSviliiuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidati

asocirebuli profesori

saqarTveloSi naklebad Seswavlili sakiTxia administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis problemebi sazRvargareTis zogierT qveyanaSi. am qveynebis gamocdilebis umetesobis gaTvaliswineba ki SesaZlebelia gaxdes misaRebi Cveni qveynisaTvis.

mmarTvelobis sferoSi kanonierebis erT-erT garantias warmoadgens iuridiulad dadgenili, saerTo sasamarTloebis SesaZlebloba gaakontrolos sajaro administraciis moqmedebebi. sasamarTlo kontroli _ es aris sasamarTlos moqmedebebis formebi da pro-cedurebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba sajaro administraciis aqtebis da moqmedebebis kanon-ierebis Sesamowmeblad samarTaldarRvevebisa da administraciuli davebis sasamarTlo ganxilvis procesSi.

saerTo sasamarTloebi, administraciuli sasamarTloebisa da tribunalebisagan gan-sxvavebiT, romelTa kompetencias Seadgens mxolod administraciuli iurisdiqciis ganx-orcieleba, uflebamosilni arian gadawyviton praqtikulad mxareTa Soris yvela saxis dava. sajaro administraciis aqtebsa da moqmedebebze kontroli saerTo sasamarTloebis uflebamosilebis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa. misi farglebi, principebi da organizacia, saq-mis ganxilvis wesi damokidebulia qveynis samarTlebrivi sistemis specifikaze, erovnul tradiciebze, konkretul socialur da politikur pirobebze da saxelmwifo reJimis Taviseburebaze. aseTi kontrolis farglebi da principebi SeiZleba dadgindes konsti-tuciiT (mag.: germaniasa da iaponiaSi), kanonebiT (avstraliis kanoni „administraciuli gadawyvetilebebis Sesaxeb` �977 w.) da sasamarTlo praqtikiT, romelic adgens saerTo sa-samarTloebisa da administraciuli sasamarTloebis kompetenciis gansazRvras (gayofas).

am kriteriumiT, iuridiul literaturaSi, sazRvargareTis qveynebi SeiZleba davyoT Semdeg jgufebad:

�) qveynebi, sadac aRiarebulia administraciuli sasamarTloebis roli mmarTvelo-biTi xasiaTis davebis gadawyvetisas da saerTo sasamarTloebis kompetencia arse-biTad gansazRvrulia (franguli da germanuli administraciuli iusticiis siste-mis qveynebi). gamonakliss warmoadgens ramdenime saxelmwifo (mag.: italia), sadac praqtikaSi daiSveba administraciuli gasaCivrebis alternatiuli xerxi an saerTo sasamarTloSi an administraciul tribunalSi;

2) qveynebi, sadac saerTo sasamarTloebi, zogierTi gamonaklisiT, uflebamosilni arian ganixilon nebismieri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti, Tumca maTi kom-petencia kanoniT SeiZleba SemosazRvruli iyos specialuri administraciuli tri-bunalebiT (iurisdiqciuli kontrolis anglosaqsuri modelis qveynebi);

�) qveynebi, sadac administraciuli iusticiis specializebuli dawesebulebebi pra-qtikulad ar arseboben, saerTo sasamarTlo ki aris erTaderTi iurisdiqciuli organo, romelic aRWurvilia nebismieri administraciuli davis ganxilvis ufle-biT, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda (iaponia, norvegia dania da aS);

4) qveynebi, sadac administraciuli tribunalebi ar arsebobs, mmarTvelobasTan da-kavSirebuli davebi wydeba administraciuli gasaCivrebis gziT. saerTo sasamarT-loebSi SesaZlebelia mxolod mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis mxolod mcire nawilis gasaCivreba (avtoritaruli politikuri reJimis mqone qveynebi).

saxelmwifoebSi, sadac arsebobs administraciuli sasamarTloebi (pirveli da meore

136 ix. Административное право зарубежных стран, под. ред. Козырина, Штатиной, Москва, 2003, стр. 199-211

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jgufebi) gamoiyofa saerTo sasamarTloebis kompetenciis mmarTvelobiTi urTierTobi-dan warmoSobili davebis ganxilvis � sfero: saerTo sasamarTloebis gansakuTrebuli kompetencia; saerTo sasamarTloebisa da administraciuli tribunalebis Tanxvedrili kompetencia; administraciuli tribunalebisa da kvazisasamarTlo organoebis kontro-lis kompetencia.

gansakuTrebuli kompetencia dgindeba kanonebiT an sasamarTlo praqtikiT. anglosaq-sur qveynebSi saerTo sasamarTloebis gansakuTrebul kompetencias miekuTvneba Zalauf-lebis gadametebasTan da borotad gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi.

Tanxvedrili kompetenciis sferoSi Sedis administraciis aqtebiT kerZo pirebis su-bieqturi uflebebis darRveva. saerTo sasamarTloebi administraciul tribunalebTan erTad gvevlineba am uflebebis garantad.

administraciuli tribunalebis kontrolis kompetencia yvela qveyanaSi, franguli modelis qveynebis garda, efuZneba saerTo princips: administraciuli tribunalebis ga-dawyvetilebebi ar aris saboloo da SeiZleba gadaxedon saerTo sasamarTloSi. zogierT qveyanaSi aseTi gadawyvetilebebis gadaxedva Semoifargleba samarTlis sakiTxiT (maga-liTad, italia, avstralia), sxva qveynebSi ki administraciuli iusticiis organos mier aSkarad mcdari gadawyvetilebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi (aSS, didi britaneTi) _ vrceldeba faqtebis dadgenis sakiTxebzec. anglosaqsuri samarTlis sistemis qveynebSi moqmedebs sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mier udavo kontrolis ganxorcielebis wesi or SemTxvevaSi: rodesac administraciuli organo aWarbebs Tavis uflebamosilebas; rodesac is moqme-debs Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi, magram arasworad iRebs samarTlis normebs.

saerTo sasamarTloebis kompetencia im qveynebSi, sadac ar arsebobs administraciuli iusticiis organoebi, SeiZleba exebodes praqtikulad nebismier administraciul davas. iaponiis �946 wlis konstituciam daadgina, rom yvela samarTlebrivi konfliqti, admini-straciulis CaTvliT, ixileba umaRlesi sasamarTlos da qvemdgomi sasamarTloebis mier. amis mixedviT, sasamarTloSi mimarTvisaTvis ar aris saWiro administraciul organoSi saCivriT winaswari mimarTva. norvegiaSi sasamarTlo praqtikam gamoimuSava dauwereli wesi, romliTac saerTo sasamarTloebs ufleba aqvs ganixilos saCivrebi nebismieri admi-nistraciuli organos, maT Soris mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebze.

saerTo sasamarTloebis administraciuli iurisdiqciis ZiriTadi formebi yvela saz-RvargareTis qveyanaSi aris pirdapiri da iribi kontroli. pirdapiri kontroli es aris sadavo administraciuli moqmedebebis an aqtebis kanonierebis ganxilva kerZo pirebis da gaerTianebebis sarCelis safuZvelze. pirdapiri kontrolis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos SeuZlia moaxdinos administraciuli aqtis anulireba an misces brZaneba gansazRvrul administraciul organos Seasrulos raime moqmedeba an Tavi Seikavos misi Sesrulebisgan. iribi kontroli ar gulisxmobs sasamarTloSi specialur mimarTvas administraciuli aqtis kanonierebis dadgenis mizniT. igi xorcieldeba samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis ganxilvisas, ra drosac xdeba im mmarTvelobis aqtebis kanonierebis Semowmeba, romelsac mniSvneloba aqvs gansaxilveli saqmisaTvis. iribi kontrolisas administra-ciuli aqtis kanonierebis sakiTxi warmoiSoba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlosaTvis au-cilebelia, rom gadawyvetileba gansaxilvel saqmeze daafuZnos administraciul aqts. aqtis arakanonierad cnobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo uars acxadebs gamoiyenos igi am kon-kretul saqmeSi da gamoricxavs mas samarTlebrivi regulirebisgan am konkretul samarT-lebriv konfliqtSi. Tu gadavxedavT am mxriv saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas, vfiqrobT, cxadi iqneba, rom saqarTveloSi arsebobs pirdapiri kontrolis forma, rac, rogorc ze-moTaa aRniSnuli, gulisxmobs sasamarTloSi mimarTvis safuZvelze administraciis aqte-bisa da qmedebebis gasaCivrebis uflebas da mmarTvelobis aqtis gasaCivrebisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetisas misi gamoyenebis aucilebloba dadges. sasamarTloebis mier iribi kontroli administraciaze moqalaqeTa administraciis ukanono qmedebebisgan dacvis ufro nakleb garantias qmnis. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba am mriv demokratiulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

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im qveynebSi, sadac administraciuli iurisdiqciis dawesebulebebi gamoyofilia saer-To sasamarTloebis sistemidan, warmoiqmneba maTi kompetenciis gamoyofis problema am sasamarTloebis kompetenciisagan. sxvadasxva formiT es problema wydeba e.w. `taqsaciis~ meTodis gamoyenebiT, romlis mixedviTac sasamarTlo praqtikiT an kanoniT dgindeba saerTo principi da isazRvreba administraciuli davebi, romlebic eqvemdebareba saer-To an administraciul sasamarTloebSi ganxilvas. taqsacia SeiZleba iyos negatiuri _ zogjer kanoni gansazRvravs saqmeebs, an saqmeebis jgufs, romlebic gamoiricxeba ama Tu im sasamarTlos gansjadobidan. is SeiZleba iyos pozitiuric _ am dros xdeba CamoTvla im saqmeebis, an saqmeTa jgufebis, romlebic eqvemdebareba ama Tu im iurisdiqciis sasa-marTlos gansjadobas. taqsaciis meTodis saxesxvaobas warmoadgens enumeraciis meTodi, rodesac arsebobs ara konkretuli saqmeebis an saqmeTa jgufebis CamonaTvali, aramed mi-TiTebulia saerTo formis mixedviT saqmeTa saxeebi (mag.: sagadasaxado, miwis socialuri da a.S).

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi e.w. „taqsaciis` meTodi gamoiyeneba saerTo sasa-marTloTa sistemaSi saqmeebis administraciul da samoqalaqo saqmeebad gamijvnisaTvis. saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso da samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsebiT gansaz-Rvrulia im saqmeebis (saqmeTa jgufebis) CamonaTvali, romelic eqvemdebareba Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo da administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis wesiT ganxilvas. kodeqsebSi ki ga-moyenebulia e.w. „taqsaciis` pozitiuri meTodi, da aseve „enumeraciis` meTodi, vinaidan mocemulia saqmeTa jgufebis CamonaTvali (samoqalaqo, saojaxo, Sromis da a.S _ samoqa-laqo saproceso kodeqsiT; gamomdinare administraciuli samarTlis kanonmdeblobidan _ administraciuli saproceso kodeqsiT).

saerTo principi, romlis Sesabamisad iyofa saerTo da administraciuli sasamarTloe-bis kompetencia, im qveynebSi, sadac ganviTarebulia administraciuli iusticia, SeiZleba gamoixatos formulaSi: davebi, warmoqmnili sajaro administraciis moqmedebis Sedegad, wydeba administraciuli iusticiis organoebis mier.

safrangeTSi administraciuli iusticiis organoebis gansjadia yvela saqme, romelic exeba sajaro dawesebulebebis mmarTvelobiT uflebamosilebas. gamonaklisia da saer-To sasamarTloebis gansjadia saqmeebi, romlebic exeba �) arapirdapir gadasaxadebs, so-cialur uzrunvelyofas, da sxva. es negatiuri taqsacia atarebs `gamonaklisebi kanon-mdeblis nebiT~ saxelwodebas. 2) pirovnebis statuss (uflebaunarianoba, moqalaqeoba), kerZo pirebis qonebas, �) administraciuli organoebis qmedebebs, romlebsac ar aqvs ad-ministraciuli xasiaTi.

sadavo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, romlebic Seexeba sasamarTloebis kompetenciis pra-qtikul gayofas, Seqmnilia tribunali konfliqtebis Sesaxeb, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Se-dis iusticiis ministri da saxelmwifo sabWos da sakasacio sasamarTlos 4 wevri.

germaniaSiàdministraciuli sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ �960 wlis kanoni adgens, rom administraciuli sasamarTloebis kompetencia vrceldeba yvela sajaro samarTlebrivi xasiaTis davaze, garda konstituciur samarTlebrivisa. garda amisa, administraciuli sasamarTloebis kompetenciaSi Sedis aseve calkeuli samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi sakiT-xebis gadawyveta, Tu isini pirdapir gamodinareobs administraciuli saqmidan. saerTo sasamarTloebis gansjadobas germaniaSi miekuTvneba davebi sajaro dawesebulebis admi-nistraciis monawileobiT, romlebic ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia zianis anazRaurebasTan, kompensaciasTan.

anglosaqsuri sistemis qveynebSi administraciuli iusticiis organoebis kompetencia dgindeba rogorc wesi, pozitiuri taqsaciis meTodiT. mag. did britaneTSi administra-ciuli tribunalebis sagnobrivi iurisdiqcia dgindeba calkeuli normatiuli aqtebiT.

aSS-Si àdministraciuli procedurebis Sesaxeb~ �947 wlis kanoni gansazRvravs kerZo pirebis saerTo sasamarTloSi mimarTvis SesaZleblobas da afarToebs administraciuli tribunalebis iurisdiqcias. kerZo pirebs ar SeuZliaT mimarTon saerTo sasamarTlos mxolod or SemTxvevaSi: Tu kanoni iTvaliswinebs saCivris ganxilvis sxva proceduras da Tu administraciulma organom ar gadaaWarba Tavis uflebamosilebas.

administraciuli saqmeebis gansjadobis zogadi mimoxilva ... maka salxinaSvili

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indoeTSi saerTo sasamarTloebis da administraciuli tribunalebis iurisdiqcia iyofa konstituciiT dadgenili safuZvliT. enumeraciis meTodiT, masSi CamoTvlilia davebis saxeebi, romlebic miekuTneba administraciuli tribunalebis gansjadobas: sa-gadasaxado, saarCevno, Sromis, sabaJo, miwis, savaluto, zianis anazRaurebis, romelic dakavSirebulia administraciul samarTaldarRvevebTan gansazRrul sferoebSi. yvela es saqme gamoricxulia saerTo sasamarTloebis iurisdiqciidan. indoeTis konstitucuiaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT, administraciulma tribunalebma SeiZines konstituci-uri statusi. Tanamedrove indoeTSi aisaxa mniSvnelovani tendencia, romelic damaxa-siaTebelia yvela anglosaqsuri sistemis qveynebisaTvis. is gamoixateba imaSi, rom saerTo wesis mixedviT, saerTo sasamarTloebi iReben gansaxilvelad saqmeebs, romlebsac gavli-li aqvT kvazisasamarTlo ganxilvis stadiebi.

administraciuli iusticiis yvela sistema gulisxmobs, rom administraciuli dave-bis gadawyveta xdeba procesualuri formiT. saqmis aRZvris safuZvlebi yvela sistemaSi TiTqmis erTnairia, aseTebia: �) aRmasrulebeli organos arakompetenturoba administra-ciuli aqtis gamocemisas, 2) mmarTvelobis aqtis momzadebisas da gamocemisas formalur-iuridiuli moTxovnebis daucveloba, �)administraciuli organos mier kanoniT miniWebu-li uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyeneba, an misi aramarTlzomieri gamoyeneba, 4) kanonis faqtobrivi darRveva.

administraciuli davebis gadawyveta, romlebic warmoSobilia zemoaRniSnuli sa-fuZvlebiT, administraciuli iusticiis sistemis mixedviT, xorcieldeba 2 procesualur formaSi �) samoqalaqo procesualurSi da 2) administraciuli procesualuri formiT, mis or saxeobaSi – sasamarTlo da kvazisasamarTlo formebiT.

samoqalaqo procesualuri forma gamoiyeneba im qveynebSi, sadac administraciuli sakiTxebis ganxilva xorcieldeba saerTo sasamarTloebis mier (mag; CineTSi, malaiziaSi). am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom administraciuli davebis gadawyveta ZiriTadad ar gansx-vavdeba samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvisagan, zogierTi TaviseburebiT.

administraciul sasamarTloebSi saqmis ganxilvis procedura, rogorc wesi, unifici-rebulia da reglamentirebulia sakanonmdeblo doneze. mag. germaniaSi 2 �7

zogierT qveyanaSi moqmedebs saerTo wesi (germania, urugvai) _ administraciul sa-samarTloSi mimarTvisaTvis kerZo pirma unda gaasaCivros administracili aqti adminis-traciuli aqtis gamomcem organoSi. mxolod amis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli sasamarTloSi mimarTva. safrangeTSi adinistraciuli sasamarTlo ar iwyebs saqmis ganxilvas, vidre administraciuli organo ar ityvis uars moagvaros saqme mSvidobiani gziT.

frangulma sasarCelo warmoebam administraciul davebze didi zegavlena iqonia bevr qveynaze, maT Soris arabul qveynebze, laTinoamerikul da zogierT afrikul qveynazec. se, magaliTad, arabeTis qveynebSi gamoiyofa Semdegi tipis administraciuli sarCelebi: sarCelebi aqtebis anulirebis moTxovniT; saerTo xasiaTis sarCelebi (analogi sruli administraciuli davebis); kanonierebis Sefasebis; sarCelebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan.

cnobili TavisuburebiT xasiaTdeba sarCelebis sistema, romelsac germaniSi ganixi-lavs administraciuli iusticiis organoebi. administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis Ses-axeb �960 wlis kanoniT, isini SeiZleba gamovyoT 4 saxis: sarCelebi mmarTlobis aqtebis gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT, romlebSic miTiTebulia aseTi aqtebis formis an Sinaarsis defeqtebi; sarCelebi rame gadawyvetilebis miRebis moTxovniT, rodesac organo val-debulia gamosces aqti, e.i. Seasrulos qmedeba, romelSic dainteresebulia mosarCele; sarCelebi, gadawyvetilebis miRebis mizniT, romelSic asaxuli iqneba faqti, romelsac aqvs samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba; sarCelebi dakavSirebuli socialur uzrunvelyofas-Tan.��8

dasaxelebuli magaliTebidan Cans, rom sazRvargareTis zemoxsenebul qveynebSi, saqmis administraciul davad miCnevisaTvis mas unda axasiaTebdes sajarooba da dakavSirebuli

237 ix. Административное право зарубежных стран, под. ред. Козырина, Штатиной, Москва, 2003, стр. 202-204338 ix. Административное право зарубежных стран, под. ред. Козырина, Штатиной, Москва, 2003, стр. 206

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iyos administraciis mier ganxorcielebul ukanono qmedebasTan da aqtis gamocemasTan. es damaxasiaTebelia saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsisaTvisac, rodesac administraciul davad miCnevisaTvis miuTiTebs misi àdministraciuli samarTlis kanon-mdeblobidan~ gamomdinareobaze.

OverALL revIeW On JurISDICtIOn Over adMinisTraTive laW Cases in foreign CoUnTries

(uSA, France, germany, India)

Maka SalkhinashviliAssociate Professor

Abstract

In this work you will find the analysis of the problem of jurisdiction over the administrative law cases in the courts of leading Western European countries as well as the USA. We find it very inter-esting and of great value to examine the question of administrative jurisprudence in certain foreign countries, as the analysis of the experience of these countries can be very useful in the development of similar institutions in Georgia.

In the administration sphere one of the guarantees of the Rule of Law is established by the law, ability of Common Courts to exercise control over the public administrative affairs. Judicial Control represents a set of supervisory forms and procedures used by courts and applied in the process of checking the legitimacy of public administrative acts and actions throughout the handling of delin-quency and administrative disputes.

