BAI GIANG TRONG HOA CÚC(RAT DAY DU)

trung tm knkn qung tr Cng ha x hi ch ngha vit nam

trung tm knkn qung tr Cng ha x hi ch ngha vit nam

trm knkn Gio linh c lp - T do - Hnh phc

BI GING

K THUT TRNG HOA CC

PHN I : L THUYT

I. C IM SINH VT HC CA CY HOA CC. 1. R: R ca cy hoa Cc l loi r chm, phn ln pht trin theo chiu ngang,phn b tng t mt t 5-20cm. Kch thc cc r trong b r hoa cc chnh lch nhau khng nhiu, s lng r rt ln do vy kh nng ht nc v dinh dng rt mnh. Hoa cc ch yu trng bng nhn v tnh nn cc r khng pht sinh t mm r ca ht m t nhng r mc mu ca thn (gi l mt) nhng phn ngay st mt t. 2.Thn : Cy thuc thn tho nh, c nhiu t gin d gy cng ln cng cng, cy dng ng hoc b. Kch thc thn cao hay thp, to hay nh, cng hay mm ph thuc vo tng ging v thi v trng. Nhng ging nhp ni thn thng to, mp, thng v gin, ngc li nhng ging Cc di hay ging c truyn Vit Nam thn nh mnh v cong. Thn c ng tit nha m trng, mch c bn ngn n. 3.L : Thng l l n khng c l km, mc so le nhau, bn l x thy lng chim, phin l mm mng c th to hay nh, mu sc xanh m hay nht ph thuc vo tng ging. Mt di phin l bao ph mt lp lng t, mt trn nhn, gn hnh mng. Trong mt chu k sinh trng cy c t 30-50 l trn thn. 4. Hoa, Qu : Hoa Cc ch yu c 2 dng : Dng lng tnh: Trong hoa c c nh c v nhu ci. Dng n tnh : Trong hoa ch c nh c hoc nhu ci, i khi c loi v tnh ( khng c c nhy, nh, hoa ny thng pha ngoi u). Mi hoa gm rt nhiu hoa nh gp li trn mt cung hoa, hnh thnh hoa t u trng m mi u trng l mt bng hoa. Trong thc t tu theo mc ch s dng m ngi ta mt bng trn mt cnh hay nhiu bng trn mt cnh. Mu sc ca hoa Cc rt khc nhau, hu nh c tt c cc mu t nhin: Trng, vng, , tm, hng, nu, xanh. Trong , trn mi bng hoa c th c mt mu duy nht, c th c vi mu ring bit hoc c rt nhiu mu pha trn, to nn mt th gii mu sc v cng phong ph v a dng.Tu theo cch sp xp ca cnh hoa m ngi ta phn ra thnh nhm hoa kp (c nhiu vng hoa sp xp trn bng) v nhm hoa n (ch c mt vng hoa trn bng). Nhng cnh hoa nm pha ngoi c mu sc m hn, xp nhiu tng, st nhau, cht hay lng tu tng ging, cnh hoa c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau: cong hoc thng, c loi cnh ngn, c loi cnh di, cun ra ngoi hay cun vo trong. ng knh ca bng hoa ph thuc vo ging, ging hoa to c ng knh 10-12cm, loi trung bnh 5-7cm v loi nh 1-2cm. Hoa c 4-5 nh c dnh vo nhau lm thnh 1 ng bao xung quanh vi nhy, bao phn n pha trong theo khe nt dc, khi phn nh c chn, bao phn n tung ht phn ra ngoi nhng lc ny nhy cha n tui trng thnh, cha c kh nng tip nhn ht phn v vy s th phn, th tinh khng thnh, dn n qu khng ht, mun c ht ging phi th phn nh su b hoc th phn nhn to cho hoa.Qu b, ng, cha mt ht, qu c chm lng do i tn ti pht tn ht, c phi thng m khng c ni nh.II. GII THIU GING HOA CC.

Hoa cc trng ph bin Vit Nam t rt lu, tri qua nhiu nm, cng vi cc k thut lai ghp, cc phng php trng hoa mi, cht lng v chng loi hoa cc Vit Nam c ci thin rt nhiu, cho n nay c khong trn 70 ging hoa cc c trng ti Vit Nam. Cc ging hoa cc gm:1. Nhm i o: Hoa n: Mu vng, trng, , tm , hoa ln 6-7cm, cnh kp, thi gian t khi trng cy con n thu hoach khong 85- 90 ngy.

Hoa chm: Mu cam, vng ngh, vng chanh, trng... Hoa 4-5 cm, cnh kp, thi gian t khi trng cy con n thu hoch khong 85- 90 ngy.

2. Nhm hoa nh: Cc T ong: Mu trng, vng, vng ngh, xanh kt, m, tm...Nhy dng t ong, nhiu hoa, Hoa 2-2,5cm, thi gian t khi trng cy con n thu hoch 75-80 ngy.

Cc Vn th: Mu trng, vng, cam, . Cnh kp phn b kiu hoa vn th. Hoa 3-5cm, thi gian t khi trng cy con n thu hoch 75 ngy.

Cc Ping pong: Mu trng, vng. Cnh kp. Hoa to u 3-5cm, thi gian t khi trng cy con n thu hoch 75- 80 ngy. Cc Cnh mai: Mu tm, hng, , vng nht, vng m, vng chy, trng, cam, cam m, nu nht...Hoa 1-2 lp cnh. Hoa 2,5-3cm, thi gian t khi trng cy con n thu hoch 75-80 ngy. Cc cnh qy: Mu tm, vng, hoa 1 lp cnh mng. Hoa 4-5cm, thi gian t khi trng cy con n thu hoch 75 ngy. Cc Tiger: Mu vng-, tm-trng. Hoa 1lp cnh, dng mung. Hoa 2-2,5 cm, thi gian t khi trng cy con n thu hoch 75 ngy. 3.Nhm cc ta: Ta c mung: Trng, vng ngh, xanh kt...Cnh kp. Hoa 4-5 cm, thi gian t khi trng cy con n thu hoch 75 -85 ngy. Ta khng mung: Mu trng, vng tui, , xanh... Cnh kp dng ng thng. Hoa 4-5 cm, thi gian t khi trng cy con n thu hoch 75 -85 ngy.* Tuy nhin i vi a bn tnh Qung Tr, do nn nhit bnh qun trong nm cao, mt khc cn c vo nhu cu th hiu ca ngi dn ia phng, nn ch yu trng cc ging hoa cc sau y: - Cc Pha L: Ch yu 2 ging CN93 v CN98, c ngun gc t Nht Bn, cnh hoa to, mu vng ti, l ging cc n i, nhn ging bng phng php gim cnh hoc nui cy m, tuy nhin phng php gim cnh d b thoi ha, cnh hoa nh, cy nh, nn ch yu nhn ging bng phng php nui cy m. Thi gian t khi trng cy con n khi thu hoch trong v ng xun khong 75- 85 ngy, c th trng trn vn nh hoc trong chu.

- Cc i a: Th trng tiu th ch yu mu vng ti, ngoi ra cn c mt s mu khc nh: Tm, vng ngh, trng, cnh hoa to, p, lu tn, thi gian t khi trng cy con n thu hoch trong v ng xun khong 85- 90 ngy, c th trng trn vn nh hoc trong chu.

- Cc Lt: Mu vng ti, cnh hoa to, lu tn, cy cao 85- 90cm, ch yu trng trong chu, thi gian t khi trng cy con n thu hoach trong v ng xun khong 80- 85 ngy.- Ging Cc chm: Cy cao va phi, t 65-75cm, hoa mu vng, ta, trng, cnh hoa nh, d trng, thi gian t khi trng cy con n thu hoach trong v ng xun khong 75 ngy.III. K THUT NHN GING HOA CC

1. K thut to cy ging bng gim cnh

* Lm t, chn cy m:

y l mt bin php k thut n gin ang c p dng ph bin, mun c cnh gim tt phi chun b vn cy nguyn liu (cy m). H s nhn cc theo phng php ny t t 15-20 ln, tc l trng t 15-20 ha cn phi c 1 ha vn cy m.Vic la chn b tr vn cy m, cn phi t tiu chun ca vn sn xut hoa. Ngoi ra, cn phi c mt s yu cu khc, l cao ro, kn gi, thun tin cho vic vn chuyn, bo qun mm cy con v c iu kin lm nh che ni lng n gin trnh ma to, gi ln, bo lt, nng nng cao. Nhng mm cy m c chn em trng l nhng cy ra r nhiu, kho mnh, khng su bnh. Cn ln lung cao, thot nc, trng vi khong cch 15x15 cm (mt xp x 400.000 cy/ha. S d tnh ton nh th ny l v c khong 90% t trng thc t, cn khong 10% dng lm rnh gia cc lung). Lng phn bn cho 1 so (500m2) vn cy m nh sau:

-Phn chung hoai mc: 2,0 tn.

