- , , , , , , , , , Glasgow Caledonian University, , Barcelona Strategic Urban Systems, , , -, , , , , , , , , , , , ,

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, , , - , , , , , , , , , Glasgow Caledonian University, , , , , , , , , - University College Dublin, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , , ,

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11000 , 73/II: 011/ 3370-091, 3370-185, faks 3370-203, e-mail: milap@iaus.ac.rs

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1914-1989 ..........................................................................................

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Researching the courses of development of architecture in the 20th century Serbia represents an endless challenge for many architects, art historians, and architectural historians

who reveal new and so far unknown documents; or offer new analyses of the existing sources, materials and

literature regarding the buildings constructed in the periods they are dealing with. In her paper, the author PhD Dijana

Milainovi Mari reveals a multi-layered and impressive image of a very rich and qualitatively varied activity, as well

as powerful buildings in the field of urban planning and architecture, while examining the architectural creations in

Serbia during the period from 1945 to 1961.

Two articles research some new postulates, very current in the theory and practice of spatial planning nowadays. The

first work advocates the research approach that is based on establishing typologies; which implies the systematization

of knowledge and multi-dimensional classification of theoretical contributions to the scientific field of spatial

planning. The author states that such a complex approach is necessary to organize a varied and sophisticated field such as the spatial planning theory, shaped by different schools

of thought and influences from related scientific disciplines. The second work deals with modern methods which the

geographic information systems (GIS) offer by using modern technological/information possibilities of the visualization

of planning solutions.Climate change and its impact on the urban development,

as well as the impact of built environments onto the climate, nature, comfort, users of space and development in

general, is the topic of not only scientific but professional works as well, published in this issue; which in a direct or

indirect way deal with these complex questions. The environmental problems are closely linked to the problem of

social housing, because the negative effects of climate change and rising energy prices greatly impact the energy

inefficient and inadaptable housing. Finding an available and efficient solution that will satisfy the complex criteria of sustainable and climate aware architecture is the subject of

most of the articles published in this issue of the journal.

Mila Pucar

1

EDIToRIal

20. , , , , , . , , , 1945. 1961. e. , . . , . () / e . , , , , , . , . .

3UDK: 72(497.11)"1945/1961", ID BRoJ: 189375244 , DoI: 10.5937/arhurb1133003M

1945. 1961. E

, , . , . , , , , , , . , , , , . . : , , , ,

*

* , -mail: dijanam.maric@gmail.com

2011, : 2011.

DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN SERBIAN ARCHITECTURE FROM 1945 TO 1961

AbstractThe Serbian architecture of few first years after the

Second World War and in nineteen fifties has not been more comprehensively analyzed to date

although there are enough sources, materials, literature and buildings dating from that period.

The study, focused on architectural creativity in the abovementioned period, shows a layered and

very vivid picture of a rich and qualitatively diverse activity, as well as intensive production in the field

of urban planning and architecture. It may be noticed that activities which began at that time

have laid down foundations, left an important imprint and directed the development of cities,

towns, villages as well as regions in Serbia, thus giving them a visible and recognizable

architectural layer towards which a value attitude has not been built to date. This is also the time

when many well-known architects emerged who created representative works both in the field of

housing and in the field of public buildings of various contents, thus contributing to the

development of the so-called Belgrade school of modern architecture which, to great extent,

determined and influenced directions of development of Serbian architecture in the second

half of the twentieth century. Key Words: nineteen fifties, architectural layer,

representative architectural works, Serbian Architec-ture, Belgrade school of modern architecture

4 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

1 , : M. Macura, Problematika nae arhitekture u svetlosti konkursa za zgradu Predsednitva vlade FNRJ, arhitektura 3, Zagreb 1946, str. 3-17; , , 1948. , . , , - , 1948.; . , 1946-1951, . , , 1953; . , 1944. 1954., , . I, 1954., 189-200; J. Kruni, O vrednostima u gradu, Knjievne novine, 29.11.1957. (isto u: Beograd imajui biti, Beograd 1998., 31-34); Isti, Tri palate istaknutog ulinog panoa Beograda, NIN, 27.07.1958. (isto u: Beograd imajui biti, Beograd 1998., 42-45); Isti, Slika grada i nas samih, NIN, 23.2.1958. (isto u: Beograd imajui biti, Beograd 1998., 38-41); B. Maksimovi, O idejno-estetskim problemima arhitekture i urbanizma Beograda, Tehnika 5, Beograd 1959, str. 717-731; . , , , . VII, 1960., 441-470; . , , , CClVI, 1963., 59-66; . , , , . XI-XII, 1964/65, . 87-98; . , , , . XI-XII, 1964/65, . 5-26; . , 1944. 1964., , . XI-XII, 1964/65, . 99-132; o. Mini, Pregled urbanistike i arhitektonske delatnosti u Jugoslaviji od 1945. do 1965., Tehnika, Beograd 1966., str. 49-66; Z. Manevi, Od socrealizma do autorske arhitekture, Tehnika 3, Beograd 1970., str. 390-400; . , , , . XXVII, 1970., 2001-236; . Denegri, Srpska arhitektura 1900-1970, arhitektura urbanizam 67, Beograd 1971., 48-51; . , , 1975.; U. Martinovi, Trideset godina arhitekture u Beogradu, Urbanizam Beograda 37, Beograd, 1975, 10-13; M. Mitrovi, Dometi arhitekture Beograda, Urbanizam Beograda 37, Beograd 1976., str. 14-19, a. Brki, Idejne osnove beogradske arhitektonske kole, Urbanizam Beograda 38-39, Beograd 1977., str. 36-40; I. Zdravkovi, Razvoj savremene arhitekture u Beogradu i Srbiji, Urbanizam Beograda 42, Beograd 1977., str. 29-35; B. Stojanovi, U. Martinovi, Beograd 1945-1975, urbanizam, arhitektura, Beograd 1978.; N. Saii, 1946-81, Osvrt na dela arhitektonske batine, Izgradnja 11, Beograd 1981., str. 12-29; K. Vujovi, Neka obeleja posleratne izgradnje u Beogradu, Izgradnja 11, Beograd 1984., str. 117-122; U. Martinovi, Arhitektura Srbije jue i danas, u: 40 godina graevinsrstva socijalistike republike Srbije, Izgradnja, Beograd 1987., str. 31-40; I. traus, Arhitektura Jugoslavije 1945-1990, Sarajevo 1991.; a. Kadijevi, Mihajlo Mitrovi, projekti, graditeljski ivot, ideje, Beograd, 1999.; . , , 2002.; V. Kuli, zgradnja Beograda u periodu socijalizma, 1945-2000, u: 50 beogradskih arhitekata (roenih posle 1945), urednik anamarija Kovenc Vuji, Beograd 2002.; M. R. Perovi, Srpska arhitektura XX veka, od istoricizma do drugog modernizma, Beograd 2003.; . , . , , 2003.; . , , VIII, 2007., 95-118; . , () ( 1947. 1967. ), VIII, 2007.,151-170; D. Mecanov, Stambena arhitektura Beograda 1947-1967, Zadubina andrejevi, Beograd 2008.