In contrast to administrative courts and tribunals, competency of which is comprised only of administrative jurisdiction, Common Courts have the authority to handle practically all kinds of legal disputes. Control over public administrative acts and actions represent one of the spheres of jurisdiction of the Common Courts. Its frames, principles and organization, the order of dispute resolution depends on the particularities of the legal system of the country, national traditions, par-ticular social and political conditions and the specifics of the state regime.

administraciuli saqmeebis gansjadobis zogadi mimoxilva ... maka salxinaSvili

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didi istoriis patara istoria

zaza maruaSvilimecnierebaTa doqtori

profesori

pirveli msoflio omis dros saqarTvelodan gaiwvies 200 aTasze meti mebrZoli. miu-xedavad am faqtisa, mainc SeiZleba Tqma imisa, rom progermanuli ganwyobis Camoyalibeba swored am periodidan iRebs saTaves. ruseTis armiidan tyved CavardnilTa jgufi gagzav-nes SeidelmiulSi, Semdeg _ venzelSi, iqidan _ coxenSi da bolos _ zagenSi. aq qarTvelebi calke banakSi moaTavses. germanelebs hqondaT mcdeloba, qarTvelebi daepiripirebinaT rusebisaTvis, ris safasuradac saqarTvelos imperiis marwuxebidan Tavdaxsnas hpirde-bodnen. am mizniT, �9�6 wels germaniis dedofali SvilTan, ioaximTan erTad mivida qar-Tvel samxedro tyveTa banakSi. dedofalma mouwoda tyve qarTvelebs, SeeqmnaT Tavisufa-li legionebi da aRuTqva daxmareba ruseTisagan saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebaSi.

germaniaSi moRvawe qarTvelTa ZalisxmeviT jer kidev �9�6 wlis seqtemberSi osmale-Tis teritoriaze Camoyalibda sajariso SenaerTi `qarTuli legioni~. mas saTaveSi edg-nen xan germaneli, xan ki qarTveli pirebi: leo kereseliZe, grafi fon der Sulenburgi, murad bei maralovi, grafi galena da sxvebi. legionis mTavar mizani iyo qarTvelTa da-razmva da brZola germania-osmaleTis mxardamxar antantis blokis qveynebis winaaRmdeg. `qarTul legionSi~ �.500 mebrZoli iyo gaerTianebuli, Tumca germania male iZulebuli gaxda daeSala es samxedro SenaerTi. legionis arsebobas ver Seegua osmaleTis armiis generaliteti. savaraudoa, rom amierkavksiis mimarT tradiciuli, eqspansionisturi zra-xvebiT gamsWvaluli Turqebi qarTul legionSi potenciur mowinaaRmdeges xedavdnen.��9.

�9�8 wlis gazafxulze politikuri situacia saqarTveloSi mkveTrad gauaresda, rac ganpirobebuli iyo, erTi mxriv, osmaleTis agresiiT, meore mxriv, amierkavkasiis federa-ciuli respublikis SigniT arsebuli Sidapolitikuri gaTiSulobiT. osmalTa `panisla-misturi~ gegemebi ufro mets isaxavda miznad, vidre es brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis e. w. ̀ meoTxe muxliT~ gansazRvres. osmalebi cdilobdnen samSvidobo sazavo konferenciis mowveviT ganexorcielebinaT `didi Turanis~ gegmis swored is nawili, romelic amierka-vkasiis dapyrobas Seexeboda. amitomac iyo, rom baTumis sazavo konferenciaze amierka-vkasiis mTavrobis mTavari amocana iyo brest_litovskis xelSekrulebaze dayrdnobiT, baTumis, yarsisa da artaanis olqebis daTmobaTa xarjze, osmaleTis agresiis SeCereba. baTumis konferenciaze osmaleTis delegaciam amierkavkasiis samSvidobo delegacias wa-rudgina xelSekrulebis axali proeqti, romelic aSkara aneqsionisturi xasiaTis gamo amierkavkasiis delegaciisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda.240.

�4 maiss osmaleTis delegaciam amierkavkasiis delegacias wauyena axali ultimatumi, romelic iTvaliswinebda julfa-aleqsandropolis rkinigzis xazis maT Tvis gadacemas. am moTxovnas osmalebi asabuTebdnen imiT, rom TiTqos maT daxmareba unda gaewiaT meso-potomiaSi myofi me-6 armiisaTvis da brZola unda ewarmoebinaT ingliselebis winaaRmdeg iranSi. sinamdvileSi ki, mzaddeboda axali armiebis Camoyalibeba amierkavkasiaSi. kerZod, unda Seqmniliyo. e.w. ìslamis armia~, romlis dislokaciis adgili unda yofiliyo ganja da romelsac unda daepyro, baqosa da maxaCkalaze gavliT, volgispireTi.�4�miuxedavad amirkavkasiis delegaciis protestisa, �5 maiss osmalebma daikaves aleqsandropoli da moiTxoves gzis gaxsna julfasaken.

osmalTa aseTi Tavgasuloba miuRebeli aRmoCnda ara marto susti amierkavkasiis re-spublikisaTvis, aramed Zlieri germaniisaTvisac, romelic aqamde mxolod mayureblis rolSi gamodioda. amitomac maisis meore naxevridan germaniis warmomadgenloba aqtiu-rad Caeba sazavo konferenciaSi, radganac maTTvis aSkara gaxda is didi safrTxe, rasac

139 avTandil sonRulaSvili, erovnuli umciresobani da konfesiebi saqarTveloSi, gv., 95-96240 scssa – saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, f.,�8�6, an �, s.7�, furc. 4-7341 o. gigineiSvili, Turqizmi da osmaleTis sagareo politika, gv. �98

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am qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri interesebis SezRudva unda gamoewvia amierkavka-siaSi.442

saqarTvelo-germaniis urTierTobis axal fazaSi Sesvlis mauwyebelia akaki Cxenkelis mier �2 maiss erovnuli sabWosadmi gagzavnili 2 saidumlo werili. maTSi akaki Cxenkeli sTavazobda erovnul sabWos germaniis faqtorze dafuZnebuli sagareo politikuri kur-sis arCevas.54��4 maiss erovnulma sabWom, ganixila aRniSnuli winadadeba da miiRo Semdegi xasiaTis dadgenileba: �. ecnobos germaniis sazavo delegaciis Tavmjdomares general fon-losovs, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos survili da Txovnaa, yovelnairad xeli Seuwyos germaniam saqarTvelos politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis umtkivneulod gadawyvetas; 2. eTxovos fon-losovs gaataros saTanado RonisZiebani, raTa germaniis jarma ganagrZos svla Crd. kavkasiaSi, dauaxlovdes saqarTvelos sazRvrebs, rom Ses-aZlebeli iyos masTan kontaqtis daWera da saqarTvelo daicvan garedan mosalodneli safrTxisagan; �. eTxovos general fon-losovs xeli Seuwyos germaniaSi myof qarTvel tyveebs, rac SeiZleba male daabrunos isini samSobloSi; 4. eTxovos fon-losovs, dato-vos saqarTveloSi myofi germaneli tyveebi da miandos germaniis oficrebs maTi samxedro organizacia, raTa saqarTvelos mTavrobas SeeZlos saWiro SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenos es jari Sinauri wesrigis dasacavad da anarqiasTan sabrZolvelad.644saqarTvelo-germaniis interesTa Tanxvedra ganapiroba iman, rom saqarTvelos surda germaniis gamoyeneba Tavis sasargeblod da damoukideblobis garantad, xolo germanias saqarTvelo sWirdeboda aRmosavlur politikaSi dasayrdenad. amitomac, �9�8 wlis �4 maiss saqarTvelos erovnu-li sabWos aRmasrulebelma komitetma, faqtobrivad, oficialurad daadastura germano-filuri sagareo politikuri kursis cxovrebaSi gatareba.745

Tavisi geostrategiuli mdebareobis gamo amierkavkasiis xelSi Casagdebad ibrZoda ara marto osmaleTi da germania, aramed antantis saxelmwifoebic. aqtiurobda ameri-kis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobac, romelmac miiRo gadawyvetileba, raTa amierkavak-siaSi Seqmniliyo qarTvelTa da somexTagan Semdgari �50.000-kaciani danayofi, romelic mTavari dasayrdeni Zala unda yofiliyo aSS–isa amierkavkasiaSi. Tumca, maisis bolos Seqmnilma politikurma viTarebam, kerZod, sagareo politikaSi germaniaze orintirebam, garkveulwilad, Seaferxa antantis qveynebis Zalisxmeva – moeqciaT amierkavkasia Tavi-anTi gavlenis sferoSi.846

regionSi politikuri gavlenis gafarToebis garda, germanelTa mizans amierkavkasiis bunebriv simdidreTa xelSi Cagdebac warmoadgenda. cnobilia, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba hqonda WiaTuris manganums saerTaSoriso masStabiT – pirvel msoflio omamde WiaTura iZleoda manganumis msoflio eqsportis �0-�5%-s. germaniis mzardi metalurgia da qimiuri mrewveloba didad iyo damokidebuli swored WiaTuris manganumze. germaniis mrewvelobis moTxovnebis 60%-s manganumis madanze swored WiaTura akmayofilebda,947 garda WiaTuris manganumisa, germanelebs amierkavkasiaSi izidavda baqos navTobic. generali ludendorfi Tavis mogonebebSi wers: `Tu germaniis mTavroba SeZlebs daamyaros kargi urTierToba amierkavkasiis mTavrobasTan, amiT Cven mogvecema SesaZlebloba, osmalebisgan damoukide-blad CavigdoT xelSi kavkasiis nedleuli da amasTan erTad gavakontroloT Tbilisze gamavali mTeli sarkinigzo magistrali. garda amisa, Tu germanias surs xelSi Caigdos baqos navTobi, is unda daeyrdnos mxolod da mxolod sakuTar Zalas~.�048

kaizeris germaniis mesveurebi TavianT politikas saqarTveloSi arc ki faravdnen. berlinSi saqarTvelos delegaciis wevri z. avaliSvili simonss SeekiTxa, Tu rogor esaxe-ba mas momavalSi germaniis warmomadgenlis mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi, am ukanasaknelma

442 n. zosiZe, politikuri situacia da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba aWaraSi �9�8-�920 ww., gv. 45543 `saistorio moambe~, #6�-64, gv. �68-�7644 scssa _ saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, f.,�8�6, an �, s. 2, furc. 67745 v. guruli, noe Jordania (politikuri portreti), gv. 88846 g. RambaSiZe, aSS politikis istoriidan saqarTvelosTan urTierTobaSi �9�7-�920 ww., (rus.), gv. 20947 g. manjgalaZe, germaneli kolonistebi amierkavkasiaSi, gv.�451048ludendorfi, Cemi mogonebebi omze �9�4-�9�8 ww., (rus.) �87-�88

didi istoriis patara istoria zaza maruaSvili

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upasuxa: `formiT es Cveulebrivi diplomatiuri warmomadgenelia, arsebiTad igi SeiZle-ba warmovidginoT, rogorc inglisis rezidenti damoukidebeli indoeTis saxelmwifoSi~. rogori damokidebuleba hqonda indoeTs inglisis proteqtoratis dros, es avaliSvilsa da simonss kargad esmodaT.

germanelTa Sors gamiznul geopolitikur da ekonomikur gegmebs eRobeboda osmale-Tis mTavroba, romelic amierkavkasiis delegaciisagan moiTxovda ruseT-TurqeTis �828-�829 ww. omis dros dakarguli teritoriebis maTTvis gadacemas. germaniis mTavroba kargad acnobierebda, rom aranairi SeTanxmeba ar miiRweoda, sanam amirkavkasiis delegacia srul Tanxmobaze ar wavidoda. amierkavkasiis teritoriaTa osmaleTisaTvis gadacema namdvilad ar Sedioda germanelTa interesebSi, amitomac �9 maiss germaniis misiis xelmZRvanelma fon-losovma oficialurad SesTavaza amierkavkasiis delegacias Suamdgomloba.11 49

baTumSi germaniis delegaciis wevrebTan gulaxdil saubrebSi momzadda saqarTvelos savaraudod moxazuli pozicia, romelic iTvaliswinebda amierkavkasiis koaliciis gar-duval daSlas. mxolod ramdenime kacs hqonda es saidumlo gandobili. Tbilisidan Camo-suli noe Jordania Tavisi mdgomareobiT, rogorc saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos Tavmj-domare, social-demokratiis partiis beladi amierkavkasiis seimSi, swored is pirovneba iyo, romelsac unda etvirTa dasaxuli miznisaTvis saWiro aqtebis Catareba TbilisSi (saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa da amierkavkasiis seimis TviTgauqmebis gamocxadeba). igi, etyoboda, meryeobda, rac savsebiT gasagebi da kanonieri iyo: saqarTvelos damoukide-blobis azri ar egueboda arc misi mTeli adrindeli muSaobis doqtrinas da arc misi ruseTis social-demokratiuli partiisadmi kuTvnilebas. magram raki erTxel ìrwmuna~, ostatis xeliT Seudga axali programis gatarebas. 2� maiss igi TbilisSi gabrunda. `ger-manul-qarTuli~ muSaoba, àmierkavkasiur-Turqulis~ paralelurad, sruli svliT mid-ioda.�250.

osmaleTis mxarem uari ganacxada germanelTa Suamdgomlobaze, ris gamoc germani-is misiam Tavisi yofna konferenciaze mizanSeuwonlad CaTvala da 25 maiss baTumidan gaemgzavra,��5�TurqeT-germaniis urTierToba amis Semdgom kidev ufro gamwvavda, raze-dac TvalnaTliv miuTiTebs general ludendorfis ori werili. general fon seqtisadmi gagzavnil werilSi vkiTxulobT: `Tu TurqeTis mTavroba, Tavisi politikur da ekonomi-kur miswrafebaTa sxva mimarTulebiT warmarTvis gamo, ar daicavs sakuTar teritoriebs (siria-mesopotamia) da siZneleebs Segviqmnis kavkasiaSi, mas ar unda hqondes imisi imedi, rom Cvens xarjze maT teritoriebs davubrunebT.~�452meore werilis adresati enver-faSa iyo. masSi vkiTxulobT: `TurqeTi damoukideblad awarmoebs dapyrobiT politikasa da saerTod ar aqcevs yuradRebas Tavisi mokavSiris _ germaniis interesebs. Tu TurqeTi ar daicavs brestis zaviT gansazRvrul sazRvrebs, maSin germania iZulebuli gaxdeba da-moukideblad, TqvenTan SeuTanxmeblad imoqmedos.~�55�

germaniis politikuri wreebis aseTi gaRizianeba SesaZloa gamowveuli yofiliyo imi-Tac, rom osamaleTma, faqtobrivad, Tavisi mzakvruli moqmedebiT daarRvia �9�8 wlis 27 aprilis germaniasa da osmaleTs Soris gaformebuli saidumlo SeTanxmeba, romlis ZaliTac, osmalebi unda dakmayofilebuliyvnen im SenaZeniT, rac maT brest-litovskSi miiRes ZRvenis saxiT TavianTi mokavSirisagan, xolo danarCen teritoriaze germanelebs eZleodaT Tavisufali moqmedebisa da maT interesebSi Semavali politikis gatarebis ufleba.�654

TbilisSi erovnulma sabWom Seqmna gansakuTrebuli komisia (n. ramiSvili, d. vaCnaZe), romelsac daevala RonisZiebebis gatareba TurqTa jarebis axali Semotevis SesaCereblad. gadawyda, ukve Seqmnili qarTuli erovnuli nawilebis mosalodnel frontze (guriaSi)

11 amierkavkasiisa da saqarTvelos sagareo politikis dokumentebi da masalebi (rus.), gv. 27812 z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba �9�8-2� wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, I, gv., 7513 z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba saerTaSoriso politikaSi, gv. 7514 ludendorfi, Cemi mogonebebi omze �9�4-�9�8 ww., (rus.), gv. 27�15 e. sarqisiani, osmanTa imperiis eqspansiuri politika, (rus.), gv. �0-��16 g. fifia germaniis politika amierkavkasiaSi �9�8 wels, (rus.), gv. 50

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gagzavna. d. vaCnaZem iSuamdgomla im dros TbilisSi myof graf SulenburgTan da misi ne-barTviT Camoayaliba germanel tyveTagan SeiaraRebuli razmi. d. vaCnaZem da leitenatma emilio kaizerma swarafad Semoses, SeaiaraRes germaneli tyveebi da �200 jariskaci fron-tze gagzavnes. germanuli batalioni Turqebis pirispir dadga. natanebis xidTan orive mxares erTdroulad frialebda Turquli da germanuli droSebi. germanuli batalionis daxmarebiT qarTulma jarma da valerian goguaZis javSnosanma matarebelma guriis fron-tze mospo TurqTa 500 jariskaci da oficeri. am erTma gamarjvebam da, rac mTavaria, germanelTa razmis qarTuli jaris gverdiT yofnam, Turqebi SeaSfoTa. Zlevamosili mo-kavSiris proqarTulma poziciam garkveul daTmobaze waiyvana TurqeTis mTavroba. Tumca am droisaTvis aWara da saerTod, mTeli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo, aseve samcxe-saa-Tabagos didi nawili (borjomamde) osmaleTis mier iyi okupirebuli.�755.

germanelTaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom amierkavkasiis federaciuli respublika ver iqne-boda maTi politikuri Canafiqris gansaxorcileblad saimedo partniori. anglofiluri somxeTisa da Turqofiluri azerbaijanis Tanaarsebobis pirobebSi, amierkavkasiaSi ger-maniis erTaderTi mokavSire mxolod saqarTvelo SeiZleboda yofiliyo, vinaidan maTi in-teresebi ormxrivi da dabalansebuli iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivicaa, rom swored germaniis diplomatiam mianiSna qarTvel politikosebs amierkavkasiis samokavSireo sax-elmwifos daSlisa da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gamocxadebis aucilebloba-ze.�856

�9�8 wlis 25 maiss amierkavkasiis delegaciam, osmaleTis delegaciisagan miiRo ulti-matumi, romlis mixedviTac 72 saaTis ganmavlobaSi unda dakmayofiliyo osmalTa moTxov-na. ak. Cxenkeli Seqmnili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb erovnul sabWos atyobinebda da werda: `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis Semdgomi gaWianureba gamoiwvevs gamousworebel Sedegs. germanelebis Suamdgomlobis cda ar moxerxda. dagvrCenia erTaderTi ram _TurqeTis Semotevas davupirispiroT saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, romelsac mxars uWers ger-mania.~�9 imave dRes57gaimarTa muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdoma, sadac sityviT gamovida noe Jordania, romelic mTlianad daeTa-nxma akaki Cxenkelis Sexedulebas saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis ga-mocxadebis sakiTxSi da Seecada daerwmunebina aRmasrulebeli komiteti imaSi, rom amier-kavkasiis federaciul saxelmwifos aranairi perspeqtiva ar gaaCnia da, rom saswarafod saWiro iyo am konglomeratis daSla da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gamocxadeba.2058

�9�8 wlis 26 maiss, 4 saaTsa da 50 wuTze gamocxadda saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. imave dRes baTumSi, amierkavkasiis delegaciis Tavmjdomaris saxelze movida Semdegi Si-naarsis depeSa: `dRes, 5 saaTze, erovnulma sabWom saqarTvelo gamoacxada damoukidebel respublikad. amierkavkasiis seimma ki Tavi cno gauqmebulad~.2�59amgvarad, �9�8 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelom aRidgina winaT dakarguli erovnuli damoukidebloba.

