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312 2004:()() 20028 1214,23,2. , ,. , . ., ,. . ., . ., . , . 2004525 312 2004i, . , .,.NewEssayon theHumanUnderstanding. . . .. ,.,., . ii. , .,,,..1 . , . . , . ..12, .. ,iii,. , . .2004525iV1 1. 11. 12. 13. 9. 101. 102. 113. 164. 19(1) 191) 192) 19(2) 201) 20(3) 201) 212) 213) 224) 22V5) 226) 23(4) 23(5) 242 25.,, 25: 25: 26: 28: 29: 30: 31: 32: 33: 34. 351. 352. 363. 374. 415. 41Vi3 43. 431. 43(1) 43(2) 45(3)(1) 47(4)(2) 48(5) 49(6) 511) 512) 52 53 543)(retention) 54 55 564)(discerning) 56(,wit) 57 57 58 59(compounding) 60(naming) 60Vii(abstracting) 61 62 635)(Understanding) 63 63. 646) 65. 66* 66* 671. 68(1) 68(2): 70(3): 71(4) 722. 74(1) 74(2) 75(3) 763. 77(1)(1) 77(2)(2) 78Viii(3) 79(4) 80(5) 811) 812) 82(6) 82. 851. 852. 86(1) 88(2) 893. 904. 91(1) 921) 922) 93 94 94 953) 96(2) 961) 96ix2) 971 982 993 1003) 1004) 1015) 1036) 1047) 1048) 105(3) 1061) 1062) 1073) 1084) 108 108 1095) 110 110-1. 110 112 112 113x-1. 114-2. 115,, 116 116-1. 117-2. 1186) 119 119 119 120 1217) 122 122 122 123-1. 124-2. 125 127 128 129-1. 129 1308) 131xi 131 132 132,,, 133 134-1. 134-2. 135-3. 135 136 137 138. 1381. 138(1) 139(2) 140(3) 1402. 141(1),, 141(2) 142(3) 1433. 144(1) 145xii(2) 146(3) 1461) 1462) 1473) 1484) 149. 1501. 150(1) 150(2) 1512. 151(1) 151(2) 152(3) 152(4) 1533. 154(1) 154(2) 1551) 155(3) 156(4) 1574. 158xiii(1) 159(2) 159(3) 160(4) 161(5) 161(6) 162(7) 163 164xiV1.PeterH.Nidditch1975 OxfordUniversityPressAnEssay ConcerningHumanUnderstanding.2., (,,).(,2,3) 23.3.(,,)..4..5.. 11.1.. . .,() ()() . ,1683,1689.,(1689)2(1690)3(1692)(1690)(1690) . 1700. 2.(JohnLocke ,1632 1704)1632(So-merset)(Wrington). 17 ,,. .,. 312 !., (AlexanderPopham)(WestminsterSchool).1652(Christ-ChurchCollege),. . . .. (toleration).(RichardBaxter), (Latitudinarians)(Arminians).,(Robert Boyle). ! , . 1667 (LordAshley). . (EarlofShaftesbury),30 . ,. . , .1672, . , . . 312 1 . , , ., . .. 1667(AnEssay concerningToleration), .(ALetterconcerningToleration) , .(), ,. ,,. .1675316791 4.2(JamesDukeofYork)(ExclusionBill)1679.16792.4, ,2..2.2(Mo- nmouth),2 ,16831.., ,. ., ,16839.312 o,168411 .,. ,1688(William)216892(Mary). , . , . 1685 (Limborch),16894(Epi-stola de Tolerantia) . 10 (WilliamPopple), . (TheEssayconcerningHuman Understanding).14o .1685 , .. , . ,, .,... . 1689.312 . () 57.,.,,1696 .,(Francis).170472., (Jonas Proast)., 1695(TheReasonablenessofChristianity)., . J. 312 1O3.1632 (829)1642 1647-52 1649 11649-60 1652 1655 1658 1660 1660 21660-61 1660 1662 1663-64 1665 1667-81 () 1668 1668-75 1671 1672 ,1673 ,. 