Američka Kultura i Civilizacija - Skripta 2

8/10/2019 Amerika Kultura i Civilizacija - Skripta 2

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1. IMMIGRATION PATTERNS AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION

- the population of the USA today is about 300 million people

- the story of the American people is a story of immigration and diversity

- the US have welcomed more immigrants than any other country: 50 million in all

- today still admits almost 700000 persons a year

- A!! "##"$%A&'S A%( )&*'+ (,UA!

- racism in the United States has been a ma.or issue in the country since before its founding/

istorically dominated by a settler societyof religiously and ethnically diverse whitesracein

the United Statesas a concept became significant in relation to other groups/ 'raditionally

racist attitudesin the country have been most onerously applied to &ative Americans African

Americans and some 1foreign-seeming1immigrant groupsand their descendants

- the first American immigrants were intercontinental hunterswith their families who were

following animal herds from Asia to America across the 2ering Strait 0000 years ago

- 4olumbus discovered America )'he &ew orld+ in 68 9 mistaing the place where he

landed he named the native people "ndians

- during the ne;t 00 years people from (uropean countries followed 4olumbus across the

Atlantic *cean 9 native Americans suere! "reatl# rom the inlu$ o Euro%eans

- in the 68thcentury the governments preferred solution to the +

- "ndians taught (uropeans how to cultivate crops that are now grown all over the world

)tomatoes potatoes tobacco>+

- the En"lish )ere the !ominant ethnic "rou%among the early settlers 9 (nglish became the

prevalent language

- - the 1st"reat )ave o immi"ration 1*+,-1*,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States


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- in (urope as a whole famine poor harvest rising population political unrest

- / million %eo%leleaving their homeland each year 9 to the


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- some time after this the U/S/ 4ongress passed laws prohibiting discrimination in voting

education employment housing and public accommodations

- today the average income of blacs is lower than that of whites and unemployment of blacs

remains higher than that of whites

- many blac Americans are trapped by poverty in bad neighborhoods plagued by drugs and

crime

- Bairmative action E steps that include hiring a certain number of members of blac

Americans )or any other minority group+ in a certain worplace or admitting a number of

minority students to a school etc/

- today African-Americans mae 6F of the population of America

- the S%anish coloniation 4e"an in the 1thcentur#

- the %ro4lem no)a!a#sis the 4or!er )ith Me$ico

- !atin Americans mae 66F of the population of the USA

- about 50F of !atin Americans in the US have origins in #e;ico and the other 50F come

from a variety of countries including (l Salvador and the Gominican %epublic

- 3CF of ispanics in the States live in Caliornia while hundreds of thousand of 4ubans

fleeing the 4astro regime settled in Flori!a

- this e;plains the fact that the use of Spanish is widespread all over the cities in America

- in the :,th centur# there )ere so man# ne)comers 5 4ecause o that in 17:+ the

Con"ress %asse! the 6ohnson-Ree! Immi"ration Act

- the United States set limits on how many people from each country it would admit

- this law specifically e;cluded Asian immigrants because Americans feared that they would

tae their .obs

- Asian immigrants came to the States a long time ago but because they were forbidden from

owning land intermarrying with hites owning homes woring in many occupationsgetting an education and living in certain parts of the city or entire cities the 4hinese

basically had no other choice but to retreat into their own isolated communities as a matter of

survival

- these first 4hinatowns at least allowed them to mae a living among themselves

- this is where the stereotypical image of 4hinese restaurants and laundry shops Hapanese

gardeners and produce stands and Iorean grocery stores began

- to!a# Asian Americans are one o the astest "ro)in" ethnic "rou%s in the countr#

- about 60 million people of Asian descent live in the States today

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- in the 17/ the Immi"ration an! Nationalit# Act a4olishe! the national-ori"in @uotas

that ha! 4een in %lace in the (nite! Statessince the Immi"ration Act o 17:+

- the Act was influenced by the 4ivil %ights #ovement

- preference was given to those who had relatives in the States and to immigrants with .ob sills

which were in short supply in the US

- the hemispheric Juotas were set

- many people feel that this act dramatically changed the face of American society by maing it

a multicultural nation

- prior to the act the United States was primarily a nation composed of whites of (uropean

descent and African Americans

- the U/S/ "mmigration and &aturaliKation Service estimates that some 5 million people are

living in the US without permission

- this number growing by about 50000 a year

- the problem of illegal immigrants worries native-born Americans and legal immigrants 9

illegal LaliensM tae .obs from citiKens and place a heavy burden on ta;-supported social

services

- immigrants constantly enrich American communities by bringing aspects of their own native

culture with them

- THE ME>TING POT THEOR9N

- the meltin" %ot theor# is 4ase! on the 4elie that America is one lar"e %ot o sou%

- anyone who comes to the United States assimilates himsel or hersel to all American 4elie

s#stems- all cultural as%ects are 4len!e! to"ether to orm a ne) race or culture o %eo%le )here

each in"re!ient has sacriice! its ori"inal i!entit#

- cultures are thought to now be a 1melted1 version of themselves that can no longer be easily

distinguished

- s#n!rome o the :n!"enerationE immigrants wanted to assimilate but they were considered

neither Americans nor where they originated from
http://www.answers.com/topic/united-stateshttp://www.answers.com/topic/immigration-act-of-1924http://www.answers.com/topic/united-stateshttp://www.answers.com/topic/immigration-act-of-1924


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- s#n!rome o the


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- there was already a considerably large group of them in 6B35 that easily assimilated and

started woring in the iel!s o commerce an! caterin" in!ustr# 9 these men usually

married American women which greatly contributed to their fast and easy assimilation

- from the middle of the 68thcenturya lot of 4roats were involved in the o#ster 4usiness

- 4roats mostly settled in parts of the States that resembled 4roatian soil and climate