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis erT-erTi pirveli aqti iyo germaniis Sua-mavlobiT TurqeTTan sazavo xelSekrulebis gaformeba. marTalia, zavi metismetad mZime iyo (saqarTveli hkargavda baTumis olqs, axalcixe-axalaqalaqis mazrebis did nawils), magram Tavidan aiciles agresiuli mezoblis mier saqarTvelos sxva teritoriebis oku-paciis safrTxe.

germaniis droebiT warmomadgenlad TbilisSi dainiSna grafi Sulenburgi, romlis miReba am xarisxSi, iseve rogorc baton andersisa foTSi sakonsulo warmomadgenlad, saqarTvelos mTavrobam ukve acnoba general fon-losovs.

am etapze saqarTvelo-germaniis urTierTobis dagvirgvineba iyo �9�8 wlis 28 mai-

17 55m. vaCnaZe, v. guruli, amasiidan yarsamde, gv.851856a. silagaZe, v. guruli, sami istoriul-politikuri ese, gv. 5019 57z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba saerTaSoriso politikaSi, gv. 7920 58scssa – saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, f.,�844, an 2, s. 7, furc. 5�21 59n. zosiZe, a. vaSalomiZe, politikuri situacia da brZola damoukideblobisaTvis saqarTveloSi �9�7 ww.,

`saistorio macne~, XI, gv. �0�


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sis foTis `droebiTi SeTanxmeba saqarTvelosa da germanias Soris winaswari urTierT-damokidebulebis damyarebis Sesaxeb~. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis `ZiriTadi SeTanxmeba~, romelsac xels awerdnen fon-losovi da a. Cxenkeli, 5 muxlisagan Sedgeboda.

pirveli muxlis mixedviT, saqarTvelo germaniis imperiasTan urTierTkavSiris safuZ-velze aRiarebda �9�8 wlis � martis brestis xelSekrulebas.

meore muxlis mixedviT, germaniis mTavrobas eZleoda SesaZlebloba omis damTavre-bamde esargebla saqarTvelos sarkinigzo xaziT. rkinigzebze kontrolisaTvis TbilisSi unda Seqmniliyo sagangebo komisia germaniis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic imoqmedebda saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan erTad. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo agreTve, germanuli razmebis dayeneba rkinigzis sadgurebsa da foTis navsadgurSi.

me-� da me-4 muxlebi Seexeboda orive mxridan diplomatiuri sakonsulo warmomadgen-lobebis Seqmnis sakiTxs.

me-5 muxli iTvaliswinebda sakiTxs _ rac SeiZleba swrafad unda momxdariyo droe-biTi SeTanxmebis Secvla oficialuri xelSekrulebiT,2260romelic unda dadebuliyo, erTi mxriv, oTx mokavSire mTavrobasa (germaniis, avstria-ungreTis, TurqeTis da bulgareTis) da, meore mxriv, saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobas Soris.2�6�.

amasTanave daido ori damatebiTi xelSekruleba. maTgan pirveli Seexeboda sameurneo sakiTxebis mogvarebas (Seicavs IV muxls); am SeTanxmebiT: unda gaadvilebuliyo saqarT-velos mTavrobis mier germaniaSi sesxis aReba, rkinigzisa da foTis navsadguris Semo-savlebiT am sesxis dafarvis imediT; Seqmniliyo qarTul-germanuli samTo samrwvelo sazogadoeba, wiaRis eqsploataciis uflebis gacemis statusiT; mogvarebuliyo nedleu-lis gatanis, safabriko saqonlis, naxevarfabrikatebisa da sursaTis Semotanis da aseve germaniasTan sazRvao kavSiris sakiTxebi. meore damatebiTi SeTanxmeba (Seicavs II muxls) iTvaliswinebda interesebis dacvas im germaneli kolonistebisa, romlebic ruseTis mTav-robam saqrTveloSi jer kidev XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi daasaxla.2462kerZod, gaTval-iswinebuli iyo maTi germaniaSi Tavisufali dabrunebis ufleba da germaniis ufleba _ mosarCleoba gaewia maTTvis.

zemoaRniSnuli sami SeTanxmebis garda, 28 maiss foTSi xeli moewera agreTve sam dam-atebiT konvenciasac. pirveli konvencia (Seicavs II muxls) Seexeboda germaniis valutis, rogorc gadaxdis saSualebis sakiTxs adgilobriv fulTan erTad. meore konvencia (Seic-vas VII muxls) Seexeboda samxedro tyveebis gacvlas, xolo mesame konvencia (Seicvas III muxls) iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos portebSi mdgomi, didi tonaJis gemebis germaniis xelisuflebis gankargulebaSi gadacemas.25 6�.

foTSi moxerxda saqarTvelos mieRwia iseTi modus vivendi _ aTvis, rac misi arsebobisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleoda. raixstagma de faqto aRiara Cveni qveyana. saqarTvelo Sevida evropul politikasa da istoriaSi. dadga provinciul-rusuli fazis aRsasruli.

qarTveli social-demokratebis mier germanofiluri orientaciis arCeva, rom mZime politikuri situaciidan qveynis gadarCenis mizniT nakarnaxevi nabiji iyo, kargad Cans irakli wereTlis moxsenebidan, romelic man 29 maiss aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdomaze waikiTxa: `patara saqarTvelos Tavisi arsebobis SenarCuneba sakuTari ZalebiT, ra Tqma unda, ar SeeZlo da amitomac daiwyo Zebna im saxelmwifoebisa, romlebsac realurad Ses-wevda Zala imisa, rom daecvaT es qveyana ganadgurebisagan. somxeTs es Zala ar hqonda, azerbaijani amas ar moisurvebda, TurqeTi saSiSi iyo Tavisi imperialisturi zraxvebis gamo, darCa mxolod germania. marTalia, Cven daxmarebas gagviwevs ara germaneli xalxi, aramed germaniis imperializmi _ iseTive saxifaTo da naklebad saSiSi, vidre TurqeTis

2260 cnobisaTvis, germania-saqarTvelos xelSekruleba �9�8 wlis � oqtombrisaTvis ukve mzad iyo da `xelmow-eraRa~ aklda, magram ,saubedurod ,kancleri da sagareo uwyebis stats-mdivani gadgnen. kabinetis krizisi-dan germania parlamenturi krizisisken mieqneboda, iqidan ki, _ revoluciisaken.

2361 scssa _ saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, f.,�864, an �, s. 28, furc. �5-�62462 iqve, furc. 2�2563 iqve, furc. �6-�9

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imperia. marTalia, saqarTvelo ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, mZime kabalur pirobebSi aR-moCndeba, magram Cven, miuxedavd amisa, yvelaferi unda gavakeToT imisaTvis, rom maqsim-alurad SevinarCunoT ase mZimed da Znelad mopovebuli demokratiuli faseulobani~.2664

im drois gamoCenili sazogado da politikuri moRvawe, social-federalisturi par-tiis warmomadgeneli vaxtang kotetiSvili ase afasebda foTis xelSekrulebas: `germaniis imperias zogierTma obieqturma pirobebma Seuwyves xeli wina aziasa da kavkasiaSi gae-magrebina fexi. istoriuli procesi imgvarad warimarTa, rom germaniam ubrZolvelad gaavrcela Tavisi gavlena im ZvelisZvel saocnebo adgilze da misi dasayrdeni aRmoCnda saqarTvelo, romelic iZulebuli iyo gadaedga es nabiji, radgan mas ar SeeZlo did sax-elmwifoTa WidilSi damoukidebeli arseboba. germania saqarTvelos aZlevs Zalas, xolo saqarTvelo iZulebulia gaiRos qoneba. SeiZleba es ar iyos eqvivalenturi gacvla, magram sakiTxi sxvagvarad dgas _ zarali didi Tu mcire. rasakvirvelia, mcire da am mcire zara-lis saxeli aris ekonomikuri damoneba da ara politikuri, rac aucileblad moxdeboda, germaniis daxmareba rom ara~.2765maSin saqarTveloSi realurad moxerxda, rom Turqebis mglur madas, dapirispireboda germaniis kontroli.

�9�8 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos xelisufleba mosaxleobas sazeimod auwyebda, rom germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi TbilisSi Semovidnen mTavrobis mowveviT, romelTa amo-canas waramoadgenda saqarTvelos sazRvrebis dacva da anarqiasTan brZola. �9�8 wlis �� ivliss, 5 saaTze, golovinis prospeqtze, Catarda saqarTvelo-germaniis jarebis samx-edro aRlumi. samive saxeobis jari Camwkrivda, sasaxlidan dawyebuli didebis taZris mimarTulebiT – erT mxareze germanelebi, meoreze – qarTvelebi, sruli sabrZolo aR-WurvilobiT. aRlums eswrebodnen saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare n. ramiS-vili, germaniis elCi, grafi Sulenburgi, samxedro ministri giorgaZe, general-leitenati gabaevi da ober-leitenati kaizeri, oficerTa jgufis TanxlebiT. germaneli samxedroe-bisa da specialistebis raodenoba TbilisSi am droisaTvis 2000-ze met kacs aRwevda. ori polkis or batalionSi Sedioda saaviacio qvedanayofebi, kavaleriis brigadebi da mZime artileria.

amavdoulad germanelebi uxeSad ereodnen respublikis saSinao saqmeebSi rogorc cen-trSi, aseve periferiebSi. iq, sadac ganlagebuli iyo maTi jaris nawilebi, germaneleb-ma miiTvises rogorc samarTaldamcavi organoebis funqciebi, ise soflisa da qalaqis mmarTvelobis uflebac.

germanelebi TanagrZnobas gamoxatavdnen monarqiis aRdgenis msurvelebisadmi. aseTma damokidebulebam feodalur aristokratias monarqiis aRdgenis garkveuli imedi Causaxa. gamoiTqva azri, rom samefo taxtze daesvaT bagrationTa erT-erTi STamomavali an ger-maniis romelime princi. am sakiTxze molaparakeba mimdinareobda moskovSic, saqarTvelos warmomdgenelsa da sabWoTa ruseTSi germaniis elCs, graf mirbaxs Soris. iyo mcdeloba goris mazris memamuleebis mier germanelebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mxedarTmTavris gen-eral fon-kresis gadabirebisa, romelsac sTxovdnen monawileoba mieRo monarqiis aRsad-genad saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mowyobaSi. sabolood, germanelebma Tavi Seikaves aRniS-nul aqciaSi monawileobis miRebaze. qarTveli SeTqmulebi mTvrobam daapatimra.

fon-kresis aRiarebiT, im periodSi germanelebma saqarTvelodan gaitanes �� aTasi tona marganeci, 66,7 tona spilenZi, �60 tona matyli, 45 tona ZonZebi, 40�50 cali cxvris tyavi, �40 cali rezinis salte, �20� cali avtosafari da sxva.

saqarTvelos xelisufleba kargad xedavda germaniis politikis namdvil arss saqarT-velos mimarT. mTavrobis oficiozi amasTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTebda: ̀ miamitoba iqneboda molodini imisa, rom TiTqos germania uangarod dauWers mxars qarTvel social-demokra-tias.… amrigad, yvelaferi exeba sakiTxs – saqarTveloSi germaniis realuri interesebis Sesaxeb. germanelebi saqarTveloSi movidnen ara social-demokratebisa da ara nacional-demokratebis, aramed marganecis, spilenZis, xe-tyisa da qveynis sxva bunebrivi simdidris

2664scssa – saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, f.,�844, an 2, s. 7, furc. 572765v. kotetiSvili, saqarTvelo da germania, gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 5.VI.�9�8.


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gulisaTvis~.2866.miuxedavad germaniis mxardaWerisa saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebaSi, re-

spublikis faqtiuri cnobis Semdeg isini ar Cqarobdnen Cveni qveynis iuridiul aRiarebas. germaniam saqarTvelo de-iured cno mxolod �920 wlis 24 seqtembers, manamde saqarT-velos damoukidebloba iuridiulad aRiara TurqeTma �9�8 wlis � ivniss, argentinam �9�9 wlis �� seqtembers da ruseTma �920 wlis 7 maiss.

�9�8 wlis maisis bolos saqarTveloSi Semosuli germanelebi aq didxans ar gaCerebu-lan. �9�8 wlis 9 noembers germaniaSi daiwyo revolucia, romelmac taxtidan Camoagdo vilhem II. amis Semdeg germania iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina saqarTvelo. �9�8 wlis 26 dekembers foTidan gavida germaniis jarebis ukanaskneli eSeloni. faqtobrivad, periodi _ �9�8 wlis gazafxulidan gvian Semodgomamde, iyo germaniis imperiis sidiadisa da dace-mis xana.

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, Znelia imis Tqma, Tu rogor moiqceodnen germanelebi saqarTveloSi samomavlod, daicavdnen Tu ara isini saqarTvelos damoukideblobas, ma-gram saqarTvelosadmi garkveuli wreebis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba warmodgena viqonioT Tundac im moxsenebis mixedviT, romelic grafma Strezenmanma waikiTxa germani-is parlamentis erT-erT sxdomaze: `me veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver daveTanxmebi im azrs, rom TiTqosda baTumi, yarsi da artaanis olqebi, brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekrule-biT TurqeTs gadaeca. es ar Seesabameba simarTles. Cven mosaxleobas sakuTari arCevanis ufleba davutoveT, raTa Tavisi bed-iRbali TviTon gadaewyvitaT. batonebo, Cemi Txov-naa, Tu konstantinepolSi daiwyeba molaparakeba, gamoviyenoT Cveni avtoriteti, raTa zemoT xsenebuli okupirebuli teritoria saqarTvelos davubrunoT. saqarTvelo gansa-kuTrebuli qveyanaa da sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavaebul midgomas moiTxovs. qarTvelebi kavkasiis mraval xalxTagan yvelaze niWieri da Semoqmedi eria. igi aucileblad SeZlebs germaniasTan Rirseuli urTierTobis damyarebas. germaniis mier saqarTvelos saxelmwi-fos oficialuri aRiareba, aRorZinebuli saqarTvelos simtkicis sawindaria. igi Cven gvisaxavs ukeTesi momavlis imeds~.2967.

amgvarad, pirveli msoflio omis damamTavrebel etapze ganviTarebulma politikurma movlenebma mniSvnelovani koreqtivebi Seitanes menSevikebis erovnul programaSi, rac prorusuli orientaciis progermanuliT SecvlaSi gamoixata. amas amierkavkasiis feder-aciuli respublikis daSla da saqarTvelos erovnuli suverenitetis aRdgena mohyva.

amdenad, rogorc am `patara istoriis~ uSalo Tanamonawile batoni zurab avaliSvili wers: `�9�8 wlis zafxulSi, germania aRmoCnda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mimrqmeli _ am dros am rolis Sesruleba xelewifeboda mxolod mas.~�068

2866avTandil sonRulaSvili, erovnuli umciresobani da konfesiebi saqarTveloSi, gv., �042967l. ToiZe, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena, `saistorio vertikalebi~, #�, �99�.3068z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba �9�8-2� wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, I, gv., 88.

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�. scssa _ saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fondi �8�6, anaweri �, saqme 2.

2. scssa, f. �8�6, an �, s. 7�.�. scssa, f. �844, an 2, s. 27.4. scssa, f. �864, an �, s. 28.5. z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba saerTaSoriso politikaSi, Tb., �990.6. z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba �9�8-2� wlebis saerTaSoriso politi-

kaSi, I, mogonebani, narkvevebi, Tb., �990.7. o. gigineiSvili, Turqizmi da osmaleTis sagareo politika, Tb., �96�.8. v. guruli, noe Jordania (politikuri portreti), Tb., �999.9. m. vaCnaZe, v. guruli, amasiidan yarsamde, Tb., 2007.�0. n. zosiZe, politikuri situacia da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba aWaraSi

�9�8-�920ww., baT., �995.��. n. zosiZe, a. vaSalomiZe, politikuri situacia da brZola damoukideblobisaTvis saqa-

rTveloSi �9�7 ww., `saistorio macne~, XI, baT., 2002.�2. l. ToiZe, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena, `saistorio vertikalebi~, #�, �99�.��. v. kotetiSvili, saqarTvelo da germania, gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 5.VI.�9�8.�4. g. manjgalaZe, germaneli kolonistebi amierkavkasiaSi, Tb., �974.�5. avTandil sonRulaSvili, erovnuli umciresobani da konfesiebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005.�6. `saistorio moambe~, #6�-64, Tb., �992.�7. a. silagaZe, v. guruli, sami istoriul-politikuri ese, Tb., �996.�8. g. RambaSiZe, aSS-s politikis istoriidan saqarTvelosTan urTierTobaSi �9�7-�920

ww., (rus.), Tb., �960.�9. amierkavkasiisa da saqarTvelos sagareo politikis dokumentebi da masalebi (rus.),

Tb., �9�9.20. ludendorfi, Cemi mogonebebi omze �9�4-�9�8 ww., (rus.), m., �924.2�. e. sarqisiani, osmanTa imperiis eqspansiuri politika, (rus.), erevani, �962.22. g. fifia, germaniis politika amierkavkasiaSi �9�8 wels, (rus.), Tb., �996.

sMall ParTof The Big hisToryZaza Maruashvili

Ph.D., ProfessorAbstract

Objective – While working on the research, the main goal of the author was together with outlin-ing the factual and historical materials of the reinstatement of the independency of Georgia, to clear out the priority of the foreign factors in the process of reestablishment the sovereignty of the state.

Methodology – By using comparative-analytical method of the research, important archival, sci-entific and publicistic literature had been observed part of which are first time provided in scientific circulation.

Outcome - It is established, that the support of the state of Germany was a key stone in the process of reestablishment Georgian native sovereignty in spring of 1918. This was a time when in Georgia German control managed to oppose to the ‘wolf appetite’ of Turkey.

the importance of the research, novelty - The research analyses Foti ‘Part Time Agreement between Germany and Georgia on the Establishment of Preliminary Interrelationships of May 28, 1918. The summary is the following: Georgia managed to reach such Modus Vivendi in Foti, that was giving us the possibility for existence and further development in 20s of 20th century . Reichstag De Facto recognized our country. Georgia entered European politics and history. The provincial-Russian phase found it’s end.


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axlad aRmoCenili arqiteqturuli Zeglebi SavSeTSi

Temur xuciSvilimecnierebaTa doqtori

profesori

TurqeTis respublikis teritoriaze mdebareobs istoriuli saqarTvelos kuTxeebi: tao, klarjeTi, artaani, kola da sxva. es teritoriebi XVI saukunidan osmaleTis Semad-genlobaSi iyo. ruseT-TurqeTis omebis Semdeg �870 –iani wlebidan arTvinis, artaanis, yarsis da erzrumis olqebi, romlebSic aRniSnuli kuTxeebi Sedioda, ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSia da daiwyo saqarTvelosa da somxeTis arqiteqturuli da sxva siZvelee-bis kvleva qarTveli, somexi, rusi da evropeli mkvlevarebis mier.

dReisaTvis TurqeTis teritoriaze dafiqsierebulia 200-ze meti qarTuli warmo-Sobis arqiteqturuli Zegli: monastrebi, eklesiebi, sacxovrebeli nagebobebi, cixe-qa-laqebi, cixeebi, koSkebi da sxva. Zeglebis moZieba da kvleva dRemde grZeldeba. axali Zeglebis aRmoCena , Seswavla Tu axleburi identifikacia kvlav aqtualuri sakiTxia. bolo aTwleulebSi tao-klarjeTis siZveleebis kvlevis sakiTxze gamoqveynda mravali avtoris araerTi naSromi:

q. abaSiZis, n. aladaSvilis, n.aleqsiZis, S.amiranaSvilis, g.bagrationis, f.bairamis (TurqeTi) , b.baumgartneris (avstria), v.beriZis, d. berZeniSvilis g. garayaniZis, n. gengi-uris i. giviaSvilis, n .vaCeiSvilis d. vinfeldis, p.zaqaraias, d. TumaniSvilis, p. ingoroy-vas, i. imnaiSvilis, m. kadiroRlus (TurqeTi), k. kekeliZis, d. kldiaSvilis, b. kudavas, S. lomsaZis i. lomaSvilis g. marsagiSvilis, r. mefisaSvili, e. metrevelis, d. musxeliS-vilis l. menabdis e. privalovas, g. saiTiZis, j. samuSias, T. sanikiZis, T. sayvareliZis v. silogavas, z. sxirtlaZis, n. da m. tieris (safrangeTi), a. SaniZis k. Sengelias g .Cubi-naSvilis l. cicxvaias, d. xoStarias, T. xuciSvilis, n. janberiZis, s. jiqias v. jobaZis (aSS), T. jojuasi da sxvaTa.

2007 wlis agvistoSi mkvlevarTa jgufma T. xuciSvilis, d. qemokliZis, l. liparte-lianisa da TurqeTis moqalaqis o. taSdemiris monawileobiT Caatara sakvlevi eqspedicia TurqeTis teritoriaze, kerZod arTvinis olqSi, SavSeTis ilCeSi, saqarTvelos isto-riul kuTxeSi _ SavSeTSi.

SavSeTi XIX s-is 70-iani wlebidan, mas Semdeg rac misi istoriuli siZveleebis Seswav-la daiwyo` araerTma mecnierma Tu mogzaurma moinaxula da Seiswavla. mkvlevarTa Soris, romlebmac SavSeTis Seswavla daiwyes iyvnen: g. yazbegi (�874 w), d. baqraZe (�879 w), a. pav-linovi (�888 w). SavSeTis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT nayofieri iyo n. maris �904 wlis eqspedicia. mkvlevarebma dawvrilebiT Seiswavles tbeTis taZari. niko marma tbeTis garda aRwera da Seiswavla ramdenime namonastrali da naeklesiari. masalebi am eqspediciis Sesaxeb gamoqveynda �9�� wels.

Cveni mizani iyo Segveswavla SavSeTis im soflebis nawili, romlebSic ar yofila arc niko mari da arc sxva, maT Soris arc XX s-Si moRvawe mkvlevarebi: v . jobaZe, m. tieri. d. xoStaria, b. kudava da sxvebi.

Cveni eqspediciis mier Seswavlili teritoriebidan qarTuli warmoSobis arqiteqtu-rul Zeglebs mivakvlieT SavSeTis soflebSi: sxlobanSi (Tanamedrove pinarli), meresa (velikoi) da dabawvrilSi (meSeli).

sofeli sxlobanis baskalaris mahaleSi mivakvlieT eklesiis naSTebs.eklesia saZirkvlamdea dangreuli. darCenilia �020 sm sigrZis kedeli da Sida kedle-

bis ramdenime frangmenti sakurTxevlis momrgvalebiT. darCenili kedlebis sisqe 50-60 sm-ia. Siga saTavsis kedlis sigrZe 7�5 sm. manZili grZiv kedlebs Soris �70 sm-ia. eklesi-asTan aris samarxebis naSTebi, sadac miwis pirze adamianis Zvlebi moCans.

