Bai Giang Vlmt

7/21/2019 Bai Giang Vlmt

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TI LiUTHAM KHO

1. Kh tngVtl, NguynHngin, NXBHQGH ni, 2002.

2. Gio trnh Khoa hcMi trng, BGD &T,NXB Gio dc, 2003. 3. Gio trnh Khoa hcTri t, LucHi, TrnNghi, NXB Gio

dcVitnam, 2010.

4. Gio trnh KthutMi trng, TngVnon, TrncH, NXBGio dc, 1995.

5. Gio trnh K thutMi trng, TrnKim Cng, ihc lt,2001. http://www.ebook.edu.vn.

6. Gio trnh Mi trngv BovMi trng, NguynKhcCng,TrngihcKthutTP. HCh Minh

7. CsVtl Mi trngv olng, TrnMinh Thi, NXBihcSphm, 2006.

8. Introduction to Environmental Physics: Planet Earth, Life andClimate, Nigel Mason and Peter Hughes, Taylor and Francis, 2001.

9. Environmental Physics, M. Delalija.


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Chng 1C S VT L MI TRNG

1.1 Tngquan vmi trng 1.1.1 khi nimvmi trng Ty theo quan nimv mcchnghin cuvmi trngm c

nhiu/nkhc nhau.

Mtsnhnghatngqut vmi trng:

Mi trng l mt tng thcc iukinca thgiibn ngoitc ngnstntiv pht trincamisvthintng.

Mi trngl mtthpcc yutbn ngoi camththngno . Chng tc ngln hthngny, xc nhxu hngv

tnh trngtntican. Mi trngc thcoi l mttphp, trong hthngangxem

xt l mttphpcon. Mi trngcamththngangcxem xt cnphic tnh tngtc vihthng.

Mi trngsngl tnghpcc iukinbn ngoi c nhhngnssngv pht trincacc sinh vt.


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Mi trngsngcacon ngil tnghpcc iukinvtl,ha hc, sinh hc, x hi c nh hng n s sng v phttrincamic nhn v cngngcon ngi.

mi trngsngcacon ngihiutheo ngharngbao gmton bvtrcachng ta trong c hMttriv Tri tlbphnnhhngtrctipncucsngcacon ngi.

Mi trng thin nhin bao gm cc yu t thin nhin: vt l,ha hcv sinh hctntikhch quan ngoi muncon ngi.

Mi trngnhn tobao gmcc yut lhasinh, x hido con ngitonn v chuschi phicacon ngi.

Nhngsphn chia vmi trngl phcvsnghin cuv phn tch cc hintngphctpvmi trng. trong thc

tcc loimi trngcng tnti, anxen nhau, tngtc vinhau rtchtch.

Tm li khi nim mi trng bao hm ngha rng, ni dungphong ph v adng. v vy trong mi trnghpc thphiphn bitr rng.


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Vmtvtl Tri tcchia lm 3 quyn:

+ Thchquyn (mi trngt): l phnrncav

Tri t c su khong60 km bao gmcc khongvtv t.

+ Thyquyn(mi trngnc): chphnnccaTri t bao gm cc i dng, ao, h, sng, sui,

bng, tuyt, hinc. + Khquyn (mi trng khng kh): bao gm tng

khng kh bao quanh Tri t.

Vmtsinh hctrn Tri tcn c sinh quynbao gmcc cthsngv mtphncathch, thy, kh quyntonn mi trngsngcasinh vt.

Sinh quyngmcc thnh phnhusinh v v sinh cquan hchtchv tngtc phctpvinhau.


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Sinh quyn bao hm khng gian c SV sng trn bmtTri t.

Gia cc khong khng gian ny c s dchchuyn ca vt cht v s bin i t dng vtcht ny sang dng vt cht khc theo cc quy

lutcavt l, ho hcv sinh hctheo cc chuk.

Chu knnglngv chu kthunglcxyratrong mikhongkhng gian v giacc khong

khng gian vinhau tun theo cc nhlutvtl. Cc qtr v svnngcav/c trong cc chu trnh

ny cdingiitrong Vtl mi trng.


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1.1.2 Khi nimvVtl Mi trng

MT sngtrn T Hnhtinh xanhangbedobichnh s

pht trincacon ngi. Spht trincaKH-KT v CN, kcXH, ngy mtnng cao

cucsngv/c v tinh thncacon ngi.

Mt tri l lm mt cn bng sinh thi, mi trng sng ngycng b nhim nng do khai thc qu mc rng v cc tinguyn, do cc chtthichivo mi trng,do pht trinthv dn s,...

Chng ta angngtrcnguy cThmhomi trng.

PhiBovmi trngv pht trinbnvng.

Phinghin cuthuhiuton dincc vncami trng,trc tin l cc qu trnh mi trng m c s l Vt l mitrng.


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Mc tiu hcphn: gii thiunhng tngc

bn ca vt l mi trng v trnh by cc khinimcngnhcc nhlutvtl c vai tr quytnhtrong iuchnhmi trngTri t.

Nh vtl MT Nigel Mason /nvvtl MT: Vtl

MT l mn khoa hcvtl vcc qtr MT, cbitl cc tng tc gia kh quyn, thch quyn,thyquynv sinh quyn.

Theo ngha rng: Vt l MT l khoa hc v snhndngv occc vncaMT,nhmngnngahocgimnhcc scmi trng.


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Hnh 1.1.Cc ni dung nghin cu lin quan ca vt l MT

KH QUYN

SINH QUYN THY QUYN

A QUYN

CHU K NNGLNG

CHU K

SINH-HA

CHU K THYNG LC


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Khc vi cc quyn vt l v sinh, sinh quyn ngoi vt cht vnnglngcn chacc thng tin sinh hcc tc dngduy tr cutrc v c ch tn ti pht trin ca cc c th sng m dng

phctpv pht trincao nhtl tr tucon ngi. Tr tutc ngngy mtmnhmnstntiv pht trinca

Tri t.

Ngy nay ngita avo khi nimtr quynbao gmcc bphntrn Tri t trong c tc ngcatr tucon ngi,ni

angxy ra nhngbinng rt lnvmi trngm chng tacnnghin cuphn tch v ra cc binphp x l phngchngnhngtc ngxu.

Cc thnh phncami trngkhng tn ti trngthi tnhmlun vnng,thngdinra theo chu trnh cn bngtnhin.

Scn bngmbossngtrn Tri tpht trinnnh. Nucc chu trnh mtcn bngth scmi trngsxyra nh

hngnstntiv pht trincacon ngiv sinh vtkhuvchocthmch trong phmvi ton cu.


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Miquan tm vmi trngtmcaphng,qucgia cho nquy m ton cungy cng lnmnh.

Cc tchcbovmi trngthuccc khu vckhc nhau trn th

giitphplithnh mttchcqucthng mnhvidinncacc chngtrnh nghsvmi trng.

NhimvcaVt l mi trng l a ra nhnggiiphp cho ccvnmi trng,c th l xc lpcc phng tin v lc lngcnthittin onv toiukinthch hpcho nhngthay i

caTri t. Chng ta phibitnhngg cnlm trong trnghpcc ngundtrvncung,thcphmv nnglngcnkit.

Sdngcc phngphp oc,quan trcv phn tch, v bngcch hnchtiacc btnhtrong m hnh ha.

Vt l mi trng s cho chng ta hiu c cc qu trnh mitrng,cbitl cc binivmi trngmang tnh ton cu.


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1.2 i tng nghin cu ca vt l mi trng

C thsngphi thch nghi v tn ti trong cc kMT adngkhc nhau.

Y/c cbnduy tr ssngcon ngi: thcn,qunomcv ch.

Cthsngl mtthcthnhitnghccctrngbidng nlngnv ra khicthhoc luthng giacc thcthviMT.

tntiT cthcon ngiphigiT hp3540o C. T < 35o C con ngic thbbnhthiunhit,nuT > 40o

C cthsbmtnc.

Kimsot T cthbngf.chuynha nlngbn trong.Tc chuyn ha nlng v c ch iu chnh T trongngithchinqua cc /lvtl:

Cc nhl nhitnghc


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Entropy, enthalpy v nnglngGibbs tdo;

Cc nguyn l vdn,i lu,bcx, bay

hi; nhlutlm lnhNiutn

nhlutbcxStefan- Boltzmann.

Nmbt v vndngc cc nguyn l vt lny chng ta c thhiuccc cchm cthcon ngitiuchnhtt camnh.

Con ngi c th tn ti trong MT l s cn

bng nlng ngha quan trng i vi qtrtrao inhitgianh v MT, giaT v MTxq.


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1.2.2 Mi trng trong xy dng Vo thitinscon ngidngchchnhmmcchchng

linhhngcathitit.

Ngy nay victhitkxy dngnh ,trnghc,cng s,nhmy ucqun l bng cc iu lut lin quan nbovsckhe,an ninh v tinnghi cho ngi.

Thitkcc to nh uphitun theo cc nhlutvtl.

Tc ng ca sc gi, bo, ng t u phi c tnh tonchnh xc lachnvt liuph hp,xc nhchiucao canh, su camng.

Gnyngita cbitquan tm nhuqumi trngcata nh xy dng.

S t nng v chiu sng nh l mt trong nhng ngun tiuhao nnglngton cucsnxutra.

Do cc ngunnnglngha thchngy cng cnkit,nhu cuto ra cc h thng titkimnng lng trong ngnh xy dng

ngy cng ccc nh thitkquan tm.


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1.2.3 Mi trng th Con ngimang tnh xh nn c xu hng thch chncch

sngcngngc thchia sti nguyn v kinh nghim.

Khi dn s pht trin vi mt cao th tc ng ca conngi ln MT s tr nn ng k, nht l khi s pt thkhng theo quy hoch.

Mtthnh phphimbo:

Cung cpthcphmcho dn c Cung cpnnglngcho simv chiusng

Cung cpnccho sinh hotv phcvcng nghip

mbocc hthngxl ncthi

Hthngnggiao thng ra vo thnh ph Cung cpnh tinnghi v an ton.