- the great ma.ority of them at least in the first centuries of immigration came to the western

coast of America primarily to Caliornia3where many of them in a very short time became

very wealthy and respected members of the American community

- there is sometimes mentioned that there were 4roatian sailors on 4olumbusDs voyages 9 in

the 6Cth 67 th 6Bthcentury many 4roats sailed on Spanish ships 9 they would come there as

merchants and stayed there

- the 17th centur# sa) the 4e"innin" o a "reater immi"ration o Croatians rom all

Croatian %rovinces )which at that time were divided among many countries: Austria

ungary "taly///+

- 4roatian priests soon followed the immigrants to the new land in order to mae it somewhat

easier for their fellow countrymen/ !ittle by little and with great difficulty these priests found

the 4roatian communities and began to establish 4roatian parishes so that in this way the

4roatian immigrants could feel a connection to their homeland in the far away land of

America

- Ivan Rat&a#E a nobleman from 4roatia that went to America because of his beliefs and his

will to helpO the earliest )ell-&no)n Croatian missionar#was a Hesuit named "van %ata.

who arrive! in Me$ico alrea!# in 1*,3 an! )or&e! amon" the In!ians o Northern

Me$icoand due to his early death he never made it to 4alifornia

- Fer!inan! ?onsca& - at the 4e"innin" o the 1*thcentur# s%ent the "reater %art o his

missionar# lie in Caliornia9 by the middle of the century he established many new

missions amon" the American In!ians an! amon" them he )as e$traor!inaril# 4elove!

9 he was %erha%s the most amous missionar# o his time and he established some

missions that even today are well nown on the est 4oast 9 !iscovere! that Caliornia)as a %eninsula not an islan!2 an! ma!e a !etaile! ma% o the re"ion

- 6osi% ?un!e&E was the 3rdwell nown 4roatian missionary 9 arrive! in America at the

4e"innin" o the 17thcentur#9 he established new missions and )or&e! %rimaril# )ith

the German Catholics in a !iocese that inclu!e! In!iana an! a %art o Illinois3 inclu!in"

Chica"o 9 "n 6B38 he esta4lishe! a ne) cit# an! calle! it 6as%er and in 6B3 he

established Celestine both of course with parishes 9 he was everywhere where there were

$ermans and in this way he became the irst Croatian in Pitts4ur"h an! Ne) Orleans 5

in 17/; it )as oun!e! Father=s ?un!e& Da#

C


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- Geor"e Pr%ichE lives in Clevelan! an! has a 4i" role in %romotin" Croats in the (SA9

boo:


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their medicine men nown as &oay-de-Ilinne was going from camp to camp on the

reservation telling the "ndians that on August 366BB6 all the "ndians who had died would

return to earth again/ 'hey were holding dances nightly for three months/ 'he medicine man

attempted escape but was shot with three bullets through head/ "n a short time pandemonium

seemed to have broen loose/ All the "ndians on the reservation .oined the hostiles and started

on the warpath/ 'hey surrounded the @ort opened fire cut the $overnment telegraph wire

and @ort Apache was cut off from all outside communication

- #aKKanovichQs 'roop broe camp and started for the $ila %iver which was running high/ An

"ndian scout brought the news that 4hiricahua apache led by $eronimo had gone on the

warpath/ !ater the 'roop was informed that 4hiefs &ana and $eronimo returned to the

reservation/ "t was agreed that the "ndians were to be given rations prior to surrender/ "n

#aKKanovichQs own words the following is related: 1About three ?/#/ they were all out of

sight although we could see the smoe of their campfires coming up from behind a hollow in

the foothills/ Shortly thereafter $eronimo rode into camp with half a doKen braves and ased

!ieutenant *verton if he could allow him one hour more as he wanted to see if the tribe got

what was coming to them/ 'hree oQcloc was the time that had been agreed upon as the time

for surrender/ 'he !ieutenant wired 4olonel 4arr for instructions/ " happened to be standing

alongside $eronimoQs pony and when old rascal was not looing " tried to nip one of the

silver trinets which dangled from his bucsin saddlebag: but " failed as he caught me in the

act/ $eronimo was a fine specimen of the Apache "ndian with high cheebones a very

determined face straight mouth thin lips/ *n this occasion he was all Qdolled upQ in his best

with a long war bonnet the feathers of which trailed down on each side of his pony/ At four

oQcloc $eronimo had not shown up/

- Geadly 4ombat with Apaches: #aKKanovich in his own words relates the battle 1'his was the

first time that " was ever under fire and in the e;citement " lost my can of peaches and side of

bacon/ 'hen came another volley @ortunately no one was hit but some of the leaden missiles

seemed to come mighty close -too close for real comfort/ 'here we were a fine group " now

" had a creepy feeling and e;pected to be sent to the Qhappy hunting groundsQ almost any

second/

- ounded: @inally a bullet struc me in the tight about the nee/ 'he pain was terrible/ " was

afraid to loo down or feel the wound but imagined that the blood was tricling down my leg/

" was trembling lie a leaf and so dry that it seemed as if " could drin a gallon of water/

hen " finally made an investigation " discovered that " had been hit by a spent bullet "n

fact the slug was lying on top of the gravel at my feet/ 'he scar is still with me to this day

and every time " loo at it " am reminded of my first fight with the "ndians/

B


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- 'he Saloon: Maanovich later ran a saloon in a minin" to)n calle! Sha&es%eare about

three miles from !ordsburg &ew #e;ico/ Guring another "ndian uprising in 6BB5/ he oine!

the Ne) Me$ico ran"ers/ "t is indeed unusual to find an In!ian i"hter 3 rontiersman3

saloon-&ee%er3 ran"er an! co)4o#by the name of 1#aKKanovich1 but not again so strange

when the story of the hardy Galmatian pioneer in the est is researched and made a part of

the American est/

- $ambling: As a last remar of all remarable pioneers: 1#ention is made of gambling/ " donQt

want to hold this against meO for in the days when the (mpire of the est was in the maing

conditions and the standards of morals were very different from those of the present day/

