Anatomy & PhysiologyChapter 1 Section 1

Levels of Structural Organization

Essential Question:What are the functions of the organ systems of the human body?

DEFINITIONS

ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF BODY STRUCTURES & THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THEM

THE SCIENCE OF BODY FUNCTIONS

HISTOLOGY EMBRYOLOGY MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE of TISSUES

STUDY OF EMBRYOS: FROM THE FERTILIZED EGG 8TH WEEK of DEVELOPMENT

LEVELS of

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

LEVELS ofSTRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

1. CHEMICAL 2. CELLULAR3. TISSUES4. ORGAN5. ORGAN SYSTEM6. ORGANISM

Organ Systems of the Human Body:1. Integumentary System components functionsSkinNailsHairSweat GlandsOil Glands

ProtectionRegulates

temperatureEliminates wasteVit. D synthesisContains sensory

receptors

Integumentary System

2. Skeletal Systemcomponents functions Bones Joints Cartilage

Supports & protects body

Surface for muscles to attach

Movement Vit. D synthesis Stores minerals &

lipids Houses cells that

produce blood cells

Skeletal System

3. Muscular Systemcomponents functions Muscles:

Cardiac Smooth Skeletal

Produces Movement

Generates Heat

Muscular System

Nervous Systemcomponents function Brain Spinal cord Nerves Special senses

Vision Hearing Touch Smell Taste

Generate Action Potentials

Regulates body activities

Maintains homeostasis

Controls muscle & gland contractions

Interprets stimuli

Nervous System

Endocrine Systemcomponents functions Glands (& cells) that

produce Hormones Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Pancreas Adrenal Ovary Testis Thymus Parathyroid Pineal

Homeostasis Metabolism Growth &

development Reproduction Glucose, calcium,

phosphorous, iodine levels controlled

Endocrine System

Lymphatic (Immune) Systemcomponents functions Lymphatic

Vessels & Fluid Spleen Thymus Lymph Nodes Tonsils

Returns proteins & fluid to blood

Transports lipids Fights infections Recognizes “self”

Lymphatic (Immune) System

Cardiovascular System

components functions Blood Heart Blood Vessels:

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins

Transports O2 &

nutrients to cells Carries CO2 & wastes

away from cells Transports immune

system factors Regulates:

pH Temperature Water balance

Cardiovascular System

Respiratory System

components functions Lungs Nose / Throat Larynx Trachea Bronchial Tubes

Transfers O2 from air to blood & CO2 from blood to exhaled air

Regulates pH Produces sound

Respiratory System

Digestive Systemcomponents functions Mouth/Teeth Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Anus Salivary Glands Liver / Gallbladder Pancreas

Physical & chemical digestion of food

Absorption of Nutrients

Elimination of solid wastes

Digestive System

Excretory (Urinary) Systemcomponents functions Kidneys Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra

Produces, Stores, & Eliminates Urine

Regulates vol. & chemical composition of blood

Helps maintain normal pH

Helps regulate production of RBCs

Excretory (Urinary) System

Reproductive Systemcomponents functions Male

Testes Epididymis Ductus Deferens Penis

Female Ovaries Fallopian Tubes Uterus/ Cervix Vagina Vulva

Production of Gametes offspring

Hormone production that regulates reproduction & other body processes

Reproductive System

NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES INSPECTION PALPATION AUSCULTATION PERCUSSION

Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques

AUSCULTATION PERCUSSION LISTENING TO BODY SOUNDS TO EVALUATE FUNCTIONING OF CERTAIN ORGANS

TAPPING BODY SURFACES WITH FINGER TIPS & LISTENING TO RESULTING ECHO

WORK WITH A PARTNER AND DECIDE WHAT ARE THE BASIC LIFE PROCESSES OF LIVING HUMAN BEINGS. YOU HAVE 3 MINUTES

THERE ARE 6 BASIC LIFE PROCESSES THAT ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF LIVING HUMANS

1. METABOLISM2. RESPONSIVENESS3. MOVEMENT4. GROWTH5. DIFFERENTIATION6. REPRODUCTION

METABOLISM the sum of all

chemical reactions that occur in the body

1. Catabolism Breaking down

complex substances simpler parts

2. Anabolism Building up of

complex substances from simpler ones

RESPONSIVENESS THE BODY’S ABILITY TO DETECT & RESPOND TO CHANGE

DIFFERENT CELLS OF THE BODY RESPOND IN CHARACTERISTIC WAYS:

Neurons send action potentials

Muscle fibers contract or relax

MOVEMENT INCLUDES MOTION OF: WHOLE BODY INDIVIDUAL

ORGANS CELLS ORGANELLES

GROWTH an increase in body size due either to: Increase in # of

cells Increase in size

of cells Both

DIFFERENTIATION IS THE

DEVELOPMENT OF A CELL FROM UNSPECIALIZED SPECIALIZED

REPRODUCTION REFERS TO

EITHER1. NEW CELLS

MADE FOR TISSUE GROWTH, REPAIR, OR REPLACEMENT

2. PRODUCTION of a NEW INDIVIDUAL

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Anatomy & PhysiologyChapter 1 Section 2

HOMEOSTASIS

Essential Question

How do negative & positive feedback systems help the body maintain homeostasis?