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sxlobaniseklesiisnaSTi

adgilobrivi mcxovreblis i. jelikis sityvebiT �960-ian wlebamde eklesias 2 metram-de simaRlis kedlebi hqonda.

eklesia CvenTvis cnobil arc erT publikaciaSi araa aRwerili. sxlobani moxseniebulia qarTlis cxovrebaSi: `... warvida patriarqi melqisedek konstantine mefisa winaSe konstantinepoled. Seiwy-

nara mefeman berZenTaman konstantine(m) da mosca Sesamkobelni eklesiaTa ... ... movida [melqisedeki] queyanasa ... TKssa da iyida soflebi taos: zadkareki, ... ZaR-

lis-Pevs iyida sofeli oroTa ... da klarjeTs moigo sofeli erTi sxloani ... da SavSeTs moigo sofeli didi sxlobani, agara misi naRuarevi ...~

sxlobani moxseniebulia agreTve saqarTvelos samarTlis ZeglebSi:„da monastridan sofelSi, romel me momigian amis wmidisa dedaqalaqisaTKs: `... da taos viyide sofeli zadkareki ...

da klarjeTs movige sofeli a-sxluani. da SavSeTs movige s(o)feli didi sxlob(a)ni, agaraY misi-naRuarevi~...

sofel dabawvrilis kopaZes mahaleSi borcvze cixea aRmarTuli. SemorCenilia koSkis kedlis fragmenti �0-�2 m. simaRlisa. kedlis sisqe �50 sm-ia. ci-

xis am nagebobis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT Tlili qviT nagebi kedlis naSTebia. aqvea meore, pirvelis paraleluri kedeli, daSorebuli pirveli kedlidan 760 sm-iT. Cans, koSksa da mimdebare nagebobebs ormagi damcavi zRude hqonda.

kopaZeTacixe

axlad aRmoCenili arqiteqturuli Zeglebi SavSeTSi Temur xuciSvili

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adgilobrivi mcxovreblis t. dursunis TqmiT, koSkTan yofila adamianis simaRlis qvevrebi. qvevrebi amJamad damtvreulia.

kopaZeTa cixidan 2 km-is manZilze, samxreTiT, naZvnarSi mivakvlieT namonastrals. SemorCenilia eklesia, marTkuTxa formisa, zomebiT 6�0 x 440 sm. sakurTxeveli Signidan momrgvalebulia. garSemo mravali nangrevia. t. dursunis sityvebiT, eklesiis samxreTiT iyo mrgvali formis sadgomebi da miwisqveSa nagebobebi. eklesiis dasavleTiT _ Wa.

dabawvrilis monastris naSTebi

sofel meres (velikois) maxloblad mahale boloxorSi, qilisederesis xevis piras, tyeSi, mivakvlieT namonastrals. SemorCenilia darbazuli tipis eklesiis sakurTxevlis nawili da kedlebi. eklesiis Sida zomebia 8�0 × 340 sm. garedan eklesias marTkuTxa gegma aqvs. Signidan sakurTxeveli momrgvalebulia. eklesias SemorCa gare mopirkeTebis nawili aRmosavleTis fasadze. eklesia naSenebia natexi qviTa da kiriT.

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meresmonastriseklesiisfragmentebi

eklesiis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, xevis piras, samarxebis naSTebia. eklesiis garSemo �0-40 m-is manZilze didi raodenobiT nangrevia darCenili.

meresmonastrissamarxi


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SemorCenili eklesiis sakurTxeveli orientirebulia ara aRmosavleTisken, rogorc amas mSeneblobis marTlmadidebluri wesi moiTxovs, aramed Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT.

sofel mereSi mdebare eklesiis arqiteqturuli monacemebi ar ewinaaRmdegeba mosaz-rebas, rom isini SeiZleba iyos grigol xanZTelis epoqisa.

sqema1.–eklesiebisgegmebi

SesaZloa, `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan~ kargad cnobili meres monasteri swored Cven mier mikvleuli namonastralia. am varaudis safuZvels gvaZlevs `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ ramdenime epizodi, kerZod, rodesac zenoni SavSeTSi mosaklavad eZebs Tavisi dis Semacdenels:

`zenon Svili iyo saCinoYsa visime kacisaY samcxes. daY igi (zenonisa)... SeacTuna vinme uke-Turman kacman da Rame yovel warvides SavSeTs. xolo zenon viTarca cna... amPedrda cxensa da devna uyo da viTar didi queyanaY vlo, Tqua gulsa TKsa... daRacaTu vewio da movkla sibrPe ars sulisa CemisaY. da ukueTu cudad ukunviqce saxed Cemda, sircxvil ars Cemda. .... da dai-wera juari ..... da waremarTa saRmrTosa mas gzasa da miiwia winaSe dedisa febroniaYsa meres. .... da nebiTa RmrTisaYTa mun iyo mamaY grigol...... romelmanca moiyvana (zenon) xancTad~

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meres monasteri, rom karCxlis xeobaSi yofiliyo, rogorc amas niko mari da sxva mkv-levarebi varaudobdnen, zenons, landSafturi pirobebidan gamomdinare, jer wyarosTavi-sa da miZnaZoros monastrebis teritoria unda gaevlo da, bunebrivia, mividoda mamaTa am monastrebSi da ara mereSi (dedaTa monasterSi).

am mosazrebas ar ewinaaRmdegeba `cxovrebis~ danarCeni epizodebi. sainteresoa, ro-gor eTanxmeba meres monastris Cveneburi identifikacia aSot kurapalatis vizits, arta-nujidan meres monasterSi, sayvareli qalis wamosayvanad.

`... acTuna mterman PelmwifH igi [aSot kurapalati] da moiyvana man dedakaci siZvisaY cixesa mas [artanujsa] Sina, romlisa Tana imruSeboda. ... da ganzraxviTa misiTa amxila [grigol xancTelma] pirispir Pelmwifesa mas, xolo man aRuTqva codvisa mis gantevebaY ... da ver daamtkica TKsi brZanebaY, rameTu daemona gulis Tqumasa. ... netarman grigol pova Jami marjue, ... dResa erTsa SatberdiT warvida [artanujs]... kaci miuvlina dedakacsa. ... [qali] mswrafl movida wmidisa mis. ... hrqua mas netarman grigol ... «raYsTKs Soris col-qmarTa STaWril xar ...», ... xolo man cremliT hrqua «... me Tavsa Cemsa zeda ver Tavisufal var, vinaYTgan gardareuli siyuaruli aqus Cemda momarT kurapalatsa, da aw araY uwyi, Tu raY vyo ... mamao, PelTa SenTa var. ... da wmidaman man hrqua: «... dRes iqmna cxorebaY sulisa SenisaY» ... da esreT moiyvana igi meres. ... raJams moiwia kurapalati cixed, ikiTxa xolo dedakaci igi da viTar ara pova ... mswrafl xolo movida meres. xolo netarman febronia damala dedakaci igi.

... da viTar iloca kurapalatman eklesiasa wmidisa RmrTis-mSoblisasa ... hrqua: «... saxlisa Cuenisa meWurWle qali iyo ... da mamasa grigols aqa warmouyvanebia da friadi daguaklda safaseTa CuenTagani. aw ubrZane, romel erTxel cixed movides da yoveli mogKTualos da kualad Tquendave movides, viTarca undes», xolo febronia hrqua mas mkueTr: «mizezebad mizezTa codvisaTa kacTa Tana, romelni iqman uSjuloebasa». ese raY esma kurapalatsa, sircxKleul iqmna marTl-mxilebisa misgan kdemuli. ... Porcielad Zliersa Pelmwifesa suliTa ZlierTa kacTa Zlies, SeWurvilTa maT saRmrToYTa SuriTa. xolo Seurvebulman kurapalatman gulisa SeWirvebisagan Tqua: «netar mas kacsa, vin ar-Rara cocxal arso». da mswrafl xolo aRdga da warvidoda~.

SavSeTis metyevis atila taSdemiris sityvebiT, artanujidan meremde cxeniT misvla da ukan dabruneba erT dReSia SesaZlebeli.

Cveneul versias zurgs umagrebs `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ kidev erTi mniSvne-lovani epizodi: grigolma da samefo ojaxis wevrebma klarjeTis monastrebi Semdegi ri-giTobiT moinaxules: Satberdi, jmerki, berTa, daba, opiza, xanZTa, miZnaZoro, wyarosTavi da bareTelTa. rogorc Cans, meres monasterSi (romelic am dros ukve aSenebuli iyo) isi-ni ar misulan. amis mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo mxolod meres monastris am monastrebidan moSorebiT, SavSeTSi mdebareoba.

meresTan Cveni 2007 wlis eqspediciis mier dafiqsirebulma monastris nangrevebis safuZvlianma Seswavlam SesaZloa, sabolood gadawyvitos cnobili meres monastris iden-tifikaciis sakiTxi.

masalebis momzadebaSi daxmarebisTvis madloba minda movaxseno baton gia WaniSvils da qalbaton naTia narsaviZes.


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�. giorgi merCule, `SromaY da moRuawebaY... grigolisi...~, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli lit. Zeglebi, wigni I, (V-X ss.), i. abulaZis redaqciiT, Tb., �96�.

2. p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, Tb., �954.

�. b. kudava, g. saiTiZe, T. jojua, SavSeTisa da eruSeTis istoruli geografiisaTvis. ge-laTis mecn. akad. Jurnali #�0 da #��, 2005.

4. l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, t. I, nakv. II, Tb., �962.

5. d. xoStaria, klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi, 2005.

6. T. xuciSvili, k. Sengelia, S. maWavariani, v. silogava, tao-klarjeTi, Tbilisi 2004.

7. v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli monastrebi istoriul taoSi, klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi, 2006.

8. N. Thierry, Peintures géorgiennes Turque “Bedi Kartlisa”, Revue de Kartvellogie, vol. XLII, 1984.

9. Vfhh Y\= Lytdybr] gjtplrb d] Ifdii. и Rkfhl;i.= Vfnthifks gj fh[tjkjuib Rfdrfpf gjl] htl\ uhfabyb Edfhjdjq= dsg\ &^^= C-Gtn\= 1911\

neWly disCovered arChiTeCTUral MonUMenTs in shavsheTi

teimuraz KhutsishviliPhD.

ProfessorAbstract

In August 2007 on the territory of Turkey in Shavsheti Ilche of Artvini Ili a research expedition was held with the participation of T.Khutsishvili, D. Kemoklidze, L.Liparteliani and O.Tashdemir. Shavsheti is a historically Georgian territory. This expedition was able to find several architectural monuments which had been unknown in the scientific sources before. In the 70s of the XIX century several explorers of Georgian antiqueness travelled in Shavsheti, among them were N.Marr, G. Kaz-begi, A. Pavlinov, and D. Bakradze. Later in the XX century W. Djobadze (USA), N. Thierry (France), B. Baumgartner (Austria), D. Khoshtaria, B. Kudava explored Shavsheti. Several architectural monu-ments of Georgian origin were found there.

Our expedition explored the territories of the villages, where above mentioned explorers had not worked, and as a result of our explorations we found a ruined church in the village Dabatsvrili (Meşelı), a church in village Skhlobani (Pırnalı) and Mere monastery (Veliköy). These architectural monuments have been measured approximately and photos have been taken.

The former church of Mere is especially interesting as our historical and literal sources let us suppose that this is a well-known monastery of Mere built in the times of Grigol Khandzteli and it is mentioned in the novel “Life of Grigol Khandzteli” of the tenth century.

Our identification of Mere monastery is based on three important episodes from “Life of Grigol Khandzteli” written in 950. These episodes are: Zenon’s route when he chased the enemy, the epi-sode where King Ashot went to see the woman whom he adored, and the last one is the part in which Grigol and the royal family went to visit monasteries in Klarjeti. Our version is backed by geographical and landscape data.

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qalis politikuri statusi saqarTveloSi

guranda WeliZemecnierebaTa doqtori,


eka kvaWantiraZemecnierebaTa doqtori,


Tanamedrove periodSi genderulma kvlevebma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. ukanasknel aTwleulSi emansipaciis procesis gaRrmavebam gazarda interesi gardasul epoqaTa da Tanadrouli periodis qalTa mdgomareobis, sazogadoebasa da politikaSi maTi adgilis Seswavlisadmi.

kacobriobis istoriaSi politikas yovelTvis eWira gansakuTrebuli adgili. Tu ro-goria politikis roli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis procesSi, amis Sesaxeb araerTi mosa-zreba arsebobs. magram, dRes vcxovrobT ra ukiduresad cvalebad samyaroSi, politikis mniSvneloba kidev ufro izrdeba. dRes sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zogierTi sakiTxis ganxilva srulebiT axlebur midgomas saWiroebs. aseT sakiTxTa wres, ra Tqma unda, ua-mravi problema ekuTvnis, magram sakiTxi, romelzec gvsurs yuradRebis gamaxvileba, moi-cavs iseT sferos, rogoricaa qalis monawileoba politikaSi. Tema ucxo ar aris qarTuli realobisaTvis, radgan saqarTvelos istoriulma warsulma araerTi magaliTi Semogvinaxa qalis rolis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb saxelmwifos marTvaSi. Tumca TanamedroveobasTan mi-marTebaSi arsebobs gansxvavebebi, radgan mimdinare socialur-politikuri cvlilebebis zegavleniT, icvleboda qalis sazogadoebrivi statusi, axalma realiebma axali midgo-mebis aucilebloba ganapiroba qalTa moqalaqeobrivi da politikuri monawileobisadmi. qalebma TavianTi gaaqtiurebiT uzrunvelyves xelisuflebis institutebis misawvdomoba da iswavles TavianTi politikuri uflebebis dacva da gamoyeneba. qalis statuss saqar-TveloSi ganapirobebs rogorc obieqturi pirobebi, ise sazogadoebis cnobierebis mdgo-mareoba.

Tvali gadavavloT, Tu rogor Camoyalibda istoriulad qalis roli sazogadoebrivi marTvis procesebSi. uZvelesi periodis saqarTveloSi qalis kultia. magram es ukanaskne-li uSualod ukavSirdeba mxolod dedobis fenomens.

Sua saukuneebSi, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebiT, kargad Cans qalTa emansipaciis procesi, vxedavT Tu rogor nel-nela moipovebs qali uflebebs rogorc sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, ise ojaxSi. am periodis saqarTveloSi qali, marTalia, sazogadoebis meore-xarisxovani wevri iyo, magram misi statusis amaRlebis saSualeba mainc arsebobda. es iyo piradi qoneba. mas Semdeg, rac qals saSualeba mieca qmris ojaxSi sakuTari qonebiT Sesu-liyo, misi roli da avtoriteti ufro amaRlda. Cans, ukve saxelmwifoc ereva am procesSi da cdilobs, qalis qoneba ojaxis sxva wevrebisagan xeluxlebeli gaxados, radgan kanoniT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli zogierT cxovrebiseul SemTxvevaSi misi uklebliv ukan dabrunebis aucilebloba (2, ��-��4). XVIII saukunemde ganqorwineba mamakacis prerogativa iyo. mxo-lod vaxtang VI-m misca qalebs mbraldeblad yofnis ufleba (�, 225), romlis mopovebac mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo maTi emansipaciis procesSi.

me-�9 saukuneSi ilia WavWavaZem daayena qalTa emansipaciis sakiTxi. igi qalis profe-siul Sromas sazogadoebis normaluri ganviTarebis da qalis Tavisuflebis aucilebel faqtorad Tvlida. amas mohyva qalis uflebebis nawilobrivi zrda. mas misces ganaTlebis da Sromis procesSi CarTvis ufleba.

sabWoTa periodSi qals mieniWa xelisuflebis arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, magram totalitarul saxelmwifoSi qalebs ar akavebinebdnen maRal samTavrobo postebs. moqme-debda kvotebis principi, magram is xorcieldeboda aRmasrulebeli da partiuli xelisu-flebis dabal ierarqiul doneze. amave dros umaRles sabWoSi qalebs unda daekavebinaT adgilebis �0%.

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Zlieri demokratiuli saxelmwifos aSenebis winapirobaa qalTa da mamakacTa TanamS-romloba da partnioroba politikaSi. msoflios mravali qveynis gamocdilebidan cnobilia, rom ìm qveyanaSi, sadac sakanonmdeblo organoebSi meti qalia, miiReba ufro demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebi, umjobesdeba sakanonmdeblo baza, momWirned ixarjeba qveynis biujeti, da-balia korufciis done, Sesaferis simaRlezea ganaTlebisa da jandacvis sistemebi. amgvarad, mTavrobaSi meti qalis yofna socialuri donis mniSvnelovnad amaRlebas niSnavs.~ (�, 40)

Tu daveyrdnobiT qalTa sakiTxebSi cnobili eqspertis n. WaniSvilis mosazrebebs, misi azriT, `qalTa simcire gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi gvaZlevs cud Sedegs, anu cud marTvas. ukeTesi marTvisaTvis rogorc globalur, ise erovnul da adgilobriv doneze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, aucilebelia qalTa azris gaTvaliswineba (4, 29).

qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi miiCneva de-mokratiisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad. mso-flio praqtikam cxadyo, rom qveynebi, sadac saxelmwifo struqturebSi meti qalia, ufro demokratiul gadawyvetilebebs iReben. politikaSi qalisa da mamakacis partnioroba Zlieri saxelmwifos Seqmnis saukeTeso winapirobaa.

am mxriv gamonaklisi arc saqarTvelo unda iyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul sina-mdvileSi gabatonebuli ojaxis tradiciuli ideali ojaxis ufrosad, qonebis mflobelad da memkvidred mamakacs Tvlis, rac aZlierebs qalis damokidebul mdgomareobas, ojaxSi qalis SromiTi datvirTva bevrad aRemateba mamakacTa mier ojaxSi gaweul Sromas. ekono-mikurma krizisma gazarda qalis valdebulebebi. magram am axal pirobebSi ar gamouwvevia meuRleebs Soris saqmeebsa da Svilebis aRzrdaze pasuxismgeblobis gadanawileba. Tumca tradiciuli adaTidan da, iqedan gamomdinare, rom saqarTveloSi axla mkvidrdeba gende-ruli cnobiereba, es gasakviri ar unda iyos.

saqarTveloSi gardamaval periodSi sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlas masobrivi umuSe-vroba mohyva. aseT pirobebSi qali ufro moqnili, mgrZnobiare aRmoCnda da ukeT SeZlo morgeboda vaWrobasa da servisis sferoSi arsebul SesaZleblobebs, ris Sedegadac qale-bis didma nawilma sakuTar Tavze itvirTa ojaxis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofis pasuxism-gebloba. aseT viTarebaSi, bunebrivia, qalTa uflebebs da mdgomareobas dacva sWirdeba, isev da isev, umetesad qalTa monawileobiT politikuro procesebis marTvaSi.

qveynis politikur procesebSi qalTa monawileobis donis, maTi aqtivobis da SesaZle-blobebis gansazRvrisa da analizisaTvis aucilebelia wina wlebSi Catarebuli saparla-mento da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis Sedegebis genderuli parametrebiT ganxilva. miT umetes, rom genderuli Tanasworobis miRweva sazogadoebaSi demokratiza-ciis gamovlinebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan formas warmoadgens. maSin, roca sabWoTa kav-Siris daSlis Semdeg moixsna kvotebis sistema, rogorc sabWouri gadmonaSTi da qalTa monawileoba saarCevno procesebSi warimarTa yovelgvari limitebis gareSe.

Tu gadavavlebT Tvals �992-2008 wlebSi saqarTveloSi Catarebul saparlamento da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebs, advilad mivxvdebiT, rom sakanonmdeblo da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi qalTa raodenobis simcire miuTiTebs saar-Cevno kanonis uunarobaze, xeli Seuwyos qveynis politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi

qalebis aqtiuri Carevas.

1992wlidandRemdesakanonmdeblo

organoebSiparlamentiswevrebis

genderulimaCveneblebisgrafiki(nax.1):

statistikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT, �992-�999 wlebis saparlamento arCevnebSi gen-

16 17 17 22 7

219 218 218 21�

1�2

0

50

100

150

200

250

1992 1995 1999 2004 2008

ქალიმამაკაცი

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deruli balansi TiTqmis ucvlelia. gamonakliss warmoadgens `vardebis revluciis~ Sem-deg 2004 wlis 28 martis saparlamento arCevnebi, sadac qalTa raodenoba 22-mde gaizar-da. genderuli disbalansis miuxedavad, 8 wlis ganmavlobaSi parlamentis Tavmjdomaris posti qalbatons ekava. ukanasknel xanebSi gaizarda partiul siebSi qalebis raodenoba, magram 2008 wlis 2� maisis saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad parlamentis deputatis man-dati moipova mxolod 9 qalma, romelTagan orma uari ganacxada deputatis uflebami-silebis Sesrulebaze. realurad, dRes saqrTvelos parlamentSi 7 qalia. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTgan eqvsi warmoadgens èrTian nacionalur moZraobas _ gamarjvebuli saqarTve-losaTvis~. `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saaakaSvilis xelisuflebaSi mosvliT Seicvala midgoma sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisufle-baSi qalebis monawileobisadmi. gansxvavebiT wina xelisuflebisagan, romelic ministrTa kabinetSi mxolod ori qalbatoniT iyo warmodgenili, axalma xelisuflebam 2004 wlidan dRemde ramdenime mniSvnelovani saministros xelmZRvaneloba qalbatonebs daavala. `Cven gvinda mmarTvelobiT da politikur sistemaSi rac SeiZleba meti qali gvyavdes da gveyo-leba~ _ aseTia mixeil saakaSvilis mowodeba da, marTlac, misi pirveli ministrTa kabineti 5 qalbatoniT iyo warmodgenili. 2008 wels ki ministrTa mxolod or portfels floben qalbatonebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mmarTveli partiis prioritetad rCeba qalis aqtiuri roli politikuri procesebis marTvaSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTo jamSi, Semcirda parlamentis wevrebis raodenoba 2�5-dan �50 deputatamde, procentuli maCveneblebiT Tu gamovTvliT, deputati qalebis rao-denoba �992-2004 wlebTan SedarebiT �%-iT aris Semcirebuli. aqve gvsurs davZinoT, rom ukanasknel saparlemento arCevnebSi pirvelad monawileobda axlad daarsebuli qalTa partia, rac niSnavs imas, rom gasuli wlebisagan gansxvavebiT, politikuri partiebis saprogramo prioritetebSi calke gamoiyofa qalTa problemebi da maTi gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi.

Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi qalebis politikuri aqtivoba ar Semoifargleba mxolod qveynis saSinao politikuri procesebiT. dRes ucxoeTis qveynebSi 4 qalbatonia saqarTve-los sagangebo da sruluflebiani elCi.

ukanaskneli �0 wlis ganmavlobaSi qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebma saerTaSo-riso organizaciebis xelSewyobiT politikur partiebs gadasces specialurad momzade-buli kiTxvari, romelic iTvaliswinebda iseTi problemebis gadaWras, rogorebic aris politikuri partiebis mier saqarTveloSi genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxis mogvareba, qalTa diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg kanonis SemuSaveba, parlamentsa da adgilobrivi TviTm-marTvelobis saarCevno kanonebSi partiis saarCevno siaSi qalTa garkveuli procentuli ricxvis dadgena, romelic, bunebrivia, xels Seuwyobda qalTa politikuri liderobis da qmediTunarianobis amaRlebas. samwuxarod, amas rame mniSvnelovani Sedegi ar mohyolia, miuxedavad �999 wlis 28 agvistos saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebisa, parlamen-tisaTvis rekomendaciis micemis Sesaxeb saarCevno kanonSi saTanado cvlilebebis ganxor-cielebisa, romelTa Soris varaudobdnen kvotebis gamoyenebasac. xom ar niSnavs yovelive zemoT Tqmuli imas, rom qarTuli sazogadoebis mentaliteti jer mzad ar aris imisaTvis, rom politikaSi Cabmuli qalis yuradReba akldeba ojaxs, rac erTgvar diskomforts qm-nis. amis mizezi xom ar aris is, rom politikuri cxovrebis da saojaxo pasuxismgeblobis SeTavsebis sirTuleebma bevrs gadaafiqrebina momdevno arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba. xom ar Cndeba alternativa an ojaxi an politika? dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema, mar-Tlac rom, rTulia, radgan imave qarTveli mamakacebis azriT, umarTebuloa ar hqondes politikos qals ojaxi. amitomac kvlavac qalebze iqneba damokidebuli maTi rolis zrda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. qalebissave aqtiuri mondomeba, partiebis Seqmna, migvaCnia, gamoiwvevs mamakacebis da sruliad sazogadoebis mxardaWeras, maT So-ris, umaRles xelisufalTa nebasac.

qalis politikuri statusi saqarTveloSi guranda WeliZe, eka kvaWantiraZe

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�. aviZba s., qalis roli qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi// qali da arCevnebi, UNDP, Tbilisi, 2004

2. guguSvili n., qali Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, artanuji, 2004

�. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigni// qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. gamosacemad moamzada i. doliZem, Tbilisi, saq. ssr. mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, 1963

4. margiani l., socialuri sakiTxebi da qali deputatebi saqarTvelos parlamentSi// qali da arCevnebi, UNDP, Tbilisi, 2004

5. jaSi C., qali da arCevnebi saqarTveloSi// qali da arCevnebi, UNDP, Tbilisi, 2004

6. http://www.cwn.ge/publication/ge_publication/Describing_the_Current_Situation_in_Georgia_Womens_Role_and_the_Status_ge.pdf

7. http://www.gov.ge

8. http://www.mfa.gov.ge

9. http://www.economy.ge

10. http://www.moa.gov.ge

WoMen’s PoliTiCal sTaTUs in georgia

guranda ChelidzePH.D, Associate Professor

eka Kvachantiradze,PH.D, Associate Professor

Abstract

Nowadays gender researches have a special importance. During the last ten years the increase of emancipation process has resulted in a deep interest of women’s role from ancient time until today and study of their position in the society and politics.

The article gives the retrospective view of woman’s political status from ancient times until to-day in Georgia, it is also discusses woman’s role in constructing democratic country, woman’s and man’s equality of rights as the main characteristic of democracy and civil society. The article shows the statistical data and analysis of women’s activity in the legal and executive systems of Georgia from 1990s to 2008.

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qristianoba da islami

(qristianuli Tematika yuranSi)

irma maxaraZe

evropaSi, Semdeg aziaSi daiwera gamokvlevebi da literatura, romlebSic damu-

Savebulia da Seswavlilia religiaTSorisi dialogis problemebi. garda amisa, imarTeba

mravali Sexvedra, konferencia da simpoziumi sxvadasxva religiuri mrwamsis mqone

adamianebis monawileobiT. gaCnda mkvlevarTa jgufebi, romlebic cdiloben xeli

Seuwyon religiaTa Soris urTierTobis damyarebas da ganviTarebas. religiaTa Soris

dialogi Tanamedrove epoqis Tanmxlebi procesi xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, winamdebare

moxseneba miznad isaxavs ori msoflio religiis im saerTo motivebze yuradRebis

gamaxvilebas, rac maT wminda wignebSia mocemuli. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas islamisa

da qristianobis saerTo motivebis Zieba da xazgasma Tanamedrove, dasavleTisa da

aRmosavleTis dapirispirebis fonze iZens.

yuranSi qristianuli Tematikis kvlevisas gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ieso qris-

tesTan, mariamTan, ioane naTlismcemelTan da zaqariasTan dakavSirebuli narativebi.

ieso qriste

iesosTan dakavSirebul epizodebs yuranis 15 suraSi vxvdebiT. igi yuranSi ramdenime

saxeliTa da epiTetiT aris moxseniebuli. iesos yuraniseuli saxelia ‘isa (��),

romelic 11 suris 25 aiaSia dafiqsirebuli. ‘isas etimologia azrTa sxvadasxvaobas

iwvevs. zogierT avtors (mag. maraCi da noldeke) miaCnia, rom muhamadi ‘isas ebraelebis

gavleniT iyenebs. sxvebi (mag. derenburgi, frenkeli, volersi, nestle) miiCneven, rom

Yesū’ momdinareobs siriuli YeSu’-isgan, romelmac fonetikuri cvlileba ganicada,

xolo siriuli forma ebrauli YeSua’-isgan warmodgeba (7, gv.81).

ieso yuranSi ‘isas garda, moixsenieba, rogorc: 1) qriste, mesia (��), 2)

winaswarmetyveli (�), 3) mociquli (�� ), 4) mariamis Ze (�� ), 5) saxelovani (��), 6)

kurTxeuli (� ��), 7) WeSmaritebis sityva (�� ), 8) RvTis mona (�� ), 9)

miaxloebulTagani (�� ). yuranis mixedviT, ieso aris winaswarmetyveli da mociquli. winaswarmetyvelad igi

mxolod erT aiaSia naxsenebi: “Tqva: WeSmaritad, me alahis mona var, momca wminda werili

da mqmna winaswarmetyvelad” (yurani,19:30).

rac Seexeba mociquls (�� ), yuranSi bevri mociqulia naxsenebi, magram maT Soris 6

mTavars gamoyofen, esenia: adami (��), abraami (�� ), noe (��), mose (��), ieso (��) da

muhamadi (��). yuranis mixedviT, mociquli aris is, vinc xalxTan gansakuTrebuli niS-

nebiT _ gamocxadebebiT midioda (12, gv.145-146). SemdgomSi iwereboda es gamocxadebebi

da iqmneboda wminda werilebi. iesos SemTxvevaSi, aseTi wminda werili saxarebaa (��).

yuranSi iesos istoria Tanmimdevrulad ar aris gadmocemuli, magram Tu arsebul

cnobebs gavaerTianebT, SeiZleba Semdegi sakiTxebi gamovyoT: 1) xareba, Casaxva da iesos

Soba, 2) iesos misia, 3) ieso da sameba, 4) ieso, rogorc RvTis mona, 5) ieso da muhamadi, 6) jvarcma.

xarebis Sesaxeb, yvelaze ufro vrclad, saubaria me-19 suraSi (yurani, 19:17-22),

magram yuranSi zustad ar aris gansazRvruli gansxvaveba xarebasa da Casaxvas Soris.


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lukas saxarebis mixedviT, uflis angelozi, romelic mariams gamoecxada, wminda sulis

mier aris movlenili (luka,1:26-38). saxarebaSi mariams angelozi gamoecxada, xolo yuranSi _ suli. es kidev erTxel

dasturdeba 66-e suris me-12 aiaSi:

“mariams, ‘imranis asuls, romelmac daicva Tavisi organo, STavbereT Cveni suli. man

irwmuna uflis sityvebi, wminda werilebi da iyo RvTismosavTagani.”

miuxedavad amisa, mariams Sercxvenis SiSi hqonda:

Tqva: “ratom ar movkvdi aqamde, viqneboda daviwyebuli (yurani, 19:23) “

gasamxneveblad mas ieso mimarTavs:

“da mouwoda mas qvemodan: “nu sevdianob, qmna ufalma Senma wyaro, Searxie palma da Camocviva mwife, saRi nayofi, Wame, dalie da daisvene! da Tu dainaxav vinmes adamianTagan, uTxari: WeSmaritad, marxvis

aRTqma miveci mowyales da ar davelaparakebi dRes adamians (yurani,19:24-26).

da ai, mariami brundeba xalxTan axalSobili bavSviT xelSi; mas sayveduroben, magram

yrma ieso laparaks iwyebs da maT Tavis RvTaebriobaSi arwmunebs:

“Tqva: “WeSmaritad, me alahis mona var. momca man wminda werili da mqmna

winaswarmetyvelad, makurTxa, sadac ar unda viyo, mianderZa locva da mowyaleba, vidre cocxali var, keTilismyofeloba dedaCemisadmi da ar vuqmnivar tiranad, borotmoqmedad, mSvidoba im dRes, roca davibade, im dRes, roca movkvdebi da im dRes, roca aRdgenil

viqnebi mkvdreTiT (yurani, 19:30-33).

yrmobis asakSi laparaki _ es aris pirveli saswauli, romelic yuranis mixedviT

iesos miewereba. maSin, roca saxarebis mixedviT, pirveli saswauli man 30 wlis asakSi

qmna (ioane, 2:1-11). yuranis Tanaxmad ieso winaswarmetyvelia (yurani, 19:31) da mociquli (yurani,

4:157,170; 61:6). yvela winaswarmetyveli msgavsad mas aqvs srulqmnis misia, magram,

yuranis mixedviT, is mxolod udidesi maswavlebeli iyo kacobriobisa da RvTis wminda

mociquli. RmerTma igi airCia, raTa Seecvala israelis modgma. mas ar moutania axali

kanoni, Tumca eboZa RvTiuri gamocxadeba (9, gv.11-12). faqtobrivad, muslimebi miiCneven, rom qristianuli religia Tavisi arsiT, mxolod

moses religiis ganaxlebaa (5, gv.139). miuxedavad amisa, igi “naTeli da gasaocari niSania.”

pirveli “gasaocari niSani” aris iesos ubiwod Casaxva da Soba, magram ieso, Tavis

mxrivac, warmoadgenda “niSnebs”, riTac Tavis winaswarmetyvelur misias amtkicebda. sao-

cari iyo, rom:

1. ieso axalSobilic ki laparakobda zrdasruli adamianis avtoritetulobiT

(yurani, 3:41),

2. man gamoZerwa Tixis Citebi da sicocxle STabera maT (yurani, 3:49)”...

3. iesom gankurna brma, gankurna keTrovani,

4. is aRadgenda micvalebulebs RvTis nebiT (yurani, 5:110) sayuradReboa, rom, yuranis Tanaxmad, ieso saswaulebs RvTis nebiT, surviliTa

da ZalauflebiT qmnida, romelic iseve aRemateba iesos, rogorc ieso _ yvela

danarCen mokvdavs (iusuf ali, kom.820). 5. mociqulebis TxovniT man zecidan “mza sufra” gardamoavlina (yurani, 5:112-115)

qristianoba da islami (qtistianuli Tematika islamSi) irma maxaraZe

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“mza sufris” gardamovlena mowafeTaTvis dResaswauli da iesos misiis niSani iyo. es

pasaJi an saidumlo serobis reminiscenciaa (ioane 6:53-57; maTe,26:26-28; markozi, 14:12-25;

luka 22.7-23) an petres xilvisa. yuranis mixedviT, iesom ganacxada is WeSmariteba, romelic ToraSia gardamovle-

nili:

“damamtkiceblad imisa, rac Cemamde gardamogevlinaT ToraSi da akrZalulis

nawilobrivad nebis dasarTavad, me movedi uflis niSniT, geSinodeT alahisa da

damemorCileT me!” (yurani, 3:50)

wminda werili, saxareba, romelic iesom moitana, sasikeToa, radgan avsebs maT

gulebs, vinc Tvinierad mihyveba.

“Semdeg warvgzavneT Cveni mociqulebi maTs kvaldakval, warvgzavneT ‘isa, Ze mariamisa,

vuboZeT mas saxareba da vinc mas mihyva, STavunergeT gulSi TanagrZnoba da mowyaleba...”

(yurani, 57:27).

rogorc warmodgenili magaliTebidan Cans, ieso aRiarebulia udides winaswar-

metyvelad da RvTis wminda mociqulad. yuranSi igi pativiscemiT moixsenieba, magram,

amave dros, uaryofilia qristianuli dogma samebis Sesaxeb (6, gv.28) riTac, miuxedavad

mariamis Zisadmi udidesi pativiscemisa, savsebiT naTlada aris gancxadebuli, rom igi

moklebulia RvTaebriobas:

“qriste, Ze mariamisa, mxolod mociqulia. manamdec iyvnen mociqulebi, dedamisi _

alal-marTalia. isini, orTaveni ikvebebodnen”...(yurani,5:57).

“ar iwama, vinc ambobs, rom alahi qristea, Ze mariamisa”... (yurani, 5:17; 5: 72).

yuranSi naTqvamia: 1. ieso iyo qalis, mariamis Svili da maSasadame - adamiani; 2. is iyo winaswarmetyveli, adamiani, RvTis misiiT da, aqedan gamomdinare -

pativcemuli; 3. ieso iyo mariamze gardamovlenili sityva. is Seqmnil iqna RvTis sityviT “iqmen”

da iqmna (yurani, 3:59); 4. is iyo “suli RvTisagan”, magram ara RmerTi; misi cxovreba da misia gansaz-

Rvruli iyo, ase rom, mas Sesabamisi pativi unda miegos, vinaidan ieso RvTis kaci iyo. doqtrina samebis Sesaxeb, Tanasworoba RmerTTan da RvTis Zeoba uaryofilia,

rogorc RvTis gmoba (6, gv. 33). Tanamedrove muslimi mecnierebis azriT, qristianoba Tavdapirvelad erTRmerTi-

anobas qadagebda, xolo swavleba samebis Sesaxeb misi damaxinjebis Sedegia (12, gv.28).

qristianebTan polemikis dros, muhamadi arasodes ambobs “samsaxieri RmerTi” da

“sameba,” arasodes ayenebs yuranSi sakiTxs, rogor SeiZleba samma saxem erTiani RmerTi

Seqmnas (1, gv.85) (yurani,4:171; 5:116-118) rac Seexeba yurans, me-5 suris 116-e aiidan naTlad Cans, rom yuraniseuli sameba

aerTianebs alahs, mariams (faqtobrivad, alahis meuRles) da maT Zes, iesos.

orTodoqsuli qristianuli gagebiT, es eresia. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom islamic

imaves uaryofs, rasac qristianoba, radganac erTiani RvTaebrivi arsi Sinaganad aris

sami hipostasis Serwyma. esenia: mama (pirvelsawyisi), Ze (logosi) da wminda suli

(cxovrebis dinamikis “cxovelmyofeli” sawyisi). miuxedavad samebis doqtrinis kategoriuli uaryofisa, yurani aRiarebs iesos

ubiwod Casaxvas, magram rogorc RvTis qmnilebas, adams adarebs: “WeSmaritad, ‘isa, alahis

winaSe adamis msgavsia. man Seqmna igi mtvrisgan, Semdeg uTxra: iqmen! da iqmna.” (yurani, 3:59)


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imdenad, ramdenadac sityva �� (mona) Teologiurad qmnilebas aRniSnavs (7, gv.82),

ieso RvTis qmnilebaa: “WeSmaritad, is mxolod monaa. mivaniWeT mas wyaloba da vqmeniT

magaliTad isra’ilis ZeTaTvis” (yurani,43:59). yuranis mixedviT, iesos miewereba winaswarmetyveleba momdevno mociqulis

movlinebis Sesaxeb (yurani, 61:6) ioanes saxarebaSi ieso acxadebs nugeSismcemelze, romelic mis Semdeg unda movides:

“me mamas Sevevedrebi da is sxva nugeSismcemels mogivlenT, raTa TqvenTan iyos saukunod”

(ioane, 14:16; 14:26; 15:26; luka, 24:49). muslimi komentatorebi aRTqmul nugeSismcemelSi muhamads xedaven da ahmadTan

aigiveben, imdenad, ramdenadac orive saxeli h-m-d ZirTan aris dakavSirebuli (7, gv83). rac Seexeba iesos jvarcmas, yuranSi naTqvamia:

“... WeSmaritad, Cven movkaliT qriste, ‘isa, Ze mariamisa, alahis mociquli.” maT ar

mouklavT is da arc jvars ucvamT, aramed mxolod eCvenaT maT. WeSmaritad, maT, vinc ver

Tanxmdebian amaze, ueWvelia, ara aqvT codna. maT SeuZliaT mxolod ivaraudon. is

namdvilad ar mouklavT” (yurani,4:157).

es aris am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli erTaderTi epizodi yuranSi, sadac uaryofilia

iesos jvarcma da sikvdili. muhamadi ambobs, rom iudevelebs mxolod moeCvenaT

yovelive, sinamdvileSi ki ieso cad amaRlda. saxarebaSi sakmaod dawvrilebiT aris gadmocemuli iesos jvarcma da sikvdili (maTe,

27:1-56; markozi, 15:1-41; luka,23:1-49; ioane, 19:1-18). sainteresoa, ratom uaryo muhamadma iesos jvarcma? SesaZloa, es imiT iyos

gamowveuli, rom qristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, iesom Tavisi vnebiT pirvelqmnili

codva gamoisyida, rac ar eTanxmeba islamis mrwamss, romlis mixedviTac, codva

memkvidreobiTi ar aris, adamiani ucodveli ibadeba (1, gv.95; 9, gv.7-8). muslimi

komentatorebis Tanaxmad ki is, rom qristes jvarcma iudevelebs mxolod moeCvenaT,

mianiSnebs rwmenis saboloo gamarjvebas borotebaze, radgan iesos jvarze sikvdili

jalaTebis gamarjveba iqneboda (7, gv.84). sabolood gamodis, rom ieso ar momkvdara da mis nacvlad sxva gaakres jvarze,

xolo igi zecad amaRlda (1, gv.97; 7, gv.84). magram iesos istoria amaRlebiT ar

mTavrdeba. qveynierebis aRsasrulamde igi meored unda movides. is, rom ieso “niSania

saaTisa” islamSi WeSmaritebad aris aRiarebuli: “is, WaSmaritad, niSania saaTisa, nu

geparebaT eWvi da momyeviT me, es swori gzaa!” (yurani, 43:61). paralelebis motana saxarebidanac SeiZleba:

“WeSmaritad, WeSmaritad geubnebiT Tqven: modis Jami, da ukve aris kidec, roca mkvdrebi

moismenen RvTis Zis xmas da msmenelni gacocxldebian” (ioane, 5:25).

“nu gaikvirvebT amas, radgan modis Jami, rodesac yvelani, vinc samarxebSi arian, mis xmas

moismenen. keTilis moqmedni sicocxlis aRdgomisTvis gamovlen, siavis mqmnelni ki _ samsjavros

aRdgomisTvis” (ioane, 5:28,29).

saxarebaSi `Jami~ imaves aRniSnavs, rasac yuranSi _ `saaTi~ (e.i. gankiTxvis dRes),

gankiTxvis dRis zusti dro ki, xalxisTvis ucnobia. es mxolod RmerTma icis (yurani,

7:147). ieso, yuranis mixedviT, gankiTxvis Jams brals dasdebs qristianebs imaSi, rom maT

is da dedamisi RvTis sworad miiCnies.