$ambling was no more thought of against a man than going to the theatre automobiling

dancing or any of the other conventional modern forms of amusement/ " have seen what

rattlesnaes and gambling can do to men/ #y warning to our future generation included

every form of gambling/ &ever attempt to get something for nothing/

- Mar& Ra4assa E a 4roat introduced the apple industry in Paaro alle#J and grew figs

apples plums>

- 4roats today still have lower paid .obs

- the recognition of the %epublic of 4roatia helped the 4roatian minority to get eJual treatment

with other ethnic groups in the States

:. GEOGRAPH9 AND REGIONA> CHARACTERISTICS OF THE (SA

- a surface of appro;imately 60 million m 9 enormous landscape that goes through time

Kones

- the USA is a countryin&orth Americathat e;tends from the Atlantic *ceanto the ?acific

*cean and shares land borderswith 4anadaand#e;ico

- the United States is the )orl!s


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- due to its large siKe and wide range of geographic features the United States contains

e;amples of nearly every global climate

- the climate is temperate in most areas tropical in awaii and southern @lorida polar in

Alasasemiarid in the $reat ?lainswest of the 600th meridian #editerranean in coastal

4alifornia and arid in the $reat 2asinO its comparatively generous climate contributed )in part+

to the countryQs rise as a world power with infreJuent severe drought in the ma.or agricultural

regions a general lac of widespread flooding and a mainly temperate climatethat receives

adeJuate precipitation

- C main regions:

1. Ne) En"lan!

- is made up of #aine &ew ampshire Rermont #assachusetts 4onnecticut and %hode

"sland

- the smallest re"ionK rom the 1;thto the 17thcentur# )as the countr#=s cultural an!

economical center

- first settlers here were (nglish ?rotestants 9 the town meeting in which citiKens

gathered to discuss issues of the day

- the mainstays of the region became shi%4uil!in"3 ishin" an! tra!e 9 with theeconomical growth 2oston became the financial heart of the nation

- top raning universities: Harvar!3 9ale 2rown >

:. The Mi!!le Atlantic

- &ew or &ew Hersey ?ennsylvania Gelaware and #aryland

- &ew or and ?ennsylvania became centers of heav# in!ustr#

- early settlers were mostly farmers and traders and this region was lie a 4ri!"e

4et)een North an! South

- Ne) 9or& is still to!a# the 4i""est cit# in the (.S.


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- an a"rarian re"ion9 growing tobacco and cotton there were large plantations which

reJuired many laborers )slavery was spread throughout all the South+

- southern towns and cities legaliKed and refined the practice of racial se"re"ation

+. The Mi!)est

- #ichigan "ndiana isconsin "llinois #innesota "owa parts of #issouri &orth

Gaota South Gaota Iansas and eastern 4olorado

- a cultural crossroa!

- itDs nown as the nation=s 4rea!4as&et9 fertile soil made possible to grow cereal

crops such as wheat oats and corn

- most of the #ississippi is flat 9 the river acted as a regional lifeline

- Great >a&es

/. The South)est

- western 'e;as &ew #e;ico AriKona &evada and a part of 4alifornia

- the weather is drier the population is dense an! there is 4i" num4er o S%anish

Americans an! Native Americans2

- a strong influence of the magnificent Gran! Can#onO there is also the #onument

Ralley

- Monument alle#is a &ava.o &ation tribal par straddling the border of northeastern

AriKona and southeastern Utah of the 4olorado ?lateau 9 it preserves the &ava.o way

of life and some of the most striing and recogniKable landscapes of sandstone buttes

mesas and spires in the entire Southwest

- The Colora!o River9 dams and irrigation system

- >as e"asE renowned as one of the worldQs centres of gambling

. The 0est

- comprises 4olorado yoming #ontana Utah 4alifornia &evada "daho *regon

ashington Alasa and awaii

- considered as the last frontier 9 a region of scenic beauty on a grand scaleO all o its 11

states are mountainous

- the federal government owns and manages millions of hectares of undeveloped land

- these areas are used for recreation and commercial activities

- Alas&aE the northernmost state is a vast land nown for it oil resources

- Ha)aiiE the only state where Asian Americans outnumber residents of (uropean stoc

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- >os An"eles an! Holl#)oo!9 film industry

- CaliorniaE the most populous state of all

- 9ello)stone National Par&

J PA6ARO A>>E9

- located on the Central Caliornia Coast ?a.aro Ralley runs from the 4oast %ange to the

Sea or as its nown the #onterey 2ay/ 4omprised of some of the 4est a"ricultural arm lan! in the

)orl!3the ?a.aro Ralley supplies >ettuce3 Stra)4erries3 A%%les an! cut lo)ersto name a .ust few

of the crops grown here/

- the city of atsonville is located almost in the middle of the ?a.aro Ralley with the following

communities scattered about the Ralley/ @reedom ?a.aro Salsipuedes 4orralitos Aromas !as!omas ?a.aro Gunes and !a Selva 2each/ #oss !anding is on the edge of the Ralley and is

sometimes included as part of the Ralley/

- running almost down the center of the valley is the Paaro River/ Guring the winter months it

can become Juite a raging and sometimes flood threatening beast/ 'he rest of the year if you wander

along the river it loos to be dry but donQt let it full you it merely goes underground to reappear

further down stream/

- from the 4ity of atsonville ebsite comes this bit of info: 1(;plorers with the first ?ortola

e;pedition in 67C8 reported seeing a large straw-stuffed bird at one riverQs mouth and decided to name

the river after the "ndian symbol: %io Gel ?a.aro or %iver of the 2ird/1

- the center of the river bed also performs another .ob besides that of a river/ ay bac in the

Ralleys history when the counties of the state of 4alifornia were laid out the powers that be bac then

decided to set the Santa 4ruK#onterey county line as the center of the river bed/ 'hey never realiKed

that in the short history of the counties that the river would change its course in several locations/ So

there is a spot or where the opposite county is on the opposite side of the river/


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- the Pil"rims )ere the irst En"lish coloniststo permanently settle in &ew (ngland in what we

now now as #assachusetts and on September 6C 1:, the ship LMa#lo)erL set off from