, , .1

, je . , , , , , / (Milainovi Mari, 2010, str. 8). , , . - , (Markovi, 1996, str. 36). , : 1945. 1951. ., , 1951. 1961. ., , (Proti, 1980, str. 19).

1945. 1951. (1947-1951 )

1947-1951. ., , (Macura, 1984, str. 163-167). , . , , , . 47 , , ( , 1953). (. 1)

. 1. ; , 1946-1951 (. . ), 1953. Fig. 1. Towns and settlements in Serbia; Development, urban plans and building construction 1946-1951 (M. Mitrovi, Town Planner), Belgrade

5 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

, . , , , , , , (a. Kadijevi, 2007, str. 76-88). , , , , (Milainovi Mari, 2010, str. 386). (. 3)

: . (), . (, ), . (), . (, ), . (, ), . ( ), . () . o , , . , , - ( , 1948). . (. 2)

. 2. . , 5, -, 1948. Fig. 2. R. Tati, House of Cooperative of type 5, Sandak-Uice, 1948

. 3. , , 1956,1957.Fig. 3. Residential Pavilions in Zoran Djindji street, Kragujevac, 1956, 1957

6 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

, , , (. . , . , 1947-1955) - (. . , 1951), , : (. . , 1948-1949), j (. . , 1948-1949) (. . , 1947), , , . , , (. . 1947-1948), (. . , . , 1951). (. 4)

. 4. . , , 1947- 1948. Fig. 4. R. Tati, The Summer Theatre Stage in Topider near Careva uprija (Czars Bridge), 1947-1948

7 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

(1948-1951) (M. Jankovi, 1955-1956, str. 96-101). . , - , , -, (B. Stojanovi, 1947, str. 145). (l. 5)

( , ), , , , . ,

. 5. . , . , . , . , , 1947, Fig. 5. M. Macura, J. Kortus, P. Anagnosti, R. Ili, Competition for the building of the Presidency of Government, 1947, Second Award

1951. 1961. , , , 1950. (Prvo savetovanje arhitekata i urbanista FNRJ u Dubrovniku, 1950, str. 4-28). , , (Milainovi Mari 2010, str. 350-351). , , , . (. , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . .) , . (. 6) (. : (1954), . , (1956), (1956), (1955-1960) .) . (. 7)

. 6. . , -

, . 11, 1954.

Fig. 6. M. Jankovi, Svetlost Mixed

Residential/Commercial Building, Francuska Street 11, 1954

. 7.. , . 41- 45, 1956. Fig. 7. . Grujii, Residential Block in Njegoeva Street 41-45, 1956

8 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

, - . , - , . - , :

. , , . . , - . . (. 8)

. 8. Fig. 8. Typical Details of Residential Buildings of Nineteen-Fifties

. 9. . , . , . , - , , 1953.Fig. 9. M. Marinkovi, . Grujii, LJ. Dragi, Mixed Residential/Commercial Block, Corner of Kralja Aleksandra Bulevard and Resavska street, 1953.

. 10. . , - , 1958.Fig. 10. K. Krpi, Mixed Residential/Commercial Building at the corner of Hilandarska Street and George Washington Street, 1958

. . , 29. - ( ) ( ) 1953. . (. 9) . ,

9 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

(. , . , . , . , . , . , . , . .), , , . , , , . (. 10)

. 11.. , , 1953.

Fig. 11. V. Maksimovi, Bezistan, 1953

, . - , , (Manevi, 1972, str. 29). , . . : , (1953), (1954-1957), (1956), (Le Corbusier) (. 11)

. . , (1955), 6-8 (1954-1958) 1 (1954) . , (. , 1950-1953) (. 12), (. , 1956-1960), , (Mies van der Rohe).

. 12. . , , 1953.Fig. 12. B. Ignjatovi, Fresco Gallery Building, 1953

10

/33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

.2 , , , - , , (Marti-novi, 1978, str. 111; Brki, 1992, . 83). . , - (1950-1956) - , . , , (1957) , . - - , , , . (Macura, 1963, str. 7-12). (. 14)

, - (1954) (1953-1962) . , , , . (. 13) , , -, . . , . , . , . , . , . , . , , , . , . , . , . ., ,

. 13. . , . , , 27. , 1953-1962. Fig. 13. G. Samojlov, M. Radovanovi, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Corner of 27. marta Street and Karnegijeva Street, 1953-1962

2 , : . Mini, Ratomir Bogojevi, arhitektura urbanizam 17, Beograd 1962, str. 47, 52; . Koji, Arh. Ratomir Bogojevi, profesor, arhitektura urbanizam 24, Beograd 1963, str. 5; , : lj. Babi, Arhitekta Nikola Dobrovi, 12.II 1897 11.I 1967, arhitektura urbanizam 43, Beograd 1967, 22-31; Z. Manevi, Graditelji 1, Beograd 1986; . , , , , 1990; , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , , , 1991-1993; . , , 1, I, 1994, . 89-95; . , , 1996; a. Kadijevi, (1889-1961), , . XlIII, 1996, 123-152; a. Kadijevi, , XIX XX , 1997; a. Kadijevi, Mihajlo Mitrovi, projekti, graditeljski ivot, ideje, Beograd 1999; , 1953. , XXXIX, 1999; V. Mitrovi, Arhitekta Sibin orevi, kat. izlobe, Novi Sad 2000; B. Kovaevi, Arhitektura zgrade Generaltaba, Monografska studija dela Nikole Dobrovia, Beograd 2001; . , Arhitektonska i urbanistika delatnost N. Dobrovia u Beogradu (1945-1967), Beograd 2002; a. Kadijevi, ,, - , 26, 2002, 217- 225; , (1947) , 3, 2002, . 281-287; . , 1896- 1969, 12-13, 2003, .122-127; . , . , , 2003; . , , , 16-17, 2005, . 7-13; V. Mitrovi, Arhitekta ore Tabakovi (1897-1971), Novi Sad 2005; . , , 18-19, , 2007, . 134-139; P. Miloevi, Mate Bajlon, arhitekta, Zadubina andrejevi, Beograd 2007; . , (1914-1989), , 2010.. , (1910-1972), , , 2011.

11

/33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

*

, , , , , (1954-1957), . . . . , . , (1954-1963).

. 14. . , , , 1952. Fig. 14. R. Bogojevi, Faculty of Forestry in Topider, Design, 1952

. 15. . , , 1954-1963.Fig. 15.N. Dobrovi, The Complex of DSNO (Total National Defense and Civil Self-Protection), 1954-1963

. (. 15) , , . . . - , , - (. 16).