- m ur: 17 kg.

- Phn supe ln: 36 kg.

- Phn clorua kali: 13 kg.

Sau khi trng 12-15 ngy, tin hnh bm ngn ln 1 cy to ra nhiu nhnh v 20 ngy sau bm ngn ln 2. Sau ln bm ngn ln 2 t 1 cy cho ta 9-15 mm c th ct em gim, ng thi ln bm ny cng c tc dng tip tc to tn, to mm cho cy. Sau , c khong 15-20 ngy ta li thu c mt la mm, lc ny t mt cy c th cho ti 50-70 mm, c vi mc nh vy trong 1 v (khong 4-6 thng) 1 so vn cy m c th cho ti 223.000-297.000 mm gim c cht lng tt, trng cho t 15-20 so vn sn xut.* Thi v gim cnh: Thi v gim cc ph thuc vo thi v trng cc sn xut ly hoa. Nh vy cn tnh ton trc khi trng ra rung sn xut 10-15 ngy vi ma nng v 15-20 ngy vi ma lnh th tin hnh gim cnh. Nu gim vo v Thu-ng hoc v Xun-H lc ny thi tit mt m, m cao, vic gim tin hnh d dng. Gim vo v ng thng 10-12 tri hanh kh cn phi c bin php gi m. Gim vo v H thng 6-8 tri nng to, c th ma ln th phi c bin php hn ch cc iu kin bt thun ny.Chun b nh gim, nn t gim:

Nh gim n gin, lm t nhng thanh st, hoc cy tre un thnh hnh vm cung, chiu rng vm 2,2-2,5m, chiu cao t 1,8-2m, vm c che ph 2 lp. Lp trn l loi li che, c tc dng hn ch cng nh sng v lm gim nhit . Pha trong l lp ni lng trng c tc dng ngn ma, gi v gi m trong nh gim. Thit k sao cho 2 lp ni lng ny c th ko ln, ko xung iu chnh lng nh sng, gi t bn ngoi vo.

Gi th gim cc c th l t ph sa, t tht nh hay t bn ao, nhng tt nht l chn ct sch. Trc khi gim cn phi ct sch v dng Belnat x l, dit cc mm mng bnh trong ct. Cc lung gim cnh cn lm cao ro, thot nc, dng gch, ngi chn ct khng b ri xung rnh.

* Tiu chun cnh gim:

Chn cnh gim bnh t, khng qu gi, khng qu non. Chiu di cnh gim 6-8cm, c khong 3-4l/cnh. Cc l trn cnh u xanh tt, khng b su bnh, sc sng cnh gim kho.

*Mt khong cch gim:

Mt gim ph thuc vo ging v thi v. Mt s ging c cnh to, l nhiu gim vi mt 3x3cm, tc 1.000 cnh/m2. Ging cnh nh l t gim dy hn 2,5x2,5cm, tc1.600 cnh/m2, ma thu gim dy hn ma h.

*K thut gim cnh:

Vic ct cnh nn tin hnh vo bui sng. Khng nn ct vo bui tra, hoc nhng ngy c my m, hoc sau nhng cn ma, v s lm mt sc sng ca cnh ct. Trc khi ct, nn phun thuc phng tr nm bnh, rp. Khi ct xong, gim lin trong ngy, khng nn n ngy sau. Ngn gim cn ct vt st mt tng din tch tip xc vi t, nc, kch thch cy mau ra r. C th tin hnh cc hnh thc gim nh sau:

- Gim kh tc l cm ngn gim vo ct sau mi ti m nc.

- Gim t tc l ti m nc vo ct sau cm ngn gim.

Sau khi gim phi che kn gi, che bt nh sng t 5-7 ngy to bng ti cho cnh gim nhanh pht sinh r non.

Sau , ty theo thi tit, m c th ko di lp li v ni lng che mt cch t t cy quen dn vi nh sng. Trc khi nh cy ra trng ngoi vn sn xut nn b li v ni lng che lc trng, cy khng b sc sinh l. C th tng cng kh nng ra r ca cy bng cch s dng cht kch thch sinh trng x l cnh gim. Cht kch thch thng c s dng l axit indol axtic (IAA), axit indola butyric (IBA) v axit naphtyl axetic (NAA). Do ngn gim mm nh, dng thn tho nn nng dung dch thuc phi pha long khong t 25-50ppm (cc loi thuc ny c pha sn dng ch phm c bn trn th trng). Cnh gim trc khi cm vo ct c nhng vo dung dch thuc, ngp 1-1,5cm trong khong 10-15 giy. Cng c th s dng kch thch t thin nng, hoc mt s thuc kch thch ra r ca Trung Quc, x l u cho hiu qu rt tt.

*Chm sc cnh gim:

Giai on trong vn m khng cn phi bn phn, ch cn lun gi m bng cch phun m trn l. Nhng ngy u phun ngy 3-4 ln sao cho l cy lun m bo xanh ti khng ho, nhng ngy sau c th gim dn s ln ti phun. Dng kp gp b nhng l thi, l b dnh t, l b rng hoc nhng cnh b kh, thi ngn chn s lan truyn sang cy khc.

Cng c th s dng phn bn l vi liu lng thp, phun cho cy vo giai on cc cnh gim bt u bn r. Phng php ny c th b sung lng dinh dng cho cy khi r cy cn yu, cha cung cp thc n.

Sau 12-15 ngy k t khi gim, r ca cc cnh gim di t 2-3cm, mi cnh ra 3-5 r l c th em ra trng ngoi sn xut.

2. K thut to cy ging bng cch tch mm gi.

Thng thng, sau mi v thu hoch, cc mm gi pht sinh rt nhiu. Ta chn v ta nhng mm mp, khe, c r em trng sang vn m hoc vn sn xut. Cch lm ny rt n gin, trc kia ngi dn hay p dng.

Mm gi thng to khe nn kh nng sinh trng pht trin mnh, cho hoa tt nhng thi gian t trng n cho hoa lu hn so vi gim cnh (v tui sinh trng ca mm gi tr hn so vi cnh nhnh em gim). Cn mt nhc im na l hnh dng t nhin ca cc rung sn xut khng u. Trong thc t sn xut vi quy m nh, ta c th tng s lng cy m vn m bo cht lng. Khi em trng ngoi vn sn xut, t nhng cy cc c nhiu mm chi pht sinh xung quanh gc, tch nhng mm ny em trng cho thu hoa.

Nu ta khng c nh tn dng mm gi, th tt nht khi mm va nh ln, ta vt b tp trung dinh dng nui cy chnh.

IV. K THUT TRNG V CHM SC. 1. K thut trng

* Lm t ln lung:

t c cy su, phi i trc khi trng 20-25 ngy, nhm dit c di v to thng thong, tt nht nn x l vi lc cy v t, lng vi x l 30-35kg/so 500 m2, ngoi ra c th dng thuc x l t nh Basudin dit kin, mi, su trong t, sau cy li ln 2 v ba k, ln lung cao 20-30cm hoc 30-35cm, ty theo chn t, chn lung rng 1,2m, mt lung rng 1,0m, tin hnh bn phn lt khong 15-20 ngy trc khi trng. Nn bn nhiu phn chung s lm cho t thm thun thc, ci to c kt cu ca t, gip cho cy bn lu, cht lng hoa tt hn.* Thi v trng:

Ch yu v ng xun, trng cy con vo khong 15-20/9 m lch, tc vo khong cui thng 10 n u thng 11 dng lch hng nm (i vi ging c thi gian sinh trng t 100-105 ngy), cn i vi nhng ging c thi gian sinh trng t 75-80 ngy th trng vo khong 10-15/10 m lch, tc l vo khong 25-28 thng 11 dng lch hng nm.* Tiu chun cy con v cch trng:Tiu chun cy em trng l nhng cy xanh tt kho mnh, chiu cao cy bnh qun khong 8,5-10cm, chu vi gc khong 1,2-1,5 cm, c b r pht trin tt, khng b cong queo, gy ngn, khng b su bnh gy hi.Tt nht nn phn loi cy con trc khi em trng, cc cy c hnh dng, kch thc, b r, sc sng nh nhau trng thnh mt lung, cn cc cy yu hn trng lung khc, nh vy cy s pht trin ng u sau ny.* Cch trng nh sau: Chn ngy rm mt hoc trng vo bui chiu mt, ti nh lung t c chun b sau dng dm nh hoc ly tay mc l trng, khi trng xong ly tay n cht gc. Dng rm mm hoc rc che ph gc gi m cho cy v hn ch s ng vng lp t mt. Dng bnh doa hoc vi phun nh ti m lung.Mt , khong cch trng: Vi hoa cc n 1 bng/cy: Vng i Loan, vng h, CN42, CN43 nn trng vi khong cch 12 x 15cm c mt khong 480.000 cy/ha; Vi hoa cc cnh (nhiu bng/cnh) nn trng vi mt 15 x 18cm c mt 370.000 cy/ha.* Phn bn v cch bn:

- Khi lng (tnh cho 1 so 500 m2 ): 1,5 tn phn chung hoai mc, 14 kg ur, 40 kg supe ln, 14 kg Kali clorua, 30 kg vi bt.