?lymouth (ngland on it .ourney to the &ew orld

- in 6C0 the ?uritans founded the ?lymouth 4olony )later became #assachusetts+ the 6 st colony

in &ew (ngland 9 ?uritans hoped to build an ideal community

- by 6733 (nglish settlers had founded 63 colonies along the Atlantic 4oast

- 1< ori"inal colonies8 ir"inia3 Massachusetts3 Ne) Ham%shire3 Ne) 6erse#3 Ne) 9or&3

Mar#lan!3 Rho!e Islan!3 Connecticut3 Dela)are3 North Carolina3 South Carolina3

Penns#lvania3 Geor"ia

- the earl# colonists live! concurrentl# un!er : "overnments8 their o)n local units an! the

im%erial rule o the ritish

- soon afterwards (ngland became to cause troubles to the new colonies 9 imposed new ta;es

the colonists resented the ta;es and resisted the Juartering the soldiers

- a group of patriots in 1;;ouisiana Territor# rom France3 !ou4lin"

the sie o the (SA

- Abraham !incoln )elected president in 6BC0 assassinated in 6BC5+ a oe o slaver# 11 states

let the (nion an! %roclaime! the themselves an in!e%en!ent nation : 'he 4onfederate States

of America )South 4arolina #ississippi @lorida Alabama $eorgia !ouisiana 'e;as Rirginia

Aransas 'ennessee and &orth 4arolina+ 9 the American ar had begun

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http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/


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- The Civil 0ar 1*1-1*/2

- the greatest war in the American history 9 this is also the only conflict that the Americans

actually consider to be a war

- the 4ivil ar was actually ou"ht to &ee% a nation to"ether

- in this war the 4lac&s )ere i"htin" or civil ri"hts3 an! the In!ians or the lan!9 they

were .ust taen advantage of

- this war was ou"ht 4et)een the ur4an North an! the a"rarian South

- the 4onfederate Army did well in the early part of the war 9 "enerals >ee an! Grant

- in 6BC3 $eneral !ee met the Union army in $ettysburg 9 the largest battle ever fought on

American soilO $eneral $rant captured the city of Ricsburg

- with the sills of the generals and their soldiers the Cone!erates surren!ere!

- the 4ivil ar was the most traumatic episode in the American history

- outcome of the ar: 12 en! to slaver#3 :2 the countr# )as not a collection o semi-

in!e%en!ent states 4ut an in!ivisi4le )hole

- "enerals8 The (nion Arm#8 "en/ (l#sses Sim%son Grant

The ConfederateArmy:gen. Ro4ert E. >ee

- a few years after the 4ivil ar the United States became an industrial power

- the 6st transcontinental railroad was completed in 6BC8O the petroleum industry prospered

)%ocefeller became one of the richest men in the world+

- industrialiKation brought with it the rise of organiKed labor 9 in 6BBC the American @ederation

of !abor was founded and it was a coalition of trade unions for silled laborers

- in 6BC7 )Andrew HohnsonDs presidency+ Alasa was purchased from %ussia

- S%ain an! the (nite! States )ent in )ar in 1*7* 5 )hen the )ar )as over3 the (nite!

States "aine! a num4er o %ossessions rom S%ain8 Cu4a3 the Phili%%ines3 Puerto Rico an!

Guam

6


15/47

- later they acJuired the awaiian islands 9 became a state in 6858 and so did Alasa

- in the beginning of the 0th century the ?rogressive #ovement arose to reform society and

individuals through government action

- 0orl! 0ar IE 686 9 oodrow ilson urged a policy of strict American neutrality but that

eventually changed with $erman submarines bounding all ships 9 the U/S/ enters the war

- in 17173 0. 0ilson hel%s to !rat the %eace treat# in ersailles 5 >ea"ue o Nations

- in 17:, )omen "et to vote

- the 680Ds: - the age of ?rohibition and gangsters )Al 4apone+

- the age of .aKK and silent movies

- in the end of the 680Ds 9 the Stoc #aret 4rash in 688

- the age of great depression: Fran&lin Delano Roosevelt an! BThe Ne) Deal

- within the historic undred Gays %oosevelt rushed through 4ongress a great

number of laws to help economy recover 9 o%enin" o %u4lic o4s )road construction public

buildings>+

- The Ne) Dealdid not end the Gepression although the econom# im%rove!

-0orl! 0ar IIE the entry of the United States with the attac on ?earl arbor on Gecember 7

686 9 the United States entered the war a"ainst 6a%an an! all its allies3 German# an! Ital#

- G-Gay E landing in &ormandy

- a great influence of the United States on the end of the war: Presi!ent Harr# Truman

or!ere! the use o atomic 4om4s a"ainst the cities o Na"asa&i an! Hiroshima

- The Col! 0ar - the period of conlict3 tension an! com%etition 4et)een the (nite! States

an! the Soviet (nionan! their allies rom the mi! 17+,s until the earl# 177,s

- the main U/S/ allies were estern (uropeHapanand 4anada

- the main Soviet allies were(astern (uropeand )until the Sino-Soviet split+ 4hina -throughout the period the rivalry between the two superpowerswas played out in multiple arenas:

65
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_splithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_splithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower


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militar# coalitionsK i!eolo"#3 %s#cholo"#3 an! es%iona"eK militar#3 in!ustrial3 an!

technolo"ical !evelo%mentsK costl# !eense s%en!in"K a massive conventional an! nuclear

arms raceK an! man#%ro$# )ars

- North Atlantic Treat# Or"aniation NATO2E April 17+79 alliance between United States

2elgium 4anada Genmar @rance "celand "taly !u;embourg the &etherlands &orway

?ortugal and the United Iingdom

- 685-6870 E a long period of economic growth

- the Bay of Pigs Crisis in 1962 (president Kennedy) 'he a# o Pi"s Invasion

was an unsuccessful action by a 4"A-trained force of 4uban e;ilesto invade southern 4uba

with support and encouragement from the US government in an attempt to overthrow the4uban governmentof@idel 4astro/ 'he invasion was launched in April 68C6 less than three

months after Hohn @/ Iennedyassumed thepresidency in the United States/'he4uban armed

forcestrained and eJuipped by (astern 2locnations defeated the invading combatants

within three days/

'he main invasion landing too place at a beach named ?laya $irTn located at the mouth ofthe bay/ 'he invasion is named after the 2ay of ?igs although that is only a moderntranslation of the SpanishBaha de Cochinos/ "n !atin America the conflict is often nown as>a atalla !e Girn or .ust Pla#a Girn/

