Upload
vanduong
View
229
Download
7
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Analog Circuits and Systems Prof. K Radhakrishna Rao
Lecture 19: Analog Signal Processing
1
Review
� Instrumentation Amplifier � Integrator � Differentiator � Effect of Finite Gain Bandwidth Product (GB)
2
Half-wave Diode Rectifier
3
Half-wave Diode Rectifier – Simulation 1
4
Transfer Characteristic
Half-wave Diode Rectifier – Simulation 2
5
Rectifier Characteristic
Half-wave Rectifier
6
Transfer Characteristic
� R=1k; Opamp –LM741
7
Precision Half-wave Rectifier
� R=1k; Opamp –LM741
8
Rectifier
9
2p L
L
V RR R+
Rectifier (?) – Simulation 1
10
Transfer Characteristic - RL=10k; R=1k; Opamp-LM741
Rectifier – Simulation 2
� RL=0.5k; R=1k; Opamp-LM741
11
Rectifier – Simulation 3
� RL=10k; R=1k; Opamp-LM741
12
Rectifier – Simulation 4
13
� Simulate with R=1k; RL=0.5k
Precision Half-wave Rectifier
14
Precision Half-wave Rectifier (Transfer Characteristic)
15
R=RL=1k; Opamp –LM741
Precision Half-wave Rectifier (Simulation)
16
R=RL=1k; Opamp –LM741
Precision Full-wave Rectifier
17
Precision Full-wave Rectifier – Simulation
18
Logarithmic Amplifier (Data compressor)
19
d
T
VVi
d s
iO d T
S
Vi IR
VV V V lnI R
= = ε
= − = −
S T
S
I VI
°°
where is reverse saturation current and is kT/q (26 mV at 300 K)
As doubles every 10 K rise in temperature
Temperature compensation is required.
Logarithmic Amplifier - Simulation
20
1volt/decade
Transistor based Log Amplifier
21
0
0
io T
E
i
VV V lnRI
V
= −
>
Log Amplifier (Transfer Characteristic)
22
Log Amplifier (Transient Response)
23
Square wave (0.1 to 1 V) input ; Time Period - 1msec
Transistor based Log Amplifier
24
0
0
io T
E
i
VV V lnRI
V
= −
>
IEO is reverse saturation current of the emitter-base junction of the transistor The loop gain is enhanced by the transistor amplifier within the loop. In order to make Q = 1 for the loop suitable value of the capacitor CC is inserted
Log Amplifier (Transient Response)
25
Modified Log Amplifier
26
2
1 0
1 io T
E
R VV V lnR I R
⎛ ⎞= − +⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Temperature Compensated Log-amplifier
27
2
1
1 io T
R
R VV V lnR V
⎛ ⎞= − +⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Commercial Log Amplifier (LOG2112)
28
Parameters of LOG2112 Scale Factor (V/decade) 0.5
Input Current Range (Min) (nA) 1
Input Current Range (Max) (mA) 3.5
Conformity Error (initial 5 decades) (Max) (%) 0.2
Conformity Error (initial 5 decades) (typ. over temp) (%/degree C) 0.0001
Offset Voltage (Input Amplifiers) (Max) (mV) 1.5
Vs (+/-) (Min) (V) 4.5
Vs (+/-) (Max) (V) 18
Iq (Max) (mA) 1.75
Reference Type Internal
Auxiliary Op Amps 1
Full-Scale Output Voltage (Min) (+/- V) -3.8
Full-Scale Output Voltage (Max) (+/- V) 3.5
Operating Temperature Range (C) -5 to 75
Approx. Price (US$) 7.90 | 1ku
29
Exponential amplifier (Data expander)
� Diode Version
30
0
i
T
VV
o s
i
V I RV
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠= − ∈
>
Exponential Amplifier (Data expander) (contd.,)
� Transistor Version
31
0
0
i
T
VV
o E
i
V RI eV
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠= −
>
Exponential amplifier (Transfer Characteristic)
32
Compensated exponential amplifier
33
1
1 2
0
i
T
R VR R V
o ref
ref
V V eV
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟+⎝ ⎠=
>
Log-Antilog Multiplier
34
Applications
� LOG, LOG Ratio: Communication, Analytical, Medical, Industrial, Test, General Instrumentation
� Opto-coupler isolation amplifier � Analog signal compression in front of A/D converter � Absorbance Measurement � Optical density measurement
35
Opto-coupler isolation amplifier
36
Conclusion
37
Conclusion
38