HOMEOSTASIS CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (BALANCE) IN THE BODY’S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT DUE TO CEASELESS INTERPLAY OF THE BODY’S MANY REGULATORY PROCESSES

BODY FLUIDSAn important part

of maintaining homeostasis is keeping the volume & composition of body fluids within normal limits (wnl)

Body FluidsDivided into 2

compartments:1. ICF

Intracellular fluid

(inside cell)2. ECF

Extracellular Fluid

(outside cell)

ICF In the cytoplasm Contains

dissolved chemicals Enzymes Ions (Na+, K+,

Ca++, Mg++, H+) Glucose, Pyruvate

ECF Found as

Interstitial fluid (around cells) Plasmasmaller amounts: Lymph Cerebral Spinal

Fluid Synovial Fluid Aqueous Humor Vitreous Body

Control of Homeostasis There are constant disruptions to

homeostasis from external sources & from internal sources.

External Internal Temperature Blood Glucose O2 after race Strong Emotions

Most commonly the nervous system and/or the endocrine system are in charge of maintaining homeostasis in the bodyNervous System Endocrine System Quick responder Usually involves

sending action potentials to organs to counteract the deviation from balanced conditions

Slower responder Usually involves

secreting hormones (messenger molecules) into blood which delivers them to responding organ

Feedback Loops Is a cycle of

events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, and so on.

Feedback Systems1. Receptor

a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition & send input to a control center

2. Control Center Typically is the brain which sets range of

values w/in which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates input from receptors, & generates output commands when necessary

3. Effector body structure that receives input from

control center & produces response that acts on controlled condition

Feedback responses are either negative or positive

Would you consider this feedback loop to be (+) or (-)?

Negative Feedback Loop Reverses the

change in a controlled

condition

Positive Feedback Loop Reinforces the

change in the controlled condition

Homeostatic Imbalances Definitions

A disorder is any abnormality of structure or function

A disease is a specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

Diagnosis is the science & skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another

Homeostatic Imbalances Definitions-2 A symptom is a subjective change in

body function that is not apparent to an observer

A sign is an objective change that can be measured by an observer

Epidemiology: the science that deals with why, when, & where diseases occur

Work with a partner and decide which of the following are signs and which are symptoms Fever Rash Nausea Hunger Low blood sugar Anxiety Pain Itch

Signs & Symptoms

SIGNS SYMPTOMS FEVER RASH LOW BLOOD SUGAR

ITCH NAUSEA ANXIETY HUNGER PAIN

Anatomy & PhysiologyChapter 1 Section 3

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONWhat are the correct

anatomical descriptive terms for: cavities of the body, & the

planes, sections, and directional terms of the body?

Anatomical Position Subject is:

Standing erect, facing observer Head is level, eyes open & looking

forward, jaw relaxed Feet flat on floor & toes forward Arms at side with palms forward

Anatomical Position

What is wrong with these examples of “anatomical position”?

SUPINE BODY IS LYING FACE UP

PRONE BODY IS LYING FACE DOWN

REGIONAL NAMES

Regional Names1. Head

Face: front of head Skull: encloses & protects brain

2. Neck supports & attaches head to trunk

3. Trunk chest, abdomen, pelvis

4. Upper limbs shoulder, axilla, arm, lower arm, wrist, &

hand5. Lower limbs

buttock, thigh, knee, lower leg, ankle, & foot SEE HANDOUTS FOR COMPLETE LISTING

Directional Terms(many have opposite meanings)

1. anterior nearer to front

2. superior toward head

or upper part of a structure

3. medial closer to

midline

1. posterior nearer to back

2. inferior away from

head or lower part of a structure

3. lateral farther from

midline

Directional Terms-21. proximal

nearer to attachment of limb to trunk

2. ipsilateral On same side of

body as another structure

3. superficial toward or at

surface

1. distal farther from

attachment of limb to trunk

2. contralateral on opposite side

of body as another structure

3. deep away from

surface

BODY PLANES are imaginary cuts

through the body or organs

Need to know: sagittal

midsagittal parasagittal

frontal/ coronal transverse/axial/

horizontal oblique

Body or Tissue Sections One flat surface of a 3-D structure or a cut along a plane