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CucCM cng nghiptokpt cc thnh ph

lnv thha. Nm1850 c 4 TP trn thgiic sdn trn 1 triu,

nm1900 l 19 TP v nm1960 l 141 TP.

Nm 1990 ln u tin trong lch s loi ngi s

ngi sng thnh th vt s ngi sng nngthn v xhincc ith(mega-city).

Thk21 mcthha stngmnh.

Tinhiuncpt sxhincc vnca1 xh hu

CN ha nng nghip thm canh, TP nhim, loha dn c.


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1.2.4 Mi trngton cu

Cc vnmi trngkhng cn mang tnh aphnghocqucgia nam c quy m ton cu.

Rtnhiutai haMT ngy nay mang nghaton cu:

Nguy cmrnglthngtngozon lm cho bcxtia cctmixungbmt Tri t khng thckhc phcbimtqucgia no m phibngmtnlcton cu.

Vic loi trkh CFC phic thc thi bngmt tho thunmang tnh ton cu.

Hin tng sa mc ha Bc Phi hoc gia tng bo lt Bangladesh khng thdo cc ncgiiquytm phthuc

vo nhngnlccaton thloi ngitrn hnh tinh. Mi ncuithk20 loi ngimiinnhnthcrngc thhiu thu cc vn ton cu th cnphinghin cumi trngton cu.


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Nhimvbtuctrinkhai thchinnhvo nhngthnh tuto lncakhoa hccng nghvtr.

Ngy nay chng ta c thnghin cuhunhttccc qu

trnh mi trngtcc trmvtinh nhn to. Cc qu trnh mi trngtora nntngcavtl mi trng

l ktqucastch hp4 thnh phncat,bin,khng khv sinh quyn.

B mt ca Tri t bao gm phn pha trn ca th quyn(thchquyn), thyquyn (bao gmcmy v hinc baoquanh Tri t) v sinh quyn.

70% b mt Tri t c bao ph bi sng, h v cc idng.

Chu trnh ncc vai tr cckquan trngtrong vicpht trinv duy tr kh huton cuthng qua cc qu trnh vnchuyn.

Sa mcv cc vng bnggi vnhcucngc vai tr trong sphn bnnglngtrn Tri t.


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Thnh quyn bao gm v t l thnhphnchyuca lpvTri t,givai tr

quytnhivi cc chu trnh sinh-a-hav qu trnh di chuyncacc mngkintogy ra ngtv xc tc cc hotngni

ladnnsxuthincc htrntrong khquyn,nhhngnthitit.

Cu trc v thnh phn ca kh quyn chothy bn cht nhit ca n v ngha quantrngivissng.

Phndicng cakh quyn, tngi lu,nhhngtrctipnthititv kh hu.


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Tc ng ca nng lng Mt tri ln b mt Tri t v khquyncng vihiungquay caTri tpht sinh ra cckiu gi c trng cho cc h thi tit khc nhau nh El Nino

Thi Bnh Dng,chu trnh BciTy Dngv cc cnbo. Sphctpcacc hthngkh huton cuxutpht tcchthngghp nichnghnnhgiakh quynv idng.

Thititlin quan trctipnsthngging hng ngy cartnhiutham snhma,bcxMt tri,p sut,nhit,gi,

m,bao phcamy. Kh hul gi trtrung bnh cacc iukinthititthnggp

trong mtvng al nhtnhtrong mtthigian di.

Ssng trn Tri t rtnhycm; nunhTri tct

nmvtr xa hnMttrimtcht, nhitcan c thxungthpnmckh c thduy tr ssng,cn nunhn nmgnMttrihnmtcht th nhitcancscaon mc cc i dng khng th hnh thnh lm cho ssngpht sinh ttrong .


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BcxtMttriduy tr nhitcnthittrn Tri t v tora my mang nckhng chamuinui dngcy civngvt.

Nng lng tMt tri thit lpnghcbn trong kh quyntora gi v chuynngcc mmy.

BcxMttritibmtTri tcho qu trnh quang hpsnxutxy cnthitcho ssng.

V vy, c th hiu bit cc qu trnh mi trng ton cu

chng ta cnphihiucnnglngMttriiukhinccqu trnh xyra trong kh quynnhthno.

Trong khi khost cc qu trnh kh quyn ton cucon ngihngtivictin oncc huqucachng trong tnglai.

Trn csshiubitvcc dinbinnghccakh quynxy ra hng ngy chng ta c th d on thi tit quy mton cu.

Thi titkh hu ton cubtc ngbicc thay icabcxMttri.


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Kh huthititthay irtlnqua cc thikacht,yl yu tc th lm binmtchng loi v hyditmtsnnvnminh ci.

Kh hucsinh hc(palaeoclimatology) cung cpcho chng tanhngs liu th vv kh hu trcy thng qua vicphntch cc thibngc(chnghn thibngGreenland vichiudi trn 3000 m v c tuikhong500 000 nm, tsngv

xy, hintngphnhoa v svng trong cy). Tng lai cami trngTri tnm trong tay con ngi v

ph thucvo vicchng ta phnngnh thno iviccthch thcmi trngm chng ta phiimt.

Vn lnnhtm Tri tangphiimt l sngi tmcch khai thc v tndngti nguyn ngy cng tng.

Cha kha camivnl nnglngtMttri:

Qtr qhcm ixitcacbon v nckthpvinhau visgipcaBx MT v clorophyl snxutra cacbohydrat v xi.


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CchhpthbcxMttri cacy cngnhcchtruynbcxMt tri qua tngkh quynxungmttc thcnghin cubngcch sdngcc phngphp quang ph.

Cc mi lin h ni ti nm ngay tm im ca vt l mitrng.

Chng ta c thquan st iu thm ch ngay thikkhiucanng nghip.

Strng lpvic tchc trng trtv thunha ngvtctrinkhai thchincng mtlc ngvo thiimkh huthayido bngh ktthc vo khong10 000 nmtrc.

Bngnhngnguyn l vt l c thgii thch tisao mtsloicy c l di v to trong khi cc loi khc lic l ngnv nh

pht trinlan trn trn mtvng rngln. Tc truynnng lngbcxMt tri vo t trng c th

giithch trn csnguyn l nhitnghc.

Vtl cngcho php giithch sthmncttvo cy da

trn cc nguyn l hpdn,mao dnv thmthu.


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1.3 Thch thc mi trng ton cu 1.3.1 Kh hu ton cu bin i v tn

sutthin tai gia tng Mcpht tn CO2vo cuinhngnm1990 xpx4lnmcnm1950.

Theo nhgi caBan Lin Chnh phvbinikh

hu th c bngchngcho thyvnhhngrt rrtcacon nginkh huton cu:

Sdchchuyncacc ikh hu,nhng thay itrong thnh phn loi v nng sut ca cc h sinh

thi, sgia tngcc hintngthititkhcnghit. Trong vng 100 nmtrliyTri tnng ln ~

0,5 oC v trong thkny stngt1,54,5 oC sovinhitthk20.


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Tri tnng ln c thmang tinhngHuqunghim trngnh:

- Mcncbinc thdng ln cao t25140 cm do stanbng,nhnchm mtvng ven binrng ln,lm mtinhiuvng tnng nghipph nhiu.

- Gia tngtnsutthin tai nhgi, bo, hahonv llt.

Tri tnng ln chyudo hotngcacon ngi:

- Sdngngy cng tnglngthan ,dumv pht trincng nghipdnngia tngCO2v SO2trong kh quyn.

- Khai thc tritdnnlm cnkitcc ngunti nguyn,cbit l rng,t rng v nc l bmy khng liu

ha kh huTri t. - Nhiu h sinh thi b mt cn bng nghim trng lm cho

thin nhin mtikhnngtiuchnhvnc camnh.


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1.3.2 S suy gim tng ozon

Vngn gitngozon c vai tr sngcn ivinhn loi.

Tngozon l lpvbovchnngcc tia cctm chiivicon ngi,V,thcvtcngnhcc loivliukhc nhau.

Mcsuy gimtngozon 10% th mcbxtia cctm tng20%.

Sgia tngbcxtia tngoiccoi l nguyn nhn gy ung

th,lm suy yucc hmindchcacon ngiv ngvt,edossngcangthcvtnitrong MT ncsngnhqutrnh chuynha nlngqua quang hp to ra thcn trongmi trngthysinh.

Cc cht lm cn kit tng ozon : cloruafloruacacbon (CFC),

metan, cc kh xit nit(NO2, NO, NOx) c khnngphnngviO3v chuynn thnh xy.

Cc chtlm suy gimtngozon trong tngbnh lutmccaonht vo nm 1994, nhng nh vo nhng n lc quc t hin

angcgimdn.


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1.3.3 Ti nguyn b suy thoi

Rng v cc ngchinangb khai thc qu mchocbtritph mnhm tr thnh thoang ridnbbinthnh samc.

Theo tnh ton cacc nh thnhnghcH Lan, khong305triuha tmu m- gnbngdin tch caTy u bsuythoi do bn tay con ngi.

Ssuy thoi rngvndinra mccao: Thgiic khong40 triukm2rngsong cho nhm nay chcn limtna.

S tn ph rngxy ra mnhmcbit l cc ncangpht trin,chyu l do nhu cu khai thc g, lm ci v mrngtlm nng nghip.

Vi tng lngnc l gn1400 triukm3, bao phgnkhpbmtTri t,nhng trong ncngtchchim2,5% mhuhttntididngngbngtptrung hai cc(chimti2,24 %), cn lngncm con ngic thtipcns

dngchchim0,26 %.


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S gia tng dn s nhanh cng vi qu trnh phttrin cng nghip ha, th ha, thm canh nngnghipanggy ra skhnghongnctrn phmvi ton cu.

Nc ngt c th s dng c chim khng y1% lng nc ca thy quyn, nhng nh qu

trnh khng l l s tunhon cancm lngnc ngt c phc hi lin tc. y chnh lnguyn nhn tothnh ncngt.

S trao incngt trong sng hdin ra mnh

mhnnhiuso vincmnv ncbngh. Cc ngunncbao gmkhi tnhca thyquyn

v phnnc thng xuyn cphchi do ktqucachu trnh tnhin.


