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INSTITUT ZA RUDARSTVO I METALURGIJU BOR

KOMITET ZA PODZEMNU EKSPLOATACIJU MI NERALNIH SIROVINA

RUDARSKI RADOVI je asopis baziran na bogatojtradiciji stru nog i nau nog rada u oblasti rudarstva,

podzemne i povrinske eksploatacije, priprememineralnih sirovina, geologije, mineralogije, petrologije,geomehanike i povezanih srodnih oblasti. Izlazi dva putagodinje od 2001. godine.

Glavni i odgovorni urednik

Dr Milenko Ljubojev nau ni savetnik,dopisni lan IAS

Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgiju BorE-mail: [email protected]. 030/454-110

Zamenik glavnog i odgovornog urednika

Dr Mirko Ivkovi , vii nau ni saradnikKomitet za podzemnu eksploatacijumineralnih sirovina ResavicaE-mail: [email protected]. 035/625-566

Urednik

Vesna Marjanovi , dipl.in.

Prevodilac

Nevenka Vukainovi , prof.

Tehni ki urednik

Suzana Cvetkovi , teh.

Priprema za tampu

Ljiljana Mesarec, teh.

tamparija: Grafomedtrade Bor

Tira: 100 primeraka

Internet adresa

www.mininginstitutebor.com

I zdavanje asopisa finansijski podravajuMinistarstvo za nauku i tehnoloki razvojRepublike SrbijeInstitut za rudarstvo i metalurgiju BorKomitet za podzemnu eksploataciju mineralnihsirovina Resavica

ISSN 1451-0162

Indeksir anje asopisa u SCIndeksu i u ISI.

Sva prava zadrana.

Izdava

Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor19210 Bor, Zeleni bulevar 35E-mail: [email protected]. 030/454-254

Ure iva ki odbor

Prof. dr ivorad Mili eviTehni ki fakultet Bor

Akademik Prof. dr Mladen StjepanoviTehni ki fakultet Bor

Prof. dr Vladimir BodarenkoNacionalni rudarski univerzitet, Odeljenje zapodzemno r udarstvo, Ukraji na

Prof. dr Miroslav Ignjatovi

Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgi ju BorProf. dr Milivoj Vuli

Uni verzitet u Ljublj ani, SlovenijaProf. dr Jerzy Kicki

Dravni institut za mineralne sirovine i energiju,Kr akov, Poljska

Prof. dr Tajdu AntoniStanislavov univerzitet za rudarstvo i metalurgiju,Kr akov, Poljska

Prof. Dr Duan Gagi Rudarsko geoloki fakultet Beograd

Prof. dr Neboja Vidanovi Rudarsko geoloki fakultet Beograd

Prof. dr Ne o uriTehni ki institut, Bjeljina, Republika Srpska, BiH

Prof. dr Vitomir Mil iTehni ki fakultet Bor

Prof. dr Rodoljub Stanojlovi

Tehni ki fakultet BorProf. dr Mevludin Avdi

RGGF-U niverzitet u Tuzli, BiHProf. dr Nenad Vuovi

Tehni ki fakultet BorDr Miroslav R. Ignjatovi , vii nau ni saradnik

Pri vredna komora Srbij eDr Mile Bugarin, vii nau ni saradnik

Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgi ju BorDr Dragan Zlatanovi

Mi nistarstvo r udarstva i energetike Srbij eDr Miodrag Deni

Ugalj projekt BeogradDr Duko ukanovi , nau ni saradnik

Institut za ispitivanje materij ala BeogradDr Ruica Lekovski, nau ni saradnik

Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgi ju BorDr Jovo Miljanovi

JP za podzemnu eksploatacij u ResavicaMr Zlatko Dragosavljevi

JP za podzemnu eksploatacij u Resavica

VODE I ASOPIS NACIONALNOG ZNA AJA M51 ZA 2010.

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MINING AND METALLURGY INSTITUTE BOR

COMMITTEE OF UNDERGROUND EXPLOITATION OF THE MINERAL DEPOSITS

MINING ENGINEERING is a journal based on therich tradition of expert and scientific work from thefield of mining, underground and open-pit mining,mineral processing, geology, mineralogy, petrology,geomechanics, as well as related fields of science.Since 2001, published twice a year.

Editor-in-chief

Ph.D. Milenko Ljubojev, Principal ReasearchFellow, Associate member of ESCMining and Metallurgy Institute BorE-mail: [email protected]: +38130/454-110

Co-Editor

Ph.D. Mirko Ivkovi , Senior Research AssociateCommittee of Underground Exploitation of theMineral Deposits ResavicaE-mail: [email protected]: +38135/625-566

Editor

Vesna Marjanovi , B.Eng.