- Cch bn: 100% vi bn lc cy v t. Bn lt ton b phn chung + 2/3 supe ln + 1/3 kali. Phn bn lt c ri u trn lung, sau ba k cho phn ln su xung t. Lng phn cn li chia bn thc lm 3 t: Sau khi trng cy bn r hi xanh (khong 15 ngy), chun b phn ha mm hoa, hoa bt u n. C th rch hng 2 bn hng cy, gia 2 hng cy rc phn kt hp xi xo v ti nc hoc ha phn bn vo nc ri ti cho cy theo rnh, phun sng...

* Lm c vun xi:

Lm c thng xuyn cho cy. Vic vun xi ch nn tin hnh khi cy cn nh, khi cy ln cn hn ch.

2. Chm sc hoa Chm sc hoa cc l mt trong nhng cng on ht sc quan trng m bo cho cy pht trin tt v tng cht lng hoa, cng vic c th nh sau.

*Bm ngn

Mun cc c nhiu hoa, phi tin hnh bm ngn cho cy, tc l ngt 1-2 t trn ngn ca thn chnh. Thng ch nn bm ngn 1 ln, sau khi bm ngn ch li 3- 4 cnh v mi cnh ch 1 bng, ri ta ht cc nhnh, n cn li. Cch ny nn p dng cho ging cc c ng knh 6-8cm, thn cy mng, yu v cong... i vi ging cc nh (1,5- 4cm), dng cy bi, cnh mm c th tin hnh bm 1-2 ln. Thi gian bm ln 1 sau trng 15-20 ngy, cc ln sau bm cch nhau 20- 25 ngy.

*Ti nc

Trnh trng ni thp, ng trng v nc. Lng nc ti nn va phi gi m, khng ti qu nhiu lm cho hoa b v xu, t mn b ra tri, nc khng kp thot dn n bnh vng l...

*Lm cc, dn

t phi c xi xo thng xuyn, kt hp lm c. Nhng khi cy pht trin mnh v c nhiu r khng nn xi su, ch cn nh c v vun gc l c. Song song vic vun xi, cn lm cc cho cy khi vi s lng t 1-3 cc/cy.

*Ta cnh, bm n

Sau khi bm ngn v nh cc cnh trn cy cn bm, ta ht cc cnh v n ra sau khi nh hng n sc cy. Trong sut v phi ta b khong 7-9 ln nhng cnh khng cn thit, ng thi cng ta bt cc n xung quanh n chnh cho hoa ra to, u, c mu sc p.

*Bc kn hoa

Dng giy trng m, dai, khng thm nc lm bao che. Kch thc bao che phi tng xng vi kch thc hoa. t bao che ln hoa khi n va mi h n, bao che phi t sao cho y hoa khng chm vo mt hoa v nc ma, nc ti d thot, khng ng trn bao che. Ch t bao che ln nhng hoa kh ro, khng c rp v nm bnh. Trong thi gian dng bao che, bn m va phi, khng bn nhiu, nhng tt nht l bn kh du hay phn bc, nc tiu cho hoa n to, bn, gi c mu sc p.

3. K thut trng hoa cc trong chu:

* Chu trng.- ng knh: 25-30 cm, 45-50 cm, 60-65 cm...

- Chiu cao: Ti thiu 20 cm.

* Gi th.- Ti xp, thot nc tt v sch bnh. Hn hp gi th bao gm: 40% ct + 30% x da ( qua x l cht) + 10% tro + 10% phn chung + 10% phn vi sinh.

- pH=6,0-7,0 ( C th x l vi gim chua)

* Vt t.- Tm cm:Tre, trc, , chiu cao ti thiu 1m

- H thng chiu sng: 6m2/1bng n (75-100W), cao 1,2 m so vi ngn cy.

- Dy ct: Dy km nh, mm.

C th trng cc t ht ging, cnh chit, hoc mua ti vn m. Nn s dng t thch hp trng hoa cc trong cc chu cnh p c b sung cht dinh dng cho cy. R ca cy hoa Cc l loi r chm, phn ln pht trin theo chiu ngang, phn b tng t mt t 5-20cm. Kch thc cc r trong b r Cc chnh lch nhau khng nhiu, s lng r rt ln do vy kh nng ht nc v dinh dng rt mnh. Nn loi t thch hp cho Cc l t tht nh, ti xp, c bit l t ph sa mi, b mt bng phng, kh nng thot nc tt.

Thi gian thch hp tin hnh trng hoa cc vo chu l vo ngy rm mt, hoc trng vo bui chiu mt, ti nh lung t c chun b sau dng dm nh trng. Khi trng xong ly tay n cht gc.Dng rm mm hoc mn rc che ph gc v dng bnh vi phun nh ti m lung. Mn rm va c tc dng gi m cho cy va c tc dng hn ch s ng vng lp t mt, lm cho nc ti c th xung r mt cch d dng.*Ti nc cho hoa

Nhng ngy u, ti nc cn ht sc nh nhng trnh lay gc, tri cy. Khng cc l di dnh vo t hoc bn t bn ln cc l non lm bt cc kh khng, nh hng n s quang hp, h hp v s bc hi nc ca b l khi cy cha hi xanh tr li. Cc cn ti nc trong sut qu trnh sinh trng ca cy, nhng khng cn nhiu.

Nn la chn cc loi chu cnh p c kh nng thot nc tt cy khng b ng gc.Trong thc t, ngi ta thng kt hp gia ti nc v bn phn cho cy, va cung cp lng nc cn va b sung dinh dng gip cy pht trin.

* Bn phn cho cc:Ngoi lng phn bn lt cho cc trc khi trng , ta cn phi tin hnh b sung nh k phn bn cho cc trong sut qu trnh pht trin ca cy. Nguyn tc chung ca vic bn phn l bn ng lc, ng cch v ng liu lng. C nh vy ccca chng ta mi c th d dng pht trin tt.

* Lm c, vun gc cho cc chu hoa ccCc l cy trng cn, rt cn oxy trong t cho qu trnh h hp, do phi thng xuyn tin hnh lm c kt hp vi xi xo v vun chu. Cng vic ny ch nn thc hin cho cy di 40 ngy tui, qua thi im ny r cy pht trin mnh v lan rng, nu tin hnh vun xi thng xuyn s nh hng n b r v iu ny hon ton khng c li cho cy.

V.K THUT TC NG HOA CC N VO DP TT.

