An introduction

1. 影片欣賞 (25 分鐘 ) 2. 世界觀與觀看之美學

3. 古希臘 (50 分鐘 )

4. 小組討論 (25 分鐘 ) 5. 小組討論結果分享 (25 分鐘 )

112/04/192011--Alice Y. Chang2

倫理 美學

幾千年來這問題迷倒多少荷馬 ( 史詩 )粉絲，我就是其中之一。為了尋找答案，不斷啟動史詩之旅，這就是我們享受生活的一部分。古代人更享受，幾乎所有日常用品上都有「特洛伊」的點滴 ....

What are three languages which have shaped the formation of Western literature?

Hebrew, Greek, and Latin

The literature of that world, which, whether or not we are acquainted with it, still underlies many of our institutions, attitudes, and thought, was written in three languages–Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. languages–Hebrew, Greek, and Latin.

The peoples who spoke these languages created their civilizations independently in place and time, but the development of the Mediterranean area into one economic and political unit brought them into contact with one another and produced a fusion of their typical attitudes that formed the basis of later European thought.

Alice Y. Chang6

Alice Y. Chang7

Next map: Reconstruction of the Oikoumene

(inhabited world), ancient map based on Herodotus, c. 450 BC

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus

Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) drew an improved world map, incorporating information from the campaigns of Alexander the Great and his successors. Asia became wider, …

Free association

觀看之美學 : 希臘文化中的眾神充其量是來去自如的觀眾，所以每一觀看的時空，神的永恆 (immortality) 定格在一個時間的剎那視窗；而人是會死的 (mortal) ，但人類的一劫 (mortality) 也在觀看中停頓與升格。因此在敘述的舞台時空觀眾席中，古希臘人搭起了神人的平行宇宙，原本應該是沒有焦點的平行線，在凝視共同的文字鏡頭瞬間，神與人的目光焦會，意義在於 immortality與 mortality 融入同一視焦。

112/04/192011--Alice Y. Chang12

選擇老掉牙的西方古典文學，一不小心也掉入「啃老族」。

讀古典文學有幾個好處：第一，幾千年來，累積讀者眾多，例如亞歷山大大帝，也是我們共同的讀者；第二，珍貴的資產 (A written word is the choicest of relics.)；第三，是休閒，是優遊人生。很多人辛苦一輩子，就是要賺一個「好日子」，有朝一日錢夠了，才發現原來好日子，就是工作閒暇之餘，打開荷馬史詩，神遊當中。

發明畢氏定理，為數學、音 樂之父。

是最早的實驗科學家之一。 由月相圖（月的盈虧）推測月球是球狀的，進一步地推測地球與其他星體也是球狀的。環繞著它的地球，太陽、

  月球、五大行星及恆星。

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not only pioneered the study of mathematics in the western world, but was also a reputed miracle worker.

His famous theorem for calculating the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is well known.

Less well known is his mystical theory of the transmigration of souls.

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physician and medical writer, is the father of modern medicine.

He established a renowned school of medicine on the island of Cos, where students learned to diagnose illness through observation rather than theory.

It was from this school that the first version of the Hippocratic oath derived.

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is most famous for running through the streets shouting “Eureka!” when he discovered the principle of specific gravity while sitting in his bath.

But we can also credit him with the invention of the Archimedean screw—a device still used to draw water upwards—and many important theories of geometry.

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The Prehistoric PeriodsPaleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic Periods

The Bronze Age  : 3000 - 1100 B.C.The Early Iron Age : 1100 - 900 B.C.The Geometric Period  : 900-700 B.C.The Archaic Period : 700-480 B.C.The Classical Period : 480-323 B.C.The Hellenistic Period : 323- 31 B.C.The Roman Period in Greece: 31 B.C. - A.D. 323The Byzantine Period in Greece  : A.D. 323 - 1453

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The area is the Mediterranean basin, and the period the twelve hundred years from, roughly, 800 B.C. to A.D. 400.

In this place and time the intellectual and religious foundations of the modern Western outlook were laid.