English Translation

Nevenka Vukainovi

Technical Editor

Suzana Cvetkovi

Preprinting

Ljiljana Mesarec

Printed in: Grafomedtrade Bor

Circulation: 100 copies

Web sitewww.mininginstitutebor.com

MINI NG ENGINEERING isfinanciallysupported by

The Ministry of Science and TechnologicalDevelopment of the Republic SerbiaMining and Metallurgy Institute BorCommittee of Underground Exploitation of theMineral Deposits Resavica

ISSN 1451-0162

Journal i ndexing i n SCIndex and ISI.

All rights reserved.

Published by

Mining and Metallurgy Institute Bor19210 Bor, Zeleni bulevar 35E-mail: [email protected]: +38130/454-254

Editorial Board

Prof.Ph.D. ivorad Mili eviTechnical F aculty Bor

Academic Prof.Ph.D. Mladen StjepanoviTechnical F aculty Bor

Prof.Ph.D. Vladimir BodarenkoNational Mining University, Department ofDeposit Mining, Ukraine

Prof.Ph.D. Miroslav IgnjatoviMining and Metallurgy Institute Bor

Prof.Ph.D. Mil ivoj VuliUniversity of Ljubljana, SloveniaProf.Ph.D. Jerzy Kicki

Gospodarkl Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energia,Krakow, Poland

Prof.Ph.D. Tajdu AntoniThe Stanislaw Uni versity of M ining andMetallurgy, Krakow, Poland

Prof.Ph.D. Duan Gagi Faculty of Mi ning and Geology Belgrade

Prof.Ph.D. Neboja Vidanovi Faculty of Mining and Geology Belgrade

Prof.Ph.D. Ne o uriTechnical Institute, Bjeljina, Republic Srpska,B& H

Prof.Ph.D. Vitomir MiliTechnical F aculty Bor

Prof.Ph.D. Rodoljub Stanojlovi

Technical F aculty BorProf.Ph.D. Mevludin Avdi

MGCF -University of Tuzla, B& HProf.Ph.D. Nenad Vuovi

Technical F aculty BorPh.D. Miroslav R. Ignjatovi , Senior Research Associate

Chamber of Commerce and Industry SerbiaPh.D. Mile Bugarin, Senior Research Associate

Mining and Metallurgy Institute BorPh.D. Dragan Zlatanovi

Ministry of Mining and Energy of Republic SerbiaPh.D. Miodrag Deni

Coal Pr oject Belgr adePh.D. Duko Djukanovi , Research Associate

Institute for Testing M aterials BelgradePh.D. Ruica Lekovski, Research Associate

Mining and Metallurgy Institute BorPh.D. Jovo Miljanovi

PC for Underground Exploitati on ResavicaM.Sc. Zlatko Dragosavljevi

PC for Underground Exploitati on Resavica

LEADING NATIONAL JOURNAL CATEGORIZATION M51 FOR 2010.

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SAD R@AJ

CONTENS

V. M arinkovi , M . M aksimovi , M . Jovanovi D. Kranovi

IZRADA GEOMODELA LEITA UGLJA (POTRLICA, CEMENTARA I DEO KALUI A) SAPRORA UNOM REZERVI PROGRAMOM ZA MODELOVANJE LEITA I PROJEKTOVANJEPOVRINSKIH KOPOVA MINEX 5.2.3. ...........................................................................................................1

GEOMODEL DEVELOPMENT OF COAL DEPOSITS (POTRLICA, CEMENTARA AND APART OF KALUSIC) WITH THE CALCULATION OF RESERVES USING THEPROGRAM OF DEPOSIT MODELLING AND DESIGN THE OPEN PITS MINEX 5.2.3.............................9

M . Bugarin, G. Slavkovi , M . M aksimovi

VREDNOVA NJE KORISNE SIROVINE OKA MARINA.............................................................................17

VALUA TION OF RAW MI NERAL FOR THE COKA MARIN DEPOSIT ....................................................23

D. Petrovi , Z. Damnjanovi , D. Djenadi , R. Pantovi , V. MiliPRIMENA MODERNIH RA UNARSKIH URE AJA I ALATA ZA SMANJENJE AKCIDENTNIHSITUACIJA U RUDARSKIM SISTEMIMA......................................................................................................29

USE OF MODERN COMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS TO REDUCE THEOCCURRENCE OF ACCIDENTS IN THE MINI NG SISTEMS......................................................................35

Lj. Obradovi , R. Rajkovi, D. Uroevi , D. Milanovi

ODLAGANJE JALOVINE IZ SEPARACIJE KVARCA LEITA ''KAONA'' KOD KU EVA ...................41

DEPOSITION OF TAILINGS FROM THE QUARTZ SEPARATION PLANT OF THE''KAONA'' DEPOSIT NEAR KU EVO .............................................................................................................47