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mariami

yuranSi mariami 12 suris 31 aiaSi aris naxsenebi, aqedan sam aiaSi or-orjer. garda

amisa, me-19 suras “mariami” ewodeba. 11 suris 22 aiaSi (2:87,256; 3:45; 4:157,171;

5:17,17,46,72,75,78,110,112,114,116; 9:31; 19:34; 23:50; 33:7; 43:57; 57:27; 61:4,16) mariami

gvxvdeba frazaSi “ieso, Ze mariamisa”, mamis xsenebis gareSe, radgan muslimuri

tradiciis Tanaxmad, iesos ar hyavda miwieri mama (10, gv.328). muslimuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, mariami saukeTesoa oTx gamorCeul qals (aiSas,

xadijas da fatimas )Soris. is aris qalTa meTauri samoTxeSi (2, gv.127; 10, gv.328).

gadmocemis mixedviT, xareba Semdegnairad moxda: angelozi jibraili (gabrieli)

gamoecxada mariams uwverulvaSo ymawvilis saxiT da ganucxada mas vaJis Sobis Sesaxeb.

mariamma gaoceba gamoxata, magram angelozis damarwmunebeli pasuxi rom moismina, RvTis

nebas daemorCila. amis Semdeg angelozma STabera mariams mosasxamis nakecSi, romelic man gaixada.

rodesac angelozi wavida, mariamma Caicva mosasxami da daorsulda. xareba moxda

gamoqvabulSi, silvanis wyarosTan, sadac, mariami, Cveulebisamebr, doqis asavsebad

dadioda da es iyo yvelaze grZeli dRe. sxva gadmocemis mixedviT, ‘isas suli mariams

piridan Caesaxa (10, gv. 329). meore mniSvnelovani dogmaturi niSani aris is, rom yuranis mixedviT, mariami samebas

miekuTvneba. am koncefciis gaelveba me-5 suris 75-e aiaSia mocemuli:

“qriste, Ze mariamisa, mxolod mociqulia. manamdec iyvnen mociqulebi, dedamisi ki

alalmarTalia. isini, orTaveni ikvebebodnen. Sexede, rogor vuxsniT maT naTel niSnebs,

Semdeg ki Sexede, rogor ityuebian!’’

es versia, rogorc Cans, mimarTulia qristianebis mosazrebis uarsayofad, romlebic

Tayvans scemdnen iesos da dedamiss, rogorc RvTaebriv arsebebs, amaRlebulebs

adamianur saWiroebebze. amas SeiZleba SevadaroT me-4 suris 171-e aia;

“o, saRvTo werilis xalxo! nu iqnebiT zedmetad gulmodgineni Tqvens religiaSi da nu

ityviT alahze nurafers, garda WeSmaritebisa. qriste, ‘isa Ze mariamisa, xom mxolod alahis

mociqulia, misi sityva, romelic mariams esrola da misi suli. iwameT alahi, misi

mociquli da nu ityviT samia. daasruleT, es kargia TqvenTvis, rameTu alahi erTaderTi

RmerTia! igi didebulia imisTvis, raTa Svili hyavdes; misia yvelaferi, rac caSia da miwaze.

alahi sakmao mfarvelia’.

ufro naTelia me-5-e suris 116-e aia:

“da ai Tqva alahma: o, ‘isa, Zev mariamisa! gana uTxari xalxs _ mimiReT me da dedaCemi or

RmerTad alahis garda? Tqva: dideba Senda! ar iqneba, rom vTqva, rac ar xelmewifeba, xolo

Tu vambobdi, Sen ici, Sen ici ra aris Cems sulSi, me ki ar vici, ra aris Sens sulSi, Sen xom

dafarulis mcodne xar!’’

xSirad ismeba kiTxva - rogor mivida muhamadi iqamde, rom mariami samebis erT-erT

hipostatad CaeTvala? epifaniusi laparakobs qalze, romelic Tayvans scemda mariams,

rogorc RmerTs (koloridianelTa seqta) (10, gv.328); seili aRniSnavs, rom mariamitebi

aRmerTeben samebas, romelSic Sedian RmerTi, qriste da mariami, is al-maqinis naSroms

eyrdnoba. SesaZlebelia, muhamadis koncefcia romelime seqtis gavlenis Sedegi ki ar

iyo, aramed im Tayvaniscemisa, romlis obieqtic iyo TviT mariami eklesiaSi. an,

SesaZlebelia, is ‘isas wminda sulTan identifikaciidan gamomdinareobdes (me-4 suris

171-e aia). yuranSi SedarebiT didi adgili ukavia mariamis da iesos istorias. monaTxrobSi

mravali adgili eTanxmeba apokriful Tu kanonikur saxarebas.


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yuranis or epizodSi aris SedarebiT srulad moTxrobili iesos Sobis Sesaxeb.

esenia: me-3 suris 35-47-e aiebi da me-19 suris 1-34-e aiebi. me-19 sura iwyeba zaqariasa da ioanes istoriiT (1-15-e aiebi), amas mosdevs mariamisa

da iesos istoria (16-33-e aiebi). me-3 suris 35-47-e aiebi Seicavs: 1)mariamis Sobas (35-37-

e aiebi), 2)ioanes xarebas (38-41-e aiebi), 3)iesos xarebas (42-46-e aiebi). mariamis mamas, yuranis mixedviT ‘imrani hqvia, xolo qristianul gadmocemebSi -

ioakimi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom saxeli ‘imrani bibliuri yamramis (moses mama)

gamoZaxili unda iyos, iseve, rogorc, faqtia, rom mariami harunis dad iwodeba: “o,

harunis dao, ar iyo mamaSeni cudi kaci da arc dedaSeni yofila mruSi!” (yurani, 19:28). erTi SexedviT, es SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos imiT, rom erTmaneTSi aris areuli

ori bibliuri mariami da muhamads ar hqonda warmodgena iesos da sxva winaswar-

metyvelTa moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. muslimuri gadmocemebic, gvarwmuneben, rom bibliur

yamramsa da mariamis mamas 1800 weli aSorebT erTmaneTs (10, gv.329), xolo Talmudis

sakmaod gavrcelebuli iudeuri legendis mixedviT, mariami, mosesa da aaronis da didi

xnis ganmavlobaSi cocxali iyo, sikvdilis angelozs masze Zalaufleba ar hqonda, igi

RvTis sulis qrolviT gardaicvala da misma sxeulma xrwna ver ixila (1, gv. 88),

miuxedavad amisa, saeWvoa, muhamads ar scodnoda rodis romeli winaswarmetyveli

moRvaweobda, gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom sityva “da” ar niSnavs pirdapir naTesaobas da

aris stilisturad rTuli metafora, romelSic or did mociquls Soris naTesaoba

igulisxmeba. rogorc ‘imranis sagvareulos STamomavali, mariami aris “musas dac” da

“‘imranis asulic” (2, gv 127).

‘imranis coli, mariamis deda yuranSi saxeliT ar aris naxsenebi, magram, rogorc

qristianul, ise muslimur gadmocemebSi, is hanad iwodeba.

‘imrani da hana moxucebi da uSviloebi iyvnen, erT dRes hanam dainaxa Citi, romelic

bartys apurebda da Svilis yolis Zlieri survili gauCnda, is loculobda da

SesTxovda RmerTs survilis asrulebas. hanam aRuTqva RmerTs, rom, Tuki mis vedrebas

Seismenda, bavSvs taZarSi aRzrdida (yurani,3;35,36). Semdeg yurani mogviTxrobs, rom bavSvi, RvTaebrivi wyalobiTa da zaqarias

mzrunvelobiT, taZris senakSi (mihrab) izrdeboda (yurani, 3:37). muslimuri gadmocemis Tanaxmad, ‘imrani mariamis dabadebamde gardaicvala da masze

pasuxismgebloba biZam, zaqariam aiRo. mas mieca mariamze mzrunvelobis ufleba, rac

mZime gamocdiT iyo ganmtkicebuli. gamocda mdinareSi isrebis srolaSi mdgomareobda.

erTaderTi isari, romelic zaqariam gaisrola, wylis zedapirze gaCerda (yurani, 3:44). qristianuli tradicia ki gadmogvcems iosebis mZime gamocdas, romelic mariamis

meurved aRiares, radgan misi joxidan mtredi gamofrinda. imdenjer, ramdenjerac zaqaria mariamTan senakSi Sedis, naxulobs, rom mariami

sakvebiT uzrunvelyofilia. igive detali figurirebs qristianul tradiciaSi. iosebi

yuranSi naxsenebi ar aris. muslimuri gadmocemis mixedviT, mariamze misi biZaSvili

zrunavs, radgan zaqarias asakis gamo aRar SeeZlo masze mzrunveloba. mariami taZarSi

rCeba, romelsac igi yovelTviuri wesis dros tovebs. qristianuli tradiciis mixedviT,

iosebs dedaTa wesis dros mariami Tavis saxlSi mihyavda, radganac, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, taZari Seibilweboda. rac Seexeba xarebas da iesos Sobas, amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ukve visaubreT. iesos

SobasTan dakavSirebiT ki, davamatebT, rom epizodi, sadac yrma ieso mariams

gasamxneveblad mimarTavs, SeiZleba CaiTvalos qristianuli gadmocemis paralelad,

romelSic naTqvamia, rom egvipteSi gaqcevis dros yrma iesom ubrZana palmas daxriliyo,

raTa mariami daepurebina. palma daixara, vidre iesom kvlav ar ubrZana gasworebuliyo,

Semdeg iesom ubrZna gardamoedina wyali wminda ojaxis dasarwyuleblad (maTes

apokrifuli saxareba, Tavi me-20).


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me-19 suris 26-e aiaSi naTqvamia:

“...da Tu dainaxav vinmes adamianTagan, uTxari: WeSmaritad, marxvis aRTqma miveci

mowyales da ar davelaparakrbi dRes adamians”.

komentarebi gvamcnoben, rom es aRniSnul iqna, raTa Tavidan aecilebina

momabezrebeli SekiTxvebi. es detali qristianul gadmocemaSi ar aris. mxolod iakobis

protosaxarebaSia naTqvami, rom mariami, romelic maSin 16 wlis iyo, israelitebs

emaleboda. muslimuri gadmocemis Tanaxmad, is gamoqvabulSi 40 dRis ganmavlobaSi

darCa. Semdeg man ieso Tavis xalxTan waiyvana.

“da mivida[mariami] Tavis xalxTan masTan erTad, mihyavda is[ieso]. Tqves: “o, mariam!

gasaocari ram qmeni

“o, harunis dao, ar iyo mamaSeni cudi kaci da arc dedaSeni yofila mruSi!” man ki masze[iesoze] miuTiTa. Tqves: rogor velaparakoT mas, vinc bavSvia akvanSi?”

(yurani, 19:27-29).

muslimuri TvalsazrisiT, es iyo mariamisadmi mimarTuli udidesi ciliswameba (12,

gv.262), risTvisac alahma, romelic icavs morwmuneebs, yrma iesos metyvelebis unari

mianiWa:

“Tqva: “WeSmaritad, me alahis mona var. momca man wminda werili da mqmna

winaswarmetyvelad, makurTxa, sadac ar unda viyo, mianderZa locva da mowyaleba, vidre cocxali var, keTilismyofeloba dedaCemisadmi da ar vuqmnivar tiranad, borotmoqmedad, mSvidoba im dRes, roca davibade, im dRes, roca movkvdebi da im dRes, roca aRdgenil

viqnebi mkvdreTiT” (yurani, 19:30-33).

yuranSi ar aris naxsenebi egvipteSi gaqceva Tu ar CavTvliT “moSorebul adgils”,

romelSic, SesaZlebelia, swored egvipteSi gaqceva igulisxmebodes. gadmocemebi am

faqts ukavSirebs 23-e suris 50-e aias: “vqmeniT mariamis Ze niSnad; miveciT TavSesafari

borcvTan, simSvidiTa da wyaroTi” da gvamcnobs, rom isini 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi darCnen

egvipteSi. wminda ojaxi mxolod herodes sikvdilis Semdeg dabrunda nasiraSi

(nazareTSi). yuranSi araferia naTqvami mariamis Semdgomi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. gadmocemis mixedviT

ki, sikvdilis Semdeg ‘isa dedamiss zecidan amSvidebda. gadmocemebSi moTxrobilia

agreTve, rom mariami ioanesTan da Sim’unTan erTad romSi wavida, raTa eqadaga

maruTamde (nero). rodesac Sim’uni da Tadausi jvars acves, mariami ioanesTan erTad

gaiqca. maTi devnis dros dedamiwa gaixsna da isini mdevrebs gaeqcnen. es saswauli

maruTis moqcevis safuZveli gaxda.

ioane naTlismcemeli da zaqaria

ioane naTlismcemeli, iseve, rogorc mamamisi _ zaqaria, yuranSi naxsenebia ieso

qristesTan da eliasTan erTad, alalmarTal da samarTlian adamianebs Soris. yuranSi,

erTgvarad, klasificirebulia is mociqulebi, romlebic airCia alahma da swor gzaze

daayena. yuranis me-6 suris 82-87 aiebSi 18 winaswarmetyvelia CamoTvlili, romlebic 4

jgufSi erTiandebian. pirvel jgufs Seadgenen: abraami (اه�� (ا� �ق) abraamis Ze _ isaaki ,(ا

da isaakis Ze _ iakobi (ب��). yuranis mixedviT, abraami iyo pirveli, visac wminda werili

gardamoevlina (yurani, 87:17-19), Tumca, komentarebSi aRniSnulia (6, kom.903, gv.363),

rom am wminda werils Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. meore jgufSi Sedian: noe (ح��), daviTi

��) iosebi (��), mose ,(ا��ب) iobi ,(��ن) solomoni ,(داوود)) da aaroni (ه�رون). isini,


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yvelani aqtiur cxovrebas eweodnen da yuranSi sikeTis mqmnelebad iwodebian. mesame

jgufi _ zaqaria (��زآ), ioane naTlismcemeli (�� ), ieso qriste (��) da elia (ا!��س) _

Sedgeba ara aqtiuri adamianebisgan, aramed WeSmaritebis mqadagebelTagan, romlebic

ganmartoebiT cxovrobdnen. isini “alalmarTlebad” moixseniebian da, SeiZleba iTqvas,

ieso qristes garSemo arian gaerTianebulni, radganac zaqaria iyo ioane naTlismcemlis,

iesos winamorbedis mama. ieso ioane naTlismcemels, rogorc elias ise mimarTavda: “igia

elia, romelic unda movides” (maTe, 11:14). meoTxe jgufi _ ismaili ("��ا��), eliSa (#��!ا),

iona ($��), loti (ط�!) _ aerTianebs adamianebs, romlebic SeebrZolnen mraval

usamarTlobas da ar gadauxveviaT alahis mier naCvenebi gzisTvis. maTgan yvelaze

mTavari ismailia, romelic arabebis mamamTavrad aris aRiarebuli. rac Seexeba zaqariasa da ioane naTlismcemels, yuranSi maTi istoria moTxrobilia

mariamisa da ieso qristes istoriasTan erTad. am oTxi personaJis erTmaneTTan

dakavSireba savsebiT bunebrivi Cans, radgan zaqaria mariamis biZa iyo da swored is

zrunavda mariamze, roca mas mama gardaecvala (yurani, 3:37). swored mariamis erT-erTi monaxulebis dros sTxova zaqariam ufals memkvidre

(yurani, 3:38; yurani,19:4,5). ufalma ismina zaqarias vedreba. angelozebis saSualebiT ganucxadda:

“WeSmaritad, alahi gauwyebs iahiaze, damamtkiceblad alahis sityvis WeSmaritebisa,

batonze, momTmenze da alalmarTal winaswarmetyvelze” (yurani, 3:39).

zaqaria mRvdeli iyo. is da misi coli erTgulad asrulebdnen TavianT movaleobas.

isini xandazmulebi iyvnen da Svili ar hyavdaT. zaqaria Zalian Relavda, magram yuranis

komentarebSi (11, kom.2745, gv.940) aRniSnulia Semdegi: misi mRelvarebis mizezi is ki ar

iyo, rom mis Stos veravin gaagrZelebda, aramed, is, rom xalxi ar iyo uangarod

RvTismosavi da aravin iqneboda alahis gulwrfeli msaxuri, Tuki Tavadve ar aRzrdida

mas. miuxedavad imisa, rom zaqaria wuxda memkvidris aryolis gamo, mainc ver irwmuna

angelozis sityvebi da sami dRiT damunjda (yurani,3:41; yurani,19:10,11). zaqarias damunjeba, yuranis mixedviT, niSani iyo, xolo saxarebis mixedviT _ sasjeli

(luka,1:20). ioanes saswaulebrivi Sobis istoria, romlis yuraniseuli saxelia iahia, samjer aris

mocemuli: me-3, me-19 da 21-e surebSi (yurani, 3:38-40; yurani, 19:3-9; yurani, 21:89,90). iahia, iesos msgavsad, bavSvobidanve gamoirCeoda sibrZniT. yuranis mixedviT, iahia

iyo patiosani, keTilgonieri da Tavmdabali adamiani. misi misia iyo “RvTis sityvis

ganmtkiceba” (yurani, 3:39). me-19 suraSi aris erTi saintereso detali iahiasTan da ‘isasTan mimarTebaSi.

ioanesTan dakavSirebuli aiebi _

“...mivaniWeT mas sibrZne bavSvobidan, gulmowyaleba Cvengan, siwminde da iyo RvTismoSiSi, keTilismyofeli mSoblebisaTvis da ar iyo tirani, urCi mSvidoba im dRes, roca daibada, im dRes, roca mokvdeba da im dRes, roca aRdgeba

mkvdreTiT!” (yurani,19:12-15),

mcire saxecvlilebiT aris gameorebuli 31-e, 32-e da 33-e aiebSi, magram ukve

iesosTan dakavSirebiT:

“makurTxa, sadac ar unda viyo, mianderZa locva da mowyaleba, vidre cocxali var, keTilismyofeloba dedaCemisadmi da ar vuqmnivar tiranad, borotmoqmedad


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mSvidoba im dRes, roca davibade, im dRes, roca movkvdebi da im dRes, roca aRdgenil

viqnebi mkvdreTiT!” (yurani,19:31-33).

SesaZlebelia, amiT kidev erTxel iyos xazgasmuli is, rom ieso qriste iseTive

winaswarmetyveli iyo, rogoric ioane. aseve, aRsaniSnavia erTgvari paraleli yuransa da axal aRTqmas Soris. yuranSi,

iseve, rogorc saxarebaSi, ioanes Sobas iesos Soba mohyveba (luka, 1;57-80; 2;1-20; yurani,

3:38-47; yurani, 19:1-34), magram saxarebisgan gansxvavebiT, yuranSi ar aris aRniSnuli

ioanes, rogorc naTlismcemlis roli. araferia naTqvami arc misi Semdgomi cxovrebisa

da arc sikvdilis Sesaxeb. am danakliss avsebs yuranis komentarebi, sadac naTqvamia, rom

ioane naTlismcemels didxans ar ucxovria. is daapatimra herodem, romelic ioanem

codvaSi amxila. mas Tavi mokveTes im qalis waqezebiT, romelTanac herodes Zlieri

vneba akavSirebda (11, kom.2468, gv.856). aq, faqtobrivad, mokled aris gadmocemuli

saxarebiseuli istoria (maTe,14:3-11). rac Seexeba zaqarias, yuranSi arc misi sikvdilis Sesaxeb aris naTqvami rame, xolo

komentarebis mixedviT (8, gv.654), igi, rogorc winaswarmetyveli, mowameobrivi sikvdi-

liT aResrula _ mas Semdeg, rac ioanes Tavi mohkveTes, zaqaria xeSi gauCinarda. zaqariasa da ioane naTlismcemels yurani ganixilavs, rogorc or mniSvnelovan

winaswarmetyvels, romlebsac, miuxedavad imisa, rom RvTisgan ar miuRiaT wminda

werili, islami afasebs, rogorc, RvTismosav, brZen da alal-marTal adamianebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom damaskoSi, arabuli samyaros erT-erT umniSvnelovanes _ omaelTa

meCeTSi dRemde aris Semonaxuli ioane naTlismcemlis saflavi. amis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs

ibn batuta (8, gv.640). misive cnobiT, zaqarias saflavic omaelTa meCeTSia. es faqti

kidev erTxel mowmobs im gamorCeul pativs, romelsac islami zaqarias, gansakuTrebiT

ki ioane naTlismcemls miagebs.

sabolood, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yurani sayuradRebo masalas Seicavs qristiano-

basTan dakavSirebiT. yuranSi arsebuli gadmocemebi, romlebic ieso qristes, mariams,

ioane naTlismcemels da zaqarias exeba, mowmobs qristianuli Tematikis Tavisebur

interpretacias, rac islamisa da qristianobis mimdevrebs karg safuZvels uqmnis

urTierTgagebis gzebis ZiebisTvis.