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Nc sng vi khi lng khong1200 km3 (< 10-6 lngncthyquyn)nhngnhchu ktunhon chan12ngy m ncsng ctiu thv phchi. Tnh chtnyl nguyn nhn casimi thng xuyn ngunnc,cho php con ngisdng lin tcngunncngtcnthit.

Chu trnh ncton cuquytnhkhnngcpncngt

cho con ngiv sinh vt. S chnh lchgialngmav lngbay hinctrntlinquy nhlngnctrn ra bin. Do sxuthinssng,vng tunhon cancngy cng phctphnvivic bc hi sinh l ca c th sng v cc hot ngca

con ngi. Cng vi s pht trin ca cng nghip, con ngi ngy

cng tc ngnhiuln thyquyn,lm olnhsinh thinc, lm thay ichu trnh tnhin trong thyquyn, lmthay

inc

hnh tinh, lm nhim

ngun

nc

.


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1.3.4 nhim MT ang xy ra quy m rng Spht trin th,khu cng nghip,du lchv viccc

loi cht thi vo t, bin, cc thy vc gy nhim

nghim trng. Nhiuvnmi trngnysinh, cbitl ticc khu vc

nhnhngvimtdn scao.

Sthha l mtbi ton chac ligiikhdcami

trng. uthk20 loi ngisngchyunng thn, sngisngthnh phchim1/7 dn sthgii,nhngncuithk20 tll 1/2.

Lng nc ngt ngy mt khan him v con ngi lm

nhim. i dngang bin thnh ni cha rc khng lca con

ngi,nichaloichtthicannvnminh kthut.

Vicchtthixungbinanglm xungcpcc khu vc

ven bintrn ton thgii,gy hyhoicc hsinh thi.


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1.3.5 S gia tng dn s Minmdn sthgiitngkhong78 triungi,dtnh

nnm2015 tcon s6,97,4 tngiv nnm205010,3 tngi; trong 95 % dn stngthm l thucccncangpht trin.

Do cc ncny sphiimtvinhngvnnghim

trngcvmtkinh t,x hi,cbitl mi trng. Xt vmctiu thvtchttnh theo ungi,cc nccng vnminh th mctiu thcng cao: mtngiMtrungbnh minmtiu th37 tnvtcht,cn nginmi

nmdi1 tn. Nuton bdn strn thgiic mctiu thtrung bnhnhngiM hocngi Ty u th phi c 3 Tri tmicung cpti nguyn.

i h d i h h


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1.3.6 S suy gim tnh a dng sinh hc Cc hsinh thi triqua mtqu trnh pht trinc trtt,l ktqu

casbinimi trngvtl do ssngcasinh vtgy nn.

Cc loi ng thcvttrong qu trnh tinha hng trm triunmv anggp phnquan trngtrong vicduy tr scn bngmi trngsngtrn Tri t, nnhkh hu,lm schcc ngunnc,hnchxi mn, lm tngph nhiu cat.

Do cc hotnggy nhimcacon ngidnnlm sthay i

cc yutsinh thi ra ngoi giihnsinh thi cacc sinh vt. Tnh nnhcamthsinh thi tlviphctptrong cutrc dinhdngcan hay tnh adngsinh hc.

Mttrong nhngtc ngsinh thi chyudo con ngigy ra l lmcho hsinh thi bnginha.

V dtrong nng nghipthay thhng trmloicy ctnhin bngmtloicy trng.

Cc hotngcacon nginhmpht trinkinh tx hiphihnchnmc ti thiunhng tc ngxuv pht huy nhng tcngtch ccnhsinh thi mic thc spht trinbnvng.


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1.4 Yu cu cp bch v bo v mi trng

1.4.1 Tc ng ca con ngi i vi mi

trng Ngay tkhi xuthincon ngitc ngvo mi trng

sng; song trong sut qu trnh lch s, nhng tc ng lkhng ngk,chnkhi hnh thnh khoa hckthutv cngngh cng vi s pht trin ca n, con ngi mi tc ngngkvo mi trngv ngy cng mnhm.

nnay con ngilm chton bhnh tinh, cc nhn txhi v tinbk thut, cng ngh tc ng ln mi trnglm cho hiuquchnlctnhin gimtimcthpnht,cc

hsinh thi tnhin dndnchuynthnh hsinh thi nhn tohocbnginha.

Tri tmi trngtnhin l nntngcho stntiv phttrin ca con ngi, n cung cp mi nhu cu v vt cht vnnglng.


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Visgia tngdn sv gia tngvnhu cuvtchtv nnglng,con ngisau khi sdnghon tr limi trngdidngcc chtthikhng ngngtngln.

Cng vi cc qu trnh cng nghip v th ha, nhng tcngnmi trngnukhng kimsot csdnntnhtrngph hychnh mi trngsngcacon ngi.

Nhnghotng chnh lm nhimhoc gy tc ivimitrngc thchia lm 5 loi:

a - Khai thc ti nguyn Ti nguyn thin nhin l mtyutca qu trnh snxut,l

itnglao ngv csvtchtcasnxut.

Cng vi s gia tng dn s v pht trin cu khoa hc kthut,con ngikhai thc ti nguyn vicngrtln.

Cc chu trnh vtchttnhin bph hu,nhiuhsinh thi tnhin bmtnnh,cutrc vtl sinh quynbthay i.


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Vickhai thc rngqu mcdnnvictn ph rngv thayicutrc thmthcvttrn Tri t.

Huqu tip theo l lm hm lngCO2trong khng kh tng

v O2gim,T khng kh tng,xi mn, llt,hnhn v.v Cc ngnh cng nghipkhai khong, khai mamtlng

lncc chtph thichi t lng tvo sinh quyn lm nhim tng nc mt v ph hu s cn bng sinh thi trongmi trng nc, cu trc a tng v thm thc vt khu vc

khai thc thay i. Vicxy dngplm hchanccngc tc hiivi

mi trng: cntrsdi chuyntnhin calungc, thay ibnvngcat,gy ngp lt v thay i kh huccb

vng hcha. b - Sdngha cht

Con ngitrong hotngkinh tx hisdngmtlnglncc ha cht,sdngphn bn ha hclm nhimtvngunnc.


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Thuc trsu v ditcph hucy trng,xm nhpvo dychuynthcntc ngnnhiuSinh vt.

Cc ha chtsdng trong cng nghip v cc ngnh kinh t

khc thivo mi trngnhiuchtchi: Pb, Hg, phenol Nhng cht thi phng x t cc trung tm cng nghip v

nghin cukhoa hc,chtphng xtcc vnhtnhn hoclan truyn trong khng kh, hoc tch t lngxungmtt rtnguy himivicon ngiv sinh vt.

c - Sdngnh in liu Trong hotngsngcon ngisdngnhiuloinhin liuc

truyn: than ,dum,kh t,ciVictcc loinhin liulm nng trctipsinh quyn,thay ikh huccb.

iu nguy hi l lm hm lng COx, SOx, trong kh quyntng,dnnhiungnh knh lm tngnhitTri t,maaxt tc hinsinh vt,lm nhimkhng kh nhhngnsckhecon ngiv sinh vt.


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d - Cng nghnhn to Stinbkhoa hckthutlm cho con ngic

khnngkhai thc thin nhin vitcln.

Vic ng dng thnh tu khoa hc vo trng trt,

chnnui, lm tngnhanh chu trnh vtchtdn n ph hu cu trc t nhin ca chu trnh,nh hng n thnh phn h sinh vt, thay ichngloi v cutrc thmthcvt.

Vicxkh freon trong cng nghiplnhgy hiungthngtngozon bovssngtrn Tri t.


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e - thha Cng vistngtrngkinh t,thgiiangxyqu trnh

thha nhanh chng lm dintch tcanh tc v dintchrng b thu hp, lm thay i cnh quan, a hnh gy hintngxi mn ngoi, ngplttrong thnh ph.

Vicxy dngcc cng trnh v nh cao tng lm cho bmttbindng,cutrc tthay idnnsstln (vdMexico ln 7,6 m; Tokyo ln 3,4 m).

Mi trngthb nhim: cc chtthisinh hot,chtthicng nghiplm nhimnghim trngmi trngkhng kh,tv nc, nhimtingn,stptrung dn s lncng

vicc hotngcng nghip,giao thng v cc hotngkhc.


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1.4.2 nh gi tc ng mi trng GTMTc vai tr rtqtr trong victchcqunl v bovMT. GTMTcamthotngpht trinkinh tx hil xc nh,phn

tch v dbo nhngtc ngc liv c hitrcmtcngnhlu dim hotngc thnhhngn thin nhin cngnhMT sngcacon ngi.

Cc hotngpht trinKTXH gmnhiuloi: Loivm tc ngnton bKTXH qucgia camtvng hocmt

ngnh nh lutlchnh sch, chtrngchin lc,sphn blclngSX trn abn ln.

Loivi m nhn xy dngcbn,qui hochpht trinkinh t,ssdngti nguyn aphngv.v.

McchcaGTMTl phn tch mtcch c cnc khoa hcnhngtc ngc lihocc hi; txutcc phngn nhmxl hpl cc mu thungiayu cupht trinKTXH vinhimvbovMT.

GTMTcn c mcchgp thm tliucnthitcho vicquytnhHPT

Cc bo co caGTMTtrong lunchng KTKthutMT gip chocquan xt duytdn hotngc cslchnphngntiu. GTMT l binphp mbocho vic thchincc mc tiubovMT v pht trinbnvngdinra hi ha, cn iv gnb.

1 4 3 Chi l i b i t ti


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1.4.3 Chin lc quc gia v bo v mi trng v ti nguyn

Mcch:nhmthamn nhngnhu cucbnvv/c v tinh thncho con ngihinnay v cc thhmai sau, thng qua vicbovMTv qunl mtcch khn kho cc ngunTnguyn Tnhin caqucgia.

Nidung: xy dngcc chtrng,chnh sch cc chngtrnh vk hoch hnh ng bo v mi trng v s dng hp l cc tinguyn thin nhin ph hpvispht trinkinh tcatnc.