S. osi , H . Okanovi

MODELIRANJE NAPONSKO-DEFORMACIJSKOG STANJA NUMERI KIMMETODAMA KOD IROKO ELNOG OTKOPAVANJA..............................................................................53

MODELING OF STRESS-DEFORMATION STATE USING THE NUMERICALMETHODS IN THE WIDE FACE MINING......................................................................................................73

Lj. Obradovi , M. Bugarin, Z. Stevanovi , M. M iki , R. Lekovski

PREGLED AKTUELNOG DOMA EG ZAKONODAVSTVA IZ OBLASTI UPRAVLJANJA IDEPONOVANJA OTPADA ..............................................................................................................................93

REVIEW OF CURRENT NATIONAL LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OFWASTE MA NAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL ....................................................................................................99

M . Ljubojev, D. Ignjatovi , V. Ljubojev, L. ur evac I gnjatovi , D. Raki

DEFORMABILNOST I NOSIVOST NASUTOG MATERIJALA U NEPOSREDNOJBLIZINI OTVORA OKNA NA P. K. ZAGRA E KOP 2.....................................................................107

DEFORMATION AND BEARING CAPACITY OF BURRIED MATERIAL NEARTHE SHAFT OPENING AT THE OPEN PIT MINE ZAGRADJE-OPEN PIT 2 .......................................115

Lj. Obradovi , M . Bugarin, Z. Stevanovi , M . Ljubojev, Z. M iliji

ODLAGANJE OPASNOG OTPADA NA DEPONIJE U SKLADU SA DIREKTIVOMEVROPSKE UNIJE O DEPONIJAMA BR. 1999/31/EU ................................................................................123

DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE ON THE LANDFILL IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE COUNCILDIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON THE LANDFILL OFWASTE No. 1999/31/EC...................................................................................................................................133

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R. Todorovi, D. Uroevi , Lj. Obradovi , V. Gardi , Z. Stanojevi imi RECIKLAA OLOVNOG OTPADA ...............................................................................................................143

RECYCLI NG OF LEAD WASTE ....................................................................................................................149

R. M arkovi , Lj. M ladenovi , M . Petrov, J. Stevanovi

UTICAJ MEHANO-HEMIJSKE AKTI VACIJE FLOTACIJSKEJALOVINE NA STEPEN IZDVAJANJA KORISNIH KOMPONENTI.........................................................155

EFFECT OF MECHANICAL-CHEMICAL ACTIVATION OFFLOTATION TAILINGS ON REMOVAL THE USEFUL COMPONENTS.................................................161

R. M arkovi , M . Bugarin, R. Jonovi , Lj. Avramovi , Z. Stevanovi , Lj. Obradovi , R. Stevanovi

IZDVAJANJE BAKRA KOMBINOVANIM TRETMANOM KOPOVSKE RASKRIVKEKISELIM RUDNI KIM VODAMA SA LOKACIJE RUDNIKA "CEROVO" I DOBIJANJESOLI BAKAR-SULFAT PENTAHIDRATA ...................................................................................................167

COPPER REMOVAL USING THE COMBINED TREATMENT OF OVERBURDEN BYTHE ACID MINE WATER FROM THE ABANDONED COPPER MINE "CEROVO"

AND OBTAI NING THE COPPER-SULPHATE PENTAHYDRATE............................................................171

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INSTITUT ZA RUDARSTVO I METALURGIJU BOR YU ISSN: 1451-0162

KOMITET ZA PODZEMNU EKSPLOATACIJU MINERALNIH SIROVINA UDK: 622

UDK: 622:681.51(045)=861

Dejan Petrovi *, Zvonko Damnj anovi *, Dalibor Djenadi *, Radoje Pantovi *, Vitomir M ili *

PRIMENA MODERNIH RA UNARSKIH URE AJA I ALATA ZASMANJENJE AKCIDENTNIH SITUACI JA U

RUDARSKI M SISTEMI MA

I zvod

Veliki rudarski sistemi zahtevaju obimno odravanje za koje je potrebno izdvojiti

dosta veli ka nov ana sredstva kojima se optere uje poslovanje preduze a. Ako se tomedoda da ve ina sistema nije adekvatno odravana godinama, naa re je zaputenost,onda uvek postoji dilema kojim putem. U ovom radu dat je prikaz primene termovizije uindustri ji kao efikasnogna ina pr a enja stanja sistema. Termovizijskom analizom moguse brzo i pr ecino prona i kri ti ni delovi u sistemu koji mogu dovesti do otkaza istog. Kaoprimer uzet je rotorni bager SchRs 800. Analizom termograma konstrukcije bageraloci rana su mesta na koji ma su pove ane temperature na konstrukcij i r otornog bagerausled dinami kih naprezanja tokom rada sistema. Kombinovanjem tehnika termovi zij skeanalize sa merenjima napona koriste i merne trake, informacionih tehnologija ipri menom FTA i FMECA metoda za identifi kacij u, anali zu tipova u efekata kri ti nihotkaza sa analizom rizika moze dati veliki doprinos poboljanju odravanja rudarskih

sistema.Klju ne re i: termovizija, termovizij ska kamera, anali za ri zika, napon, rotor ni bager