1673-75 111674 1674 1675-79 1677-78 ,1683-89 1684 1688 1689 1689 ,1690 1693 1695 1696-1700 1704 ,(1028)1705-07 (6).1., .4, 1 , 2 (),3,4.11312 1!., .2.I. .G., D. I. .4,1,2,34. 1 , .,, , .2. ,. . ,. 1, . , , , 1., , , , 2 . , () 3. . . .,, , . ,,(,12,4).., , [] ..[] .(,12,5) , ,,(,23,1)1312 11., .,, .,,,, ,., ...,. .3..,.,.,( ). , , . , . 1,..(Universal). , , . . , . . . .4, ., , . .... .2+3=5, .. . 1312 1o .. . .,1.. . . . .. ,. , .,,, .(,3,1). 1 ,.,, (Kritik) . (KrV. B25). (Transzendentalphilosophie) (innate),(apriori),.3.1.1.: 2..3..4.2.1.2.3.4.()5.6.1312 17.8.9.10.(retention)11.(discerning)12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.,27.28.29.30.(fantastical)31.(adequate)32.33. 1J3.1.2.()3.(term),4.5.6.7.(particle)8.(term)9.10.11.4.1.2.()3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.1J312 !O17.18.()19.()20.21.4.(1)1). ,.,,,. (apriori). 2) , . . . () , , . !1(2)()(opinion).(knowledge) . , . (,2,15),, ,..1), . .. .(3), ()(Vorstellung).,!1312 !! ., .1), ,, . ., . , ..,.2).,(). ,. . , , 1, ,,2. !3)..,,..() .,, .,.4),,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,.(,18,2),,. .() .5) !312 !1 . , . . ,,, .6), . , . ().(4)., . ,.,(). , ,. !, ., ..(5)(epistm), .?, ().(KrV.B82).() . ..,,,.(,1,2)!312 !o2 .,, ::1-2-1/2:1-2-3:(1690) . ? ,. , . . . ,, . , .:,,, !,,,:: : : : : : : :::: : An Essay Concerning Human Under- standing:PeterH.Nidditch:Oxford:Clarendon:1979:1975:www.epistemelinks.com::1-1/2!312 !::JohnLocke:JohnLocke:::(Somerset)(Wrington):1632:1704::www.epistemelinks.com: 1:2:3:::,::,,:: : : !J:,:,,,,:::: :.:/:::innateidea : An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, p.48:Itisstampeduponthemindofman, whichthesoulreceivesinitsveryfirst Beingandbringstotheworldwithit.::: ::!J312 O:- 1:::: :.::: ::::::-, :idea : An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, p.47:Itisthatterm,whichservesbesttostand forwhatsoeveristheobjectofthe understandingwhenamanthinksor whateveritis,whichtheMindcanbe 312 !employ'daboutinthinking.:::::. :: :::::::--, :simpleidea : An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, p.119! :TheideastheyproduceintheMind, enterbythesensessimpleandunmixed.:::::.:: :,::::::--, ,:complexidea312 1 : An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, p.163 :Whentheunderstandingisoncestored withthesesimpleideas,ithasthepower torepeat,compareandunitethemeven toanalmostinfinitevarietyandsocan makeatpleasurenewcomplexideas.:::: :.: :,:::::::--1,2:quality312 