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Alice Y. Chang23

Minoan civilization 米諾文明

The Mycenaean Civilization邁錫尼文明

The Classical Period 古典( 雅典 ) 時期

The first apex of the Greek

civilization

The second millennium B.C. saw a brilliant culture, called Minoan after the mythical king Minos, flourishing on the large island of Grete, and the citadel of Mycenae and the palace at Pylos show that mainland Greece, in that same period, had centers of wealth and power unsuspected before the excavators discovered the gold masks of the buried kings and clay tablets covered with strange signs.

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"Medallion Pithoi", or storage jars, at the Knossos palace.

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A Kamare style vase, 2100-1700 BCE

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Marine style, fragment from an oil jug, Aigina, 15th century BC,

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Crete is a mountainous island with natural harbors.

There are signs of earthquake damage at many Minoan sites and clear signs of both uplifting of land and submersion of coastal sites due to tectonic processes all along the coasts.

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A detail of the restored Dolphin fresco on the wall of the Queen’s Room in the Minoan palace at Knossos.

The rosette pattern below the dolphins is typically Minoan and the whole fresco probably dates from the last phase of the New palace, around 1450-1400 BCE.

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http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/60/7/1893.full

Homer recorded a tradition that Crete had 90 cities.

To judge from the palace sites the island was probably divided into at least eight political units during the height of the Minoan period.

The north is thought to have been governed from Knossos, the south from Phaistos, the central eastern part from Malia, and the eastern tip from Kato Zakros and the west from Chania. Smaller palaces have been found in other places.

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邁錫尼文明The

second apex

The decipherment of these signs (published in 1953) revealed that the language of these Myceneans was an early form of Greek.

It must have been the memory of these rich kingdoms that inspired Homer’s vision of “Mycenae rich in gold” and the splendid armed hosts that assembled for the attack on Troy.

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With them disappeared not only the arts and skills that had created Mycenaean wealth but even the system of writing.

For the next few hundred years the Greeks were illiterate and so no written evidence survives for what, in view of our ignorance about so many aspects of it, we call the Dark Age of Greece.

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emphasizes those aspects of the universe that imply a harmonious order.

The elements of disorder in the universe are, in the story of Creation, blamed on humankind, and in all Hebrew literature the evidences of disorder are something the writer tries to reconcile with an a priori assumption of an all-powerful, just God; no one tampers with the fundamental datum.

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The Olympian gods, like the natural forces of sea and sky, follow their own will even to the extreme of conflict with each otherextreme of conflict with each other, and always with a sublime disregard for the a sublime disregard for the human beingshuman beings who may be affected by the results of their actions.

It is true that they are all subjects of a single more powerful god, Zeus.

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Such gods as these, representing as they do the blind forces of the universe that humans cannot control, are not always thought of as connected with morality.

Morality is a human creation, and though the gods may approve of it, they are not bound by it.

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The stories told in the Homeric poems are set in the age of the Trojan Warthe Trojan War, which archeologists (those, that is, who believe that it happened at all) date to the twelfth century B.C.

Though the poems do preserve some faded memories of the Mycenaean Agethe Mycenaean Age, as we have them they probably are the creation of later centuries, the tenth to the eighth B.C., the so-called Dark Age that succeeded the collapse (or destruction) of Mycenaean civilization.

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The Third Apex

The geography of Greece – a land of mountain barriers and scattered islands – encouraged this fragmentation.

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The Greek cities never lost sight of their common Hellenic heritage, but it was not enough to unite them except in the face of unmistakable and overwhelming danger, and even then only partially and for a short time.

They differed from each other in custom, political constitution, and even dialect: their relations with each other were those of rivals and fierce competitors.

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It was in the cities founded on the Asian coast that the Greeks adapted to their own language the Phoenician system of writing, adding signs for the vowels to create their alphabet, the forerunner of the Roman alphabet and of our own.

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By the beginning of the fifth century B.C. the two most prominent city-states were Athens and Sparta.

These two cities led the combined Greek resistance to the Persian invasion of Europe in the years 490 to 479 B.C.

The defeat of the solid Persian power by the divided and insignificant Greek cities surprised the world and inspired in Greece, and particularly in Athens, a confidence that knew a confidence that knew no bounds.no bounds.