* Tehni ki fakultet u Boru - e-mail: [email protected]

UVOD

Razvoj tehnologije u rudarsrvu doveo jedo stvaranja sloenih tehni kih sistema kojise teko mogu sagledati bez sistemskogpristupa, analiti kih i metodolokih na ina.Tehni ki sistemi u rudarstvu predstavljajukatakteristi na stanja pojedinih tehnologijau kontekstu funkcionalnih karakteristika, odjednostavnih do najsloenijih radnih akti-vnosti. Osnovni procesi rudarstva u tokusvog rada su destruktivnim uticajemrazli itih aktivnosti koje mogu zna ajno

umanjiti njihov kvalitet.

O TERMOVI ZIJI

Termovizija predstavlja snimanje tempe-rature tela. Poznato je da sva tela emitujuodre enu koli inu toplote ( al i led). Pra-enje emitovanja ovog vida zra enja nalo je

iroku primenu u pra enju razli itih pojava uraznim granama industrije. Merenja termovi-zijskom kamerom spadaju u grupu nedestru-ktivnih metoda ispitivanja i omogu uji konti-nualno, precizno i brzo odre ivanje raspo-dela temperatura sistema koji se analizira urealnim uslovima. Dakle, ona omogu ava

da se vri bez kontaktno merenje tempera-

Broj 2,2010. RUDARSKI RADOVI29

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ture objekta. IC kamera je po konstrukcijisli na digitalnoj video kameri. Odre ene ICkamer imaju ugra en softver koji omogu-ava korisniku da se fokusira na specif i ne

oblasti OMS i izra una temperaturu. Drugisistemi koriste ra unar ili sistem podatakasa spacijalizovanim softverom koji omogu-ava temperaturnu analizu.

Analizom dobijenih termovizijskoh in-formacija omogu ava se viezna na upo-redna komparacija termograma i ostalihizmerenih veli ina, ime se omogu avasveobuhvatna analiza problema i preven-tivno delovanje.

Termalne kamere, koje se nekada nazi-vaju i infracrvene kamere, sposobne su da

registruju minimalne razlike u temperaturii da njih konvertuju u jasnu termalnu slikuna kojoj se mogu uo iti i najsitnij i detalj i.Za razliku od drugih tehnologija kao to supoja iva i osvetl jena, koj ima je potrebnabarem mala koli ina svetlosti da bi dali

sliku, temalna tehnologija moe da vidi utotalnom mraku. Njoj svetlost uopte nijepotrebna.

Termovizijsko snimanje objekata odvija

se u infracrvenoj oblasti od 7.5-13 m, saspektralnom rezolucijom od 1.3 mrad.Infracrveni spektar u ovoj oblasti daje infor-macije o raspodeli temperaura na povriniposmatranog objekta ili procesa, [1].

Za razliku od ostalih infracrvenihanaliza objekata, rezultat ovih analiza jeslika, vizuelna infromacija, pri emu suintenziteti, izmerenih inracrvenih zra enja,predstavljeni bojom. Treba napomenuti dadobijene termovizijske slike predstavljajupseudo slike, dobijene kori enjem odgova-raju ih LUT tabela, odnosno programskimvezivanjem temperature, za boje ili valereboja. Na taj na in korisnik dobija trenutnuinformaciju o raspodeli temperatura naposmatranom objektu u vidu vizuelnihinformacija.

Slika 1. Elektromagnetni spektar sa IC delom spektra koj i kor isti t ermovizija


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Temovizija je nala vema veliku pri-menu u svim sverama drutva: mainskoj ielektro industri ji, gra evinarstvu, rudarstvu,procesnoj industriji, industriji preradedrveta, auto industriji, medicini, policiji,spasila kim i vatrogasnim slubama...

TERMOVI ZIJA U RUDARSTVU

Mogu nost primene termovizijskihkamera u rudarstvu je jako velika, izprostog razloga to su procesi prieksploataciji i preradi korisne mineralnesirovine jako sloeni uz upotrebu kom-pleksne mehanizacije i opreme. Samim timproizvodnja je pra ena brojnim zastojima

zbog kvarova na opremi i mehanizaciji.Upravo je to pravo mesto delovanja iprimene tremovizije u rudarstvu, napra enju i ranom otkrivanju kriti nih ele-menata sistema i preventivnom delovanju.