o : An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, p.134:Thepowertoproduceanyideainour mind.:::: : .: :,: ::::::-:wordorlanguage:AnEssayConcerningHuman Understanding,p.402:Manthereforehadbynaturehisorgansso fashioned,astobefittoframearticulate sounds,whichwecallwords....Besides articulatesoundstherefore,itwasfarther necessary,thatheshouldbeabletouse these sounds, as signs of internal conceptions andtomakethemstandsasmarksforthe ideaswithinhisownmind.:::: : .::,: ::::312 ::-,:knowledge :An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, p.525:Knowledgethenseemstometobe nothingbuttheperceptionofthe connexionandagreement,or disagreementandrepugnancyofanyof 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11(3-3-4-3-8-7-/1)3.3.2.3.3.3.6.(3-3-4-3-8-8-/1)4.4.1.()(3-4-1-1/1)4.1.1.(3-4-1-1-/1)4.1.2.(3-4-1-2-/1)4.1.3.(3-4-1-3-1/2)4.2.4.2.1.,,(3-4-2-1-1/2)4.2.2.(3-4-2-2-1/2)4.2.3.(3-4-2-3-1-3/4)4.3.(3-4-3-1/2)4.3.1.(3-4-3-1-1-2/3)4.3.2.(3-4-3-2-/1)4.3.3.4.3.3.1.(3-4-3-3-1-1/2)4.3.3.2.(3-4-3-3-2-1/2-3)4.3.3.3.(3-4-3-3-3-1~2/3)4.3.3.4.(3-4-3-3-4-1-2/3)5.5.1.(3-5-1-1/2)5.1.1.(3-1-1-6-6-1/2-3)5.1.2.(3-5-1-1-/1)5.1.3.(3-5-1-2-/1) 15.2.5.2.1.(3-5-2-1-1/2)5.2.2.(3-5-2-2-/1)5.2.2.1.(3-5-2-3-/1)5.2.3.(3-5-2-4-/1)5.3.(3-5-3-/1)5.3.1.(3-5-3-1-/1)5.3.2.(3-5-3-2-/1)5.3.2.1.(3-5-3-2-1-1-2/3)5.3.3.(3-5-3-3-1/2)5.3.4.(3-5-3-4-1/2-4)5.4.(3-5-4-1/2)5.4.1.(3-5-4-1-/1)5.4.2.(3-5-4-2-1/2)5.4.3.(3-5-4-3-1-2/3)5.4.4.(3-5-4-4-1/2)5.4.5.(3-5-4-5-1/2)5.4.6.(3-5-4-6-/1)5.4.7.(3-5-4-7-1/2)1312 1o3.1.(1),,(Know- ledge),,.(Mind) ,(Spirit), (Understanding)(Matter).[](DiscerningFaculty).(,1,2) , . .,(An Essay Concerning Human Understanding) . . () , . 1,, (Kritik).(KrV. B25) . (Transzendentalphilosophie)(in- nate) , (a priori) , .(HumanSpirit)(PhysicalConsideration). .,,., , . , () . 1312 1()(Physologie), (KrV. A),. , .,,..,. ,. (), .(2)(Opinion)(Knowledge) . (Aessent) . 1J., (theOriginal)., ,,.,. ,, . .(,1,3),,., 4 . ,. . . ,,. .,,.,. 1J312 O(,2,2) ,,, .(3)(1), , , . , . . , , , , ,.(,1,1) . . . ., . . 1 .,(KrV.B)... (). . ,.(4)(2)(Comprehension) , , .(,1,4), .1312 !., 1 : 1( PictureTheory) . , (transzendenterGegenstand), (Ding an sich) . (intellektuelle Anschuung). (sinnliche Anschauung) , (intuitus ori- ginarius) . , ( ) .,. , , .(5) , ,(unprejudiced) . , .(,4,25),,. . ,,() (Nihilestintellectu,quodnonfueritinsensu) .(,,64) .., ... ., , . 312 1 . (vorprdikatives Urteil) (Vorteil). ( ) ,, . ,., .(6)1) , , (faculty)(operaton). ,(simple idea). (complex idea) , . , , .,, , , , , .,(sensation) , , (reflection) . .