1. znamenski b., “saxarebis personaJebi yuranSi”, “macne”, enis da literaturis seria, 1985, #2

2. islami. enciklopediuri cnobari, Tbilisi 1999

3. Бартольд В.В., Сочинения, т.6 4. Журавский А.В., Христианство и Ислам, М.1990 5. Davenport J., “Mohammad and Koran” 6. Deedat A., “Crist in Islam”, Qatar-Doha, s.d. 7. Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed.,vol.4 8. Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed.,vol.6 9. Fazl-ur-Rahman M.,Islam and Christianity in the modern world”, Muslim University Press, Aligarh, 1944 10. Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, London, 1961 11. The Holy Qur-an, English translation of the meanings and Commentary by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Al-

Madina Al-Munawwarah, 1413 H 1982�وت " ��0د /. ا!�ان"�+�� ), ا!+*�ح ا!()�ر' .12


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CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM (CHRISTIAN REFERENCES IN THE KORAN)

Irma Makharadze

Abstract

In Europe, then in Asia we come across to researches and literature, where the problems of dialogue between religions are worked out and studied. Furthermore, many meetings, conferences and symposia are held with the participation of different religious confessions. There are groups of researchers who try to contribute to establishing and developing relationship between religions. Dialogue between religions has been becoming concomitant process of the modern age. Hence, the present article will promote emphasizing the common motives of two world religions _ Islam and Christianity, which are given in their Holy Books.

Researching and emphasizing common motives of Islam and Christianity takes on special significance against the background of confrontation between the West and the East.

In searching for Christian themes in the Holy Koran particular importance have the images of Jesus Christ, Virgin Mary, John the Baptist and Zakaria. The Koranic point of view about them is characterized by important peculiarities conditioned by an explanation of this or that phenomena differing from Christian tradition, the original interpretation of their lives.

The Koran refers to Jesus in 15 suras (sura _ chapter of the Holy Koran). It is the foundation of Muslim

Christology. In the Koran Jesus is mentioned with various names and epithets. The Koranic name of Jesus is 'Isa, which is mentioned in 25 verses of 11 suras. In the Koran, Jesus, besides 'Isa, is mentioned as: 1. Christ, Messiah, 2. Prophet, 3. Messenger, 4. Son of Mary, 5. Worthy of esteem on this world and the next, 6. Blessed, 7. Sure word, 8. Servant of God, 9. among those who are close to God.

The Koranic name of Virgin Mary is Maryam, found in 31 ayas of 12 Suras, besides the name of 19th Sura is “Maryam”.

John the Baptist and his father, Zakaria are named in the Koran along with Jesus Christ they are considered as two important prophets, who have not received the Book, but Islam respects them as wise and righteous people.

Finally, it is important to mention that Islamo-Christian parallels are studied on the basis of the Holy Books of the two religions. It gives us an opportunity to emphasize common values. The main aim of the article is providing a basis for a rapprochement between Muslims and Christians, to make possible strengthening and promoting better understanding between them.

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nodar dumbaZis romanis `me vxedav mzes~ Turquli Targmanis ilustrirebuli gverdebi

muzafer qiridoqtoranti


cnobili qarTveli mwerlis nodar dumbaZis romani `me vxedav mzes~ gadaTargmnilia Turqul enaze (mTargmneli m. qaraoreni, 1982 w.). romani germanuli enidan aris Turqulze gadaTargmnili, germanulze ki_ rusulidan, xolo rusulze_ qarTulidan.

sainteresoa dedansa Tu TargmanebSi warmodgenili ilustraciebis sakiTxic. mxatvru-li nawarmoebis ilustrirebis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. igi qmnis ganwyobas, Sehyavs mkiTx-veli teqstis samyaroSi, exmareba Sinaarsis ukeT aRqmaSi, kiTxvis procesSi suraTs gant-virTvis funqciasac akisria. am TvalsazrisiT, gansxvavebuli viTarebaa: qarTul teqstSi ilustracia axlavs mxolod wignis saTaurs (gv.5). aq ilustrirebis safuZvelia nawarmoe-bis mTavari personaJi – xatia. wignis saTaurSi, qveS, swored misi suraTia. mxatvari xa-tias saxeSi aqsovs mis keTilSobilebasa da saTnoebas, anu gvixatavs iseTs, rogoric aris aRwerili es personaJi teqstSi.

rac Seexeba rusul Targmans, aqac ilustracia mxolod wignis saTaurs axlavs (gv. 6). suraTic saTauridan gamomdinarea Seqmnili: SemaRlebul adgils, Sefenil sofels, zed dahyurebs RrublebiT garSemortymuli mze. soflis ganapiras ki erTad moCanan romanis mTavari personaJebi – xatia da sosoia. suraTSi aRniSnulia nawarmoebis is epizodi, rom-lis mixedviTac xatia da sosoia simindis saSovnelad gaemarTnen.

qarTulisa da rusulisagan gansxvavebiT, germanuli Targmani aris ilustrirebuli. swored asea Turqul TargmanSic. gansxvaveba isaa, rom germanul TargmanSi suraTebi CarTulia teqstSi (TiTo TavSi TiTo ilustracia mainc aris), xolo TurqulSi TiTqmis yvela Tavs uZRvis ilustracia. teqstSi suraTebi ar aris. gansxvavebaa dasuraTebSic. amaSi Cans, rogor aRiqvams germaneli Tu Turqi mTargmneli epizodis Sinaarss.

amiT unda aixsnas Turqul TargmanSi warmodgenili ilustraciebis gansxvaveba. mTargmneli gaecno germanuli teqstis ilustraciebs, ZiriTadad Secvala ilustrire-bulis principica da zogjer Sinaarsic, zogjer datova igive, Tumca mcireodeni cvli-lebebiT, absoluturad identuri ilustraciebi Turqulsa da germanul teqstebSi ar dasturdeba.

mizanSewonilad unda CaiTvalos germanul TargmanSi warmodgenili ilustrirebis gadawyveta. mkiTxveli jer ecnoba epizods, Semdeg ukeT gaiazrebs nawarmoebis Sinaarss ilustraciis TanxlebiT. Turq mTargmnels ki winaswar, saTaurSive aqvs mocemuli imis am-saxveli suraTi, razec Semdeg iqneba saubari. SesaZlebelia, es imiT aixsnas, rom mTargmnels surs ganawyos, daainteresos mkiTxveli gadmosacemi azris wasakiTxavad da Sesacnobad.

TurqulSi ilustrirebas ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeba. Tu germanulSi 11 suraTia, TurqulSi warmodgenilia 17. yvela ilustracia orive TargmanSi `gansxvavebulia~.

pirveliTavissaTauria(gv.8) `qeTo mamida~. Turqul TargmanSi saTauris zeviT war-modgenilia am Tavis erT-erTi epizodis ilustracia: soflis mosaxleoba Sekrebilia fostis win da Toxebze dayrdnobili Sehyurebs raRacas. teqstis mixedviT isini usmenen reproduqtors,

romelic omis dawyebas auwyebs xalxs. es suraTi namdvilad gadmoscems am epizodSi aRweril situacias, mTavar saTqmels, xalxis SeSfoTebas mosalodneli omis gamo mSvido-biani cxovrebis daTmobisaTvis.

TurqulTan SedarebiT gansxvavebulia germanuli teqstis islustracia. aq wina plan-ze warmodgenilia nawarmoebis erT-erTi personaJis – sosoias portreti, mis ukan ki Semcirebul planSi moCans soflis nawili. am ilustracias wignis mTeli gverdi uWiravs. sosoia mTel wignsa da aRniSnul TavSic aris mTxrobeli, amdenad, mxatvarma swored mis portretze gaamaxvila yuradReba.

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meoreTavSi (gv. 9) ̀ zRvis ukuqceva’ eZRvneba omSi gacilebas. Turquli Targmanis ilus-tracia swored am faqts asaxavs. saTauris zeviT moCans, erTi mxriv, zurgze abgamokide-buli omSi momavali adamianebi zurgSeqceviTa da cota moSorebiT, meore mxriv, maTi gamcileblebi ufro axlos da piriT aqeT arian. germanul TargmanSi mTeli gverdi eT-moba ilustracias, romelzec gamosaxulia gza, am gzaze omSi mimavali jariskacebi xelSi droSiT, gzis iqiT, Sors, omis saSineleba, afeTqebis suraTi, gzis aqeT, wina planze ki nawarmoebis personaJebi arian: Tavdaxrili mamida da daTiko brigadiri. aq gadmocemulia is gancda, romelmac moicva mamida qeTo daTikosTan ganSorebis gamo.

maSasadame, aRniSnuli Tavis ilustracia Turqulsa da germanulSi erTi da imave Si-naarsisaa.

mesameTavis (gv. 10) saTaurica da ilustraciac, Turqulsa da germanulSi, eZRvneba xatias. germanul teqstSi xatias suraTs ufro meti datvirTva aqvs: xatia warmodgenilia naTel ferSi, erTi wertilisken macqerali, mis fonze ki moCans zurgze avtomatiTa da qudiT Savbneli suraTi daTiko brigadirisa da iqve mjdari Tvalebze xelebafarebuli, daTikos dezertirobis ambis gagebiT SeSfoTebuli mamida qeTo. es ilustracia SesaniSna-vad gamoxatavs epizodis Sinaarss. Turqul teqstSi mocemuli ilustracia ki SedarebiT martivia da aseT gamomsaxvelobiT funqcias moklebuli: gzis aqeTa mxares dgas xatia, meore mxares – xe, xis iqiT ki – mze. q, wina Tavisgan gansxvavebiT, aqcenti gadatanilia mxolod xatiaze da ara aRniSnul Tavis mTlian Sinaarsze. am TvalsazrisiT, germanuli teqstis ilustracia ufro sainteresoa.

IVTavi (gv. 11) _ àse ki ar aris saqme~_ TurqulSi ilustrirebulia, germanulSi _ ara.

VTavis (gv. 12) _ `samxedro gakveTili~_ ilustracia asaxavs epizodis Sinaarss. Tumca gansxvaveba mainc aris: germanulSi isev mTeli gverdi eTmoba epizodis amsaxvel suraTs, romelzec warmodgenilia dafasTan mdgari samxedros maswavlebeli-levan guruliZe da jgufi. ilustracia naTlad asaxavs samxedros gakveTilze arsebul situacias. amas ver vityviT Turquli teqstis Sesaxeb. aq, ubralod, martivad aris warmodgenili samxedro formaSi gamowyobili, dafasTan mdgari maswavlebelis suraTi. aqac upiratesoba germa-nul teqsts unda mieniWos.

VITavi _ `Ramis viziti~ (qarT. `daTiko brigadiri~) gviambobs daTiko brigadiris de-zertirobis ambebs. ilustraciac swored dezertiri daTikos saxes asaxavs TurqulSi. germanulSi ilustracia ar aris.

VIITavSi _ (`beJana~) moTxrobilia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor moaqvs xatias da sosoias moparuli rZe anatolisTvis. Turqulsa da germanul teqstSi ilustracia am Sinaarsis Semcvelia. germanulisgan gansxvavebiT,

Turqul teqstSi suraTze moCans anatoli, rZiT xelSi, cota moSorebiT ki TxebTan qurdulad misuli xatia da sosoia.

VIIITavi _ `ras gvekiTxeba amocana~ – 74-85, 75 _ rogorc germanul, ise Turqul teqs-tebSi, ilustrirebulia TiTqmis erTnairad. germanulSi suraTze moCans fostalioni, skolaSi Sekrebili xalxis winaSe, Tumca Turqul teqstSi fostalionis Semosvlis scenaa aRbeWdili. aseve gansxvavebulia isic, rom TurqulSi wina planzea gamosaxuli mTxrobe-lis _ sosoias saxec.

IXTavi _ `Tevzaoba~.germanulSi ar aris ilustrirebuli, TurqulSi ki saTaurisa da epizodis Sesabamisi

suraTia warmodgenili: xatia sosoias mier daWerili wveras mdinareSi uSvebs. iqve moCanan sxva personaJebic.

XTavi _ `Tovli~.germanulSi ar aris ilustrirebuli, TurqulSi ki ilustracia im Sinaarsis gamomx-

atvelia, rac mTargmnels aqvs warmodgenili. dedanSi arsebul masalas Turqulis ilus-tracia ar Seesabameba.

XITavi _ `kukura~.germanul teqstSi CarTul suraTze asaxulia am Tavis bolo epizodi: sawolSi myofo

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anatolis mamida qeTo Tavisi xeliT awvdis Wiqas, iqve aris sosoiac, igi maT uyurebs. Turquli teqstis ilustracia ki ukeT gamoxatavs am Tavis ZiriTad Sinaarss: kedelze moCans kukuras portreti, win yvavilebi, iqve ki cecxlis alSi iwvis kukuris daRupvis gamomxatveli samgloviaro lenti. am scenas Sehyureben magidasTan msxdomi anatoli da sosoia. maT win Wiqebi udgaT.

XIITavi – `beglaris wisqvili~.germanulSi suraTi ar aris. TurqulSi ilustraciaze gamosaxulia beglara, iqve ga-

daSlilia wignebi, moCans Tofi da doqi, cota moSorebiT, oRond mkafiod – misi wisqvi-li. aq ilustracia am Tavis saTauris Sesatyvisia. igi ufro beglaris pirad cxovrebas asaxavs da ara mTlianad aRniSnuli Tavis Sinaarss.

XIIITavi _ `cuca~germanulSi ar aris ilustrirebuli, TurqulSi ki gamosaxulia saTaurisa da nawilo-

briv Sinaarsis Sesabamisi suraTi.XIVTavi _ `triumfaluri Seteva~ (Turq. `Tavdasxma~) rogorc germanulSi ilustracia

saTauris Sesabamisia, gamoxatulia Tavdasxmis scena.XVTavSi – àseTia cxovreba~ – ilustrireba sxvadasxvagvaria: germanul teqstSi su-

raTze gamosaxuli arian xatia da sosoia viriTa da CeqmebiT, ukana planze moCans is pir-veli ojaxi (maspinZlebi – mamaSvili), romelSic isini Sevidnen. germanulisagan gansxvave-biT, Turquli teqstis ilustracia asaxavs babilosa da kaWanos saxeebs da maTken Soridan momaval xatiasa da sosoias. xatia virze zis, sosoia fexiT mohyveba mas.

XVITavi – `zrdiloba~ – ar aris germanulsa da TurqulSi.XVIITavi _ `Danke schon~- germanulSi ar aris ilustrirebuli, arc TurqulSi.XVIII Tavis –`wyaldidoba~ (`lanqroba~) ilustraciebi TiTqmis identuria, ar aris

gamoxatuli mTliani Sinaarsi. aq suraTze asaxulia mxolod erTi monakveTi, kamaTi bene-diqtesa da moTevzave bavSvebs Soris

XIXTavi– `me gxedavT, xalxo!~ – germanulSi ar aris ilustrirebuli, TurqulSi simbolurad aris gamoxatuli romanis finali: xatia dgas bunebaSi zurgiT mkiTxvelisken, magram saxiT aRmosavleTisken da Sehyurebs amomaval mzes.

aqve gTavazobT dedanSi, rusulSi, germanulsa da Turqul TargmanebSi warmodgenil ilustrirebul gverdebs:

dednis(qarTulis)dasawyisi

nodar dumbaZis romanis `me vxedav mzes~Turquli Targmanis ... muzafer qiri

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rusuliTargmanisdasawyisiTurquliTargmanisyda

mamida

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zRvisukuqceva

xatia


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asekiaraasaqme

samxedrogakveTili

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�. n. dumbaZe, TxzulelebaTa oTx wignad, Tb., `gamomcemloba merani~, �988 w;

2. Нодар Думбадзе – “Я вижу сольнце” - Перевод М. Заверина и К. Коринтели. Издательство “Мерани”, Тбилиси 1975

3. Nodar Dumbadze, Güneşi Görüyorum, İstanbul, “Can Yayınları”, 1982

4. Dumbadse, N., “Ich Sehe die Sonne”, Verlag Neues Leben, Berlin, 1968

The illUsTraTed Pages of The TUrkish TranslaTion of nodar dUMBadze’s novel i see The sUn

Muzaffer KirAssociated Professor

Abstract

The novel I See the Sun of the famous Georgian writer Nodar Dumbadze is translated into Turk-ish language. The novel has not been translated directly into Turkish. It has been translated into Turkish from German, into German from Russian, and into Russian from Georgian.

The issue of the illustrations represented in the original or in the translated versions is interest-ing. The illustration of fiction has certain importance. It creates predisposition, brings the reader into the world of the text, and helps in better comprehension of the content… From this point of view there is different situation: in Georgian text only the title of the book has the illustration. The artist depicts in Khatia’s face her nobility and virtue, i.e. paints her in the way she is depicted in the text.

As for the Russian translation, here also the illustration is given only to the title of the book. The picture is made proceeding from the title…

In contrast to the original and Russian translation, the German translation is illustrated. The same applies to the Turkish translation. The difference is that in the German translation the pictures are inserted into the text (there is at least one illustration in every chapter), while in the Turkish translation illustration precedes almost every chapter. There are no pictures in the text. The differ-ence is in pictures as well. It is visible how perceives German and Turkish translators the content of the episode. For example:

the title of the first chapter is “Aunt Keto”. In the Turkish translation, above the title the illus-tration of the one of the episodes in this chapter is presented: the residents of the village are gathered in front of the post and leaning on hoes they are gazing at something. According to the text they are listening to the loudspeaker, which informs the people about the start of the war. This picture depicts the situation described in this episode indeed.

The illustration of the German text is relatively different from that of the Turkish one. Here in the forefront the portrait of one of the personages of the novel – Sosoia – is presented, behind whom the scaled-down part of the village can be seen. This illustration occupies a whole page of the book.Iv Chapter – “It is Not the Case” is illustrated in the Turkish version, and not in the German one…


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Rvino qarTulsa da frangul frazeologizmebSi

cisana bibileiSvilimecnierebaTa doqtori

frazeologia enaTmecnierebis damoukidebeli dargia da Seiswavlis enis frazeolo-giur sistemas. ras warmoadgens frazeologizmi? gansazRvris ramdenime kriteriumi ar-sebobs (S. bali, v. vinogradovi, a. kunini, a.TayaiSvili da sxv.), magram, Cven yvelaze adekvaturad da sarwmunod migvaCnia a. nazarianiseuli gansazRvra, romlis Tanaxmadac frazeologizmi aris ènis danawevrebulad gaformebuli erTeuli, komponentebis seman-tikis sruli an nawilobrivi gadaweviT~.�

frazeologizmebi gavrcelebulia yvela enaSi. amitom, sainteresoa maTi Seswavla ro-gorc erT, calke aRebul enaSi, aseve ramdenimeSi erTad. ori an ramdenime enis frazeo-logiuri sistemebis tipologiuri Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT maT Soris arsebuli msgavseba-gansxvavebebi, ufro Rrmad CavwvdeT ama Tu im enis matarebeli xalxis azrovnebis wess da, Sesabamisad, frazeologiur erTeulTa warmoqmnis meqanizms da amis safuZvelze davadginoT rogorc frazeologiis warmoqmnisa da ganviTarebis saerTo niS-nebi, anu gamovyoT frazeologiuri universaliebi, ise SeviswavloT ama Tu im calkeuli enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli nacionaluri elementebi.

frazelogizmis CamoyalibebaSi monawileoben rogorc lingvisturi, ise eqstralin-gvisturi, kerZod, eTnolingvisturi faqtorebi, romlebic mis erovnul xasiaTs gansazR-vraven. rogorc samarTlianad aRniSnavs a.meie, enis bolomde wvdoma mxolod` misi socia-luri bunebis gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli~2 enis frazeologiuri fondis specifika ganisazRvreba misi matarebeli xalxis adgilsamyofeliT, floriT, fauniT, istoriiTa da adaTebiT. erovnuli elementis SeswavlaSi did rols TamaSobs sociolingvistikac.

ori an ramdenime enis frazeologiuri sistemebis semantikuri TvalsazrisiT Sesaswa-vlad yvelaze efeqturia, Sesaswavli enebis frazeologia erTmaneTs SevadaroT Tematu-ri jgufebis mixedviT, davadginoT ama Tu im leqsemis gamoyenebisa Tu garkveuli cnebis gamoxatvis SesaZleblobebi mocemul enebSi.

saqarTvelo, iseve rogorc safrangeTi, meRvineobis qveyanaa, amitom, gasakviri araa, rom orive enaSi uxvadaa Rvinosa da simTvralesTan dakavSirebuli gamoTqmebi da es sa-vsebiT bunebrivia, vinaidan `yvelaferi, rac aqvs xalxs yofasa da cnobierebaSi, inaxeba enaSi~.� amjerad, ganvixilavT mxolod RvinosTan dakavSirebul frazeologizmebs, Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom aranakleb sainteresoa simTvralesTan dakavSirebeli frazelogizmebi da maTi raodenoba orive Sesadarebel enaSi mniSvnelovania.

radgan frazeologia xatovnad aRwers sinamdviles, adamianis logikis erTianobam SeiZleba zogjer realuri situaciebis erTnairad gadaazrebamde, spontanurad gaCenil paralelebamde migviyvanos, Tundac iseT geografiulad daSorebul da gansxvavebuli sistemebis mqone enebSi, rogorebicaa qarTuli da franguli enebi. umetes SemTxvevebSi ki identuri faqtebi Sesapirispirebeli enebis matarebeli xalxis cnobierebaSi gansxva-vebulad gardatydeba da gansxvavebuli xatebiT gadmoicema, rac erovneli elementiTaa ganpirobebuli.