- Huly 68C8 E &eil Armstrong became the first man on moonDs surface

- the ietnam 0ar 17/7-17;/2

- was a military conflict in present day Rietnamoccurring from 6858 toApril 306875

- the conflict was a successful effort by the Gemocratic %epublic of Rietnam)G%R or North

ietnam+ and the indigenous )domai+&ational @ront for the !iberation of South ietnam

- to uni# ietnam as a communist state defeating the South Rietnamese %epublic of

Rietnam)%R&+/ 'o a degree the ietnam 0ar )as a L%ro$# )arL 4et)een the (.S. an! its

0estern allies on the si!e o the RN3 )ith the Soviet (nionan! the Peo%les Re%u4lic o

Chinasu%%ortin" the DR on the other

- as a result of this it is often considered part of the 4old ar

P the In!ian 0arsE Heronimo general 4uster Sitting 2ull>

6C
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_arms_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_arms_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_exilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Blochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_South_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_South_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_arms_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_arms_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_exilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Blochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_South_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War


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P The ?orean 0ar - fought in Iorea 9 &orth 4orea influenced by 4hina invaded South Iorea

which got the support of the States

J 0ARS 0HICH 0ERE NOT FO(GHT ON THE AMERICAN SOI>

- 'he Spanish E American ar orld ar " 'he Iorean ar Rietnam ar Gesert Storm

J THE 1stCENS(S

- The census is %erorme! 4# the (nite! States Census ureauavo!2/ 'he first census

after theAmerican %evolutionwas taen in 1;7,Othere have been 6 federal censuses since that time/

'he ne;t census will be taen in 060/ A detailed page on the most recent census can be found at

United States 4ensus 000/

+. NATIONA> CE>ERATIONS

- Americans share 3 national holidays with many countries: (aster Sunday )on (aster #onday the

American president holds an annual (aster egg hunt on the hite ouse lawn for children+ 4hristmas

Gay and &ew earDs Gay

- the celebrations of national origins: 'hansgiving and the @ourth of Huly

- Than&s"ivin" Da#- is the ourth Thurs!a# in Novem4erO the holiday dates bac in 1:1when the

?uritans after a rough winter in which half of them died turned to "ndians for help and the In!ians

tau"ht them ho) to %lant corn an! other cro%s 9 the ne;t fall the harvest was successful an the

?ilgrims wanted to give thans by holding a feastO to this day the 'hansgiving dinner almost always

includes some of the foods served at the first feast lie roast turey cranberry sauce potatoes and

pumpin pie/

- The Fourth o 6ul# In!e%en!ence Da#E honors the nation=s 4irth!a#: signing the Geclaration of

"ndependence on Huly 1;;O it is a day o %icnics an! %atriotic %ara!es3 ni"ht o concerts3

ire)or&s3 an! the l#in" o the American la"

- C other uniJuely American holidays:

- Martin >uther ?in" Da#E a great American because of his efforts to win civil rights for all people

celebrated on the > C>INTON 177


29/47

- originates form Aransas

- during 4lintonQs presidency the United States e;perienced the longest period of economic

e;pansion in its history

- in177*3he 4ecame the secon! %resi!ent to 4e im%eache!4# the (nite! States House o

Re%resentatives9as a result of allegations that he had lied during grand .ury testimony regarding

his se;ual relationship with #onica !ewinsy a young female hite ouse intern 4linton was the

second U/S/ president to be impeachedby the ouse of %epresentatives )the other being Andrew

Hohnson+ 9 he was subseJuently acJuittedby theUnited States Senateand remained in office to

complete his term

- 4linton was a&ew Gemocratpolitician and was mainly responsible for the 'hird ay

philosophy of governance that came to epitomiKe his two terms as president

- since leaving office 4linton has been involved in public speaing and humanitarian wor 9

he created the 0illiam 6. Clinton Foun!ationto promote and address international causes such as

treatment and prevention of"R A"GS and global warming

- today lives is &ew or and practices law in arlem

- Hillar# Ro!ham Clintonis the Senator of &ew or belongs to the Gemocratic ?arty 9

the first female senator to represent &ew or

- is often called a


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- president 2ushQs declaration of the $lobal ar on 'error would become the most

controversial aspect of his presidency

- according to polls of .ob approval rating his popularity reached record heights after

September 66 but later drastically declined due to his perceived poor handling of the "raJ ar

- Con!oleea Rice E the Secretary of Stateand the second in the administration of ?resident

$eorge / 2ushto hold the officeO she succeeded 4olin ?owell

- first African American woman second African American )after ?owell+ and second

woman )after#adeleine Albright+ to serve as Secretary of State

- 4ondoleeKKa %ice was 2ushQs&ational Security Advisorduring his first term

- often called the S OF THE (NITED

STATES

- there are many symbols that represent the UnitedStates of America/ Some of the most popular ones are the Stars and Stripes )the US flag+ the $reat

Seal of the USA thebald eagle)our national bird+ the ashington #onumentthe !incoln #emorial

the US 4apitol the hite ouse "ndependence all the !iberty 2ellthe Statue of !iberty)a gift

from @rance+ the $ateway Arch)in St/ !ouis#issouri+#ount %ushmore )carved on a mountain in

South Gaota+ theAlamo'he Star Spangled 2anner )the national anthem of the USA+ 'he ?ledge of

Allegiance anee Goodle Uncle Sam )a cartoon figure designed by 'homas &ast+ the Rietnam

Reterans #emorial the Hefferson #emorial $ettysburg #onticello #ount Rernon the $olden $ate

2ridge///

5 THE 0HITE HO(SE

- for two hundred years the hite ouse has stood as a symbol of the ?residency the

United States government and the American people

- the official home and principal worplace of the ?resident of the United States of