Pra enje temparaturnih promena termo-vizijskom kamerom na opremi i objektima,kao posledice pojave napona primenljivoje u gotovo svim fazama podzemne ipovrinske eksploatacije, kao to je:

- otkrivanje i pra enje promene naponana delovima bagera (streli, nosa ukaike i samoj kaici, ure aju za kre-tanje)

- kontrola temperature pojedinih delo-va elektromotora kod kamiona;

- pra enje temperature ure aja za ko-enje na kamionima;

- merenje temperature elektromotora,spojnice, leajeva, osovina i konstru-kcija pogonskih i povratnih stanicatrakastih transportera;

- merenje i provera napona na kon-strukcijama pretovarnih mostova iodlaga a trakastih transportera;

- merenje temperature leajeva i elek-tromotora mlinova za mlevenje rude,pumpnih agregata, drobil i nih pos-trojenja, izvoznih maina;

- odre ivanje deblji ne obloga u mlino-vima i napona u istim;

- odre ivanje mesta na asijama jam-skih kamiona gde se javljaju najve inaponi;

- merenje temperature delova motora,ure aja za hla enje i i zduvnog sis-tema jamskih kamiona;

- analiza stanja pneumatika kamiona;

- u trafostanicama za otkrivanje preop-tere enih osigura a, elektro vodova,sklopki, uklopnika . . .

- Na slede oj slici moe se videtijedan od mnogih primera primene

termovizijske kamere, za merenjetemperature na radnom organu rotor-

nog bagera.

Slika 2. Termovizij ski snimak i standardna fotografij a radnog organa rotor nog bagera [ 3]


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Tako e moe se primeniti za :- otkrivanje i pra enje pukotina u bok-

ovima kopa;

- otkrivanje pukotina na objektima kojise nalaze u blizini kopa (postolja dro-bil i nih postrojenja, radionice, pos-tolja trakastih transportera);

- otkrivanje delova rudnika u kojima se

- javljaju oksidacioni procesi kao pred-faze poara;

- pre enje oksidacionih procesa na de-ponijama korisne mineralne sirovine idetektovanje pojave poara na istim;

- pra enje stanja napona u sigurnosnimstubovima podzemnih prostorija i

stubova u otkopnim komorama . . .

Slika 3. Termovizij ski snimak i standardna fotogr afij a bagera Komatsu PC 4000

Slika 4. Termovizij ski snimak i standardna fotografi ja rudni kog t ransformatora


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ANALIZA RIZI KA U RUDARSTVU

Moderni multivarijabilni pristup aspektuproblema bezbednosti name e uslove zavelikim stepenom pouzdanosti i sigurnostiprocesa u rudarstvu. Takvi zahtevi suopravdani injenicom da postoji potreba zasmanjenje rizika. Rudarska industrij a jeoblast od posebnog interesa gde se moguprimeniti nau na znanja u sferi rizika.Prethodni napori u odnosu na zahteve uprocesu projektovanja sistema i potrebu zaredizajniranje postoje ih koji funkcioniudue vreme. Bezbedno, sigurno funkcio-nisanje sistema je ugroeno. Takve se greke

moraju u potpunosti izbegavati - eliminisati.Greka moe da uti e na kona ni ishod uve oj ili manjojmeri, na direktan ili

indirektan na in, dok sistem za pozi-cioniranje smislu ograni enja rizika mo-gu nost nastanka rizi nih doga aja. Kaokna an ishod moe izazavati upotrbu do-datnih finansijskih sredstava. Bezbedno,sigurno funkcionisanje sistema je ugroeno.Takve se greke moraju u potpunostiizbegavati - eliminisati.

Danas, za procenu rizika postoje viemodernih metoda kao to su FTA (analzastabla greaka) i FMECA ( modeli otkaza,efekti i anali za kriti nosti). Na njihovimosnovama razvijeno je mnotvo alata i

programa za analizu rizika (Design Safe,Asent, Item ToolKit, )[5].

Slika 5. Neki od otkaza r udarske mehanizacije, [ 6]

Pogodnost odravanja je naro itoprikladna za ocene izvrenih izmena ilipoboljanja odre enog sistema odravanjaili tehni kog sistema koji se odraava, aznatno manje ako se upore uju razli itisistemi. Na pogodnost odravanja uti e ve ibroj faktora kao to su: uslovi eksploatacije,kvalitet sistema odravanja, kvalitetlogisti ke podrke, a najve i uticaj ima

unugodnosti odravanja jeste da obezbedimaksimalnu gotovost sistema uz minimalnetrokove odravanja i minimalne zastoje,odnosno minimalno vreme odravanja uzminimalnu logisti ku podrku. [7].