. 16. . , , 1957.Fig. 16. A. Brki, Residential Building in Mileevska Street, 1957

12

/33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

, , . , , , . , , ( . ), , . (. 19) , , , (. . , . , . -, . , . , 1959-1961),

, , , . . (. 17) , , . . , . . . , , , , , , , , , . (. 18)

. 17. . , , 1951. Fig. 17. B. Bogdanovi, The Memorial to Jewish Victims of Fascism, 1951

. 18. . , , , 1954. Fig. 18. M. Mitrovi, Mrgar Residential Building, Ni, 1954

. 19. . , . , , 1960, Fig. 19.I. Anti, I. Raspopovi, Museum of Contemporary Art, 1960, Competition design

13

/33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

, (. . , 1957-1961) , , , , . (. 20) . , , , , , , . : . , . , . . . . (. 21) . (. 22) . , . . . (. 23)

. 20. . , , 1957-61. Fig. 20. S. Mandi, Trg partizana (Partisan Square) in Uice, 1957-61

. 21. . . , , 1954, 1956-1964. Fig. 21. S. i M. orevi, Faculty of Agriculture of Novi Sad, 1954, 1956-1964

. 22. . , , , 1948-1949. Fig. 22. A. Medvedev, Technical High School, Ni, 1948-1949

. 23. . , - , . , , 1959. Fig. 23. V. Slavkovi, Mixed Residential/Commercial Building, Radoja Domanovia Street, Kragujevac, 1959

14

/33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

, 1923. ., . , , . , , , 1948. . , , , , 1950. . , , (M. Somborski, 1951, str. 5-10). (. 24) , , . , , : (. . , 1947-1950), 1 2 , (. . , . . , 1958 1963) (. 25), ( . , . , . . 1947. ., 1955. 1961. . . ), 1948. . , , 1967. (. . , 1961-1967). , , , (lj. Blagojevi, 2005). , , , (1921-2011), , , . -- (Candilis-Josic-Woods) 1955-1968. . (. 26) , , 1963. . : - (Joedicke, 1978).

. 25. . , . . , 1 2, , 1958-1963. Fig. 25. B. Petrii, T. Ivanovi, D. Milenkovi, Housing block 1,2, New Belgrade, 1958-1963

. 24. , . , 1950.Fig. 24. Master Plan of Belgrade 1950, under M. Somborski

15

/33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

, , ( , , , , ), , , -, ., . , , , , , , . , , , , .

. 26. Candilis Josic Woods, , , 1954-55. Fig. 26. Candilis Josic Woods, Settlement, Algeria, 1954-55

: Brki, a. (1992): Znakovi u kamenu, srpska moderna arhitektura

1930-1980, BeogradBlagojevi, lj. (2005): Novi Beograd, osporeni modernizam,

Beograd Mitrovi, M. (ur.), (1953): Gradovi i naselja u Srbiji. Razvoj,

urbanistiki planovi i izgradnja 1946-1951, BeogradKruni, J. (ur.), (1948): Zadruni domovi, zbirka projekata masovne

izgradnje na teritoriji ue Srbije, autonomne pokrajine Vojvodine i autonomne pokrajine Kosovsko Metohijske oblasti u 1948. godini, NR Srbija, Zadruna knjiga i sekcija arhitekata DIT-a Beograd, Beograd

Jankovi, M. (1955-56): Stadion Jugoslovenske narodne armije u Beogradu, Pregled arhitekture 4-5, Beograd, str. 96-101.

Joedicke J. (1978): Candilis, Josic, Woods, A Decade of Architecture and Urban Design, Stuttgart, Kramer

Kadijevi, a. (2007): O socrealizmu u beogradskoj arhitekturi i njegovim oprenim tumaenjima, Naslee IX, Beograd, str. 76-88.

Manevi, Z. (1972): Novija srpska arhitektura, u: Srpska arhitektura 1900-1970, katalog izlobe, Muzej savremene umetnosti, Beograd

Markovi, P. J. (1996): Beograd izmeu istoka i zapada 19148-1965, Beograd

Martinovi, U. (1978): Arhitektura, autori i ostvarenja, u: B. Stojanovi, U. Martinovi: Beograd 1945-1975, urbanizam arhitektura, Beograd, str. 111.

Macura, M. (1963): Delo, ovek i vreme, Arhitektura i urbanizam 24, Beograd, str. 7-12.

Macura, M. (1984): Marginalije uz etrdesetogodinjicu, Izgradnja 11, Beograd, str. 163-167.

Milainovi Mari, D. (2010): Srpska arhitektura este decenije dvadesetog veka, Beograd, doktorska disertacija odbranjena na Filozofskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu

Milainovi Mari, D. (2010): Arhitektonski biroi, u: Srpska enciklopedija, Novi Sad-Beograd, Zavod za udbenike, str. 350-351.

Prvo savetovanje arhitekata i urbanista FNRJ u Dubrovniku (1950), Arhitektura i urbanizam 11-12, Zagreb, str. 4-28.

Proti, M. (1980): Slikarstvo este decenije u Srbiji u: Jugoslovensko slikarstvo este decenije, Jugoslovenska umetnost veka, Muzej savremene umetnosti, Beograd

Stojanovi, B. (1947): Konkursi za Dom Centralnog komiteta KPJ i zgrade Predsednitva Vlade FNRJ, Tehnika 6, Beograd, str. 141-148.

Somborski, M. (1951): Problemi urbanistikog planiranja Beograda, Arhitektura 1-4, Zagreb, str. 5-10.

1616

. , , , . , . , . , , . , . , . : , , ,

RESEARCH PPROACH FOR FORMING A NEW TyPOLOGy OF SPATIAL PLANNING THEORy

AbstractWhat is being suggested in this paper is the research approach for the classification of theoretical contributions in the scientific domain of the spatial planning. Typology is a multidimensional classification, actually it is the framework for the understanding of the subject area, theory and practice, ideas and methodologies. The complex approach is needed to organize the complex and diverse domain of spatial planning theory, which has been shaped by different schools of thought and the influences of the related scientific disciplines. It has been suggested that the research approach becomes the bridge between two cultures, in other words it should be the synthesis of the qualitative and quantitative methods of the typology construction. With the analysis of the existing typologies, which are quantitatively derived, the chosen concepts will be improved and completed due to the computerized statistical analysis of the appropriate bibliometrical data. Moreover, the procedure in the opposite direction will be used, which also connects empiric types with their conceptual counterparts. With that approach, the main aim is to achieve the comprehensive classification scheme, which will take part of the platform for integration of the interdisciplinary approach in the spatial planning domain. That concept of the research belongs to the wider approach that has got the aim that with the scientific innovations and imaginations bring about the solving of the problems and challenges that the spatial planning faces with. The forming of the new typology is the first step in that direction. Key words: planning theory, research approach, qualitative typologies, quantitative typologies

* , , , , , e-mail: vladan.bulajic@gmail.com III 47014 , , .

: 2011, : 2011.

UDK:711, ID BRoJ: 189376268 , , DoI: 10.5937/arhurb1133016B

,

e

(Friedmann, 2008). . (P. Healey) (1997)

. , , ,

, .