1. Nguyn tc chung.

*Bm ngn:

Cn c vo mc ch sn xut, c im sinh hc ca tng ging hoa v thi v quyt nh thi im trng hoc bm ngn. Trong v ng xun, nu trng trc thi v hoa n vo dp Tt cn bm ngn hoc n cy theo lch thi v ly mm mi cho hoa n vo dp tt. Sau iu chnh s lng mm m bo mt yu cu, cn i lng phn bn v chm sc nh cy trng mi.*Ta cnh, bm n: Sau khi bm ngn v nh v cnh chnh trn cy cn bm, ta b ht cc cnh cn li khi nh hng n sc sinh trng ca cy, tp trung cht dinh dng cy nui cnh chnh v cng to tn cho cy.Trong v ng xun, cn ta b nhng nhnh khng cn thit t 7-9 ln. Trn mi cnh hoa cng pht sinh rt nhiu n, cn ta bt cc n xung quanh n chnh.*Ti nc:

Cy cc c th chu hn nhng khng chu ng nn cn trng nhng chn t cao, thot nc. Ti m bo m, khng ti qu nhiu nc.*Vun xi, cm cc gin:

Thi gian sau trng cn kt hp vun xi vi bn thc ln 1. Khi cy phn cnh mnh, b r pht trin n ngang c nhiu r ph, cn hn ch xi xo trnh nh hng ti s sinh sn ca cy. T thi gian ny ch nn nh c, vun, ta cc l gi xung quanh gc. Vun gc cao s lm pht nhiu sinh mt r, mm gi, lm nh hng ti cy.Khi qun th cy hoa cao 35-40cm, ta c th cm cc, lm gin cho cy. Cc lung cn c khung gin, chia v cng dy chn phng chng gi ng bc; ng thi m bo cy hoa mc thng, u, p.* V sinh lung: Hoa cc thng d b nm, do vy trong khung lung cn v sinh thng xuyn, loi b l thi, a vng; khng ti nc bn, m bo s thng thong trong khung lung.Cc bin php iu chnh hoa cc n: Nguyn tc chung iu chnh hoa cc n l dng phng php tnh ngc thi gian v thi im sinh trng ca hoa tng ng.2. Xc nh thi im trng:

Thi gian sinh trng ca hoa cc ph thuc nhiu vo din bin thi tit v iu kin ngoi cnh. Tu theo c im loi ging, chn t, cng nh sng v d bo din bin thi tit la chn cy ging v x dch thi im trng. Trong v ng xun, trng cc trn t ct pha th thi gian sinh trng ngn hn trn t tht, st nh t 10 n 20 ngy.3. Chn cy ging:

m bo kho mnh, ng u, tiu chun cht lng v trng ng k thut rt ngn thi gian phc hi sinh trng. Qun th cy ging tt l iu kin thun li cho qu trnh chm sc v iu chnh hoa n.4. Bn phn v chm sc:

Cn c vo c im sinh hc ca cy hoa cc, tnh cht t ai, kh hu v din bin thi tit vi tng giai on sinh trng bn phn v chm sc cho ph hp. Ch trng vic bm ta iu chnh s lng mm nhnh, thn cnh, n hoa... iu chnh thi gian n hoa.Bn phn cho hoa cc cn y v cn i. Nu bn thiu cy s b ci cc v hoa n, d b su bnh ph hoi. Nu bn tha phn thn cy s vng cao, l nhiu, d b , kh nng chng chu km. Cc loi phn chnh cn cho hoa cc gm: phn chung, phn bc, phn m, ln, kali, phn vi sinh, phn vi lng... giai on phn ho mm hoa v vn hoa, nu bn tng lng m s lm thi gian n hoa chm li. Ch , nhng cy sinh trng pht trin km c th bn thc nhiu hn qun th hoa ng u.4. Dng ngun nc:

Nu qun th cy sinh trng mnh, chm phn ho mm hoa v vn hoa, d tnh s n mun so vi Tt th phi hm kh, ngng cung cp nc t ngt. Nu khi thc hin gp tri ma th c th xi xo nh, lm t 10-15% b r cy chuyn hn sang giai on thc ra hoa.Nu qun th cy sinh trng km, c th biu hin ra hoa sm, cn bn tng lng m, ti phn hu c v m bo y nhu cu nc ca cy lm chm qu trnh n hoa.Vo nhng nm c nhit bnh qun thng 12 m lch cao, c nng m km theo lm tc n hoa nhanh, c th che ph v ti phun t l hoa trong thi gian nng hn ch tc n hoa. hoa cc cng, p, ti lu th t 23/12 m lch tr i ngng ti nc cho hoa.5. Dng phn bn qua l v cht kch thch sinh trng:

Khi s dng cn ch n thi im pht trin ca cy hoa, mc ch cn t c iu chnh liu lng, nng cho ph hp. Ring i vi loi thuc GA3 thng dng y nhanh tc vn ngn, cn ch khng dng mun, liu lng cao.6. Dng nh sng:

Khi thi gian chiu sng trong ngy di trn 13 gi th cy giai on sinh trng dinh dng. Thi gian chiu sng ngn, t 10 n 11 gi v nhit khng kh khong 12 C th cy chuyn hn sang qu trnh sinh trng sinh thc v phn ho mm hoa. Do vy, khi qun th rung hoa c biu hin sinh trng chm, ngn hi rt li, l nh v xp mau, cy phn ho mm hoa trc 5/11 m lch, d tnh cy s n hoa trc Tt th chiu ti c th dng n in tng thi gian chiu sng cho rung hoa trn 13 gi/ngy lm chm qu trnh phn ho mm hoa.7. Cc yu t khc.

Ngoi ra, cn c th dng thm mt s bin php khc nh tc ng c gii ln r, thn, l; lm thng thong bn trong mt lung.

VI. THU HOCH, BO QUN HOA CC.Xc nh thi im thu hoch:

Thu hoch khi hoa n khong 2/3 s cnh hoc n gn hon ton cnh vng ngoi trn cy.C hai yu t chnh nh hng n bn ca hoa l iu kin trng (bao gm phn bn, ti nc, m, nh sng, nhit , phng tr su bnh, mi trng khi thu hoch) v iu kin sau thu hoch (thi gian thu hoch, k thut thu hi, nhit , m , nh sng).

duy tr s sng ca cnh hoa lu hn (tng tui th ca cnh hoa) cn phi ngn cn qu trnh thot hi nc, hn ch s xm nhp ca nm, vi khun v b sung lng nc, dinh dng thch hp cho cnh hoa. gi hoa ti lu cn phi tun th theo cc quy trnh k thut sau y:

PRIVATE "TYPE=PICT;ALT="Trc khi thu hoch 7-10 ngy , nn ti dung dch phn ln v kali nng thp cho cy vi liu lng 30kg P2O5; 30 kg K2O/ha, ng thi phun thuc dit tr su bnh. Trc khi thu hoch mt ngy ti m nc, gip cy trng thi no nc, ch l ch ti vo gc, trnh ti vo cnh hoa hoc lm gip nt v ng nc bng hoa.

2. K thut ct hoa:

Thi gian ct hoa tt nht l vo bui sng hoc chiu mt, tri kh ro khng ma. Khng nn ct vo lcgia tra v lc ny cng nh sng ln, nhit d cao, kh khng ca l m to, lng nc bc hi mnh dn n mt nc nhanh, hoa nhanh h, kh hi phc. La chn nhng bng hoa n khong 2/3 s cnh hoc n gn hon ton cnh vng ngoi trn cy, nu ct mang i xa c th ct nhng bng t n hn, dung dao ct vt st gc, cch mt t 5-10 cm. Khi ct xong dc ngc cnh xung nhng o hoa ln n khng b gy.

3. X l sau khi thu hoch:

Nhng cnh hoa ct, c phn loi v x l : C th phn lm hai loi :

Loi 1 : Chn nhng cnh to mp, bng p, khng gy cnh, khng c vt bnh, xp thnh tng b khong 50-100 cnh.

Loi 2: Chn nhng cnh xu hn xp thnh tng b. ng thi vi phn loi cnh, cn ta b l gi a,ct li cnh cho bng u sau ngm ngay vo nc sch ngp su -2/4 chiu di cnh, dng bnh phun m, phun t m l, ch khng nc ng trn mt bng hoa, sau a vo ch mt, kn gi hay phng lnh bo qun.

Trong trng hp vn chuyn cc i tiu th ni xa c th ng hoa trong cc thng carton c chiu di 120 cm, chiu rng 60 cm. Mt thng c th xp 1500 bng cc. Thng carton c c cc l xung quanh cnh hoa c th h hp c, trc khi cho vo thng, khng c nc ng trn cnh, l. Thng carton c y np v chuyn vo cc xe vn chuyn chuyn dng. Cng c th s dng mt s loi ho cht x l nhm tng them tui th ca hoa cc, nh STS (silver thiosulphate) pha vo nc v cm b hoa vo trong , n c tc dng dit tr cc loi vi khun c hi cho hoa.

v thn r trn mt lung... VII. PHNG TR SU BNH HI HOA CC

1. Rp mui:

Thng gy hi trn cc ging cc CN93, CN98, Vng i Loan, cc gingnhp ni t Singapo.Phng tr: Khi rp mi pht sinh, s lng cn t dng que bng c tm keo dnh bt dp. Bo v cc loi thin ch nh b ra , b ra 2 chm, cc loi ong k sinh, b cnh cng... chngbt rp.

S dng 1 trong cc loi thuc phng tr: Supracide 40ND nng 0,1 - 0,15% (phun 24 lt cho 360m2).