Funkcija pogodnosti odravanja se, podefiniciji, izraava u obliku:

1

0000

t

i dttftP ..................(1)

gde su:

to- vreme trajanja odravanjaf( to)- funkcija gustine ovog

vremena, [7].Tehni ki sistemi i procesi u toku svogradnog veka su pod dejstvom raznihdestruktivnih uticaja koji mogu ozbiljno


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smanjiti kvalitet njihovog rada. ansepojavljivanja i o ekivane posledice doga-aja u ciklusu smatraju se rizikom u

sistemu analize tokom perioda uvo enja iliodre enog procesa (kombinovanje u esta-losti i verovatno e pojavlji vanja, kao irezultat odre enog tetnog doga aja), [8].

ZAKLJU AK

Primena modrenih metoda FTA(analiza stabla greke) i FMECA (modeliotkaza, efekti i anali za kriti nosti) za iden-tifi kaciju, anali zu tipa, efekata kriti nihotkaza i analize rizika moe dati velikidoprinos poboljanju odravanja rudarskihsistema. Upotreba termovizije u industrijiomogu ava pra enje rada sistema u neo-metano funkcinisanje maina i postrojenja,i veoma kratkom roku otkriva lokacije nakojima moe do i do havarije. Upotrebomtermovizije u industrijskom odravanjusmanjuju se direktni trokovi odravanja,smanjiju se gubici usled zastoja i prekidaproizvodnje i omogu ava izradu efi kasnogplana preventivnog odravanja

Kombinovanjem ova dva na ina zapra enje i analizu i upotrebom modenihsoftverskih alata (programa Design Safe,Asent, Item ToolKit, ) moe se smanjiti

broj otkaza sistema i cena kotanjaodravanja rudarskih sistema.

LITERATURA

[1] www.flirthermography.com/about

[2] Biocanin R, Lojan i R., Martinovi B.:Bio-effects of ionizing radiation andprotection, 10th International conferenceResearch and Development in

Mechanical Industry - RaDMI 2010,Donji Milanovac, 16-19. September2010. p 726-733;

[3] Jovani P. Damnjanovi Z. andPetrovi D.: Thermal analysis ofSCHRS 800 continous excavatorconstruction frame on open pitDrmno, 10th International conferenceResearch and Development inMechanical Industry - RaDMI 2010,Donji Milanovac, 16-19. September2010. p 600-609;

[4] Radosavljevi S., Lili N., ur i S,Radosavl jevi M.: Risk assessmentand managing technical systems in

case of mining industry, StrojnikiVestnik Journal of MechanicalEngineering 55 (2009) 2, p. 119-130;

[5] http://www.fmea-fmeca.com

[6] Bonjak S., Zrni N., Gai V.,Petkovi Z.: Changeabil ity as a basicworking load characteristic ofmachinery for mechanization, 10thInternational conference Research andDevelopment in Mechanical Industry -RaDMI 2010, Donji Milanovac, 16-19.September 2010. p 58-67;

[7] Bogdanovi B., Dai P.: Evaluationof maintence the air-driven fans and

work safety in the underground mine,Rudarski Radovi Mines Engineering1/2007 p 38-45;

[8] Dai , P., Natsis, A., Petropoulos, G.:Models of reliability for cutting tools:Examples in manufacturing andagricultural engineering. Strojnikivestnik Journal of MechanicalEngineering, vol. 54 no. 2 (2008), p.122-130.


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MINING AND METAL LURGY INSTITUTE BOR YU ISSN: 1451-0162COMMI TTEE OF UNDERGROUND EXPLOITATION OF THE MI NERAL DEPOSITS UDK: 622

UDK: 622:681.51(045)=20

Dejan Petrovi *, Zvonko Damnj anovi *, Dalibor Djenadi *, Radoje Pantovi *, Vitomir M ili *

USE OF MODERN COMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS TO

REDUCE THE OCCURRENCE OF ACCIDENTS IN THE

MINING SISTEMS

Abstract

Large mining systems require extensive maintenance that needs to asset a lot of large financialassets that burden the business enterprises. If it is added to this that the most systems are notproperly maintained for years, our word is disrepair, then there is always a doubt which way togo. This paper gives a description of thermography use in the industry as the efficient way ofmonitoring the system condition. Thermal imaging analysis can quickly and precisely find thecritical parts in the system that can result into a failure of the same. The wheel excavator SchRs800 was used as an example. By thermography analyzing, the areas with higher temperature onthe wheel excavator construction can be located due to the dynamic tensions during the systemoperation. By combining the thermal imaging techniques with tension measurements using themeasuring tape, ITC and use of FTA(Fault Tree Analysis) and FMECA (Failure Models, Effectsand Criticality Analysis) modern methods for identification, the analysis of types in the effects ofcri tical fail ures with the ri sk analysis can make a great contr ibution to t he maintenance impr ove-ment of mi ning systems.