, , ,

.

.

.

,

,

. ,

, ,

(allmendinger, 2002).

17

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17

, . . , , (allmendinger, 2002). , . je , , .

, . ( ) , , . . .

(2008), , , ., . , -, , je , , (Bailey, 2005). , . . , . :

;

;

(Yiftachel, 1989). , . , , . (allmendinger, 2002). , , . . (A. Faludi) (1973) . , , . , ( , ) , (lapintie, 2010). ,

18

/33/2011/ 16-21 /

(Portugali, 2011). , , . , . , , . , , . , . , (1974), , . (T. Kun) , , . , , (Portugali, 2011). , .

(. 1). , (Vujoevi, 2002). , (Sager, 1994):/

;

; ; ; ( ,

, ).

(, , .)

( , )

( , , )

? , , , , . . . (C. P. Snow ) (1964) , , , . . . . . : ( XX ), ( XX ), , () , - ( XX ). : ( XX ), ( ), () ( XX ). , ,

1. (lapintie, 2010)Table 1. Dimensions of Planning Theory (lapintie, 2010)

19

/33/2011/ 16-21 /

a ( ) ( ) (Taylor, 1980). , : , (Cooke, 1983). . (.Yiftachel) (1989), : ( ?), ( ?) ( ?). . (1987). XX , . , , . , : , -, ., - (allmendinger, 2002). . . (. Portugali) (2011) , . (J. Friedmann) (2003) , , . , , . . - , . , (Healey, 2007).

- . , .

, . , , . , , , , , (allmendinger, 2002). , , . . , , , - . (Bailey, 2005). T , , .

. , , , , . . , XX , (1973) (Yiftachel, 1989). , (-) (). . , (1987) , . , (alexander, 1997). .

20

/33/2011/ 16-21 /

, . . (allmendinger, 2002). , , . . , , . , (alexander, 1979). , . , , , . . (F. Archibugi) (2004) , , . , (Faludi, 1973). , , , . , . , . , . , , . , - , , . , . , .

, , (Bailey, 2005). , . () (Bailey, 2005). () . , . 40 . . , (Price, 1965). - . 20 . , , -. - . - , , , . (Shiffrin & Brner, 2004). . , , - (Porter & Rafols, 2009). ( , , , .) . , . / (Vujoevi, 2004).

21

/33/2011/ 16-21 /

Price, D. J. D. (1965): Networks of scientific papers, Science 149.Sager, T. (1994): Communicative Planning Theory, aldershot,

AveburyShiffrin, R. M., . Brner, (2004): Mapping knowledge domains,

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101.

Snow, C. P. (1964): The Two Cultures: And a Second Look, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press

Taylor, N. (1980): Planning Theory and the Philosophy of Planning, Urban Studies 17.

Faludi, a. (1973): Planning Theory, oxford, Pergamon Press Faludi, a. (1987): A Decision-Centred View of Environmental

Planning, oxford, Pergamon PressFriedmann, J. (2003): Why Do Planning Theory, Planning Theory 2.Friedmann, J. (2008): The Uses of Planning Theory: A Bibliographic

Essay, Journal of Planning Education and Research 28.Healey, P. (1997) Collaborative Planning. Shaping Places in

Fragmented Societies, london, Palgrave MacmillanHealey, P. (2007): Re-thinking Key Dimensions of Strategic Spatial

Planning: Sustainability and Complexity, Fuzzy Planning: The Role of Actors in a Fuzzy Governance Environment, london, Ashgate

Cooke, P. (1983): Theories of Planning and Spatial Development, london, Hutchinson

Yiftachel, o. (1989): Towards a New Typology of Urban Planning Theories, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 16.

alexander, E. R. (1997): A mile or a millimetre? Measuring the

planning theorypractice gap, Environmental and Planning B: Planning and Design 24.

alexander, E. R. (1979): Planning Theory, Introduction to Urban Planning, New York, Mc GrawHill

archibugi, F. (2004): Planning Theory: Reconstruction or Requiem for Planning?, European Planning Studies 12

allmendinger, P. (2002): Planning Theory, london, Palgrave Macmillan

Bailey, K. (2005): Typology Construction, Methods and Issues, Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, amsterdam, Elsevier

Vujoevi, . (2002): Novije promene u teoriji i praksi planiranja na Zapadu i njihove pouke za planiranje u Srbiji/Jugoslaviji, Beograd, Institut za arhitekturur i urbanizam Srbije

Vujoevi, . (2004): The search for a new development planning/policy mode: problem of expertise in the transition period, Spatium 10.

Klajn, I., . ipka, (2008): Veliki renik stranih rei i izraza, Novi Sad, Prometej

Kun, T. (1974): Struktura naunih revolucija, Beograd, Nolitlapintie, K. (2010): Planning Theory, Encyclopedia of Urban Studies,

london, Sage orter, a., I. Rafols, (2009): Is science becoming more

interdisciplinary? Measuring and mapping six research fields over time, Scientometrics 81.

Portugali, J. (2011): Complexity, Cognition and the City, Berlin, Springer

22

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VISUALIZATION OF SPATIAL PLANS IN GIS ENVIRONMENT

AbstractThis paper deals with some issues in the domain of visualization of the planning solutions, with refer-ence to presentation needed contents on thematic and referral maps. a map is the text written by car-tographical language, an unavoidable tool for pre-senting the plan and planning solutions. The start-ing point for making thematic maps are the basic postulates of traditional mapping, with use of ca-pacities of modern technology/IT solutions. In that sense, the authors offer suggestions for improving the development of maps which accompany the plan, by using new techniques based on Geograph-ic Information Systems (GIS). The issue is consid-ered in the context of planning practice develop-ment, by formation and management of a unique spatial database as a prerequisite for the further implementation, updating and presentation of plans at the intra and Internet. The experiences of the Spatial Plan of the Special Purpose Area of the National Park erdap are used as a case study. Since the development of the National park opens a number of conflicting issues of sustainability and having that defined solutions can be realized on these principles and criteria, with the hard work of all actors in the area, the complexity of conflicts and planning requirements is reflected to the con-tents of cartographic solutions (referral maps). The paper points out the importance of the visual ap-pearance of cartographic representation and com-ments the changes in the mapping from the analog to digital.Key words: visualization, cartography, thematic and referral maps, GIS, planning

, . , . / . , , (). , . , . , ( ). , . : , , , ,

*, ** : 2011, : 2011.

UDK:711:007, ID BRoJ: 189377548 , DoI: 10.5937/arhurb1133022B

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. 4. 1: Fig. 4. Referral map 1: Special purpose of the area

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:Baki o., N. Kruni, . Samardi, (2009): GIS u izradi urbanistikog plana Primer

Vrnjake Banje, Arhitektura i urbanizam 26, Beograd, Institut za arhitekturu i urbanizam Srbije, str. 56-65.