Nidung chin lcphidatrn vicphn tch hintrngv dbocc xu thdinbin,trn csxutphnghngbovv s

dnghpl ti nguyn MT. Nhimv: duy tr cc qu trnh sinh thi chyuv cc hthngt

nhin c nghaquytnhnisngcon ngi. mbosgiu c catncvvngen cc loi cy trngv cc

loi ngvthoang dic lin quan nlich lu di catncv

canhn loi. m bo vic s dng hp l cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, iukhinvicsdng trong giihnc thphchic,mbochtlngMT ph hpviyu cuvisngv sckhecon ngi.

mbovicnnhdn smccn bngvikhnngsdnghpl cc ngunti nguyn thin nhin.


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1.4.4 Lut bo v mi trng Php lutcamtqucgia vbovMT v TN thin nhin l

mt h thng cc quy nh php l v s dng, bo v, khiphccithin cc ngunTN thin nhin, toMT thunlichossngv pht trincon ngi. Ty theo iukinv cimvchnh tr, kinh t, x hi, al v lchsm php lutvbov MT mi nc mt khc; song u c nhng c im

chung sau: - Thhinsch trngcanh ncivivnTN v MT.

- X trch nhimv quynhnphp chvTN MT micpql nh nc.

- Phihpphp chbovMT viphp chqunl cc ngnhsnxut.

- Kthpphng trnh, ngnnga thithivTN MT v khcphchuquxyra; cithinchtlngMT v TN, phcvlich lu di cacon ngi.


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Nhng nguyn tc php ch v TN MT thng cthhintrong hinphp.

Cc nguyn tchinphp l csxnidung vphng hng ca h thng lut cc cp t Trungngnaphng.

LutbovMT cancta cxy dngtrn cs

hinphp, cQuchithng qua ngy 27 thng 12nm1993 v c hiulctngy 10 thng 01 nm1994gmlini u, 7 chngv 55 iu.

Lutkhngnhquyncon ngicsngtrong MT

trong lnh, xc nh nhim v bo v mi ca nhnc, xem l chc nng c bn v thng xuyncanh nc, xc nhtrch nhimcamitchcvc nhn trong vicbovMT v TN thin nhin.

Chng 2


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Chng2MT S VN C BN CA

VT L MI TRNG L thuytvchuynivtchtv nnglngc

quan h mt thit vi bn cht ca s nhimmi trngv snhgi trngthi mi trng.

nhlutboton vtchtl cstnh tonnh lng s khuch tn ca cc cht nhimtrong mi trng, xc nhc svnchuyncc cht nhimtrong mi trng.

nhlutboton nnglngl phngtincbngiicc bi ton phctp trong binimi trngnhtnh ton sphn tn cc chtnhimtrong mi trng.

2 1 Cn bng vt cht


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2.1 Cn bngvtcht Davo /lBton v/c c ththitlp

ccc ft tnh ton sbinicacc cht nhimtrong MT.

Gskhu vcngcuc 1 ngbingiihn(H 2.1). 1 chtno ivokhu vcny sbithnh 3 dng:

- 1 phn0 thay iira khikhu vc, - 1 phnctch ttrong khu vc,

- 1 phnbtiu hu, HT hocbi. C th x c lng v/c ca ccphnny. Ft cn bngv/c l:

Hnh 2.1Scn bngvtcht

Lngv/c vo = lngv/c (ira + tch t+ tiu hu) (2.1)

C th x c lng v/c cacc phnny. Ft cn bngv/c l:

Thpnginnht: khng c sbin i v/c: v/c i vo vn ginguyn tt ban u th nng cht nhim trong khu vcnghin cu vn gi n nh

tphn tch t trong (2.1) = 0, BTtrnn nginv ddng gii. Thpgin 2: v/c cboton

trong khu vcncu, khng bsuygim do td ca cc yt MT thtphntiu hutrong (2.1 ) = 0.

nginho tnh ton, trongnhiu trng hp c th b quatphnbtiu hukhi n nh.

2 1 1 H thng bo ton vt cht n nh


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2.1.1 Hthngboton vtchtnnh L thp gin nht, mi cht cng nh tng cc cht bton. Ft

(2.1) thnh: Lngchtivo = lngchtira (2.2)

Hnh 2.2 Hthngboton nnh Hnh 2.2 bdinVD v1 hthngboton v/c nnh.

Khu vcngcucghnl 1 ao hay hchancc 2 knhncchyvo: suincchyvo vilulngQsv nngcht nhimCs, knh dnncthichyvo vicc ilngtngngl Qkv Ck.

C 1 knh dn nc ra khi h l dng nc hn hp. Trongthpboton nnhth ft (2.1) c dng:

CsQs+ CkQk= CrQr (2.3)

2 1 2 H h h h hi kh b


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2.1.2 Hthngnnhcht nhimkhng boton

Nu cht nhim khng c bo ton thphngtrnh (2.1) c dng:

Lng i vo = lng i ra + lng tiu hu(2.4)

Gi thitphncht nhimb tiu hu t lvi

lngcht nhim, tcl:

(2.5) vi: k l hstiu hucacht nhim, n

vcak l 1/nvthigian. C l nngcht nhim Du trbiu thnngcht nhimbgim

theo thigian.

dCkC

dt

Trong thi gian t 0 n t nng cht nhim gim t C


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Trong thigian t0 nt, nngcht nhimgimtCoxungC. Lytch phn hai v(2.5) ta c:

Hay: (2.6)

(2.6) cho thynngcht nhimgim theo hm mcathigian.

Nucht nhimphn bngutrong thtch V cakhuvcnghin cu th tngcht nhims l CV. Tng lngtiu hucacht nhimkhng boton l ;

Lngtiu hu= (2.7)

Thay (2.7) vo (2.4) ta cphng trnh cn bngvtchtngin:

Lng cht nhim vo = Lng cht nhim ra + kCV(2.8)

0o

C t

C

dCkdt

C ln

o

Ckt

C

kt

oC C e

( )d CV dC V kCV

dt dt

2 1 3 Ph h b


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2.1.3 Phngtrnh pngtngbc

C thmrngqtr tnh ton nngcht nhimttnnhtrongHT MT khi cht nhimcboton hockhng cboton i

vitrnghpkhngnnh. Trong thctcnxc nhnngcht nhimtrong HT MT binitheo t. PP giiBT ny gil Ft pngtngbccahthng.

M hnh ca HT MT bin i l mt hnh hp c th tch V x, lulngcht nhimivo v ira khihnh hpul Q.

Githitnngcht nhimphn bngutrong khihp, khinngcht nhimi ra C chnh l nngcan trong khihp.

Tnglngcht nhimtrong khihpl CV, hstngcht nhimtrong khihpl dC/dt. Tnglngcht nhimtngthm trong khihptrong mtnvthigian l S.

Xt trnghpcht nhimtrngthi khng cboton vihstiu huk. M hnh tnh ton sl: Lnglutn= LngivoLngiraLngtiu hu

hay: (2.9)dC

V S QC kCV

dt

gii Ft (2 9) trc ht ta x nng cht nhim ti hn n nh


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giiFt (2.9), trchtta xnngcht nhimtihnnnh,tcnngC t v hn, khi dC/dt = 0. Khi :

(2.10)

Thay (2.10) vo (2.9) ta c:

(2.11)

t: (2.12)

(2.13)

Phngtrnh (2.11) sc dng:

(2.14)

Gii(2.14) ta cnghim: (2.15)

viyol gi trcay tithiimban u(t = 0)

SC

Q kV

( )dC Q kV S

Cdt V Q kV

Sy C Q kV

dy dC

dt dt

dy Qk ydt V Q

kV

oy y e


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GiCo l nngcht nhim trong khihp thiim t = 0, t(2.12) ta c:

(2.16)

Giihba phngtrnh (2.12, 2.15, 2.16) ta c:

(2.17)

Kt qu (2.17) c th biu din n gin hn nu thay tr s C

(2.10) vo:

(2.18)

o o

Sy C

Q kV

expt oS S Q

C C k t Q kV Q kV V

expt oS S Q

C C k t Q kV Q kV V

expt oQ

C C C C k t V


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thcaCttheo thigian c dngbiudintrn hnh 2.3.

Hnh 2.3thphngtrnh pngtngbc Biuthc(2.18) cho thygimcht nhimtrong hp(phng

hay hitrng) cnc dintch cascnthitlulngkh vo ln v hn ch cc ngun kh thi gy nhim b

sung vo phng.

2 2 Vn nng lng


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2.2 Vnnnglng 2.2.1 Cc nhlutnhitnghc Xt mthbtkcgiihnbimtngbin ghnno . H

c thl hnghocm. T/l1 NH,c thvitft cbngnlngivih: Nnglngvo = Nnglngra + U (2.20)

U l phnnlngchuynho thnh U cgilitrong hthng. Phnnlngchuynho thnh U c thlm tngT cah, hoclm

binitrngthi pha cah, hocngthichai.

Nhiu vn k thut MT lin quan n bin i v/c v nlng quangbin cah(hm). VD dng cht lngtrong qu trnh SX lm mt.

Theo /l 2 NHta thymihotngsngv snxutcacon ngiuthirtnhiunhitvo MT.

Ni khc, hiu suts dng nlng trong cuc sngca con ngi

hinvncn mcthphay nhitthivo MT vncn mccao. Vntra l cnnng cao hiusutsdngnlnggimthinhitvo MT.

Munvyphicitincng nghv sdngthitbmy mc hplnng cao hiusutchuyninlnggim nhimnhitchoMT.

2 2 2 Nhit T i t


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2.2.2 NhitTri t

Xt hai m hnh ngintnhT caT:

M hnh co i Tlvtentuyti: Vten tuyti l vtHT hon

ton nlngcamiBX miT. Bc x MTrin mt bin ca

tngkh quynTvitrsTB l

S = 1372 W/m2gil HsMTri.Coi tng nlng T Hth ccaMTri l tngnlngbxiqua mtvng anmvung gcvi tia sng Mtri , c knh =knh T, xem T l vt entuyt i, n s Hth ton bnlngtMTrin:

Eo= S.R2 viR l bn knh T.