America9 the house is built of white-painted AJuia sandstone in the late $eorgian

30
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style and it is located at 6C00 ?ennsylvania Avenue inashington G/4/ on the ?otomac

%iver

- HacJueline Iennedywife of ?resident Hohn @/ Iennedydirected the most e;tensive

and historic redecoration of the house in its history

- the hite ouse 4omple; is protected by the United States Secret Service and the

United States ?ar ?olice

5 THE F>AG OF THE (NITED STATES

- the flag of the United States consists of 63 eJual horiKontal stripes of red )top and

bottom+ alternating with whitewith a blue rectangle in the cantonbearing 50 small

white five-pointed stars

- the 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 U/S/ statesand the 63 stripes represent theoriginal 'hirteen 4oloniesthat rebelled against the 2ritish crown and became the first

states in the Union

- many citiKens understand the flag to represent the freedoms and rights guaranteed in the

U/S/ 4onstitution and its 2ill of %ightsand perhaps most of all to be a symbol of

individual and personal liberty as set forth in the Geclaration of "ndependence

5 THE GREAT SEA> OF THE (NITED STATES

- is used to authenticate certain documents issued by the United States government

- abald eaglewith its wings outstretchedO from the eagleQs perspective it holds a bundle

of thirteen arrows in its left talon )referring to the thirteen original states+ and an olive

branch )having thirteen leaves and thirteen olives+ in its right talon symbolic

respectively of war and peace

- the eagle has its head turned towards the olive branch symboliKing a preference for

peace/ 'he eagle clutches the motto 1( ?luribus Unum1 )1*ut of #any *ne1+ in its

beaO over its head there appears a 1glory1 with thirteen mullets)stars+ on a blue field

5 B(NC>E SAM

- Uncle Sam is a national personificationof the United States with the first usage of the

term dating from the ar of 6B6and the first illustration dating from 6B5

- he is often depicted as a serious elderly man with white hair and a goatee dressed in

clothing that recalls the design elements of the flag of the United StatesVfor e;ample a

top hatwith red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band and red and white

pants

36
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5 NATIONA> ANTHEM

- LThe Star-S%an"le! annerLis thenational anthemof the United States of America

- recogniKed for official use by the United States &avy )6BB8+ and the hite ouse

)686C+ and was made the national anthemby a 4ongressional resolution on 3 #arch

6836

- although the song has four stanKas only the first is commonly sung today

9 MO(NT R(SHOMORE

- the mountain itself was originally named after 4harles (/ %ushmore a &ew or lawyer

investigating mining claims in the 2lac ills in 6BB5

- the carving began in 687

- the presidents were selected on the basis of what each symboliKed/ $eorge ashington

represents the struggle for independence 'homas Hefferson the idea of government by the

people/ Abraham !incoln for his ideas on eJuality and the permanent union of the states and

'heodore %oosevelt for the 0th century role of the United States in world affairs

5 THE >INCO>N MEMORIA>

- is aUnited States ?residential #emorialbuilt to honor?residentAbraham !incoln

5 THE GO>DEN GATE RIDGE

- was the largest suspension bridgein the world when it was completed in 6837 and has

become an internationally recogniKed symbol of San @rancisco and America

5 RO(TE

- S/ %oute CC )also nown as %oute CC 'he #ain Street of America 'he #other %oad and the

ill %ogersighway+ )as a hi"h)a# in the (.S. Hi"h)a# s#stem

- one of the original federal routes US CC was established on &ovember 66th 68C though

signs did not go up until the following year 9 it originally ran from 4hicago"llinois through

#issouri Iansas *lahoma 'e;as &ew #e;ico AriKona and4aliforniabefore ending at

!os Angeles for a total of B miles)3838 m+

- %oute CC underwent many improvements and realignments/ #ost of those affected the total

mileage somewhat/ *ne of those resulted in the movement of the endpoint from !os Angeles

to Santa #onica/ 4ontrary to common belief %oute CC never ran to the ocean/

3
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33/47

- %oute CC was a ma.or path of the migrants who went west especially during the Gust 2owl of

the 6830s and supported the economies of the communities through which the road passed/

?eople became prosperous due to the growing popularity of the highway and those same

people later fought to eep the highway alive even with the growing threat of the new

"nterstate ighway System/

- US CC was officially decommissioned )that is officially removed from the United States

ighway System+ on Hune 768B5 after it was decided the route was no longer relevant and

had been re%lace! 4# the Interstate Hi"h)a# S#stem9 portions of the road that passed

through "llinois &ew #e;ico and AriKona have been designated a&ational Scenic 2yway of

the name 1istoric %oute CC1/ "t has begun to return to maps in this form/

;. ED(CATION IN THE (NITED STATES

- the 4ivil %ights movement affected the educational system very much

- the American educational idea has been to offer eJual opportunity for education for all citiKens 9

the e!ucation o each stu!ent is not e@ual3 not even to!a#

- every American is entitled to an education 9 school attendance is compulsory for all children

- students attend school 5 to 7 hours a day 5 days a wee for 8 months each year from September to

Hune

- public education from indergarten through grade 6 )elementary school+ is ta;-supported no tuition

us reJuired

- about B5F of American children attend public schools 9 the other 65F choose to pay tuition to

attend private schools

EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES:

- &U%S(% S4**!

33
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- I"&G(%$A%'(&

- (!(#(&'A% S4**!

- -(A% "$ S4**!: - HU&"*% "$ S4**!

- S(&"*% "$ S4**!

- "$ (GU4A'"*&: - U&G(%$%AGUA'( S'UG"(S )2achelorDs Gegree+

- $%AGUA'( S'UG"(S )#asterDs Gegree+

- ?*S'$%AGUA'( S'UG"(S )GoctorDs Gegree+

- educational opportunities in the United States are highly varied 9 high school at the same grade

level do not have the same courses

- which courses a student taes depends on his abilities and future goals but also on the course

offerings of the school

- besides colleges and universities there are small arts colle"es which grant specialiKed degrees such

as in ballet film-maing acting>

- the diversity in course offerings and standards 9 result of no national e!ucation s#stem in the (.S.