Baki o., J. urevi, (2011): Importance nd Role Of Digital Cartography for Managing Spatial Plans, Nauni skup sa meunarodnim ueem: Problemi i izazovi savremene geografske nauke i nastave, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Geografski fakultet, Kopaonik-Brus, u tampi

Baki o., J. urevi, (2011): Znaaj i uloga Google Earth- u izradi prostornih i urbanistikih planova, Planska i normativna zatita prostora i ivotne sredine, esti nauno-struni skup, Iskustva u izradi prostornih i urbanistikih planova, Asocijacija prostornih planera Srbije, Pali-Subotica, str. 333-342.

Bonjai, ., . Zelenovi Vasiljevi, V. Pihler, D. Duni, . Njegomir, (2010): Analiza prostornih konflikata primenom GIS-a: Urbanistiki plan naselja Irig, lokalna samouprava u planiranju i uredjenju prostora i naselja, Asocijacija prostornih planera Srbije, str. 393-403.

Vemi, M. (2006): Semiologija, semiografija, semiogradnja geografskih karata, http://www.rastko.rs/cms/files/books/49dbaf075094a

Vemi, M. (2009): Geografske karte i virtuelni geoprikazi u savremenoj nastavi, Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istraivanja, ISSN 0579-6431, Godina 41, br. 1, Pregledni lanak UDK 371.673:371.335;159.954/.956 DoI: 10.2298/ZIPI0901211V, Beograd, Geografski institut Jovan Cviji SANU, str. 211-224.

ivkovi, D. (2007): Mesto kartografije u sistemu geografskih disciplina na geografskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu, Zbornik radova Geografskog instituta Jovan Cviji SaNU, br. 57, Beograd, Geografski institut Jovan Cviji SANU, str. 437442.

Zakon o planiranju i izgradnji, Slubeni glasnik RS, br. 72/09, 81/09 i 24/11Ikonovi, V. (2007): Kartografsko modelovanje uloga i znaaj, Zbornik radova

Geografskog instituta Jovan Cviji SaNU, br. 57, Beograd, Geografski institut Jovan Cviji SANU, str. 443-450.

Josimovi, B., N. Kruni, (2008): Implementation of GIS in Selection of Location for Regional Landfill in the Kolubara Region, SPATIUM 17-18, Belgrade, Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia, pp. 72-77.

Kilibarda, M., . Samardi, . Baki, . Stevanovi Stojanovi, N. Kruni, B. Bajat, (2011): Primena Ajax i Google Maps Api tehnologija u Web kartografiji Primer Generalnog urbanistikog plana Vrnjake Banje, Tematski zbornik br. 64: Odrivi razvoj banjskih i turistikih naselja u Srbiji, Beograd, Institut za arhitekturu i urbanizam Srbije, str. 267-302.

Kruni N., S. Miliji, M. Nenkovi Rizni, (2011): GIS Application in Spatial Development of Serbia, Proceedings International Conference on Innovationa as a Function of Engineering Development, Faculty of Civil Enginering and architecture Nis, Nis, Serbia, ISBN 978-86-80295-98-5, pp. 181-187.

Pravilnik o sadrini, nainu i postupku izrade planskih dokumenata, Slubeni glasnik RS, br. 31/10, 69/10 18/11.

Prostorni plan parka prirode i turistike regije Stara planina (2008), Slubeni glasnik RS. br. 115/08.

Prostorni plan podruja posebne namene Nacionalnog parka erdap (2011), Nacrt plana, Institut za arhitekturu i urbanizam Srbije

Regionalni prostorni plan optina Junog pomoravlja (2010), Slubeni glasnik RS, br. 83/10.

Regionalni prostorni plan Timoke krajine (2011), Slubeni glasnik RS, br. 51/11.Uroev, N. (2008): Analiza faktora uticaja na grafiku optereenost tematskih karata,

Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drutva, Vol. 88, . 3, Beograd, Srpsko geografsko drutvo, str. 25-36.

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THE ROLE OF OCCUPANT CONTROLS IN OFFICE ENVIRONMENTS

AbstractThis paper aims to discuss the importance of occupant control systems, pointing out their influence on comfort and productivity in office environments. Through examples from practice it gives advice on how to establish the right balance between actions performed by the building management system and users. Finally, it looks at how different space organisations determine the choice of control systems and gives advice for the design of energy efficient and comfortable office environments.Key words: building control systems, Building Management System (BMS), office environments, comfort, productivity

* : 2011, : 2011.

UDK: 697.94, ID BRoJ: 189378316 , DoI: 10.5937/arhurb1133031S

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(Building Management System, BMS). a, a , o .

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Introductionas part of the effort to reduce greenhouse gas production and preserve the natural environment, office buildings ought to consume less energy. Buildings now account for nearly half of all delivered energy consumption across most of the developed world. The situation is similar in Serbia (Pucar, Nenkovi-Rizni, 2007). The commercial buildings share in the UK energy consumption was reported to be 35%, with 7% used by primarily office buildings (CIRIa, 1993).For long time conventional office buildings were usually designed to be hermetically sealed, providing constant internal conditions. In order to reduce energy requirements of buildings, new skins are developed, aiming to allow users more choice in controlling the quality of their working environments, and to achieve a gentle, enjoyable, and environmentally friendly transition between exterior and interior. In other words, the role of the building envelope is to manipulate the passage of energy flows in the form of light, heat, air and sound. Some of these manipulating functions are: enhancement of daylight, maximization of daylight, protection from the sun, insulation, ventilation, attenuation of sound, rejection of heat, collection of heat etc.The skin forms part of a building system, and is connected to other parts of the building outside of the enveloping zone, such as sensors and actuators, all controlled by a central building management system. In order to inform faade design for office buildings, this paper gives a literature review of the importance of occupant controls, choice of controls for different work settings, and relation between automated and occupant controlled patterns.

USER CONTROLS: PERCEIVED COMFORT AND PERCEIVED PRODUCTIVITy

Previous work on thermal comfort had shown that the range of temperatures that building occupants reported as comfortable was wider in field studies than in controlled conditions in the laboratory (Humphreys, 1976, McIntyre, 1980). The conclusion is that people seemed to be more tolerant of conditions the more control opportunities (switches, blinds and opening windows) were available to them. Furthermore, Bordass and leaman (1998) identified comfort including personal control, and effective responsiveness to need (including comfort) as key variables influencing perceived productivity in buildings. Though productivity is difficult to define exactly in terms of space conditions, they identified a perceived leave of productivity of up to 25% between comfortable and uncomfortable staff. The more comfortable people say they are, the more productive they say they are (Fig. 1).The relation between self-assessed productivity and perceptions of control was found significant in 7 out of 11 studied UK buildings (Bordass, leaman, 1998). However, the strength of relationships between perceived control and productivity declines as buildings perform better (there is less need for means of discomfort alleviation if the conditions are good).other studies reveal fewer symptoms of building-related ill-health and greater productivity as the perceived level of individual control increases (Wilsn, Hedge, 1987, Bordass et al., 1993).