NubmtT l ngnhitTdth nlngbxdo Tpht il:

Ee= vi= 5,67.10-8W/(m2.K4) l h

sStefanBoltzmann. GthitT Tkhng binitheo t

th nlng MTri m T Hth

phicbngvinlngTbxrakhng gian xq:

S.R2= (2.21)

Giift (2.21) ta cTd= 279 K.

Kqu ny < T TB nm ca bmtTquan trccl 288 K. Thiu st l khng tnh cc k

thct, nhtl kBX caT.

2 4

d.4 .R T

2 4d.4 .R T

b b i


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M hnh cn bngbcxnginc tnh nsphnxcaT:

T l gia phn nng lng ca bc x phn x v nng

lngbcxngil sAlbedo . ivibmtTri t, tnh trung bnh cho cnmhsny

khong30 %.

Coi Tri tl vtenthng thngnn n hpthmtphn

v phn x li mt phn nng lng bc x Mt tri chiun. Do biuthc(2.21) thnh:

(2.22)

Giiphng trnh (2.22) ta cnhit trung bnh cab

mtTri t Td= 255 K, nhitny khc xa gi trthct. Thiust cahai m hnh ngintrn l coi nnglng

bcxcaTri tpht hon ton ra khng gian vtr(100%) m khng knhiungnh knh trong kh quyn.

2 2 4(1 ) 4 dS R R T

2 2 3 Hiu ng nh knh


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2.2.3 Hiungnh knh Strao innglngkhng cn bnggiaTvikhng gian

v trdnnsgia tngT kh quynTgi l hiungnh

knh. Theo /l bc x ca vt en, gia bx v T ca vt c qh

dng:

(2.23)

Mttri c nhitbmtkhong6000 K nn bcxc bcsng cc i max = 0,5 m thuc loi sng ngn. Mt t cnhitkhong288 K nn c

max= 10,1 m thucloisng di.

Phnlnnnglngcabcxc bcsng nhhn0,3 mbkh oxi v ozon hpth.

Phnlnnnglngcabcxsng di caTri t bcxraubcc kh nhimtiu biunhCO2, N2O v CH4hpth.

ax

2898

( )m m T

Hi nc hp th mnh cc tia hng ngoi c bc sng > 18


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Hinchp thmnhcc tia hngngoic bcsng > 18m.

Kh CO2hthmnhcc tia khong1318 m v 2,74,3 m.

Kh CH4hpthmnhcc tia trong vng 9,5 m v 3,8 m. O3hpthcc tia trong khong9,510,6 m.

Khi tri trong xanh, bcxnhitsng di trong khong7 18m ddng thot ra ngoi khng gian vtrnn cgil casbcxcakh quyn.

Cc kh c khnngHthBX nhit di > 4 m gi l kh nhknh.

Cc kh nh knh hpthcc bcxsng di do Tri t pht rali tr thnh vt bc x, mt phn nng lng ny bc x vo

khng gian, mtphntruynxungmttlm Tri t nng ln. Nunhkhng c tc ngcacc kh nh knh th nhitTri

t theo hai m hnh trn ychl 279 K hoc255 K.

Nhvyhiungnh knh lm tngT Tri t ln l 9 K hoc33 K.


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Ngungccacc kh nh knh: Kh CO2: Do vic t nhin liu ha thch v s h hp ca

ngi v ng vt thi vo kh quyn mt lng ln CO2.ngoi ra lngCO2cakh quyncn cbsung do ni la.

Mt na lng CO2 sinh ra c thc vt v nc bin hpth. PhnCO2do ncbinhp thcha tan v kt tatrong ncbin.

Cc loi thc vtdibinng vai tr chyu trong vicduy tr scn bngCO2giakh quynv bmtidng.

LngCO2lilutntrong kh quyn, thcvtht CO2tntiv pht trin, nhngkhi nngCO2qu cao th lic hi.

CO2tntichyuvng ilu. Theo tnh ton, nunngCO2trong kh quyn tnggpi

th nhittrung bnh cabmtTri t stng3,6 oC.


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Kh CH4: l snphmcasphukkhcht hu c trong cc m ly, do chyrng, do phn hu cc cht thi trongnnghipv do kthc nliuho thch.

Kh N2

O: Sn sinh t vic t nhin liuho thch, cc hotngnng nghipvcng nghipsnxutmtsloiaxit.

Kh CO:Hnh thnh tvictnhin liuho thch thiu oxy, bin cng l ngunsnsinh CO nhngt hnnhiu.


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Mcnhhngcamtsloikh nh knh ln h.nh knhv ngungccc hngtora cc kh nh knh bdintrn H.2.4.

Hnh 2.4nhhngcamtsloikh nh knh v cchotngln hiungnh knh.

Chng 3


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Chng 3VT L KH QUYN

3.1 Thnh phnv cutrc kh quyn 3.1.1 Thnh phnkh quyn Kh quynccutobihnhpcamtsloikh gil

khng kh: N2, O2, Ar, CO2, Ne ,He , Kr, H2, O3, hinc v.v.tuy nhin chyul N2, O2, O3, CO2v H2O. Chng cphn

btrong kh quynnhsau: - Nitchim78,09% nhiunhttrong kh quyn, n csinhra ditc dngcacc vi sinh vt rcy hu, n dtrthnh hpchtcthcvthpth.

- xy chim20,94% ngvai tr chyutrong cc phnngha

hctrong kh

quyn. N khng

ththiu

c

trongs

hhpcangthcvt, n l snphmcatc dngquanghpcathcvt.

- CO2chim0,032% csinh ra do qu trnh tchy ccchthuc, n rtcnthitcho isnghuc.

- O3c rt t tngthpkh quyn, chsinh ra khi c smst.


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3 g p q y , cao 2030 km th hnh thnh mttngdy, n chnh thnh tccsnphmchaoxy nh: SO2, NO2, andehit khi hpthbcxtngoi:

NO2 NO + O O2+ O O3

Qu trnh ngclil sphn hyozon: O3+ NO NO2+O2

S sinh hyozon c lin quan nvicngncnbcxtngoi lnmttv nhittngkh quyntrn cao.

- Hinc: nimn4%, nikh ch0,01%. Khng kh bo ho hi

nc20 oC cha7,3 g nc/m3.Lng hi nc trong kh quyn t nhng c vai tr rt quan trngtrong vicbinithititv qtr tunhon canctrong tnhin.

- Bi, ncv cc vtthrn: ngoi cc chtkh, trong kh quyncnc cc htvtchtkhc thlnghocrnc kch thcnht6.10-8

mm n0,1 mm nhbi, khi, phnhoa, vi khun, Bicgi cuntmttln, do ni laphun ra v do nham thchphong ha sinh ra. ngoi ra n cn ctora tsao bng.Nhnghtnc, htbng, htbinhbay llngtrong khng kh tothnh my v sngm, chng nhhngntmnhn xa nhnggivai tr quan trngtrong vicngngktcahinctrong kh quyn.

tu ngoai


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Ngoi ra trong kh quyn cn c cc ht ngngkt, ngnghoa, int, ion, Chng c tc dng

ht mmnhtoiukincho hincngngkt mc d hi nc trong kh quyn cha tbo ha.

Khi trong kh quyndo victnhin liubng

phngphp ctruynsinh ra, do chy rng, Khi l cc ht vt cht rt nh chng lm vnckh quynv nhhngntmnhn xa.

Nhvy, kh quynhunhtrong sutnhngnl mtdung dch, trong khng kh schl dungmi, cn cc loihtkhc l chtha tan.

3 1 2 Cu trc kh quyn theo chiu ng


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3.1.2 Cutrc kh quyntheo chiung

Davo cc ilngvtl ctrng, ngita chia kh quynthnh 5tng:

Tngilu:L tngthpnhttmttncao khong78 km hai accv 1618 km vng xch o.* cao gimtheo v.* Khng kh lun chuynngtheo cchiungang lnchiungvi

nhngkhikh khng ngnhtdo nhhngtrctipcabcxmtt, nhit thay i ln, lnghincnhiu. Cc hin tng thititnhmy, ma, ging, bo,uxyra tngny.* Mtkhng kh ln, chim3/4 khilngton bkh quyn.* c im l T gim theo cao, trung bnh ln cao 100 m Tgimxung0,6 oC; nhtngilunhitc ththpti60 oC.

Tngilucchia lm 5 lptynnh: + Lpy(hay lpst t): tmttncao 2m.Qu trnh vtl xyra lpny rtcbit.Bin thin nhit lp ny rt ln do nh hng bc x mt t,chnh lchgiayv nhc thti2 oC.Ban ngy nhityln, ban mngcli.

+ Lp di (hay lp ma st):


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+ Lp di(hay lp ma st): L lp tip theo ln n cao 12 km. Cca khng kh lp ny chu nh hng ln ca ms v vt cn trtrn mt t

cng vi nh hng ln ca bc x nhit mt t m lp ny thng sinh ra

nhng xoy kh ln, nhiu ng v i lu mnh. lp ny T gim theo cao, hi nc nhiu, my v sng m dy c. cao ca lp ny thay i theo gi, ma v a phng: ban ngy cao hn ban

m, ma h cao hn ma ng. + Lp gia: lp tip theo n cao 6 km.nh hng ca mt t chcn l nhiu

ng nhit.

Schuyn ng ca khng kh c lin quan n schuyn ng ca khng kh trongctng i lu, cho nn vic dbo thi tit l nghin cu lp ny. + Lp trn: l lp trung gian gia lp gia v lp nh, T khng kh thng thp

di 0 oC. chuyn ng ca khng kh t chu nh hng ca mt t. My lp ny chyu l cc tinh thbngv mt lng nhhi nc chm ng,

lng hi nc lp ny t, tc gi ln.

+ Lp nh: l lp trn cng, T t gim theo cao, c khi hnh thnh lp ng nhithoc nghch nhit (nhit tngtheo cao).

cao lp nh gim theo v. Hi nc lp ny rt t, tc khng kh t, c nhng dng kh chy xit vi tc

hng trmkm/h.