- e!ucation stan!ar!s an! re@uirements !ier rom state to% state9 but although there is no

national curriculum certain sub.ects are generally taught in all public schools

- almost every elementary school: penmanship science mathematics music art

physical education language arts and social studies

- most secondary schools: (nglish mathematics science social studies and physical

educationO elective courses

- "eneral e!ucation an! vocational trainin"

- vocational training W studying a profession not going to college

- community colleges and universities )universities are usually bigger than colleges and

primarily offer a larger scope of sub.ect+

- J SAT

3


35/47

- the SATis a standardiKed testfor college admissionsin theUnited States9 the SA' is

administered by the %rivate E!ucational Testin" Service)('S+ in the United States and is

developed published and scored by the Colle"e oar!

- colleges and universities char"e tuition no matter if they are private or public 9 students oftenhave to wor while studying or run for a scholarship

- ineJualities in education: more money is spent for the education of a child living in a wealthy district

than a child living in a poor community 9 that is why government participates in school financing

with 60F-65F

- 68C5 E !yndon Hohnson made the 6stma.or contribution of federal aid for education

- BGreat Societ#-A0S

- the 6im Cro) >a)swere state and local laws enacted )donesen+ in the Southern andborder

states of the United States and enforced )provedeni+ between 6B7C and 68C5

35
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36/47


37/47

- in 68C Iing 4ecame the #oun"est man to 4e a)ar!e! the No4el Peace Prie)for his

wor as apeacemaerpromotingnonviolenceandeJual treatment for different races+

- famous speech: etter rom irmin"ham Cit# 6ail commonly but

incorrectly rendered >etter rom a irmin"ham 6ail was an open letterwritten on April 6C68C3by

#artin !uther Iing Hr/ an American civil rights leader/ Iing wrote the letter from the city .ail in

2irmingham Alabama ater a %eaceul %rotest a"ainst se"re"ation.'he letter is a response to a

statement made by eight white Alabama clergymen )sveenici+ on April 668C3titled 1A 4all @or

Unity1 which agreed that social in.ustices were taing place but e;pressed the belief that the battle

against racial segregation should be fought solely in the courts and not taen onto the streets 9 a way

of non-violent protest

- "n 2irminghamAlabama in the spring of 68C3 IingQs campaign to end segregation at lunch

counters and in hiring practices drew nationwide attention when police turned dogs and fire hoses on

the demonstrators 9 Iing was .ailed along with large numbers of his supporters including hundreds

of schoolchildrenO his supporters did not however include all the blac clergy of 2irmingham and he

was strongly opposed by some of the white clergy who had issued a statement urging African

Americans not to support the demonstrations/

- from the 2irmingham .ail Iing wrote a letter of great eloJuence in which he spelled out his

philosophy of nonviolence

JROSA PAR?S 171


38/47

- her role in American history earned her an iconic status in American culture and her actions

have left an enduring legacy for civil rights movements around the world

JMA>CO>M 17:/-17/2

- during his life #alcolm went from being a drug dealer and burglar to one of the most

%rominent ista&nut24lac& nationalist lea!ers in the (nite! StatesO he was considered by some as

a martyr of "slam and a champion of eJuality

- as a militant leader #alcolm Z advocatedblac pride economicself-reliance and identity

politics

- he ultimately rose to become a world-renowned African American?an-Africanistand

human rightsactivist 9 a foe to #artin !uther Iing Hr/ who advocated non-violent methods of protest

- the 1Z1 in his surname is meant to symboliKe the re.ection of 1 slave names1 and the absence

of an inherited )nasli.e[en+ Africanname to tae its place

JR(D9 GI(>IANI

- gained his first fame as a (nite! States Attorne#prosecuting high-profile cases including

ones against organiKed crime

- served as Ma#or o Ne) 9or& Cit#from 688 to 006 where he gained credit for reducing crime

and improving the Juality of life in the city

- gained national attention for his leadership role during and after the September 66 006

attacs on the orld 'rade 4enter that led him to be named TimeQs 006 ?erson of the earand

receive an honorar# &ni"hthoo!for ,ueen (liKabeth ""

- %epublican ?arty

JNANC9 PE>OSI

- Speaer of the United States ouse of %epresentatives/

the highest-raning female politician in American history

- following theGemocratic ?artyQs ma.ority win in the00C 4ongressional elections ?elosi

became thefirst womanand first "talian American inU/S/ history to hold the office

3B
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39/47

- no woman has ever been closer to the U/S/ presidency

JFEDERA> (REA( OF INESTIGATION

- is afederal criminal investigativeintelligence agency and the primary investigative arm ofthe United States Gepartment of Hustice

- a nationwide organiKation founded in 680B

- the motto of the bureau is 1Fidelity ravery Integrity/1

J CHAR>ES MANSON 17


40/47

- an Americanpoliticiancivil rights activistduring the 4ivil %ights movement and 2aptist

minister

J 6AMES DEAN Fe4ruar# *3 17


41/47

- a total of 3C @reedom %iders were arrested for trespassing unlawful assembly violating

state and localHim 4row laws etc/

- all but a very small number were sponsored by the 4ongress of %acial (Juality )4*%(+

while the others belonged to the Student &onviolent 4oordinating 4ommittee )S&44+ 9 they

followed on the heels of dramatic 1sit-ins1 against segregated lunch counters conducted by students

and youth throughout the south beginning in 68C0

J THE EATNICS THE EAT GENERATION2

- the 2eat $eneration was a "rou% o American )riterswho came to prominence in the late

6850s and early68C0s

- 6ac& ?erouacs

On the Road )6857+ Allen $insbergQs Howl )685C+ and illiam S/

2urroughsQNaked unch)6858+ are often considered their most important wors

- a literary movement which re.ected the western society

- they were not involved in politics as much as the hippies

- dressed in dar colors e;perimented with drugs 9


42/47

- %obert ayden Sterling 2rown %ita Gove #aya Angelou !ucille 4lifton ?aul !/ Gunbar