Key words: thermography, thermal camera, risk analysis, tension, wheel excavator

* Technical F aculty Bor, U niversity of Belgrade, Bor, Serbia - e-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Development of technology in mininghas led to the creation of complex techni-cal systems that can hardly be seen wi th-out a systematic approach to the analyticaland methodological terms. Technical sys-tems in mining represent distinctive condi-tions of some specific technologies in acontext of functional features, f rom simpleto the most complex work activities. Thebasic mining processes in their operationare subjected to the destructive impact ofvarious activities that can significantlyreduce their quality.

ABOUT THERMOGRAPHY

Thermography is recording of objectheat. It is known that all objects emit acertain amount of heat (even ice). Moni-toring of heat emissions has found wideapplication in monitoring of different phe-nomena in various fields of industry.Measurements of thermal cameras belongto a group that testing without destroyingmaterials and provide continuous, accurateand quick determination of distributionsystem temperature that is analyzed in realconditions. Therefore, it allows withoutcontact temperature measuring. IR camera

No 2,2010. MINING ENGINEERING35

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is similar in the construction to a digitalvideo camera. Certain infrared cameras havebuilt-in software that allows user to focus onspecific areas of OMS and calculate thetemperature. Other systems use a computeror data system with specialized software thatallows the temperature analysis.

Analyzing the obtained thermovisioninformation gives a possibility if multiimportant parallel comparison of thermo-grams and other measured values all owinga comprehensive analysis of problems andpreventive action.

Thermal cameras, sometimes referredto as the infrared cameras, are able to reg-ister minimum differences in temperature

and convert them into a clear thermal im-age, which can spot the smallest details.Unlike other technologies that require asmall amount of light to give an image,

thermal technology can see in total dark-ness. It does not need a light.

Thermal cameras record images in in-frared area of 7.5-13 m with a spectralresolution of 1.3 mrad. The infrared spec-trum in this area gives the information ondistribution of temperatures on the surfaceof observed object or process [1].

he results of these IR analyses is theimage, visual information with intensity,where the intensities of measured IR ra-diations are represented by color. It shouldbe noted that the obtained thermal imag-ing images are pseudo-images, obtainedusing the appropriate LUT tables or pro-gram linking temperature for color. In this

way the user can get immediate informa-tion on distribution of temperature on theobserved object in the form of visual in-formation.

Figure 1. Electromagnetic spectrum wi th I R part of spectrum used by themography [2]


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Thermography has found a large use inall spheres of society: mechanical andelectrical industry, construction, mining,processing industry, wood processing in-dustry, car industry, medicine, police, res-cue and fire services

THERMOGRAPHY IN MINING

Possibility of use the thermo visioncamera in mining industry is very large, forthe simple reason that the processes of oremining and processing are very complexwith the use of complex machinery andequipment. Therefore the production isaccompanied by numerous delays due to

the failures on equipment and machinery.That is real place for action and implemen-tation the thermal cameras in mining onmonitoring and early detection the criticalelements of system and preventive action.

Monitoring of temperature changes bythermal camera on equipment and facili-ti es, as the consequence of tension, is ap-plicable in nearly all phases of under-ground and surface mining, such as:

- detecting and monitoring the changesof tension on parts of excavators (ar-row, bucket carrier, bucket and driv-ing device);

- temperature control of some electricmotor parts on trucks;

- temperature monitoring of brakingdevice for braking on trucks;

- temperature measuring of electricmotors, couplings, bearings, axlesand construction of driving and re-current stations of belt conveyors;

- tension measuring and checking onconstructions of reloading bridgesand disposer of belt conveyors;

- temperature measuring of bearingsand electrical motors of mills for oregrinding, pump aggregates, crushingplants, hoisting machines;

- determination of mill lining thick-ness and tension in the same;

- determination of spots on the under-ground truck boxes with the highesttensions;

- temperature measuring of engineparts, device for cooling and exhaustsystem of underground trucks;

- condition analysis of undergroundtruck tires;

- in electrical substations for detectionthe overloaded fuses, electrical trans-formers, electrical cables, switchers

Figure 2 presents one of many exam-ple of use the thermal camera for tempera-

ture measuring on the working device ofwheel excavator.

Figure 2. Thermal camera image and standard photo of wheel excavator [ 3]


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Thermal camera can be also used for:- detection and monitoring cracks in

the sides of open mine;- detection of cracks in buildings that

are close to the open pit (crushingplant stands, workshops, stands ofbelt conveyors);

- detection of the mine parts where the

oxidative processes occur as directindicator of mine fires;

- monitoring of oxidative processes onlandfills of coal and detection of fireoccurrences in the same;

- monitoring of tensions in the securitypillars around underground chambersand pillars in rooms for excavation