(,11,14).,,.,, ,, . . . (). (perception)() .. , ,() , () (), () . , , ()312 o.2)(perception) ,,(thinking).(,9,1) . (,9,2), (,9,3), (,9,3) , . , .(,9,15) (sense) (sensation).(,1,3)(sensation) ,.. ().,. 312 (passive)(active). () , , , . . , ..( ), . . ,, (receptivity)(spontaneity). 3)(retention) ,. .,, J(contemplation).., .(memory),.(,10,1) . . ,(attention), (repetition),,.() , , . . (Einbildungskraft). , .,,,. ,. ,, 312 oO.. .()., ()T1, T2,T3,T4...Tn. , T1 T1 . . ,. ,(,anticipation).4)(discerning),(evidence)(certainty). ,(nativeuniformImpression),, .(,11,1)oO o1. ,.,....( ) . () ..(,wit),,, .(,11,2)(judgment) , ..(,11,2)312 o!,.(,14,4).. S() P() . S P . . , (acute sentiendi) (A.G.Baumgarten,Metaphysica,540) . .., () () . .() ,(ingenium). , o! o..,.[] .(cognitioexacta),. .(44), ( ) ., . (aesthetic judgment) (judgment of taste) . , .,,,(comparing) ,.(,11,4)12 (1, 2, , ) 312 o1,,, .().(compounding) (composition).,.(enlarging).(,11,6) .,,,., ..1 101000.(naming) , . .(,11,8) (naming) . o1 o(name). . ,. ,,.,,.(abstracting)(word)(Mark) , . . .(abstracting).(,11,9)20004272 5 7 . , 6, .20043268 , ,. 312 oo,(redness)(abstracting) .(,). (general representative) . (general name) . (precise,naked appearance), , (pattern) ,. , . (whiteness) , . (idea)(term).(,11,9)(Universal). , , ..oo o, ...312 o(11-12C)..(nominalism)(realism) . () .. , , , . ,() .5)(Understanding)., ,,, ,,.(,21,5) . oJ. . (thepowerofperception) (,21,5). ,,, ., ..,. ., ..(,11,17)(tablarasa). (innate), ().oJ312 O., ,.6)(,,). ,, ,.., .(,11,15)(,,). . , . . . . 1 () .() , . , . .(KrV. AX),..*(opinion). (innateprinciples), (primary no- tions), , . (soul),.(,2,1)()(opinion)(knowledge)., , ,. 1312 !(,2,15),,,. . ,.*(speculative)(practical).(,2,2) .,..(,2,4) . ,,(justice), , (virtue) . (universalassent).. 1.(1) , , , .(,2,3),,,., .(,2,4) (, n- aturally) () . . . .(,2,5).,. , ,,. 312 1,. . . . ., . . ..(,2,4), (,2,4). ., , , ( ), . . ( ) ,.() , .. (2): ,,, .(,2,6) , , .(,2,7), .. ,. . .() (),a=a, a+c=b+c. .312 o(3): , , , . . , , , , .(,2,8)(),,. ., ,(). , . ()(), (). . .. ()(),?(,2,9)(4) , , ,., ,.(,2,17)< > . ,. . , ,.,. 1000 . . 312 .< (degree)>. , .(degree). .< >. 2..(),. . ., ,().() J.2.(1). .. .,,.(,3,3) .. . , . . , () . J312 O , () . .. (2) . . .(inclination)(impression oftruth).(,3,3), .,. , . , (). , ., 1.(Inclination/Neigung)(Will/Wille) . (). , . , , . . . , .(3).[] ,1312 !.(,3,22-3)?. .. ,,, . .., ., .,.3.(1)(1),.,.,.. . , .(,2,15), , . (,,,, ) , .,. .(2)(2).. ,. . ,, ,, . .