Bassa nng 0,1 - 0,15%, Karate 2,5EC nng 0,5 - 0,1%, Ofatox 400EC nng 0,1 - 0,15%.

2. Su xanh:Su non n l, n hoa. Su trng thnh hot ng v ban m, ban ngy n np vo l cy.Bin php phng tr: Lun canh vi cy la nc tiu dit mm mng su hi. By b chua ngt d su trng thnh vo ban m, ngt trng, bt su non.

S dng 1 trong cc loi thuc: Pegasus 500SC nng 0,07 - 0,1%, Ancol 20ECnng 0,1 - 0,15%. Supracide 40ND nng 0,1 - 0,15% (liu lng 1- 1,5 lt/ha), Decis 2,5EC nng 0,3% hoc Ofatox 400EC nng 0,1 - 0,15% (liu lng 1 - 1,5 lt/ha).3. Su khoang:Sng thnh tng m di l hoc trn hoa, n lp biu b ca l v c rng hoa.

Bin php phng tr: Bin php th cng p dng nh i vi su xanh. S dng 1 trong cc loi thuc: Padan 958 nng 0,1%, Polytrin 400EC nng 0,07 - 0,1% Sumicidin 0,1 - 0,15% hoc c th dng ch phm BT bt thm nc, liu lng 1kg/ha.

4. Bnh m en:Bnh do nm Curvularria gy nn. Dng 1 trong cc loi thuc sau y phng tr: Alvil 5SC nng 0,05 - 0,1%, Tospin nng 0,05 - 0,1%, Maneb BTN nng 0,1-0,3%.5. Bnh g st:Bnh hi mt di l, chi non, cung l, i khi hi c thn cy lm cho teo tp li, la chy, l vng rng sm.

Bnh do nm Pucinia chysanthemi gy ra. Cn thu dn cc tn d l bnh em t, lm v sinh vn hoa c th dng 1 trong cc loi thuc sau y phng tr: Bavistin nng 0,15 - 0,1%.

6. Bnh phn trng:Bnh do nm Didium chysanthemi gy ra. Cn ct b cc l c bnh tiu hu. Bn phn Kali tng sc khng. Dng 1 trong cc loi thuc sau y phng tr: Kasuran nng 0,15%, Derosal nng 0,1-0,15%, Ridomil MZ 72WP nng 0,3%.

7. Bnh m vng:Bnh do nm Altermara Sp gy ra lm cho l thi en v rng. C th dng 1 trong cc loi thuc sau y phng tr: Topsin M70 NP nng 0,05 - 0,1%, Aliette 80NP nng 0,25%.

Ngoi ra, cy hoa cc cng cn b bnh l c r, bnh ho xanh ph hi. Cn theo di thng xuyn phng tr kp thi.* Cc nguyn tc phng tr su bnh:1. Bin php canh tc.t cn c lm k , phi i tng cng hot ng ca vi sinh vt ho kh, tng cng lu thng kh trong t.Lm c xi xo trong lung v rnh lung i trnh ly lan bnh tt, dit b tr, b ci, nhng ca su c thn.Lun canh vi la nc tiu dit cc mm mng gy hi.Bn phn ng giai on v liu lng.Bn vi hn ch sng, ri super ln tiu dit c snTi nc.Vo thi k thu hoch cn trnh ng nc trn tuyn mt gy thi hoa v su bnh pht trin..2. Bin php vt l c giiDng b chua ngt, dng tay ngt b trng, tiu hy cc b phn b su non ph hoi.Dng pheromone lm cht dn d sinh dc ca con ci.X l kho ht ging bng hi nc nngBy cn trng bngpheromone3. Phng php sinh hc.S dng ch phm vi sinh vt gy hi nh V.H.Z Biotrol, Biospor, Muscadin A45M-IccP...S dng cn trng bt mi v k sinh nh b ra, ong k sinh, nhng... dit rp.S dng ng vt n tht v chim tiu dit su hi.Chim n su hi4. Bin php ha hcHiu qu cao, rng.Tiu dit nhanh.Mt cn bng sinh thiHnh thnh ging ln thuci vi cy hoa cc thng dng Anvil 5 SC, Topsin, Kasuran, Derosal, Rovral...Cy hoa cc thng b bnh nguy him nht l bnh r st lm cho l xut hin nhng chm nh hi , chy l...Thng dng Bavistin nng 0,15-0,2%Zineb BTN 0,1-0,3%Topsin M 70 NP 0,05- 0,1%Bnh r st trn hoa cc5. Kim dch thc vtKim dch i ngoi: nhp nhng ging hoa cc sch bnh, qua kim dchKim dch i ni: ngn chn s ly lan bnh tt t vng ny sang vng khc.6. Phng tr tng hp.

S dng tt c cc phng php phng tr dch hi mt cch hi ha, khoa hc.VD: Quy trnh qun l rp gy hi hoa cc gm:1. Dng ging hoa cc chng chu vi rp2. V sinh ng rung, cy i v tiu c t3. Kim tra tiu dit rp bng tay hay h go np ( To cht kt dnh).4. Theo di kim tra nh k pht hin sm rp5. Dng ong k sinh, b cnh cng dit rp6. Khi nng rp ln ti ngng phng tr nn s dng thuc suprecide40ND, Bassa, Karate2,5 EC, Otafoc400 EC...

phn 2: thc hnhTit dy: t tit 1- tit 16Bi 1: Lm t, x l t bn lt phn, ro li bo vI. Mc tiu

- Lm ng cc khu k thut: lm t, bn lt phn, ro li bo v.

- Nghm tc, cn thn trong thc hnh, m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng.II. Chun b

- Dng c lm t: Cuc, xng, co, bay xi

- Thuc x l t: Basudin- Li bo v: di 50m, cao 3m, A=2,5cm x 3,5cm- Phn chung hoai, supe ln, vi bt, kali- Cc cm: Cao 4,5m, ng knh 3-5cm, c th cc tre hoc cy g thng khng b cong queo.III. Hot ng dy hc

1. Kim tra bi c

Kim tra s chun b ca hc vin cc loi dng c ni trn2. Trng tm

Hon thin oc khu ln lung, x l t, ro bo v, m bo ng k thut ra.3. Tin hnh

Hot ng ca gio vinHot ng ca tr

- t trng hoa c lm nh th no?

- Kch thc lung trng hoa, cch x l thuc, x l vi, k thut bn lt phn nh th no ?- Phn chung nh th no?- Cc nhm theo phn cng v tr thc hnh lm thc hnh.- Cc nhm c i din trnh by quy trnh, cch tin hnh cc cng on.

- Cc nhm khc nghe v b sung cho hon thin quy trnh tin hnh.* Bc 1. Lm t, ln lung, bn phn lt, x l thuc, x l vi bt.- Dng cuc, co ln lung. Lung rng 1-1,2m; cao 25-30cm. Rnh gia hai lung rng 40cm, san phng lung

ri vi bt sau khi cuc t ln 1, ri u thuc ha hc theo hng dn, sau ly co, co i co li cho ln xung t, trnh b ra tri. - Cuc v p nh t li mt ln na cho mn, nht sch c di, ri phn chung, ln, kali, trn u vi t.- Ri rm u trn b mt lung, ti nc cho m t.

* Bc2.. Cm cc, ro li.

- Cm cc, khong cch gia cc cc 2,5m, chn cc su 0,5m.

- Ging li, pha trn v pha di c dy lun cho li khng b chng xung.

- Pha di dng cc ngn khong 25cm cm cho li khng b bay ln trn.- Ro li cao 3m, m bo gia cm khng bay vo c lung hoa. ** Hc vin theo s phn cng lm thc hnh.

IV. Cng c

Cc nhm t kim tra cc sn phm ca nhau kim tra cho

Gio vin nh gi gi hc theo cc bc quy trnh thc hin. Nhc nh lp hc chun b vt liu thc hnh trng hoa bi hm sau.Tit dy: t tit 17- tit 25Bi 2. Trng hoaI. Mc tiu

- Lm ng cc khu k thut: m bo trng ng k thut, sau khi trng cy c t l sng cao, pht trin nhanh.- Nghm tc, cn thn trong thc hnh, m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng

II. Chun b

- Dng c : Cy ging, bnh hoa sen, rm b sung.- H thng ti v tiu m bo.

- V ghi chp.