Hean 'oomer &ii $iovanni !angston ughes 4ountee 4ullen 'upac Shaur $wendolyn 2roos

4laude #cIay Anne Spencer Arna 2ontemps Hune Hordan ,uincy 'roupe Alice aler Amiri

2araa Audre !orde #arcus $arvey (theridge Inight Hames eldon Hohnson @rances (//

arper>

J ?( ?>A ?>AN ???2

- the original III was founded after the end of the 4ivil ar by C educated middle-class

4onfederate veterans in Gecember 6BC5 in ?ulasi 'ennessee

- the society adapted their from the $ree word ulos )QQcircleQQ+

- advocated white supremacy white power anti-Semitism racism anti-4atholicism

homophobia and nativism

- often used terrorism violence and acts of intimidation )e/g/ cross burning+

1,. PO>ITICA> PARTIES AND E>ECTIONS IN THE (NITED STATES

- there are ma.or parties in the USA:

1. The Democratic Part#

:. The Re%u4lican Part#

-minor political parties )generally reffered to as


43/47

- the Gemocratic ?arty is PRO-CHOICEW women are free and have the right to choose

wheter they will eep the baby or do an abortion all women should have access to birth

control )the support of public funding of contraception of poor women+ 9 '(

$*R(%(&' S*U!G &*' "&'(%@(%( "& A2*%'"*& G(4"S"*&

- em%hasies the necessit# o strict %enalties or oen!ers an! %roetction o victims o

!omestic violence

- the Gemocrates are stronegest in the &ortheast upper #idwest and the $reat !aes %egion

and in the bigger cities lie &ew or 4hicago !os Angeles2oston ashington G/4/

- ARAC? OAMAE the Senator of "llinois 9 the only African American in the U/S/

4ongress

- - he is e;pected to formally run for presidency in 00B

9 The Re%u4lican Part#

- founded in 1*/ 4# A4raham >incolnand a group of his followers and is oftenly reffered to

as the $*? E $rand *ld ?arty

- symbol: actually adopted ele%hantas their symbol

- this party is more sociall# conservative an! economicall# li4ertarian

- o%%ose! to a4ortion an! homose$ualit#8 a stron" Christian evan"elical Re%u4lican

movement

- emphasiKe on the role of corporate and personal decision maing in fostering economic

prosperity

-


44/47

- ellectoral college gives a collective vote to a person

- in modern times the electors virtually always vote with the %o%ular vote) popular votes W

votes that each person gives to the candidateO these are the votes that individuals give to a person+ of

their state/

11. SEPARATION OF PO0ERS AND THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS

- the early American way of life encouraged democracy

-the Declaration o In!e%en!ence in 1;; %roclaime! that all men are create! e@ual an! have

the ri"ht to B>ie3 >i4ert# an! the Pursuit teWna2 o Ha%%iness

- The Constitution 1;*;2

- is the su%reme la)o the (nite! States o AmericaO it was completed in 1;*; an! a!o%te! in its

ori"inal orm on Se%tem4er :


45/47

- each member represents a district )orug+ of his home state and the number of

districts is determined by census each 60 years

- in all there are + 9 the president must pay the ta;es as any other citiKen

- the vice president E succeeding a president who dies and presiding over the Senate

- the presidentDs powers are ormi!a4le natne2 4ut not unlimite!9 the president may

veto any bill passed by the 4ongress )but veto can be overturned by 3 of the both houses of

4ongress+ 9 the president is the comman!er-in-chie o the arm#9 has the authority to a%%oint

e!eral u!"es3 inclu!in" ustices o the Su%reme Court9 appoints the hea!s an! senior oicials

o !e%artments an! a"encies

5


46/47

- the president can be removed from the *ffice by the 4onstitution 9 removing an official

from office reJuires t)o ste%s: )6+ a formal accusation or im%eachment by the ouse of

%epresentatives and )+ a trial an! convictionby the Senate

- IMPEACHMENTW in the constitutionsof several countries impeachment is the first of

two stages in a specific process for a legislative body to remove a "overnment oicial )ithout that

oicials a"reement.'he second stage is calledconviction/

- im%eachmentreJuires a maorit# vote o the HouseO conviction is more difficult reJuiring

a t)o-thir!s vote 4# the Senate9 'he vice president presides over the Senate proceedings in the

case of all officials e;cept the president whose trial is presided over by the chief .ustice of the

Supreme 4ourt ) this is because the vice president can hardly be considered a disinterested partyVif

his or her boss is forced out of office he or she is ne;t in line for the top .ob+

- presidents so far to be impeached:

6/ Andrew Hohnson ) attempts+ 9 he was acJuitted

/ 2ill 4linton impeached in his ndterm in the *ffice because of the !ewinsy affair

9 he was acJuitted

P %ichard &i;on in the atergate affair was not impeached E he is the only president that

resigned from the *ffice


47/47

- these 3 branches by the separation of one another get in the %osition o "ri!loc& 9

gridlocs: basically the# can not !o an#thin" 4# themselves3 the# all have to a"ree on

)hatever issue is the case

- ill o Ri"htsE

- the 60 amendments added to the 4onstitution because of the misgivings during the

ratification of 4onstitution

- the rights that it guarantees are: theree!om o s%eech3 the ree!om o the %ress3 the

ree!om o assem4l#3the ree e$ercise o reli"ion3the ree!om to %etition3 the %eo%les ri"ht to

&ee% an! 4ear arms3 an! the ri"hts to 4e ree o unreasona4le search an! seiure3 cruel an!

unusual %unishment3 an! com%elle! sel-incrimination

- the 2ill of %ights also restricts 4ongressQs power by prohibiting it from maing any law

respecting establishment of religionand by prohibiting the federal government from depriving any

person of life liberty orproperty withoutdue process of law

- in criminal cases it reJuires indictmentby grand .ury for any capitalor 1infamous crime1

guarantees a speedy public trialwith an impartial and local.ury and prohibits double .eopardy

7
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Documents

Američka Kultura i Civilizacija - Skripta 2