Fig. 1. Perceived (overall) comfort and perceived productivity (Source: leaman, 2005)

Fig. 2. Productivity versus degree of control(Source: Bordass et al.,1993)

Tab.1. Perceived control variables associated with perceived productivity(Source: Bordass, leaman, 1998)

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e e , . . , : a (Bordass, leaman, Cohen, Standeven, 1999). , , je o, . . 1 (1 Bridewell Street) , ( e e e a ), (Bordass, leaman, 1998; Eley, 1996). (Bordass et al., 1993). (e 1 5 . 3 4), , , , o . , 1 je a 5. , a. a 5 , , j . o , , (Building Management System, BMS Building Energy Management System, BEMS). , 1 a e e , a o (Bordass et al., 1993).

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35

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BUILDING MANAGEMENT SySTEM AND OCCUPANT CONTROLS: FINDING THE RIGHT FORMULA

Individual occupants require systems not only to provide comfortable conditions but also to respond rapidly to alleviate discomfort when it is experienced. The tendency to take users out of the system may have developed in an attempt to make things easier for the building manager. However, the opposite seems to happen: less local control, more discomfort, and more management time to respond to complaints (Bordass, B., a. leaman, R. Cohen, M. Standeven, 1999).on the other hand, there are numerous examples where if the building management is efficient, people are not complaining about the lack of controls. one such example is one Bridewell Street, in Bristol, where personal control available to occupants was not high (with just infra-red zappers for the lights and limited ability to change workstation position), but the occupant satisfaction was unusually high due to the excellent facility management (Bordass, leaman, 1998).Bordass (1993) points out the importance of building management on the example of two buildings (buildings 1 and 5 in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4), both with multiple tenants, completed at the same time, with similar specification and occupancy, fitted out by the same designers, etc (Bordass et al., 1993). The building services energy costs in building 1 are nearly three times as high as in building 5.The main differences seem to be in procurement, management and control. Building 5 was developed as a pre-let for a tenant who runs the whole building, and who insisted on

Figure 2 shows that the most critical factor for control was temperature, followed by ventilation. The least important is light, which affects the overall rating of comfort only when it is either too good or too bad, or if glare is present. The perceived control variable (which was not part of this graph), but is influencing productivity the most is noise (Tab. 1). People who perceive that noise is poor or very poor have an average productivity score of minus 4.0% across the Probe buildings (Bordass, leaman, 1998).

Fig. 3. Perceived comfort (Source: Bordass et al.,1993)

Fig. 4. Perceived control(Source: Bordass et al.,1993)

quality, simplicity and low running costs. He appointed a good facilities manager with an engineering background. on the other hand, building 1 had no energy or control brief, plus has a third party management who have no incentive to operate the building economically (Bordass et al., 1993).To make any conclusions one must look into the relationships between building design, building management, control systems and energy performance. The importance of these relationships is further presented on the example of lighting controls.

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2002). , e je , (. 6). (Mahdavi) (2007) je : 1) 10 ; 2) e , 500 lux; 3) , o o 500 lux. , 70% (. 2). (Baker Steemers)(2002) o a 30-40%. , o , a (Slater, 1995). o , .

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is very weak (Baker, Steemers, 2002). also, studies revealed that office users are less likely to switch off the lights upon leaving their offices unless they remain absent for one hour or more (Fig. 6).Finally, Mahdavi (2007) considered three energy saving scenarios: 1) lights are automatically switched off after 10 minutes if the office is not occupied; 2) lights are switched off, if the daylight-based task illuminance level equals or exceeds 500 lux; 3) an automated dimming regime is applied, whereby luminaires are dimmed down so as to maintain a task illuminance level of 500 lux. The potential for reduction of electrical energy use for lighting in studied offices if all three strategies are applied could exceeds 70% (Tab. 2).Baker and Steemers (2002) report that other case studies have shown that in a conventionally daylit commercial building the choice of control can make 30-40% difference to the resulting lighting use. However, in a study of lighting control systems in UK offices, over half the systems did not work effectively (Slater, 1995). This fact should be of interest for future research.

Lighting Controlslighting represents a major energy-user in buildings (around 15%), and large amounts of energy can be saved by using well-designed lighting controls to correct occupants behavior and take advantage of the available natural light.Recent studies identified certain patterns of user control behavior as a function of indoor and outdoor environmental parameters (Mahdavi, 2007, Mahdavi, Proglhof, 2008). Data collected in a long-term study of five office buildings in Vienna, austria seems to reveal certain behavioural patterns, some of which will be discussed in this study to show energy saving potential due to consideration of occupancy and behavioural patterns in office buildings and the implementation of automated systems.according to the findings, office users are more likely to switch on the light upon arrival in their offices only if the prevailing ambient illuminance is less than 100 lux (Fig. 5). The recommended illuminance levels for office work are 300-500 lux. It is important to point out that human occupants are rather poor control detectors since although good at detecting too little light, the feedback of too much light, or rather more light than necessary,

Fig. 5. Probability of switching the lights on upon arrival in the office as a function of the prevailing task illuminance level prior to an action (Source: Mahdavi, Proglhof, 2008)

Fig. 6 Probability of switching the lights off as a function of the duration of absence (in minutes) from the offices (Source: Mahdavi, Proglhof, 2008)

Tab. 2. Saving potential (electrical energy for lighting) for various buildings and scenarios(Source: Mahdavi, 2007)

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. 7. , 1) BREs Environmental Building, , ; 2) GSW, , ; 3) Commerzbank , (: 1) http://www.fcbstudios.com/projects.asp?s=3&ss=&proj=8082) http://www.photoschule.de/images/architekturfotografie/fotokurs_architekturfotografie_berlin_gsw_1.jpg3) http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/0626/Default.aspx)The Environmental Building, ,

Fig. 7. Controls for intelligent skins, case studies1) BREs Environmental Building, Garston, UK; 2) GSW Headquarters, Berlin, Germany; 3) Commerzbank Headquarters(Source: 1) http://www.fcbstudios.com/projects.asp?s=3&ss=&proj=8082) http://www.photoschule.de/images/architekturfotografie/fotokurs_architekturfotografie_berlin_gsw_1.jpg3) http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/0626/Default.aspx)

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lighting can be dimmed in response to variations in daylight levels. light in corridors activated automatically by movement sensors.The BMS monitors numerous sensors and has full control over the internal climate system. It is operated according to the number of people in the building, the usage of the system and the outdoor climate.The importance of controls available to users and their impact on comfort and productivity has already been discussed in chapter 2. Examples given in this chapter emphasize the importance of management systems. For a building to be energy-efficient, the system should provide advice and correct users actions, if they are energy wise not rational.