- Bo h lao ng

- Cuc tai nh, cuc rng.III. Hot ng dy hc

1. Kim tra bi c

Kim tra s chun b ca hcvin v cc dng c2. Trng tm

Trng ng k thut, m bo t l sng >90%.3. Tin hnh


- Quy trnh trng hoa tin hnh qua my giai on?

- Khng cch, mt ?- Hy ni cch t mt cy hoa xung t trng?

- su lp t l bao nhiu?

- La chon cy tiu chun em trng nh th no?- Cc nhm theo phn cng v tr thc hnh lm thc hnh- Cc nhm c i din trnh by quy trnh tin hnh c hc.

- Cc nhm khc nghe v b sung cho hon thin quy trnh tin hnh.* Bc 1: Xc nh thi im trng.

- Chn Ngy c ma nh, thi im vo khong t 10-20/11/2012.

- Thi tit khng c gi ng bc ln, tri khng b rt, ban m khng c sng mui, khng c ma ro ln xy ra, trnh h hi cy.* Bc 2. Xc nh khong cch, mt , d kin tng s cy/lung hoa. - Mt 25cy/m2

- Mt : Cy x Cy = 15cm, hng x hng = 15-17 cm.

- Tiu chun cy ging: Cao 10cm, chu vi gc thn 1,5cm, c b r y , khng b su bnh, gy ngn...

* Bc 3. Thao tc trng.- Dng tay mc l nh, hoc dng que chc l c su 3,5- 4,0cm, cho cy xung, lp t v m k.

- t cy thng ng, khng b xiu vo, khng lp t qu su.

* Bc 4. Ti nc.

- Sau khi trng phi ti nh nc, trnh ho cy.

- Ti nc bng thng ti c gng sen, dng nc sch m bo khng b nhim bn, khng cha mm bnh

- Sa sang li li ro, cc cm nu thy khng m bo, ** Hc vin theo s phn cng lm thc hnh.

IV. Cng c


Gio vin nh gi gi hc theo cc bc quy trnh trng hoa

Nhc nh lp hc chun b hc bi hm sau.

Tit dy: t tit 26 - tit 34Bi 3. Thit k h thng chiu sng v ti tiuI. Mc tiu

- Lm ng cc khu k thut: Thit k chiu sng y , ti tiu ch ng, to iu kin cho cy pht trin thun li.

- Nghm tc, cn thn trong thc hnh, m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng

II. Chun b

- Dng c : Dy in, bng in, phch cm, cm, ng n nc, cuc xng, cc cm, dy nng , dy buc.- Bt th in, tt l vt, km.

- V ghi chp.

- Bo h lao ngIII. Hot ng dy hc

1. Kim tra bi c


Thit k ng k thut, m bo s dng tt v tit kim.3. Tin hnh


- Ti sao phi thit k h thng in chiu sng?

- Khng cch, mt bng in nh th nao l ph hp?- Hy ni cch lp mt bng n ng quy cch?- Lp t ng n nc nh th no?

- Cc loi dng c trn cn hn s dung hay khng?Cc nhm theo phn cng v tr thc hnh lm thc hnh- Cc nhm c i din trnh by quy trnh tin hnh c hc.

- Cc nhm khc nghe v b sung cho hon thin quy trnh tin hnh.* Bc 1: Cch thit k h thng chiu sng.

- Dy in c chiu di 60m, m bo n in tt, bng n compac c cng sut 15-18W, s dng c ngun in 220V.

- Mt bng n l 10 bng/40m2 t trng hoa. cao bng n l 1,2m, chia lm hai hng bng n gia lung hoa, song song vi rnh lung d i li chm sc.

- Ni dy in phi c keo dn an ton, khng gy chy chp khi s dng, khng cho nc ma chy vo.* Bc 2. Thit k h thng ti tiu. - ng dn nc di 60m, phi 15, ng bng nha, m bo bn v d s dng, tit kim nc.

- Thit k di dng ti phun ma, hoc nh git.

- Ngun nc ti phi sch s, khng b nhim bn v phi ch ng.

- o vt mng dn nc, phng khi tri ma to, mng thot ra pha sau vn.

* Bc 3. a h thng vo s dng th xem nh th no.

- ng cu giao kim tra h thng chiu sng.

- Bm nc kim tra h thng ti tiu nh th no.** Hc vin theo s phn cng lm thc hnh.

IV. Cng c


Gio vin nh gi gi hc theo cc bc quy trnh trng hoa

Nhc nh lp hc chun b hc bi hm sau.

Tit dy: t tit 35- tit 43Bi 4. Trng dm v bn thc phn t 1.I. Mc tiu

- Lm ng cc khu k thut: m bo trng dm v chm sc tt, sau khi trng cy t 5-7 ngy, mc ch cy pht trin nhanh.- Nghim tc, cn thn trong thc hnh, m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng

II. Chun b

- Dng c : Cy ging trng dm, bnh hoa sen ti nc, phn m v ka li, mt s loi thuc tr su bnh, bnh phun thuc.- H thng ti v tiu m bo.

- V ghi chp.

- Bo h lao ngIII. Hot ng dy hc

1. Kim tra bi c


Trng dm ng k thut, m bo mt 100%.3. Tin hnh


- Hng dn cch pht hin cy cht, nguyn nhn, trng dm nh th no?

- La chn cy trng dm ra sao ?- Hy ni cch trng dm mt gc hoa?

- su lp t nh th no?

Cc nhm theo phn cng v tr thc hnh lm thc hnh- Cc nhm c i din trnh by quy trnh tin hnh c hc.

- Cc nhm khc nghe v b sung cho hon thin quy trnh tin hnh.

* Bc 1. Pht hin nhng cy b cht, nguyn nhn v khc phc. - Cy b ho hoc cht hn.

- Chn cy khe, khng b su bnh, cy phi c sc sng tng ng vi cy trn vn, k c chiu cao, b l, b r, mu xanh ti, khng b dp nt hay b gy ngn.

- Dng tay ph lp vng trn b mt, lm sch c di trc khi trng dm.

* Bc 2. Thao tc trng dm.- Dng tay mc l nh, hoc dng que chc l c su 3,5-4,0cm, cho cy xung, lp t v m k.

- t cy thng ng, ng hng v v tr cy c nh, cy khng b xiu vo, khng lp t qu su.

* Bc 3. Ti nc.

- Sau khi trng dm xong phi ti nh nc, trnh ho cy.

- Ti nc bng thng ti c gng sen, dng nc sch m bo khng b nhim bn, khng cha mm bnh

- Kt hp lm c, ti long phn, nng 1%, gm phn m v kali, ti vo bui chiu mt, tri khng ma, ch ti vo gia hai hng cy, khng ti ln l cy, trnh chy l.** Hc vin theo s phn cng lm thc hnh.

IV. Cng c


Gio vin nh gi gi hc theo cc bc quy trnh trng dm v bn thc phn t 1. Nhc nh lp hc chun b hc bi hm sau.

Tit dy: t tit 44- tit 52Bi 5. Chm sc v bn thc phn t 2.I. Mc tiu

- Lm ng cc khu k thut: m bo chm sc tt, bn phn ng liu lng, ng lc, ng loi v ng cch, mc ch cy pht trin nhanh.- Nghim tc, cn thn trong thc hnh, m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng

II. Chun b

- Dng c : Bnh hoa sen ti nc, phn m v ka li, mt s loi thuc tr su bnh, bnh phun thuc.- H thng ti v tiu m bo.

- V ghi chp.

- Bo h lao ng

- Mt s thuc y t phng tai bin c th xy ra.

- Thc o chiu cao cy ( C chia nh nht bng mm)

- Mt s ng nghim, ti ni lng ng su( nu c)III. Hot ng dy hc

1. Kim tra bi c

Kim tra s chun b ca hcvin v l thuyt v cc dng c.2. Trng tm

Chm sc v bn phn ng k thut, m bo cy pht trin tt..3. Tin hnh


- Hng dn cch pht hin su bnh gy hi cy, nguyn nhn, cch khc phc nh th no?

- Bn nhng loi phn g, liu lng ra sao, cch bn nh th no?- Cch s dng an ton cc loi thuc BVTV nh th no?

- Xc nh cy thiu loi phn g, th hin thng qua trng thi v mu sc ca cy hoa ra sao?


- Cc nhm khc nghe v b sung cho hon thin quy trnh tin hnh.

* Bc 1. Pht hin su bnh, phn loi su bnh trn vn hoa. - Triu chng lm cho cy b ho hoc cht hn, mu sc en, phn trng, vng a....

- C th dit su bng th cng nh bt bng tay, hoc phun thuc ha hc, c ph rng dit su, nh Padan, c th phun trc tip hoc dng by b c dit con trng thnh.