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According to Classical-era mythology, after the overthrow of the Titansoverthrow of the Titans, the new pantheon of gods and goddesses was confirmed. Among the principal Greek gods were the Olympians, residing atop Mount Olympus Mount Olympus under the eye of Zeus. under the eye of Zeus.

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Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Hera, Ares, Athena, Apollo, Aphrodite, Hermes, Artemis,

Hephaestus 希臘神話衆神 http://memo.cgu.edu.tw/yu-yen/2008-greek-mythology1.pdf

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Zeus (Jupiter)/ Hera (Juno) / Demeter (Ceres) / Artemis (Diana)/ Aphrodite (Venus)/  Eros (Cupid)/ Hermes (Mercury) / Hephaistos (Vulcan) / Poseidon (Neptune) / Apollo (Apollo) / Ares (Mars) / Athena (Minerva) / Hestia (Vesta) / Dionysus (Bacchus)/ Pan (Faunus)/ Heracles (Hercules) / Asclepius (Aesculapius) / Hades (Pluto) / Persephone (Proserpine)

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Temple of Zeus (600 BCE), the largest Greek pantheon outside of Athens

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Mercury (Hermes) 水 Venus (Aphrodite) 金 Earth (Gaia) 地 Jupiter (Zeus) 木 Mars (Ares) 火 Saturn (Cronus)土 Uranus 天王星 Neptune (Poseidon) 海王星 Pluto (Hades) 冥王星

普羅米修斯是一個為了人類而從奧林帕斯山山上偷走火的泰坦巨人，因而遭到宙斯給予他極為可怕的懲罰。他是艾爾佩提斯的兒子；亞特拉斯和艾皮米修斯的兄弟。 " 普羅米修斯（ Prometheus ） " 在希臘語中是 " 遠見（ foresight ） " 的意思。

普羅米修士與智慧女神雅典娜共同創造了人類，並教會了人類很多知識。

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當時 Zeus 禁止人類用火，他看到人類生活的困苦，幫人類從奧林匹斯偷取了火，因此觸怒宙斯。

宙斯將他鎖在高加索山的懸崖上，每天派一隻鷹去吃他的肝，又讓他的肝每天重新長上，使他日日承受被惡鷹啄食肝臟的痛苦。然而普羅米修士始終堅毅不屈。幾千年後， Heracles 為尋找金蘋果來到懸崖邊，把惡鷹射死，並讓半人半馬的肯陶洛斯族的 Chiron 來代替，解救了普羅米修士。

但他必須永遠戴一隻鐵環，環上鑲上一塊高加索山上的石子，以便宙斯可以自豪地宣稱他的仇敵仍然被鎖在高加索山的懸崖上。

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PROMETHEUS & THE EAGLE

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普羅米修斯身上那一塊永遠解不開的石頭，常讓我想到《紅樓夢》一開始丟棄在大荒山、無稽崖、青埂峰下的那一塊石頭……

http://udn.com/NEWS/READING/X5/8565052.shtml#ixzz2wqBesvSQ

史詩 : Iliad and Odyssey 抒情詩 : Sappo, Pindar 希臘悲劇 希臘喜劇 史書 : Herodotus, Thucydides 其他 : Aesop’s Fables,

Hippocratic Corpus

《伊索寓言》是源自古希臘的一系列寓言，相傳由伊索創作，再由後人集結成書。也有人認為並無伊索其人，只是古人假託其名將一些民間故事結集成書。《伊索寓言》膾炙人口，對歐洲的寓言文學影響很大，拉封丹著名的《寓言詩》即以《伊索寓言》為主要素材

BC, AD BCE, CE (Common Era)

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11339/11339-h/11339-h.htm#THE_FOX_AND_THE_GRAPES

Achilles: You're still my enemy in the morning.

Priam: You're still my enemy tonight.

But even enemies can show respect.

1. 若把人類歷史比喻成一個人的生命，古代文明，如小孩一樣，有甚麼特色 ?

2. 古希臘神話的特質是甚麼 ? Homework: Iliad Book One