(,4,23)312 1 . .,. , . . ( ) .(3) , ..(,4,1) , ,..., ., . ?. ..(4).. ., ., . .(,4,6) (), ( ) . . . , ( 1 ) . 312 o. ,.(5), . .(,4,8) . . ,(5).,..1),.(,4,8),, ...2)[].(,4,9) .(,4,11).=., . . (,4,12),,,(,4,17).(6)312 [] .(substance). , ., . 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(),,,. ()(), () ..,,. (,)(,). , .4),,(mode).,, .(,12,4),,,,, 11312 11o,,.,,,,,,,, .(,18,2),,. ().., ,[]..[] .(,12,5). 12, 1 . .() . , , . 115) .4 . , . .(,13,2),,,,,,,,. , , , , , . ,,,.,,..(,13,4),(,13,5).(,13,10).-1.11312 11 . [] , , , , . , .(,13,11). .() ., (resextensia). .,.(solidity),(extension), ,. (,13,25) (,13,25). 11J ..(,14,1),. .(,14,2)., , , (,14,6). , . () , . . , , . . , , , .(,16,1)11J312 1!O. (). ., ..., .(,17,1)1 2,[] .[],.(,17,3)., , . 1!1., .-1. ,., .. .,. .(,17,7). . . ,. 1!1312 1!!. ,.?-2. ,,,.().[] .[] ,.()().(,17,15) , . . . , . , (,17,8) . ,. 1!,,,,, . ,,,,,, ,,. (,19,4) .. ,,,. , .,, .(,20,2),,,,,,,,, . , [] , , , , , .(,21,1)1!312 1!1 . 1, 2 . 2 . .3.3 . , . . . .-1.., .,.(,21,2).(,21,4). , .,,., 1!,3.(), ,., .-2. ,. , .,,.., . .,.. (unmovedmover),,..,. 1!312 1!o ...6).,(),. ,.(,22,1),.,.., ,,.. .., 1!.[] ., ,,.(,22,4). ( ) , . , . ? .,. .,,, , .,,.(,22,5)1!312 1!. . , . . .() ,,. .1.. . 2. . .3. ,.(,22,9), ,(). . 1!J(,) . ( ,)().7),,,.(,23,1) . , . ., . .,1 ,,, 1!J312 1O,.,1 , ., 1 .(,23,9). .. 3, ..(,23,10) ,.,., ,.(,23,2)(1). 11. . . ..() .-1. . .[],.(,23,10-11).,, .11312 1!,,. , .. (). .-2. , , . .(,12,6) . .[] .(,23,6)(,, ), 1.,,, ,, ?(,23,6)..(,23,37) . , .., . ? . (,12,1). ,.,, . 1312 11 .. ..., . , , . ,,,, ,. ,..,, , , (,23,5). ( ). , 1.312 1o , . (ousia,hypokeimenon)(substantia), , . (god),(finitespirits),(bodies). ,. .,.,.(,,191-2),,, 1o 1. ,.. . , .. ..1, .1,, .(,29,30)-1.,. . . , , , 312 1. . . , .(,,135-6,, .),,.,,, .(,23,35) . . . .,, . ,, 1 1J .8) . . . . .(,25,1), . , . . , .312 11O()(). . , ,, , . [] , .[], .(,25,7) ,, . . ,.(,26,1).,,. ,. .11O 111, .,.,. .. .. .. ..,,, . 312 11!,(, 26,2)., () ,.-1.,,,,, . , , , , ., .,. , ,, .(,27,2),,,..,,...11! 11,. ,.(,27,4).-2., .[] .(,27,7) . . .. , , .-3.312 111 (,27,9). . .,,,[], . , . . , ,. . .(,29,3),111 11 ,. .(,29,4) , ,, ,[], ,,, (,29,7-8).(realidea) , .(,30,1) (fantasticalorchimericalidea) .(,30,1) . , .(,30,2) .312 11o. 11,. , .(,31,1). .(,31,2) ,(,31,3)., . ..1. (word) [] (sign). , (Mark) . . .(,2,1)11312 11 .,.,.,(). , , . ,., . .(1)(). ().() ,. .,. .,() 11J.()().(2). ,,,,, .,.(nothing),(barrenness)? . ,(,,4).,,.,.(3) . [] .(,7,1)11J312 1O... . ,. , . (). ..2.(1),,.(,9,6),, .. . . 11, . .. .. ,.(2) .,,.