- Dng tay ph lp vng trn b mt, lm sch c di trc khi bn thc phn cho hoa, c th ly i lp rm trn b mt lung, to thng thong, vn hoa t b su bnh hn.

* Bc 2. Thao tc bn phn..- Dng que hoc cuc nh rch mt ng gia hai hng cy sau trn u phn m vi ka li ri bn vo rnh, lp t v ti nh nc, trnh xi gc cy, lng phn 1,0kg m v 1,0 kg kali/40m2 t. Ngoi ra c th ha long phn phun ln cy( nn 2%), phun vo bui chiu mt, sng ngy sau phi ti nc l ra l. Bn phn kt hp lm c, ph vng cho cy pht trin thun li.

* Bc 3. Cch s dng thuc BVTV v mt s thao tc phun thuc tr su bnh m bo an ton.

- Dng ng loi thuc cho tng i tng su bnh.

- Phun ng nng v liu lng ghi trn nhn mc.

- Thuc bo v thc vt ni chung phi c ngun gc, xut x, nhn mc r rng, hng dn c th.

- Khi phun thuc phi c bo h lao ng nh: Khu trang, gng tay, kim tra bnh bm trc khi phun.

- Mang bnh bm ng quy cch hng dn, phun thao chiu gi, trong qu trnh phun thuc khng c ht thuc, ung ru bia, d gy ng c cho con ngi.** Hc vin theo s phn cng lm thc hnh.

IV. Cng c


Gio vin nh gi gi hc theo cc bc quy trnh chm sc, bn thc phn v s dng thuc tr su bnh t 2. Nhc nh lp hc chun b hc bi hm sau.

Tit dy: t tit 53- tit 61Bi 6. Chm sc v bn thc phn t 3 kt hp tao hnh.I. Mc tiu

- Lm ng cc khu k thut: m bo chm sc v to hnh tt, bn phn ng liu lng, ng lc, ng loi v ng cch, mc ch cy pht trin nhanh.- Nghim tc, cn thn trong thc hnh, m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng

II. Chun b

- Dng c : Bnh hoa sen ti nc, phn m v ka li, phn phun qua l (KH), mt s loi thuc tr su bnh, bnh phun thuc, dao, ko.- H thng ti v tiu m bo.

- V ghi chp.

- Bo h lao ng




1. Kim tra bi c


Chm sc v bn phn ng k thut, m bo cy pht trin tt..3. Tin hnh


- Hng dn cch to hnh cho hoa nh bm ngn, ta chi, ta cnh...

- Tip tc hng dn cch pht hin su bnh giai on cy ln, nguyn nhn, cch khc phc nh th no?

- Bn nhng loi phn g, liu lng ra sao, cch bn nh th no cho ph hp vi giai on ny?- Xc nh cy thiu loi phn g, th hin thng qua trng thi v mu sc ca cy hoa ra sao?


- Cc nhm khc nghe v b sung cho hon thin quy trnh tin hnh.* Bc 1. K thut bm ngn, ta chi cho cy hoa.

- Bm ngn khi cy c 25-30 ngy sau khi trng, ta chi ph, ngt l gi, l b su bnh, nhm tp trung dinh dng cho cy pht trin tt.

- Dng dao hoc ko s dng trong qu trnh thc hin bm ngn ta chi, dao ko phi sc, ct dt khot, khng gy dp nt cho cy, c th dao ko phi c kh trng bng cn 90 trc khi dng.

- Ta bt cnh v l di gc to thng thong cho lung hoa.

- Trong qu trnh to hnh, kt hp lm c, v sinh lung hoa, cm cc nng cy khi b gi lay ng.

* Bc 2. Pht hin su bnh, phn loi su bnh trn vn hoa, cch phng tr. - Triu chng lm cho cy b ho hoc cht hn, mu sc en, phn trng, vng a....



* Bc 3. Thao tc bn phn..- Dng que hoc cuc nh rch mt ng gia hai hng cy sau trn u phn m vi ka li ri bn vo rnh, lp t v ti nh nc, trnh xi gc cy. Ngoi ra c th ha long phn phun ln cy( nn 3%), phun vo bui chiu mt, sng ngy sau phi ti nc l ra l. Bn phn kt hp lm c, ph vng cho cy pht trin thun li.

** Hc vin theo s phn cng lm thc hnh.

IV. Cng c


Gio vin nh gi gi hc theo cc bc quy trnh chm sc, bn thc phn v s dng thuc tr su bnh t 3. Nhc nh lp hc chun b hc bi hm sau.Tit dy: t tit 62- tit 70Bi 7. Chm sc, bn thc phn t 4 kt hp cm cc

nng v to hnh cho cy.I. Mc tiu

- Lm ng cc khu k thut: Chm sc, cm coc v to hnh tt, bn phn ng liu lng, ng lc, ng loi v ng cch, mc ch cy pht trin thun li.- Nghim tc, cn thn trong thc hnh, m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng

II. Chun b

- Dng c : Bnh hoa sen ti nc, phn m v ka li, phn phun qua l (KH), mt s loi thuc tr su bnh, bnh phun thuc, dao, ko, cc tre hoc cnh cy dng lm cc.- H thng ti v tiu m bo.

- V ghi chp.

- Bo h lao ng




1. Kim tra bi c


Chm sc, cm cc, bn phn v to hnh ng k thut, m bo cy pht trin tt, ra hoa thun li.3. Tin hnh


- Chiu di, loi g, chu vi cc nh th no l m bo tiu chun?

- Hng dn cch cm cc nng hoa nh th no?




- Cc nhm khc nghe v b sung cho hon thin quy trnh tin hnh.* Bc 1. Quy cch cc cm, v qu trnh thc hin.

- Chiu cao cc t t 0,9-1,0m, c chu vi bnh qun t 2,0cm, c th dng cc tre hoc cnh cy.

- Cc mt u c vt nhn, cm xung t, cm cch cy mt khong 15-17cm, nghing mt gc 60 hng v pha thn cy, mi cy c th cm t 3-5 cc, c th dng dy mm buc xung quanh to nng cho hoa.

* Bc 2. Tip tc to hnh cho cy.


- iu chnh cho cy ng thng khng b xiu vo.




* Bc 4. Thao tc bn phn..- Dng que hoc cuc nh rch mt ng gia hai hng cy sao trn u phn m vi ka li ri bn vo rnh, lp t v ti nh nc, trnh xi gc cy. Ngoi ra c th ha long phn phun ln cy( nn 5%), phun vo bui chiu mt, sng ngy sau phi ti nc l ra l. Bn phn kt hp lm c, ph vng cho cy pht trin thun li.


IV. Cng c


Gio vin nh gi gi hc theo cc bc quy trnh cm cc, chm sc, bn thc phn v s dng thuc tr su bnh t 4. Nhc nh lp hc chun b hc bi hm sau.

Tit dy: t tit 71- tit 79Bi 8. Tip tc chm sc, bn thc phn t 5 kt hp cm cc

b sung v to hnh cho cy.I. Mc tiu

- Lm ng cc khu k thut: Chm sc, cm coc v to hnh tt, bn phn ng liu lng, ng lc, ng loi v ng cch, mc ch cy pht trin thun li.- Nghim tc, cn thn trong thc hnh, m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng

II. Chun b

- Dng c : Bnh hoa sen ti nc, phn m v ka li, phn phun qua l (KH), mt s loi thuc tr su bnh, bnh phun thuc, dao, ko, cc tre hoc cnh cy dng lm cc.- H thng ti v tiu m bo.

- V ghi chp.

- Bo h lao ng




1. Kim tra bi c


Chm sc, cm cc, bn phn v to hnh ng k thut, m bo cy pht trin tt, ra hoa thun li.3. Tin hnh


- Chiu di, loi g, chu vi cc nh th no l m bo tiu chun?

- Hng dn cch cm cc nng hoa nh th no?




- Cc nhm khc nghe v b sung cho hon thin quy trnh tin hnh.* Bc 1. Quy cch cc cm, v qu trnh thc hin.

- Chiu cao cc t t 0,9-1,0m, c chu vi bnh qun t 2,0cm, c th dng cc tre hoc cnh cy.

- Cc mt u c vt nhn, cm xung t, cm cch cy mt khong 15-17cm, nghing mt gc 60 hng v pha thn cy, mi cy c th cm t 3-5 cc, c th dng dy mm buc xung quanh to nng cho hoa.