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Tngbnh lu: tiptheo tngiluln ncao khong5060 km.

Lnghincrtt, my do cc tinh thbngtothnh.

Thngxuyn c shnh thnh v phn giiO3ditd catia tngoiv nh sng Mttrinn T thngxuyn thay i. Phn bO3phthucvv ma. xch odo bcx trn cao mnh, qu trnh cn bngxyra nhanh

nn lngO3t, vng ccth ngcli. Ma xun lngO3nhiunhtv ma thu t nht.

LngO3cn phthucthitit(gi xoy) tngbnh lu. Phndicatngbnh lugnnhngnhit. Tcao khong25 km trln nhitbtutngnhanh t56 oC

v tcci2 oC cao khong50 km. Stngnhitydo qu trnh hpthbcxMtticaO3. Do nhit tng theo cao nn lon luxy ra tng ny rtyu,

chuynngcakhng kh chyutheo chiungang. cao t1825 km hm lngO3trong khng kh ln(hm lng>

1000 lnso vitngilu) nn cgil tngozon c vai tr rtquan trngl hpthphn lnbcxtngoicaMttribovssngtrn Tri t.

T t


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Tngt rung quyn: tip theo tng bnh lu n caokhong80 km.

Giatngbnh luv tngtrung quynl mtlpkh quyndykhong1 km c sbinthin nhitchuynttngsang gimgil lpbnh luhn.

Sau lp ny nhit gim theo cao t 2 oC pha dixung92 oC pha trn.

Hintnglonlutngny pht trinmnh.

Tngnhitquyn:c cao t80500 km.

Nhitkhng kh tngtheo cao t92 oC ln 1200 oC. Nhitkh quyn thay itheo thigian trong ngy: ban ngy

rtcao v ban mxungkh thp. Lpchuyntipgiatngtrung quynv tngnhitquyngil

lptrung quynhn. tng ny phn t xi hp th bc x Mt tri phn ly thnh

nguyn t. Mtshtbion ho khi hpthbcxMttrivng tngoi,

chng c tc dngphnxsng int.

Tngngoiquyn: l tngngoi cng cao t500 km


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g g q y g g g ln n cao khong 2000 km, l tng chuyn tip gia khquynv khng gian vtr, khng kh rtlong.

Phn tkh chuynngvivntcrtlnlichuscht Tri

t t, do cc phn tkh khng ngngkhuchtn vo khnggian vtr. Do mt kh rt thp nn s phn t kh bmt khng nhiu

(chyul cc ion H+khongvi nghn tn/nm). Lngkh mticb lido ni la trn Tri thotng

phng ra chtkh lngkh quynhunhkhng thay i.

KhilngTri tcb libngdng plasma tMttri vbivtrivo kh quynTri t(~ 2g/Km2/nm).

Di tc dngcabcxMt triv tia v trcc phn tkhquynbphn ly thnh cc ion.

Ban ngy kh b ion ha nhiuhnban m. Khi ion ha c s

tngnhitnn T rtcao. Phnlncc phntkh tntididngion nn trong mtstrnghpngita giphnthpcatngny l tngionhaytnginly, n c tnh chtdninmnh, phnxmnhsngv tuynnhtl sng di.

Hintngccquang xuthindo chnh tngny.

3 2 Ch nhit bc x v hon lu kh quyn


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3.2 Chnhit, bcxv hon lukh quyn

3.2.1 Snng ln v lnhicakhng kh Nng lngMt tri ivo kh quynTri tvicng2

cal/cm2/pht. Khi nTri tn bkh quynhpth3040 %. Phn nng lng hp th kh quyn li bc x 60 70 % ra

khng gian didngbcxsng di. Nhvykhng kh bnng ln do hpthtrctipnng lng

Mt tri l nh, nhngdo Tri thp thnng lngMt tritr thnh ngunnhitnn khng kh nng ln do hp thnhitcamttl chyu.

Ban ngy mttctnng nn truynnhitcho khng kh,ban mmttmtnhitnn lnhhnkhng kh, do khngkh litruynnhitcho mttnn lnhi.

Qu trnh nng ln v lnh i, cng nh s truyn nhit trongkhng kh rtphctp.

Struynnhitttvo khng kh theo nhiucch khc nhau:

Dn nhit phn t:


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Dn nhit phn t: Khng kh dn nhit km. Phng thc dn nhit Ft lm lp khng kh st t nng

ln. Sdn nhit theo phng thc ny givai tr rt nhtheo ft:

(3.1)

Vi: Q1 l thng lng nhit.l hsdn nhit phn t ca khng kh (= 5.105).

l gradien nhit theo phng ng.

Pht x: Mt t ht thnnglng bc xMt tri, sau pht xsng di volp khng kh st t, lp ny li pht xlm nng cc lp trn v qu trnh cnhvy tip tc. Phng thc pht xtheo phng trnh:

(3.2)

Vi: Q2l thng lng nhit. i = 0,2 l hsdn nhit bc xca khng kh. Tc dng lm nng khng kh bng phng thc ny cngnh.

1

dTQ dz

dT

dz

2 dTQ idz

ilunhit:


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u t y l nhn t ch yu trong s truyn nhit t t vo

khng kh. Qu trnh xyra do chuynngcanhngthtch khng

kh ring bittheo chiuthngngcquytnhbilpkhng kh st tnng ln mnh.

ilunhitc thl chuynngkhng trtt, c thlnhngdng.

Nhngthtch khng kh ring bitv nhngxoy kh theophng ng, hoc mt lung kh ln, mnh c trt thng t di ln trn cao vi tc c th ln hn 10m/s.

Do ahnh mtt khng ngnhtm khng kh nng

ln khng uv do si lunhitcngkhng ngu. S i lunhit thng xy ra ban ngy lca v ban

mbin.

3.2.2 Bin thin nhit ca khng kh


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3.2.2 Binthin nhitcakhng kh Mtt l ngun khng kh cung cpnng lngch yu cho

khng kh.

T khng kh lpgnmtt l binthin nhiunht, cngln cao nhhngcng t v do binthin cng nh. T cakhng kh tccivo khong2 3 gichiuv cc

tiutrclc bnh minh. Sbinthin ngy canhitkhng kh phthucvo cc yu

tnh: + V:vng nhitic bin khong12 oC, vng n i

khong89 oC, vng ccikhong34 oC. + Ma: Bin nhitngy cakhng kh vma ng lnhn

so vima h m thhin r nht l vng n i, cn vngnhitithay it hn.

Khu vc lcanmxa binc bin nhitcakhng kh lnhnso vivng binv hio. vng sa mcbin nhitcakhng kh rtlnc thln n

3040 oC.


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Lon lu:


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L schuyn ng hn lon ca nhng khi kh ring bit trong dng khng

kh ln, n xy ra do mi trng c linh ng cao. Khi khng kh di chuyn trn bmt t khng bng phng nn c ma st ln

m xut hin nhng xoy nhc kch thc khc nhau, nhng xoy ny vabc ln va chuyn ng theo phng ngang theo lung gi ngang. Do chuyn ng lon lu m c sxo trn khng kh v truyn nhit theo

phng ng. Phng thc ny cn gi l giao lu nhit, n tun theophng trnh:

(3.3)

Vi: A l hsgiao lu nhit.C l tnhit ca khng kh. AC 23,7

Slon lu cngngvai tr chyu trong vic truyn nhit tt vo khquyn

Truyn nhit dng tim nhit bc hi: Qu trnh bc hi, ngkt hi nc cnggivai tr quan trng trong s

truyn nhit tt vo khng kh. Theo tnh ton cmt gam nc ngngttrong kh quyn sta ra mt nhit lng 600 calo.

3

dTQ AC dz

3 3 Nhit lc hc kh quyn


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3.3 Nhitlchckh quyn 3.3.1 Chuynngthngging onnhitca

khng kh kh Khikhng kh chabo ha hincgil khng kh kh. Khikhng kh kh chuynngthngging gil qu trnh nhitkh. Xt mtkhikh kh thngonnhittmtt. Do p sutkh gimtheo cao nn khi thngkhikh sgin nv

sinh cng, do ninngkhikh gimv nhitsgim. Ngclikhi khikh kh ging, mi trngngoi snn dnkhikh

li, ninngcakhikh tngv nhitcan tng. Qu trnh onnhitkh cakhikh tun theo phngtrnh:

(3.4)

Vi: kl gradien onnhitkh, nvl K/100 m.A l nglngnhitcacng.Cpl nhitdung ngp cakhng kh (Cp= 0,238 cal/K).g l gia tctrngtrng.

k= 0,98 K/100m 1 K/100 m.

.k

p

dT A g

dz C


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Nh vy, trong qu trnh on nhit kh cln cao hocxung thp100 m th nhit

khng kh gimhoctngmt. Quy ctimttz = 0, biuthc(3.4) c

thvitdng:

(3.5)

Biuthc(3.5) cho php xc nhnhitT2cakhikh cao z theo nhitkhikh mttT1trong qu trnh onnhitkh.

1 2100

zT T

3.3.2 Chuynngthngging onnhitca


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y g g g g khng khm

Khng kh ttrngthi bo ha hincgil khng kh m. Do s bc hi nc trn mt acu l lin tc nn lng hi nc

trong khng kh tngln lin tcv nhanh chng tbo ha. Qu trnh chuynngthngging onnhitcakhng kh mgil

qu trnh onnhitm. Mcngngkt:

Qu trnh onnhitkh lm cho khi ln cao nhitkhikh gim, domtngistngv ncao no hincstboha.

Nu khi kh tip tc ln cao, khi nhit khi kh h thp hn imsngth sngngkthincxyra.

cao m hincchatrong khikh angthngtbo ha gil

mcngngkt. Nhitcakhikh btuxyra hintngngngkthincgil nhitmsng.