Body Cavities are spaces w/in the body that helps protect, separate, & support internal organs

bones, muscles, ligaments, and membranes help separate body cavities

The Cranial Cavity formed by skull protects brain

The Vertebral Cavity formed by vertebrae

protects spinal cord & beginning of spinal nerves

The Thoracic Cavity formed by

ribs chest muscles sternum thoracic vertebrae

within it are 3 smaller cavities:

1. pleural cavity

2. pericardial cavity

3. mediastinum

The Thoracic Cavity

The Pleural Cavities there are 2, right, left

each surrounds a lung

serous membrane of the pleural cavity is called the pleura

Serous Membranes Covers the organs (viscera) of the thoracic & abdominal cavities & lines the walls of thorax & abdomen

Parietal layer: lines the walls Visceral layer: covers the organs

Serous Fluid: thin, watery, fluid separates the two reducing friction

The Pericardial Cavity surrounds heart

serous of pericardial cavity is the pericardium

Medistinum in central portion of thoracic cavity between lungs

extends from sternum to vertebrae & from neck to diaphragm

contains: heart thymus esophagus trachea large blood vessels

Mediastinum

The Abdominopelvic CavityAbdominal CavityContains: Stomach Spleen Liver Gallbladder Small Intestine most of Large

Intestineserous membrane

called peritoneum

Pelvic CavityContains: Urinary Bladder part of Large

Intestine internal organs

of reproduction

Abdominopelvic Quadrants To insure

communication clinicians divide abdomen into 4 quadrants by drawing imaginary lines through umbilicus

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Regions & Quadrants of Abdomen

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGYChapter 1 Section 4

MEDICAL IMAGING

Essential Question:How would you describe the

importance of medical imaging procedures in the

evaluation of organ functions and the diagnosis

of disease?

MEDICAL IMAGING 1. X-RAYS

AVAILABLE SINCE THE 1940’S shoot single barrage of X-Rays

through body producing image of interior structures on X-Ray sensitive film

X-Rays

Advantages Disadvantages

1. inexpensive2. quick3. simple to

perform4. provide

significant information

1. less detail than other options

2. chronic exposure causes cancer

2. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan is computer-assisted radiography in

which x-ray beam traces an arc at many angles around a section of the body

result is a transverse section of body

CT ScanAdvantages Disadvantages 1. Visualizes soft

tissues & organs with more detail

2. Can build 3-D views of structures

3. Effective as a screening tool

Expensive Equipment large

More highly skilled technicians required

CT Scan Machine

3. Magnetic Resonance ImagingMRI

Body is exposed to high-energy magnetic field which causes all the protons (H+) in body fluids & tissues to align with poles of magnetic field

Then a pulse of radio waves “reads” these ion patterns & creates a color-coded image

MRI Image & Machine

MRIAdvantages Disadvantages 1. Shows finer

detail for soft tissues

2. Safer (no x-rays)

3. Can measure blood flow (heart vessels, brain)

Expensive Large machine Cannot use for patients with metal in their body

Highly skilled technicians

4. Ultrasound or Sonogram High-frequency sound waves reflect

off body tissues Image may be still or moving

UltrasoundAdvantages Disadvantages 1. Small portable

machines2. Safe, even in

pregnancy3. Can observe

organs in action

1. Best for organs that have a pocket of fluid to create “echo”

2. Cannot go through bone

5. Positron Emission TomographyPET Scan

Positrons = + charged particle Patient is injected with substance that contains positrons

Positrons collide with (-) charged electrons in body tissues which produces gamma rays

Gamma rays are photographed by gamma cameras creating image

PET Scan

PET ScanAdvantages Disadvantages 1. can study the

physiology of an organ

1. large machine2. expensive3. highly skilled

technicians

SINGLE-PHOTON-EMISSION COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY

SPECT radioactive

substance is injected into a vein & carried to the tissue to be studied

computer constructs an image

greater the intensity of color on image the more active the tissue is

SPECTAdvantages Disadvantages 1. studies

activity of organ or tissue

2. useful for heart, kidney, thyroid, lungs, liver

1. very expensive

2. large machine3. highly skilled

technicians

ENDOSCOPY visual examination of inside of body cavity or organs using a lighted instrument with lenses

image is viewed through an eyepiece or on monitor

Endoscopy Advantages Disadvantages 1. direct

visualization so can biopsy, remove, or monitor pathology in tissue

1. invasive procedure so add risk of injury, infection, unintended damage to organ or tissue

Types of EndoscopyExamples Target 1. Colonoscopy2. Arthroscopy3. Laparoscopy

1. colon2. synovial joint3. abdominopelv

ic cavity