* Bc 2. Tip tc to hnh cho cy.


- iu chnh cho cy ng thng khng b xiu vo.




* Bc 4. Thao tc bn phn..- Dng que hoc cuc nh rch mt ng gia hai hng cy sao trn u phn m vi ka li ri bn vo rnh, lp t v ti nh nc, trnh xi gc cy. Ngoi ra c th ha long phn phun ln cy( nn 5%), phun vo bui chiu mt, sng ngy sau phi ti nc l ra l. Bn phn kt hp lm c, ph vng cho cy pht trin thun li.


IV. Cng c


Gio vin nh gi gi hc theo cc bc quy trnh cm cc, chm sc, bn thc phn v s dng thuc tr su bnh t 4. Nhc nh lp hc chun b hc bi hm sau.Tit dy: t tit 80- tit 88Bi 9. iu tit sinh trng ca hoaI. Mc tiu

- Lm ng cc khu k thut: S dng ng loi thuc, mc ch cy pht trin thun li, to sc khng cho cy.- Nghm tc, cn thn trong thc hnh, m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng

II. Chun b

- Dng c : Bnh phun 8 lt, thuc kch pht t thin nng, dip lc t, Jonghen, KH..

- H thng ti v tiu m bo.

- V ghi chp.

- Bo h lao ng: o ma, gng tay, khu trang, ng....


- Nc sch, c dng c o th tch nc khi pha thuc.

II. Hot ng dy hc

1. Kim tra bi c


Cch s dng ng yu cu ra, khng gy ng c cho ngi v cy trng cng nh mi trng, m bo cy pht trin tt, ra hoa thun li.3. Tin hnh


- Ti sao phi s dng ha cht trn cy hoa?

- Khi no th s dng ha cht?

- Dng loi ha cht g?

- Thao tc pha ch v phun?- Cp cu ng c c th xy ra?


- Cc nhm khc nghe v b sung cho hon thin quy trnh tin hnh.* Bc 1. Ch loi ha cht s dng cho tng giai on.

- Loi dip lc t c tc dng tng cng quang hp cho cy, cy pht trin khe, hoa to v p.

- Loi Jonghen hoc KH th gip cho cy n hoa sm theo yu cu, cy khe, hoa to v p.

- C th thp bng n lin tc lm chm qu trnh n hoa.

* Bc 2. Thao tc pha ch hoa cht.

- Ha ha cht kch thch sinh trng vo bnh bm cng vi nc, theo nng 1/1000 phun ln l cy.

- Ring i vi phn bn qua l thi ha vi nc theo nng 1/100 phun u ln l cy.* Bc 3. S dung h thng chiu sng v ti nc iu tit qu trnh sinh trng.

- Hn ch ti nc giai on phn ha mm hoa th hoa s n mun hn.

- Thng xuyn thp bng in vo ban m ko di thi gan n hoa.

v d: Mun hoa n vao ng dp tt th phi thp khong 20 m, v kt thc vo 15/10 m lch, tc l khong 28-29/11/2012.

- Tuy nhin cn ph thuc vo thi tit ca tng nm, nu thi tit m u, t nng th hoa s n sm v ngc li thi hoa s n mun hn.** Hc vin theo s phn cng lm thc hnh.

IV. Cng c


Gio vin nh gi gi hc theo cc bc quy trnh ca bi hc. Nhc nh lp hc chun b hc bi hm sau.

Tit dy: t tit 89- tit 97Bi 10. Thu hoch phn loi v bo qun hoaI. Mc tiu

- Lm ng cc khu k thut: Phn loi, thu hoch ng k thut, hoa khng b gip nt, h hng, c sc hp dn trn th trng.- Nghim tc, cn thn trong thc hnh, m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng

II. Chun b

- Dng c : Dao ko, thng ct tng, ti ni lng, dy buc, ha cht bo qun, phng tin vn chuyn.

- Nh hoa.

- V ghi chp.

- Bo h lao ng.

- Nc sch.

II. Hot ng dy hc

1. Kim tra bi c


Cch thu hoch hoa m bo cht lng, ng thi im, phn loi v bo qun tt, c mu m p.3. Tin hnh


- Xc nh thi im thu hoch hoa?

- Phn loi hoa nh th no?

- Bo qun hoa nh th no?

- Vn chuyn ra sao, lu tr hoa trong thi gian bao lu?


- Cc nhm khc nghe v b sung cho hon thin quy trnh tin hnh.* Bc 1. Phn loi hoa trc khi thu hoch.

- Chn nhng bng hoa c n gn bng nhau v kch c thu hoch trc.

- Nhng bng hoa c di ging nhau, hoa bp chun b n hay n th phi thu hoch ring.

- Nhng cy ln thu hoch ring, nhng cy nh thu hoch ring.

* Bc 2. Thao tc thu hoch hoa.

- Nh c cy, ri b thnh tng b, thng th 5 cy/b ( i vi nhng cy nh)

- C th ct ring tng hoa, nu cnh hoa to, di khong 45-50cm, hay ct cch gc 5cm.

* Bc 3. Bo qun hoa sau khi thu hoch.

- B thnh tng b, phun nc dng sng cho hoa t ri, cho vo ti ni lng, sau cho vo thng ct tng c c l vn chuyn.

- Nu cha tiu th kp th phi vn chuyn n ni ct gi an ton, thng thong, n ngy hm sau em i tiu th.

- C th dng mt s ha cht bo qun c bn trn th trng phun ln hoa, nhm bo qun hoa lu b ho v rng.** Hc vin theo s phn cng lm thc hnh.

IV. Cng c


Gio vin nh gi gi hc theo cc bc quy trnh ca bi hc. Nhc nh lp hc chun b hc bi hm sau.

Tit dy: t tit 98- tit 106Bi 11. Tip tc thu hoch, phn loi, bo qun

nh gi hiu qu kinh tI. Mc tiu

- Lm ng cc khu k thut: Tip tc thu hoch ng k thut, hoa khng b gip nt, h hng, d bn.- Nghm tc, cn thn trong thc hnh, m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng.II. Chun b

- Dng c : Dao ko, thng ct tng, ti ni lng, dy buc, ha cht bo qun, phng tin vn chuyn.

- Nh hoa.

- V ghi chp, s liu thu thp c trong qu trnh hc tp.

- Bo h lao ng.

- Nc sch.

II. Hot ng dy hc

1. Kim tra bi c


Cch thu hoch hoa m bo cht lng, ng thi im, phn loi v bo qun tt, c mu m p.3. Tin hnh


- Tip tc ch o cng tc thu hoch?

- Thu thp s liu trong qu trnh hc tp, nh gi hiu qu kinh t?

- c rt kinh nghim t v sn xut?

- xut phng hng cho a phng trong thi gian ti?


- Cc nhm khc nghe v b sung cho hon thin quy trnh tin hnh.* Bc 1. Tip tc phn loi hoa trc khi thu hoch.

- Chn nhng bng hoa c n gn bng nhau v kch c thu hoch trc.

- Nhng bng hoa c di ging nhau, hoa bp chun b n hay n th phi thu hoch ring.

- Nhng cy ln thu hoch ring, nhng cy nh thu hoch ring.

* Bc 2. Thao tc thu hoch hoa.

- Nh c cy, ri b thnh tng b, thng th 5 cy/b ( i vi nhng cy nh)

- C th ct ring tng hoa, nu cnh hoa to, di khong 45-50cm, hay ct cch gc 5cm.

* Bc 3. Bo qun hoa sau khi thu hoch.

- B thnh tng b, phun nc dng sng cho hoa t ri, cho vo ti ni lng, sau cho vo thng ct tng c c l vn chuyn.

- Nu cha tiu th kp th phi vn chuyn n ni ct gi an ton, thng thong, n ngy hm sau em i tiu th.

- C th dng mt s ha cht bo qun c bn trn th trng phun ln hoa, nhm bo qun hoa lu b ho v rng.

*Bc 4. Tng hp s liu, s b bo co kt qu thc hnh.

- Cc s liu v vt t, cng lao ng, chi ph tin in, nc.

- kin, kinh nghim ca hc vin trong qu trnh hc tp

- Hon thin quy trnh sn xut hoa cho a phng: Thi v, ging, phn bn, cch t chc trin khai trng hoa trn a bn trong nm ti.- Lp trng ghi chp gi cho gio vin nhng s liu ni trn gio vin tng hp bo co trong bui b mc lp hc sp ti.

PAGE 46

Documents

BAI GIANG TRONG HOA CÚC(RAT DAY DU)