Cven mier Seswavlili qarTuli frazeologizmebi amokrebilia sxvadasxva leqsikogra-fiuli wyaroebidan.4 gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT pro-duqtuli aRmoCnda dialeqturi leqsikonebi im regionebisa, sadac meRvineoba gansaku-TrebiTaa ganviTarebuli.5 rac Seexeba frangul masalas, mis mosapoveblad visargebleT rogorc cnobili leqsikografiuli wyaroebiT6, ise Rvinisadmi miZRvnili specialuri leqsikilogiuri naSromebiT7.

aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom ar viTvaliswinebT meRvineobasTan dakavSirebul teqnikur terminologias da mxolod xatovani frazeologiiT SemovifarglebiT. RvinosTan dakav-Sirebuli frazeologiis Seswavlisas orive enaSi gamoiyo Semdegi jgufebi:

frazeologizmebi, romlebic exeba Rvinis xarisxs, sisqes, fers, gemosa da surnels,

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raodenobasa da dayenebis teqnologias.calke gamovyofT leqsema `Rvinos~ Semcvel qarTul frazeologizmebs, romlebic se-

mantikurad Rvinos ar ukavSirdeba.

1. Rvinis xarisxis aRmniSvneli frazeologizmebiaq gamoiyofa ramdenime qvejgufi:

a) wyalnarevi Rvinis aRmniSvneli frazeologizmebi : bouillon de canard (ixvis naxarSi), sirop de grenouille (gombeSos sirofi), jus de parapluie (qolgis wveni) aRniSnaven Rvinos, romlis SemadgenlobaSic 85 % wyalia ; petit vin (patara Rvino) wyalze dayenebuli Rvinoa, rac savaraudod, qarTuli `wyal-Rvinos~ Sesatyvisi unda iyos. Un vin arrosé (morwyuli Rvino) _ wyalnarevi Rvinoa, aseve, zmnuri frazeologizmebi tremper/cou-per le vin (Rvinis dalboba/kupireba) Rvinis wyliT gazavebas niSnavs. Noyer son vin (Rvi-nis daxrCoba) Rvinis wyliT zedmetad gazavebas aRniSnavs.

qarTul enaSi wyalnarevi Rvinis aRsaniSnavad ixmareba gamoTqmebi `saxarjo Rvi-no~, ̀ wyal-Rvino~. sainteresoa qiziyur dialeqtSi gavrcelebuli, wyalnarevi Rvinis aRmniSvneli frazeologizmi `toprika Rvino~.

Sesadarebel enebSi gvxvdeba identuri leqsikuri Sedgenilobisa da semantikis mqone gamoTqmebi – le vin acqueux _ `wyalwyala Rvino~, le vin baptisé _ `monaTluli Rvino~, le vin d’opération /vin sophistiqué _ `gakeTebuli Rvino~, le vin de dépense _ `sax-arjo Rvino~.

b) uxarisxoRvinisaRmniSvneli frazeologizmebi :Le vin à laver les pieds des cheveux (cxenis fexis sabani Rvino), le vin commun (sazoga-

do Rvino), le vin de comptoir (daxlis Rvino), le vin de deux oreilles (ori yuris Rvino), le vin à chasser les cousins (biZaSvilebis gasayreli Rvino) qarTulSi _ àWrili Rvino~, `gadabrunebuli Rvino~ klimaturi pirobebis gavleniT amRvreuli, gafuWebuli Rvi-noa. raWuli dialeqtis `mzisnaqcevi Rvino~ _ mzisgan gamTbar qvevrSi gafuWebul Rvinos aRniSnavs. sainteresoa guruli dialeqtis `naduri Rvino~ da imeruli di-aleqtis `Wylipurta Rvino~, xolo gamoTqma `mombali Rvino~cudad garecxil WurSi Senaxuli Rvinis aRmniSvneli gamoTqmaa.

am qvejgufSi vxvdebiT paralelurad warmoqmnil iseT gamoTqmas, rogoricaa le vin battu _ `galaxuli Rvino~, rac Sor gzaze gadataniT Selaxul Rvinos aRniSnavs.

g) susti Rvinis aRsaniSnavad franguli ena iyenebs frazeologiur Sesityvebebs le vin catholique (kaTolike Rvino), un vin petit (patara Rvino), il a peu de vin (cota Rvino aqvs), le vin lavé (garecxili Rvino). qarTuli enis gurul dialeqtSi gavrcelebulia gamoTqmebi `gala Rvino~, `Rvinis gagaleba~, rac Rvinis simagris moklebas niSnavs.

am qvejgufSi arsebuli paralelizmebia le vin mou _ `dune Rvino~, le vin léger `msubuqi Rvino~, le vin des dames `saqalebo Rvino~.

d) magari Rvinis aRmniSvneli da masTan dakavSirebuli frazeologizmebi : frangulSi – le vin qui donne sur le casacin (Rvino, romelic urtyams) le vin qui a du gilet (Jiletiani Rvino), le vin couvert (daxuruli Rvino) , le vin capiteux (maTrobela Rvino), le vin ferme / ardent (mtkice /mwveli Rvino) da imeruli dialeqtis `mZime Rvino~.

gvaqvs ori paralelizmi _ le vin qui porte/tape à la tête (Rvino,romelic TavSi adis /urtyams)’da le vin dur /fort (magari Rvino).

e) xarisxiani Rvinoebis aRmniSvneli frazeologizmebia le vin d’une oreille (erTi yuris Rvino), le vin de derrière les fagots (fiCxsukana Rvino), le vin de café (kafes Rvino), vin complet (sruli Rvino), le vin de la comète (kometis Rvino), jus d’octobre (oqtombris wve-ni) an jus de la treille (talaveris Rvino). qarTulSi _ `Tavi Rvino~, `noes vazis Rvino~, qiziyuri `Tavankara Rvino~, imeruli `Sumi Rvino~, raWuli `nayenebi Rvino~ (igu-lisxmeba tkbilis dayenebis Sedegad miRebuli Rvino), `moguduli Rvino~ da `Tavk-vera Rvino~, romelic, SesaZloa, Takveris jiSis yurZnidan dayenebuli Rvinis dasax-elebidan ̀ Takveri~ momdinareobdes. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ̀ zedaSe Rvino~, rac saukeTeso xarisxis Rvinos aRniSnavs da romelic eklesiaSi, RvTismsaxurebis dros

Rvino qarTulsa da frangul frazeologiaSi cisana bibileiSvili

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gamoiyeneba. sainteresoa, rom Zvel qarTul karabadinebSi saukeTeso xarisxis magari Rvinis aRsaniSnad gvxvdeba gamoTqma `Zneli Rvino~.

paraleluri formebidan gvxvdeba le vin distingué `gamorCeuli Rvino~, le vin limpide `kamkama Rvino~, da le jus de la vigne `vazis naJuri~.

2. Rvinis sisqis aRmniSvneli frazeologizmebia) sqeli Rvinis aRmniSvneli gamoTqmebidan frangul enaSi gvxvdeba un vin charnu (xor-

ciani Rvino), le vin gras (cximiani Rvino), xolo qarTuli enis raWul dialeqtSi `moleRvili Rvino~.

paraleluri formebidan gvxvdeba un gros vin da qarTulis `blante Rvino~ aseve, le vin à couper au couteau `daniT gaiWreba~.

b) frangul enaSi TxeliRvinis aRmniSvneli gamoTqmaa un vin décharnu (uxorco Rvino), un vin amaigri (gamxdari Rvino), qarTulSi ki _ `wyalwyala Rvino~.

3. Rvinis feris aRmniSvneli SesityvebebiJargonuli un gros qui tache (blante, romelic laqas tovebs) da vin bleu (lurji Rvino)

aRniSnaven uxarisxo Sav Rvinos; vin de carafe (grafinis Rvino) ixmareba iaffasiani Camo-sasxmeli TeTri Rvinis aRsaniSnad, le vin couvert (daxuruli Rvino), garda imisa,rom magari Rvinoa, muqi ferisacaa, dame blanche (TeTri qalbatoni) sasaubro enaSi erT boTl TeTr Rvinos miuTiTebs, xolo kil de rouge (kilogrami wiTeli) (aq kil kilogramme-is abreviaciaa) boTli wiTeli Rvinoa. Vin jaune (yviTeli Rvino) iuras regionSi moyvanil Rvinos aRniSnavs (Sdr. `manavis mwvane~); Savi Rvinis aRsaniSnavad franguli ena iyenebs gamoTqmas vin rouge (wiTeli Rvino), maSin, roca qarTuli upiratesobas `Sav Rvinos~ aZlevs, rac gamowveu-lia erTi da imave xatis gansxvavebulad gadaazrebiT, Tu qarTuli iyenebs `Savs~, fran-gi mimarTavs leqsemas rouge (wiTeli) (Sdr. rusuli красное вино). ferebTan mimarTebiT, garda TeTrisa da Savisa, qarTulSi gvaqvs `lalisferi Rvino~, `batis Wukisferi Rvino~, `qarvisferi Rvino~. sainteresoa qarTuli frazeologizmi `gadabrunebuli Rvino~, rac qvevridan amoRebis Semdeg fernacval Rvinos aRniSnavs.

paraleluri formebia le vin ambré `qarvisferi Rvino~, le vin rouge `wiTeli Rvino~ da le vin blanc `TeTri Rvino~.

4. Rvinis gemosa da surnelis aRmniSvneli frazeologizmebies jgufi gansakuTrebiT produqtulia orive enaSi.

a) mJave Rvino frangul enaSi aRiniSneba SesityvebebiT vin aigrelet / aigre / nerveu / acerbe (momJavo / mJave / ZarRviani /mWaxe Rvino), du vin pour la salade (sasalaTe Rvino); qar-TulSi gvaqvs imeruli dialeqtis `Cmaxi /Wmaxe /kowmaxi Rvino~, `Rvinos Wangi misce-mia~, raWul dialeqtSi gavrcelebuli `moWvanguli Rvino~, `Rvinos kanWi Sehparvia~ da guruli `bJuqurai Rvino~.

Tu qarTvelisTvis mJave Rvino `kaWkaWs / yvavs daaWyavlebs~ frangisTvis igi `Txebs aacekvebs~ _ vin à danser les chevres; SemJavebuli RvinisTvis qarTuli ena iyenebs gamoTqmas `nakbeni Rvino~, xolo franguli gamoTqmas _ vin piqué (naCxvleti Rvino).

b) momJavo-momwaro gemos aRsaniSnad franguli ena iyenebs gamoTqmas vin acre (mwklarte Rvino), imerul dialeqtSi ki gvaqvs `Zelgi Rvino~, `Slate Rvino~.

g) taniniani Rvino frangul enaSi aRiniSneba gamoTqmebiT avoir le goût de cuve ( rofis gemos qona), le vin charpenté (aSenebuli Rvino), un vin qui accroche (Rvino, romelic ebmis), vin rapeu (xaoiani, mqise Rvino). qarTulSi ki gvaqvs `dedaze dayenebuli Rvi-no~.

d) Rvinis Sesanaxi WurWlidan aRebul gemos ukavSirdeba gamoTqma vin fatigué (daRlili Rvino). kasrisgan aRebul gemos miuTiTes gamoTqma goût de bois (xis gemo), xolo goût de lumière (sinaTlis gemo) iTqmis boTlis Rvinoze, romelsac sinaTlem Seucvala gemo; imerulSi gvaqvs ̀ xeliani Rvino~, raWulSi ki ̀ naxmelari Rvino~. ̀ qvevris daxed-

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va~ naklul qvevrSi Rvinis amJavebasa da gemos micemas miuTiTebs, `mombali Rvino~ ki cudad garecxil qvevrSi Senaxuli Rvinoa. am gamoTqmebSi kargad moCans Rvinis Senaxvis tradiciac, Tu qarTvelebi Rvinos qvevrSi inaxaven da gamoTqma `qvevris daxedva~ qvevrs ukavSirdeba, frangisTvis, romelic Rvinos kasrSi inaxavs, Rvino xis gemos iRebs, rogorc amas vxvdebiT gamoTqmaSi goût de bois.

e) Rvinis sxva gemoebis aRmniSvneli gamoTqmebi uxvadaa frangulSi:Vin ayant goût de vert (simwvanis gemos mqone Rvino) gulisxmobs balaxisa da fo-

Tlebis gemos, vin fruité (nayofis gemoSenarCunebuli Rvino) – yurZnis an sxva xilis gemos mqone Rvinos, goût de bock (tolCis gemo) _ gogirdis gemos, vin usé (gacveTili Rvino) _ siZvelisgan gemodakargul Rvinos, vin muet / plat (munji / gluvi Rvino) _ ugemur, CalasaviT Rvinos, goût de moisi (obis gemo) _ brkis gemos, goût d’évent (sufTa haeris gemo) _ Jangis gemos, goût de rôti (mwvadis gemo) _ gadamwifebuli yurZnis ge-moa, xolo vin de mouchoir (cxvirsaxocis Rvino) _ metad surnelovani Rvino.

5. Rvinis dayenebis teqnologiasTan dakavSirebuli SesityvebebiZiriTadad, aseTi gamoTqmebi qarTul enaSi gvxvdeba. aseTebia, magaliTad, `Rvinis

gadaReba~ _ erTi Wuridan meoreSi gadatana dawmendis mizniT, `Rvinis dawyveta~ (qiziy-uri) misi wvril-wvril WurWelSi Casxmaa, `Rvinis gadawmindaveba~ ( raWuli) adre gazafx-ulze xelmeored gadaReba, ̀ RvinisaTvis Ziris gamocvla~ (raWuli) _ axali Rvinis pirveli gadaReba, Rvinis mier àduRebis moxda~, `Rvinis mogudva~ (imeruli) _ duRilis Sewyveta, `Rvinis ganarva~ ( guruli) _ Wuridan amoRebis dros WurWliT Rvinis zedapiris SenZreva, brkem rom gverdze moiyaros Tavi da Rvino sufTad amoiRon.

6. Rvinis raodenobis aRmniSvneli frazeologizmebi`RvinoSi curavs/banaobs~ _ Rvino uxvad aqvs, `sabane Rvino~ _ erTi sufris samyofi

Rvino, `SemRereba Rvino~ _ sul cota Rvino, ` TiTo Wiqa Rvinis daleva~ _ cota Rvinis daleva, xolo òr wveT Rvinos~ Seesabameba franguli un doigt de vin ( erTi TiTi Rvino).

calke gamovyofT frazeologizmebs, romlebSic gvxvdeba leqsema `Rvino~, Tumca se-mantikurad gamoTqma Rvinos ar ukavSirdeba. aseTebia, magaliTad, franguli Jargonu-li gamoTqma vin de la Vierge (RvTismSoblis Rvino), rac realurad `rZes~ aRniSnavs, xolo frazeologizmi s’enhivrer de son vin (Tavisi RviniT daTroba) sakuTar Tavze didi warmod-genis qonaze miuTiTebs. àrc wyalia, arc Rvino~ _ uxeiro, ugergilo kacia; `cxriliT Rvinis daleva~ SeuZleblis gakeTebas niSnavs, `pur-Rvinoze fexis dadgma~ _ pativiscemis daviwyebas.; ùRvinod daTroba~ _ gamxiarulebaa, `xatis Rvinis daleva~ ki _ gagiJeba. yvela zemoT CamoTvlil SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs leqsemis `Rvino~ desemantizaciasTan.

rogorc Sedarebam dagvanaxa, RvinosTan dakavSirebul gamoTqmebs garkveulwilad uni-versaluri niSnebi aqvs, rac arc gavleniT aixsneba, arc nasesxobiT, Tundac Sualeduri enidan. arafers vambobT uSualo gavlenaze, radgan istoria amas ar adasturebs. rac Se-exeba nasesxobas, franguli frazeologizmi qarTulSi mxolod rusuli enis gavliT SeiZle-boda Semosuliyo, magram, radgan ruseTSi meRvineoba ganviTarebuli araa, rusul enas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar gaaCnia RvinosTan dakavSirebuli gamoTqmebi. savaraudoa, rom franguli da qarTuli enebis paraleluri gamoTqmebi am enebSi damoukideblad warmoiSva. saerTo safuZvelma, cxovrebaze dakvirvebam, yofaSi arsebulma realiebma da saerTo logi-kam am genetikurad aramonaTesave da geografiulad daSorebul enebSi warmoqmna parale-luri gamoTqmebi. miuxedavad amisa, TiToeul Sesadarebel enas Tavisi specifika gaaCnia. es specifika ZiriTadad gamoixateba eris mier ganvlili istoriis enaze gavlenaSi, mis adaTeb-Si, TiToeuli enis mier garkveuli cnebis gadmosacemad gamoyenebul xatebSi, rac kidev erTxel mowmobs, rom frazeologia enaTmecnierebis is dargia, romelSic yvelaze naTlad airekleba enis da, Sesabamisad, misi matarebeli xalxis erovnuli Taviseburebebi. yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miuxedavad Sexebis wertilebisa, ori enis frazeologiuri sistema sruli saxiT arasodes emTxveva erTmaneTs.

Rvino qarTulsa da frangul frazeologiaSi cisana bibileiSvili

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1. А.Г. Назарян, Фразеология современного французского языка, М., «Высшая школа», 1976, стр. 51.

2. Мейе А. Введение в сравнительное изучение индоевропейских языков, М.Л., 1938 г.

3. Райхштейн А.Д., Тексты лекций по фразеологии современного немецкого языка (вопросы фразеологической семантики), М., «Высшая школа», 1981г.

4. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 8 tomad, arn. Ciqobavas redaqciiT, Tb., saq. mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, �950-�964; T. saxokia, xatovani sityva-Tqmani, Tb., gamomcemloba `merani~,�979; a. oniani, qarTuli idiomebi, gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, Tb., �966; i. gri-SaSvili, qalaquri leqsikoni, gamomcemloba `samSoblo~, �997.

5. m. SaraSiZe, guruli leqsikoni, qarTvelur enaTa leqsika, I, Tb., saq. mecn. akad. gamom-cemloba, �9�8; g. alaviZe, leCxumuri leqsikoni, qarTvelur enaTa leqsika, I, Tb., saq. mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, �9�8; a. martirosovi, gr. imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis kaxuri dialeqti, Tb., saq. mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, �956; s. menTeSaSvili, qiziyuri leqsikoni, Tb., saq. mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, �94�; q. ZoweniZe, zemoimeruli leqsikoni, gamomcem-loba `mecniereba~, �97�; S.niJaraZe, qarTuli enis aWaruli dialeqti. leqsika. baTumi, gamomcemloba, àWara~, �97�.

6. Французско-русский фразеологический словарь под ред. Я.И. Рецкера, М., Гос. Изд-во инос-транных и национальных словарей, 1963 г Grand Larousse encyclopédique en 10 vol., Paris, Larousse, 1960-64 ; M. Ra Dictionnaire des locutions françaises, Paris, Larousse, 1957 ; Dictio-nnaire alphabétique et analogique de la langue française par P. Robert, Paris, Le Robert, 1979 ; Alain Rey, Sophie Chantreau, Dictionnaire des expressions et locutions, Paris, Le Robert,1997; U.Duneton, La puce à l’oreille, Stock, 1973 ; V. Bardosi, De fil en aiguille, Budapest, 1995.

7. M. Chatelain-Courtois, Les mots du vin et de l’ivresse, Paris, éd. Bélin, 1998 ; Jean-Luc Hennig, Erotique du vin, Paris, Zulma, 1997.

georgian and frenCh Phrases relaTed To Wines

tsisana bibileishviliPhD

Abstract

In the course of studying Georgian and French phrases related to wines we have revealed some semblances and differences between them.

As a result of study there have been revealed six subgroups:1. phrases denoting quality of wines 2. phrases denoting thickness of wines3. Phrases denoting color of wines4. phrases denoting aroma and taste of wines5. Phrases related to wine technology6. Phrases denoting the quantity of wines

Each group consists of several subgroups. Besides both languages contain phrases connected to “wine” but they are semantically non related.

It has become apparent that phrases related to wine have universal signs though each language has its own specifics. It proves again that phraseology is a branch of linguistics that vividly reflects the national identity of the language.

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