Alzhimers 2

8/4/2019 Alzhimers 2

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y The most complex organ in the body is ajellylike mass made up of fat and proteinweighing about 3 pounds (1.4 kilograms).

y It is, nevertheless, one of the body's biggestorgans, consisting of some 100 billion nervecells that not only put together thoughts and

highly coordinated physical actions butregulate our unconscious body processes, suchas digestion and breathing.


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y Alzheimers disease is an irreversible, progressivebrain disease that gradually destroys memory andthinking skills, and eventually even the ability tocarry out the simplest tasks. In most people with

Alzheimers, symptoms first appear at age 60.

y Alzheimer's is terminal diseases and Alzheimersaffect The neurons in the neo-cortex, hippocampus,amygdala, and the basal forebrain cholinergic systemare the most affected brain regions

y The pathogenesis of this disease is complex, andinvolves many molecular, cellular, and physiologicalpathologies


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y Dementia is a loss of mental skills that affectsyour daily life. It can cause problems with yourmemory and how well you can think and plan.Usually dementia gets worse over time.

y Alzheimer's disease is more severe than themild memory loss that many people experience asthey grow older. Alzheimer's disease also affectsbehavior, personality, the ability to think clearly,

and the ability to carry out daily activities. Closefamily members usually notice symptoms first,although the person affected also may realize thatsomething is wrong.


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y Dr. Alois Alzheimer noticed changes in thebrain tissue of a female who had died of anstrange mental illness. Her symptoms includedmemory loss, language problems, andunpredictable behavior. After she died, heexamined her brain and found many abnormalclumps (amyloid plaques) and twisted bundlesof fibers (called neurofibrillary tangles).Plaques and tangles in the brain are two of themain features of Alzheimers disease. The

third is the loss of connections between nervecells (neurons) in the brain. After when Dr.Alzheimer made this discovery he named itafter him self


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y Alzheimers patients show numerous plaques which arecomposed of 4 kD Amyloid-beta (A-beta) peptides,which are derived from beta amyloid precursorproteins (APPs)

y Alignment of several strands of A-beta show that A-beta42 and A-beta43 preferentially form networksof salt linkages and strong hydrogen bonds betweenionized side chains of opposite charge which thus

form the observed plaques


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y Intracellularly, Alzheimers patients show highlevels of neurofibrillary pathology

y Affected neurons accumulate tau and ubiquitinimmunoreactivities within neurofibrillary tangles,in cell bodies and dendrites, and in dystrophicneuritis


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y The trigger for alzheimers disease is the A-beta peptide, and the accumulation of thispeptide in the form of plaques is the initiatingmolecular event

y The plaques trigger an inflammatory response,neuronal cell death, and gradual cognitivedecline

y The rest of the disease process, includingformation of neurofibrillary tangles containingtau protein, is caused by an imbalance betweenA-beta production and A-beta clearance


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y Stage 1: No impairment(normal)y Stage2 :Very mild cognitive decline (may be normal age-

related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer's disease)y Stage 3:Mild cognitive decline (early-stage Alzheimer's

can be diagnosed in some, but not all, individuals withthese symptomsy Stage 4:Moderate cognitive decline

(Mild or early-stage Alzheimer's disease)y Stage 5:Moderately severe cognitive decline

(Moderate or mid-stage Alzheimer's disease)y Stage 6:Severe cognitive decline

(Moderately severe or mid-stage Alzheimer's disease)y Stage 7:Very severe cognitive decline

(Severe or late-stage Alzheimer's disease)


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y There is no single test that can show whether aperson has Alzheimer's.While physicians canalmost always determine if a person hasdementia, it may be difficult to determine theexact cause. Diagnosing Alzheimer's requires

careful medical evaluation, includingy A thorough medical history

y A thorough medical history

y A physical and neurological examy Tests (such as blood tests and brain imaging) to

rule out other causes of dementia-like symptoms


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TREATMENTSy Alzheimer's is terminal disease.

y There is no cure but you can treat its side effect

y Aricept

y Exelon

y Razadyne

y Cognex and Namenda

y Lower levels of Cholesterol


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Alzhimers 2