CONTROLS AND SPACE LAyOUT: OPEN PLAN VERSUS CELLULAR

open plan office is more space efficient, flexible, allowing more efficient flow of work and communication. However, in the open plan the one-to-one relationship between the occupant and the various control devices tends to vanish, making effective individual control difficult.Figure 8 shows that the perceived level of control is significantly reduced with the increase in the number of occupants of a space.The open plan also tends to be more energy-intensive, not only because it tends to be deeper and require more artificial lighting and air conditioning, but also with less well-defined control interfaces systems are more likely to operate inefficiently, be left on unnecessarily, or have to be on when only a few people are there.Probe studies concluded that it is easier to achieve occupant satisfaction in shallower plan forms and through cellularisation of the work space (Bordass, leaman, Ruyssevelt, 1999, Bordass, leaman, Cohen, Standeven, 1999). In a cellular office space, the individual has higher level of perceived control over their environmental parameters and hence comfort.

Controls for intelligent skin, case studiesIn buildings with sophisticated building automation systems a balance must be achieved between centrally controlled environmental systems operation and occupant interventions, which can affect both buildings energy performance and indoor climate. In order to establish to which extend occupants should be able to change their environment, the study looks at three energy-efficient buildings with intelligent skins and BMS: the Environmental Building, GSW headquarters and Commerzbank headquarters (Fig. 7).occupants can control ventilation levels (windows), temperature, shading and lighting.lighting controls daylight sensors automatically regulate the lighting according to daylight levels. Integral sensors measure internal light levels and movement, dimming the lamps (100% to 0%) if there is sufficient daylighting, or switching them off if a room is unoccupied.Sophisticated building management system is coordinating users requirement, and controlling the heating, ventilation and cooling systems for optimum comfort. at midnight, the system resets all occupants inputs (Wigginton, 2002, N Riain et al., 2000).User control is a key feature of the building, incorporating both provision to override (all the systems) and the giving of advice.lighting controls - offices are predominantly daylit, but are illuminated to 300 lux by artificial lighting. The row of light fittings adjacent to the windows is automatically switched off by photocells within the faade to encourage the use of daylight. The remaining lighting is manually switched in groups. occupant can override the automated daylight-linked switching. BMS controls airflow and makes recommendations to the users about the selection of natural or mechanical ventilation.Full occupant override is possible only when the external climate is appropriate, which is decided by the BMS in consultation with data describing the external weather conditions.lighting controls in the office area controlled automatically according to daylight penetration and occupancy. High efficiency

Fig. 8. Perceived control versus room size(Source: Bordass et al., 1993)

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Conclusionslighting controls are reported to have least influence on the perceived productivity and perceived comfort. However, their role in preserving energy is significant. Future research must focus on increasing the efficiency of lighting systems.The amount of control, available to a user changes the perceived comfort and productivity, but only to a certain point. If an office environment is comfortable, and has a building management system which responds efficiently to occupant needs, the amount of control available to an occupant becomes unimportant.Most examples of intelligent facades from practice, trying to achieve good energy consumption norms, give occupants the controls, but only as far as it does not interfere with the good building performance.These are some of the lessons that should inform faade design, because in order to create an efficient building skin one has to think of the buildings passive, active and human interface features as one complete system, not as unconnected entities.

/ ReferencesBaker, N., K. Steemers, (2002): Daylight Design of Buildings,

James & James Science PublishersBell, P., T. Greene, J. Fisher, a. Baum, (2001): Environmental

Psychology, Hartcourt College Publishers, orlando, FloridaBordass, B., a. leaman, R. Cohen, M. Standeven, (1999): Probe

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accessed on 27/12/2011.Bordass, B., a. leaman, (1998): Probe 15: Productivity the Killer

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Bordass, B., a. leaman, P. Ruyssevelt, (1999): Probe Review Final Report 4: Strategic conclusions, Building Services Journal, august 1999, pp. 16-21.

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Boradass, B., a. leaman, (1999): The Probe Occupant Survey and its Implications, CIBSE National Conference

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Bordass, B., K. Bromley, a. leaman, (1993): User and Occupant Controls in Office Buildings, BRE Research Report, Building Services Journal, april 1993.

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Construction Industry Research and Information association (CIRIa), (1993): Environmental issues in construction, A review of issues and initiatives relevant to the building, construction and related industries, Volume 1

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42

, , . , , . , . , . , . , , , , . , , . : , ,

Abstractalignment with the sustainable development paradigm is a

major challenge to the contemporary practice of social housing, especially in economically underdeveloped areas, because of the

gap between the limited financing conditions and the demanding criteria of sustainable design and construction.

Environmental problems such as climate change are creating further pressure on this housing sector. Higher vulnerability of social tenants to the negative effects of changing climate and

rising energy prices, besides marginalization and the lack of resources, is being greatly affected by the energy inefficient and

non adaptive housing. an important task for directing future practice of social housing is searching for innovative housing

solutions, which will meet the complex criteria of sustainable and climate aware architecture, in affordable and efficient way.

The authors found that one of the possible answers to these challenges is reaffirmation of modular design and construction,

through more creative and more efficient use of their adaptive capacity. The potential role of modularity in creating sustainable

and climate aware social housing models is analyzed through the aspects of prefabrication, transformability, flexibility and

diversity, and according to the form and the degree of their fulfillment, modular systems are defined as dynamic or static. The authors view is that the dynamic systems, based on new

methods of light prefabricated construction, have a great potential of sustainability and climate adaptability, and that

they deserve more attention of professional public, as well as wider and more intensive practical use.

Key words: social housing, modularity, sustainable and climate aware design

1

* , . .., -, , , e-mail: tanja@iaus.ac.rs ** , ..., , , e-mail: ksenija.pantovic@arh.bg.ac.rs1 , ,

, 2011. 2014. .

*, ** : 2011, : 2011.

UDK: 697.922, ID BRoJ: 189383436 , DoI: 10.5937/arhurb1133042B

43

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43

2 , , . . , , , , . , , , . , , . , , , . , , - . , , . , .

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2 CECHODAS- (. Comit europen de coordinatin de lhabitat social) , 2006. ., , . bg.ac.rs

(2009) , , , .

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(Karlik-Neale, 2008). Co2, : , . Co2

4, , , , . ( 35%, 25%, 21%, 20% 18%) (Whitehead & Scanlon, 2007), (, , )5, . , Co2, a , 75% 2050. . . , Co2 . , , , (CaSH, 2010). , . , : , , , ., , , , . , , , , .

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3 , , , (Ferster, 2010: 109).

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5 , 90- ( 17% 16% ).

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-, ( , ) , , (Karlik-Neale, 2008). , (Karlik-Neale, 2008: 6).

, , . , , , , , . , , . , , .6 , , , . , , . 7

, :

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6 90- , : (Compact City BUSarchitektur), , -- (Frauen-Werk-Stadt Ullmann, Prochazka, Peretti, Podreka), , (Autofreie Mustersiedlung Schindler, Szedenik), , (Integratives Wohnen Schluder, Kastner). (Sargfabrik Bauknstlerkollektiv 2), , , , , , . ( Housing in Vienna Innovative, Social and Ecological, 2008, http://www.urbel.com/document/becki%20tan_katalolg.e.pdf, 2011.