K hiuz l cao, l imsngmtt, zl imsngcao z, ta c:

z= 0,0018z (3.6)

Timcngngkt, nhitkhikh bngnhitimsng,nn t biu thc (3 5) ta c:


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nn tbiuthc(3.5) ta c:

Tz = z hay T = z 0,0018z

z =122(T ) (3.7) Biuthc(3.7) cho php ta tnh cao ngngktnubitnhit

T v imsngmtt. Bitm tngiR c thxc nhcao ngngkt theo

cng thcIpplitp:z = 22(100 R) (3.8)

Nubitp sutp v nhit khng kh T timtt th mcngngktcxc nhtheo cng thcLaplace trong tnhhckh quyn:

(3.9)

Vi:

pol p sutkh quynticao mcncbin(zo= 0).

100

z

18400(1 )lg opz Tp

1

273

3.3.4 Gradien nhitm


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Khi thngon nhit, T khi kh gim dn cho ti mc ngng kt th hi ncbt u ngng kt.

Hi nc ngng kt s ta nhit lm T khi kh tnggradien on nhit

m nhhn gradien on nhit kh. K hiu : al gradien on nhit mL l tim nhit bc hi: L = 0,65T + 597.S l lng m ring

Theo kh tng hc ta c:

(3.10)

Khi ln cao do ngng kt m lng hi nc trong khi kh gim:

Do S phthuc nhit v p sut khng kh nn acngthay i theo p sutv nhit ca khng kh nn aconst. Qua nghin cu ngi ta thy:

aca khng kh c p sut cao > aca khng kh c p sut thp.

aca khng kh c nhit cao T a > 0 khikh siln trngthi khng nnh.

NuT= T a = 0 chcn tc ngnh(cung cpnhit lngchng hn cho khi kh) n c th sinh ra chuyn ng thnghocging trngthi phimnh.

Nu T < T a < 0 khi khng kh c xu hng chuyn ngging nhngpha dikhng kh c p sutv mt lnhnsyn trli. Khikh trngthi nnh.

Nhvygia tccakhikh ctrngcho trngthi nnhcakhikh ditc ngcanguyn nhn nhitlcgy ra.

'T Ta g

T

3.4 nglchckh quyn


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g q y 3.4.1 Chuynngngang cakh quyn nh sng Mttri chiuxungbmtTri ttheo gc tikhc nhau

nn lngnhithpthccacc khu vctrn Tri tcngkhcnhau. iuny lm cho nhitbmtTri tthay itheo gi, ma v v

. Do c strao inhitgiamttv kh quynpha trn m khng

kh nng c khilngring nhhnchuynngln pha trn, khng

kh cc vng lnhhnchuynngticc khu vcnng thay th. Ktqu l sdchchuyncacc khikhng kh thhindidnggi.

Qu trnh ny dinra lin tctrn khpTri ttheo qui lutcn bngnhitv p sutcc ikh hungvicc khu vcccb.

Khng kh nng khi bay ln trn hocchuynngngang mang theo

nhiuhinctora ma. Do qu trnh hon lukh quyngnktchtchvichu trnh tunhon thin canc.

Hon lukh quyndidnggi c thqui m aphngnhgiphn, gi nithung lng; hocqui m ton cunhgi ty, gi tnphong,

Chuyn ng theo phng ngang ca kh quyn lin quan mnh


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Chuynngtheo phngngang cakh quynlin quan mnhnstrao inhitv hincgiacc khu vctrn acu.

Do sphn bnhittheo phngngang khng unn kh pcngphn bkhng udnnvicchuyndchkhng kh t

nip sutcao nnic p sutthp. C 4 lcgy ra chuynngngang: LcGrad ien kh p: Gradien kh p theo phng ngang l gim kh p trn mt

phngngang. Lcgradien kh p FGtc dngln mtnvkhi

lngkh cxc nhbi:(3.12)

Vi:l mtkh

l gradien p suttheo phngn.

Di tc dng ca FG, khi kh chuyn ng theo phnggradien kh p.

1G

pF

n

pn

Lc Coriolis (lc lch hng a chuyn):


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LcCoriolis(lclchhngachuyn): Do chuynngquay caTri t m khikh khilng

m chuynngvivntc schutc dngmt lcCoriolis:

(3.13)

Vi l vntcquay caTri t.

Vln:FC= 2mvsin (3.14)

xch o= 0 FC= 0,

cc = 90o

FC= max. LcCoriolis c phngvung gc vihngchuynngcakhikh nn khng lm thay ivntckhikh mchlm thay ihngchuynngcakhikh.

2CF m v

v

Lc ma st:


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C hai loi lc ma st: ngoi lc ma st v ni lc ma st, chng u c tc dng lmcn trchuyn ng ca khi kh.

Ma st ngoi l do ma st ca a hnh mt t ngncn chuyn ng ca khi kh.

Gi l vn tc ngang ca gi, k l hsma st, ta c lc ma st:(3.15)

Ty theo c im mt m m k thay i trong khong 1,2.104n 0,2.104N.s/m. Trn mt bin k nhhn trn t lin khong 4 ln.

Do ngoi ma st m cc phn tkh lp st t chuyn ng bhm chm li, nhni ma st shm chm c truyn ln cc lp kh pha trn. Slon lu lm tngcng strao i ng nnggia cc lp kh. Kt qu l cc lp kh pha trn chuyn ng nhanh hn b chm li, lp kh pha

di chuyn ng nhanh ln.

Nh thmc lon lu nh hng rt ln n ln ca lc ma st trong khquyn. Dng ma st qui nh bi slon lu l ma st lon lu, vln gp hng vn ln

lc ni ma st trong khng kh. Thc nghim chng t tc dng ca ngoi ma st v ni ma st mt t khng

ngc hng chuyn ng ca khi kh m lch vpha tri mt gc khong 35o.

mF kv v

Lc ly tm:


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Lcly tm: Gir l bn knh cong caquophn t

kh, v l vntccaphntkh, ta c lclytm tc dngln phntkh:

(3.16)

Thngth FLc gi trnh. Tuy nhin ivinhngxoy kh c tc

lnv bn knh cong nhth FL> FG.

Nhng xoy kh nh th thng xut hinvo nhngngy nng nctrong khikh btnnh.

2

L

vF m

r

3.4.2 Sdinbincagi


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g Binthin cagi trong lpma st: gnmtt, do tc dngcangoi lcma st lm tcgi

gimi. lcabnh qun tcgi bng40%, mtbinbng70%tcgi achuyn.

Hnggi gnmttthnglchvbn phihnggradienkh p mtgc khong60o.

Cng ln cao nh hng cama st cng gim, tc gi lcutngnhanh, sau tngchmdn. Thcnghimv tnh ton cho thylpkh gnmtt, tc

gi tnggntlvilogarit cao. cao m nhhngca lcma st tc dnggi l mcma

st, khongtmtmnmcma st gil lpma st, dy

can phthuctngktv trngthi cakh quyn. Bin thin gi theo cao cn ph thucmc lon lu trong

kh quyn, phthuclncan; khi tcgi ln, nhhngcama st vimttlnhnkhi tcgi nhnn tcgibinthin lnv ngcli.


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Binthin cagi theo thigian: Binthin theo gitrong ngy: quan st cho thygi cctiu

vo gnsng v ccivo khong13 - 14 gi. Binthin gi ban ngy nhiuhnban m. lpkhng kh cao hnkhong100 m vma h v 50 m v

ma ngth binthin cagi ngcliviqui luttrn. Nhngbinicagi nhtrn c thgiithch bngsi

luv lonlucakhng kh. Nhng bin i ny th hin r nht trn lc a vo ma

nng. Binicagi theo ma: biniphthucchnh lch

cakh p theo chiungang. Tcgi ma nglnhntcgi ma h. Ngoi ra sbinitheo ma cagi cn phthucvo cc

iukinal trn mtt.

3.4.3 Mtsloigi inhnh

Gi h h h h h d i k t l l


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Gi aphnghnh thnh ditc ngcacc kvt l v a laphng. N nhhngnthititaphngnhT, m,

Gi tv g i bin: Ban ngy gi thitbinvo tlingil gi bin. Ban mgi thingcligil gi t. Cc loigi ny thngxyra ven bin, ven hln, ven sng ln. Nguyn nhn cacc loigi ny l do snng ln v lnhicat

linv binkhng u.

Vng ven bxuthinvng hon lukhp kn (cc lpkh trn caogi thitheo hngngcli). Gi nithung lng: Gi snni ban mtsnni xungthung lng, ban ngy ngc

li. Nguyn nhn do schnh lchnhitcakhng kh cng cao giasnni v thung lng.

Gi ny cngthchinhon lukhp kn theo ngvng ln (hocxung) giathung lng. Khng kh gia cc vch ca thung lng ban ngy nng ln v ban

m lnh i mnh hn khng kh t do ca khng kh trn ngbngln cn.

V thxuthingi ban ngy thi ln cao theo thung lnggi l gi

thung lng, ban mthixungdivpha ngbnggil gi ni.

Giphn: L gi nng kh thi t ni xung N xut hin do nguyn nhn: mt


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L gi nng kh thitni xung. N xuthindo nguyn nhn: mtpha p sutkh gimv pha kia p sutkh tnghockhi chn ni psutthphnnhni.

Gi phnl gi hon lunglc, khng c vng tunhon khp kn.N c thko di tvi ginvi thng.

Trong khu vcc gi phnnhitkhng kh tng; do nuko div mnhn c thgy ra hnhn trn mtvng rng. Loigi ty cctnh minTrung Vitnam vo ma h thucloigi ny.

Gi ma:

L dng khng kh chuynngcnhtheo ma, hnggi thay itheo ma. Gi ma lin quan vihotngcacc dng xoy khngkh khc nhau trn Tri t. Gi ma thhinmnhcc vnhitinn cgil gi ma nhiti.

Gi ty v gi tn phong:

Lin quan chtchvicc trngkh p caTri t. Cc ikh p caohai accv v30 nmxen kvicc ikh p thpnm vngxch ov v60. Sdi chuyncakhng kh tkhu vcc kh pcao tikhu vcc kh p thpkthpvitc ngca lcCoriolis lnguyn nhn tonn cc loigi ny.

3.4.4 Bo, ging


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Bo, ging v vi rng l nhng HT c bit ca qtr hon lu kh quyn. V thc cht chng l cc khi khng kh chuyn ng xoay trn di chuyn

quanh cc tm p thp.