(,9,6). . .(). ,, 11312 1!. .(3). . ,( .).(,10,2) .(,10,17).(,10,34) .. . , 1 . ... . , .(,21,4) .(F.,,144)3., ., ,?(,3,6). ,, .,(,3,2),(,3,3). . . , .1312 11? .(1).(,3,6). ., ,.(,3,12), .., .. .. 1(2) . ( ). ? ?,,,, . [] .(,7,9) , .(3)1).[] , ., (properlyBeing)(Essentia) .(,3,15) ., ()() 1312 1o,, ,. ..2) ( ).(,3,17) .. .. ( ).,,... 1 ,.,,, . . ,.3) ,.(,7,9)GenusSpecies,Essence . .(,3,15) .,,,, 1312 1. . .4).(,3,12).(,3,14).... , ,, .,. . 1J.1., .(,1,1)(epistm), .?, ().(KrV.B82).() . . . ,,,.(,1,2)(1) . .. .(identityanddiversity)1J312 1oO. ,.(relation).10911.,. (co-existenceornecessaryconnection) ...(2),, ,.,., ,..2.(1), . . [] .(,2,1) 1o1. ....2+3=5,. .. .(2). . .,1.. .(3) 1o1312 1o!. .....,. ,. .(,,55-6)(4).. .( 1o). ,. ,.3.,,,. ..??(,3,1). ..(1). ..1o312 1o1(2) . .. . , .(,3,9)1) 1 , ,, ,.(,3,24)..(,3,25) D. . . . 1 1o . .23 , . , . ,, ..(3) , , , . , .(,3,18) , . ,, .1o312 1oo . . ., .(4) , , , , . , .(,3,21). , , .(,9,3),. , .,,. . 1o ..,().,.,,.4.,. .? , ?(,4,3). . ,., . , .1o312 1o(1).,. , .(2) . -- .(,4,8) , . , . , , . ,. 1oJ(3) ..(,4,4) ,..(,4,12), .. ,.. ., ,.,.1oJ312 1O(4),., .(,10,6)? , , .... (,10,3). . . , ..(5). . 11 . . ,.[] .(,14,4) ..,. ,,.(6)(,15,1) . . ,((,15,4). . , ,. . . , ,., . 11312 1! , , , (,16,12) .(7) .,.(,16,14) .,.. . ,(,19,14).. 1,/,, ,1995.,,,,2003.,,,,1998.F.,,,,1991.R.,/,,, 1993.,,,2001.,,,2001.,:,,2000.I.,,,,1972.,,,1974.,,,,, ,1983.Thiel,U.,Locke:EpistemologyandMetaphysics1067, Ash-gate,2002.Ashcraft,R.,JohnLocke:v.1-4,CriticalAssessment, Rou-tledge,1991.Parry,G.,JohnLocke,G.Allen&Unwin,1978.Rogers,G.A.J.,Locke'sPhilosophy:Contentand Context,ClarendonPress,1994.Dunn,J.,Locke,OxfordUniversityPress,1984.1312 11Yolton,J.W.,ALockeDictionary,Blackwell,1993.,JohnLocke:ProblemsandPerspectives:A CollectionofNewEssays,Cambrigeatthe UniversityPress,1969.Gibson,J.,Locke'sTheoryofKnowledgeandits HistoricalRelations,CambrigeattheUniversity Press,1968.Bennett,J.F.,Locke,Berkeley,Hume:CentralThemes, ClarendonPress,1971.Leibniz,G.W.,NewEssaysonHumanUnderstanding, CambrigeattheUniversityPress,1996.Chappell,V.C.,TheCambridgeCompaniontoLocke, CambrigeattheUniversityPress,1994.,Locke,OxfordUniversityPress,1998.Lowe,E.J.,LockeonHumanUnderstanding,Routledge, 1995.Jolley,N.,Locke:HisPhilosophicalThought,Oxford UniversityPress,1999.Tipton,I.C.,LockeonHumanUnderstanding:selected essays,OxfordUniversityPress,1977.Mackie,J.L.,ProblemsfromLocke,ClarendonPress, 1976.312 2004610 151-742,56-1E-mail:[email protected]:02)880-6223:02)874-0126 02)871-2118,878-2117