Figure 3. Thermal camera image and standard photo of Komatsu PC 4000 excavator

Figure 4. Thermal camera i mage and standard photo of mine transformer

RISK ANALYSIS IN MINING

Modern multi-aspect approach to theoccupational safety problems imposes therequirements for high degree of reliability

and safety of the process in mining. Suchrequirements are justified by the fact thatthere is a need for risk reduction. Mining


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industry is a field of particular interest con-cerning the use of scientific knowledgewithin the sphere of risk. Previous efforts inrelation to the requirements in the processof system design and the need for redesignthe existing ones that have worked a longtime. A fault can affect the final outcometo greater or lesser extent, i n a direct orindirect way, while the positioning systemwithin the context of risk limits / possibilityof occurrence the risky events. As the finaloutcome, it can cause the use of unplanned

financial resources. Safe and secure func-tion of the system is threatened. Such faultsneed to be completely avoided/eliminated,[4].

Today, many modern methods exist forrisk analysis such as FTA (Fault TreeAnalysis) and FMECA (Failure Models,Effect and Criticality Analysis). On theirs

bases is developed many tools and pro-grams for risk analysis (Design Safe,Asent, Item ToolKit,..) [5].

Figure 5. Some fail ures of mini ng mechanization [ 6]

Maintainability is especially suitablefor evaluation the completed changes or

improvements to a certain systemmaintenance or technical system thatreflects, and considerably less if differentsystems are compared. Number of factorshas influence on the benefit ofmaintenance such as mining conditions,quality of maintenance system, quality oflogistic support and the highest benefit ofmaintenance is maximum impact of thesystem with minimum maintenance costsand minimum downtime, that is minimumtime of maintenance with minimumlogistic support, [7].

Maintainability function, by definition,is expressed by the next formula:

1

0000

t

i dttftP ..................(1)

where:

to- maintenance time

f(to)-density function of thi s time

Technological systems and processesduring their life cycle are under variousdestructive influences which can consid-erably reduce the quality of their opera-tion. The chances of unwanted events andanticipated consequences of the events inthe cycle are considered to be a risk in thesystem analysis during the establishedlength of time or a certain process (thecombination of frequency and chances ofappearing, as well as the result of certainadverse event) [ 8].

CONCLUSION

The use of FTA (Fault Tree Analysis)

and FMECA (Failure Models, Effects and


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Criticality Analysis) modern methods for

identification, analysis of types, effects ofcritical failures and risk analysis can lead to

a high benefit in maintenance the mining

systems. The use of themography in indus-

try allows the system monitoring without

stoppage of operation the machinery and

equipments, and in a very short period of

time reveals locations in the system where

damages may occur. Using thermography

recording and monitoring in the industrial

maintenance, the direct maintenance costs

could be reduced, losses could be reduced

due to delays and interruption of produc-

tion, and allows development of effectivepreventive maintenance plan.

Combining these two ways for moni-toring and analysis and using moderncomputer tools (programs Design Safe,Asent, Item ToolKit ) number of delays

and cost of maintaining mining systemscould be reduced.

REFERENCES

[1] www.flirthermography.com/about

[2] Biocanin R, Lojan i R., Martinovi

B.: Bio-effects of Ionizing Radiationand Protection, 10th InternationalConference Research and Develo-

pment in Mechanical Industry -

RaDMI 2010, Donji Milanovac, 16-19September 2010, pgs. 726-733 (inSerbian)

[3] Jovani P., Damnjanovi Z., andPetrovi D.: Thermal Analysis ofSCHRS 800 Continuous ExcavatorConstruction Frame at the OpenPitDrmno, 10th International ConferenceResearch and Development in

Mechanical Industry - RaDMI 2010,

Donji Milanovac, 16-19 September2010, pgs. 600-609(in Serbian)

[4] Radosavljevi S., Lili N., ur i S.,Radosavljevi M.: Risk Assessmentand managing Technical Systems in aCase of Mining Industry, Strojniki

Vestnik Journal of Mechanical Engi-

neering 55 (2009) 2, pgs. 119-130

[5] http://www.fmea-fmeca.com[6] Bonjak S., Zrni N., Gai V.,

Petkovi Z.: Changeabil ity as the BasicWorking Load Characteristic ofMachinery for Mechanization, 10thInternational Conference Research and

Development in Mechanical Industry -

RaDMI 2010, Donji Milanovac, 16-19September 2010, pgs. 58-67 (inSerbian);

[7] Bogdanovi B., Dai P.: Evaluationof Maintenance the Air-driven Fansand Work Safety in the UndergroundMine, Mining Engineering 1/2007,

pgs. 38-45(i n Serbian)[8] Dai , P., Natsis, A., Petropoulos, G.,

Models of Reliability for CuttingTools: Examples in Manufacturing andAgricultural Engineering, Strojniki

Vestnik Journal of Mechanical

Engineering, Vol. 54, No. 2 (2008),pgs. 122-130


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2010 - rudarski2_10