7 (BSHF), , . , (World Habitat Awards). , . : http://www.worldhabitataward.org/?lang=00

46

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, , , , , .;

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47

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(: . . )Fig. 1.

Baukasten housing assemblies (authors: W. Gropius & a. Meyer)

8 (Walter Gropius) (Adolf Meyer) 1922. 1923. .

9 - , .

48

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10, , . - . , , - (Brewis, 2003). , . , , , , . 11 , - . . (shipping containers). (. 2) , , , , . (. 3) . , , , , , . (Murray Grove) (Raines Court) . (. 4. . 5)

10 .

11 .

. 2. Fig. 2. Shipping containers

49

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, (mass cus-tomization). , , , , (Miller, 1998).

. 3. - 1000 , 2006. (: (Tempohousing))Fig. 3. The largest complex composed of con-tainers- student housing in Amsterdam with 1000 units, 2006. (authors: Tempo-housing)

. 4. a , , 2000. (: (Cartwright Pickard Architects))Fig. 4. Murray Grove, London, 2000. (authors: Cartwright Pickard architects)

. 5.

j o, , 2003. (: (AHMM))Fig. 5. Raines Court, London, 2003. (authors: aHMM)

50

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, - , :

, , , ;

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, (Senaratne et al., 2010: 41).

a. , . (Herbers), , (Herbers, 2004). , , , , (Senaratne et al., 2010: 35). , (), () () , , , , .

. 6.

67 , 1967. (: . )Fig. 6. Habitat 67 in Montreal, 1967. (author: . Safdie)

51

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(Quale) (Quale, 2006). , . , , . . , , . . , , 67 (Habitat 67) (Moshe Safdie) 1967. . Eo 6. (. 6) .

, , . (Maas) , : , , , , ? (Maas, 2007). , , . , , (Durmisevic, 2006: 51). , , . , , . , , . , . , , . , . (Habraken), :

; ; (Durmisevic, 2006: 84).

60- , , - ., , . (Kurokawa) (Nakagin Capsule Tower) 1972. ., , , . (. 7)

. 7.

, 1972. (: . )Fig. 7.

Nakagin Capsule Tower, 1972. (author: . Kurokawa)

52

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, , (Schneider&Till, 2005). (Schneider) (Till) , , , . , (Schneider&Till, 2005: 164). , . , , , . . , . (support level) (infill level),

, - (T-trees) 12, . , , , , , . . (. 8)

. 8.

-, 2009. (: . (. Azhiyev) . (I. Kudryavtsev))Fig. 8.

T-trees social housing project, 2009. (authors: . azhiyev & I. Kudryavtsev)

12 T -trees ReBurbia 2009. , .

53

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, , . , , . (. 9) . , . . , , (Reeves, 2005: 218). - , , . , , , (UNECE, 2006: 86). .

. 9.

-

Fig. 9. Flexible use of modules in T-trees

social housing project

54

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

, , . , , , . , , , , , . , . , , , . (. 10)

, , , . , , . .

, , , , . , , , (mily Talen) - (Talen, 2008).

. 11. , 2011. (: + (Buensalido+Architects))Fig. 11. Social housing in Cabuyao, 2011. (authors: Buensalido+architects)

. 10. , 2003. (: (De Vijf Architects))Fig. 10. Student housing in Utrecht, 2003. (authors: De Vijf architects)

55

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, , . (. 11) , , , . , , .

, , , . , . , , . , , , . , , - . , , . off-site , . , . , . , , . , . - . ( 1)

1. Scheme 1. Model of sustainable modularity

56

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, , , . , , , , , . ( 2) , . , , - . , , ,

2.

Scheme 2.Model of static and dynamic modularity

a

a

, , , . , ( , -) , , . 1. (), , , , , - . (. 12. . 13)

. 12. . 13.

, , 2003. (: ) Fig.12. and Fig.13. Raines Court, London, 2003. (authors: aHMM) - street and courtyard elevation

57

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2. ( ) (Social Housing Block Ofis Architects), ( ), . , . , , . (. 14)3. () (Quinta Monroy lemental) - , , , ( on site ), , . , , . , . (. 15 . 16)

. 15. . 16. , , 2004. (: ) Fig.15. and Fig.16.Quinta Monroy, Iquique, 2004. (authors: Elemental) - basic and extended model

.14. , , 2006. (: )Fig.14. Social Housing Block, Izola, 2006. (authors: ofis architects)

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, , , , , . , , , . , . , , , , , , . , , . , , , - . , , : , , , , , , , . , . , , , , , . . , , , ( . Rogan et al, 2000). a , , . , , , , , , .

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60

* , ..., , e-mail: mihajlovvladimir@yahoo.com

, (43007), M , 2011 - 2014. .

, . , , . , , (, - , ), ( ). , , , . , . , , (, , ) . , , . : , , ,

BETWEEN INFORMATION SySTEMS AND PHySICAL STRUCTURE OF THE CITy: NEW CAUSES OF CLIMATE

CHANGESAbstract

Because of the frequent and significant spatial transformations, an increasing climate change regime in urban areas occurs. In

this paper a comprehensive reflection on these changes is analysed, concerning one of the major causes the social

transformation and the growing use of information, networks and technology, used by city dwellers in everyday life. advanced

communications and the Internet provide urban concentration and decentralization, creating new spatial and geographic

network, with a new allocation of space, for manufacturing and services. The consequence may be recognized in increasing

individualization and social habits of city dwellers, as well as in modified way of households use, changing neighbourhoods and

public spaces, transport systems, as the final outcome is the climate change. In this paper, the interdependence between information networks is emphasised between virtual and

physical environment, as well as changes in the way of life of the city, which ultimately lead to a new trigger for climate change.

Users have never been more mobile in the physical space (commuting and tourist travel), while in the virtual space they

are associated with the fixed points everybody can be located, by using email or social network. Unexpectedly, the cause of the

problem which is considered in this paper, is inceased mobility in the real space, while city dwellers remain in one place, by using

their virtual electronic connections. Thus, the role of city dwellers in creating climate change depends upon their spatial

distribution and relationship towards informations and network activity. as a result, the drivers in city development are

recoznized on network nodes. Current crises in the global environment (economic, climate and social) indicate the need to

develop multi-functional environment and a greater appreciation of natural factors. Therefore, as a decisive factor for

the adaptation of urban structure on climate change is the integration of urban and spatial planning, urban design and

architecture, through the public intervention of the state.Keywords: information networks, urban structure, climate

change, public intervention

:

*

: 2011, : 2011.

UDK: 551.583:71/.72]:004.738, ID BRoJ: 189383948 , DoI: 10.5937/arhurb1133060M

61

/33/2011/ 60-65 / :

61

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, . ( ), . , , , ( Harvey, 2009). , , , . , ? , , , .1

, , , 75% 21. .2

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