Bo l do gi xoy rt mnh to nn, trung tm bo kh p thp, bn ngoikh p cao.

Gradien kh p trung tm (mt bo) rt ln lm cho kh tmin kh p caova quay va chuyn vo rt mnh hnh thnh xoy trn c iln.

ng thi chng mang theo nhiu hi nc nn s to thnh ma cc

vng ln cn mt bo. Khi bo iqua vng no n s lm kh p ni bin i t ngt: khi bon gn vng , kh p gim rt nhanh, khi bo iqua kh p tngt ngt.

Do kh p thay i nhanh nn tc gi cngt ngt thay i, tc gi cthti trn 50 m/s nn gi ca bo c sc ph hoi rt mnh.

Bo thng pht sinh tcc vng p thp gn xch o nhcc vng binnhit i m cao. Bo thng gy ma ln: lng ma c thtrn 100 mm trong mt gi. Bo cn gy ra sng thn cao hng chc mt gy nguy him cho tu thuyn v

vng ven bin. Tm bo di chuyn theo cc qui lut thi titkh hu khu vc rng ln.

3.4.5 mkhng kh


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Do bc x Mt tri mnc bc hi vo khquyn.mkhng kh ch

mt hi nc trong khquyn. C nhiu phngphp biuthm.

mtuytia: Biu th lng hi nc

trong mt n v th tchkhng kh thng o bngg/cm3hay kg/m3. Vicoart kh nn trong thc tthng dng p sut hincbiutha.

p suthincE: L p lc do hincgyra trn mtnvdintch.nvol mHg hay mbar.

S ph thuc ca E vonhitc dng(hnh 3.1).

Hnh 3.1 Sphthuc ca p sut himc vo nhit khng kh

mi nhit , mt hi nc nhiuth p sut hi nc sln, n mt giihn nht nh hi nc s bt ungng tchuyn sang thlng.

Trng thi gii hn ny gi l khng khbo ha hi nc v p sut hi nc

bo ha (E) nhit .

mtngiR: L t s gia p sut hi nc thc t (e) vi p sut hi nc bo ha E


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L tsgiap suthincthct(e) vip suthincbo ha Ecng nhit:

% (3.17)

mtngiR cho bitmcbo ha hinctrong khng kh.

thiuhtbo ha d: thiuhtbo ha l mtilngbiuthmcbo ha hinc

trong kh quyn:d = Ee (3.18)

thiuhtbo ha lnth mtnginhv ngcli. mthay itheo thigian v khng gian. Trong ngy a lnnhtvo chiutiv nhnhtlc bnh minh v ban ngy

ncbchinhiu, cn ban mhincngngt. mtngitrong ngy thay ingcvia. Trong nms thay icaa gingvinhit: Lnnhtvo thng 7,

nhnhtvo thng 1. Cng ln cao a cng gim. minnng a lnhnminlnh. Gnbina lnhntrong lca.

100e

R

E

3.5 Bcxcakh quyn


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q y

3.5.1 Pht xcaMttri v bcxcakh quyn

Pht xcaMttri: Mttri c ngknh khong1.390.000 km, khilngkhong2.1030 kg.

Tri t quay xung quanh Mt tri theo qu o ellips gn trn,khongcch trung bnh tTri tnMttril 149,5 triukm.

Nng lng Mt tri n bu kh quyn ca Tri t ch chimkhong2.10-9canng lngbcxMttrinhngvn l mtlngrtln, khong1,5.1028J mtngy.

Nhit b mt Mt tri khong 6000 K, trong lng Mt trikhong15 triuK.

Trong lng su caMttric cc phnngnhithchtnghpHe tH. Khi lngMt trigim5.106tn/s; tuy nhin, n cnchiusng trong thigian 5 tnmna.

TbmtcaMttritrra cchia lm 3 phnchnh: quangcu, sccuv nhthoa.

Quang cu:


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g L atrn sng nhn thy, c T bmtkhong6000 K. Cu tobinhnghtsng hnn, c hnh budc, c kch

thct7001400 km. Nhitcacc htsng cao hnnhitxung quanh. Ngoi nhnght sng l nhngvt thmm gia l nhn hay

bng tihnh gntrn cbao bcbinhngngvinsnghn.

Trong quang cuc nhngvtenl nhngxoy khnglhnhphu.

T cachng thphnxung quanh, khong10001500 K. Kch thccc vtenrtkhc nhau, vtlnnhtc kch thc

lngp8 lnngknh Tri t. ascc vtentptrung 1030ovMttri.

Slngcc vtenbinthin theo cc chu k 11 nm, 22 nm,8090 nm, r nhtl chu k 11 nm. Trong nhng nm c s lng vt en cc i trn Tri t

thng xut hin cc hin tng bo l v cc thin tai btthng.

Sccu: l lpkh quynlong caMttri dy khong10.000 km nm


95/311

p q y g y gtrn quang cu.

L tphpcacc lilalin tcchuynng. ikhi c lilaphtln cao hng vnkm ririxungMttri, n

c dnguncong gil tai la. C lc sc cu bng n cnh cc vt en, khi n lm gin on

thng tin sng ngntrn Tri t. Nhthoa: l lpkh rtlong pha ngoi cng caMttri, n c

tobicc tia kh phttMttrira ngoi.

Trong thik vtenMttrihotngmnh, cc tia kh phtkh ura xung quanh. Ngc li, trong thik t vten, cc tia kh pht ra tvng xch o

Mttridi hncc tia phtra thai cc. .s yucavnh nhthoa thngblnt bi.s mnhcaquang cu.

T TB cavnh nhthoa khong2 triuK nn v/c dngplasma. BcxMttritrn ngnTri tbnhiutc dng lm suy yunn phbcxMttriquan st ctrn Tri tkhc viphbcxthccaMttri.

PhbcxcaMttrirtrngbao trm disng intttia gamansng v tuyn.

Bcxtrong kh quyn:


96/311

NnglngbcxtvtrnTri tchyutMttri.

Khi truynqua kh quynbhpthv khuchtn. BX MT nmttchyudidngcc chm tia song

song gil bcxtrctiphay trcx. Phnbcxbkh quynkhuchtn gil bcxkhuch

tnhay tnx.

Tng ca trc x v tn x gi l bcx tng cng haytngx.

Trcxphnlnbmtthpthchuynthnh nhit,mtphnbphnxtrlikh quyn. PhnbcxMT bmttv kh quynphnxtr li

gil BX FX.

Kh quyn hp th bc x Mt tri rt t ch c my l hp


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Kh quynhpthbcxMttri rtt, chc my l hpthngk, vai tr chyucakh quynl khuchtn.

Phn nng lng bc x Mt tri do mt t hp th

thnggpkhong3 lnso vikh quyn. Do btnng, mtttrthnh ngunbcxnhitvo

kh quyngil bcxmtt. Kh quynvphnmnh cngbcxnhitvmihng,

phnbcxnhitca kh quynhngvmttgi lbcxnghchcakh quyn.

Cc dng bcxktrn khc nhau vthnh phnph. Phn c bn ca bc x Mt tri nm trong khong ph

khkinnn cgil bcxsng ngn.

Bcxmttv kh quynphnlnbcsng lnhn4 m nn cgil bcxsng di.

3.5.2 Phn bcabcxMttri trong kh

i


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quynTri t nhlutBouguer Lambert Kh quynl mi trngkhuchtn v hpthu bcxnn bcxMttri sau khi iqua kh quynbsuy yurtnhiu. Xt mtchm tia bcxnscbcsng vichi (cng)

L. Khi chm tia ithm mtonngds, chi can sgimimtlngdL:

dL=

wL

ds (3.19)

Viwl hssuy yu(ttdn) thtch nsc, nvl m-1. Biuthc(3.19) lnhlutBouguerLambert didngvi phn. chi bcx theo nhngha l thng lngbcxpht ihoc

nhncbimtnvdintch bmttvung gc vihngtruynbcx, giihn trong mtnvgc khibao quanh hng

). Nussuy yuchdo khuchtn hochpthgy ra th hssuyyucgil hskhuchtn dhochsHT atngng.

Trong trnghptngqut ta c thvit:w= d+ a

Hswphthucnhiuyut. ivimi trngkh wtlvimtkh:


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w= kw. (3.20)

vikwl hssuy yukhinsc, nvl m2/kg.

Thay (3.20) vo (3.19) ta c:dL= kw.Lds (3.21)

Nutia sng icqung nghuhns th:

L= Lo.exp (3.22)

viLov Ll chi bcxtiimuv cuitngngcaonng.

(3.22) l biuthccanhlutBouguerLambert didngtch phn, n p dngcho mi trngtruynbcxbtkz.

Nubcxtil chm tia sng song song th trong biuthccanhlutBouguerLambert ta thay chi L bngriE.

w0 0

s exp s

s s

o ek d L d


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vitcng thccanhlutBouguerLambert cnginv dsdng,ngita avo cc khi nim:

Khi lng quang hc kh quyn:


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Khilngquang hckh quyn:

M = trong biuthc(3.23) l i lngkh xc nh. Do ta x l nhsau:

giMo l khi lngcangkh quyn thngng, titdinnv, chiudi hbnghnh chiucas ln phngthngng:

Lpts: (3.24)

m khng thnguyn, n cho bitkhilngngkhng kh dctheo ngtruyncatia bcxlngpbao nhiu lnkhi chiuthnggc vimtt, m gil khilngquang hckh quyntheo hngnghing angxt.

0s

h

oM d0

0

s

s

s

ho

dM

mM

d

0

ss

d

Khi :S = Soexp(- kwM) = Soexp(-kwMom) (3.25)


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S Soexp( kwM) Soexp( kwMom) (3.25) Mov m c thtnh cho ton bkh quyn:

Mo= (3.26)

Vi(0) l mtkhng kh cao z = 0 (mtt), H lcao cakh quynngnht.

Mo

tnh cqua a.s kh quyntiz = 0: Mo

= p(0)/g. tnh m gnng, ta bqua cong caTri tv ca

tia bcxtrong kh quyn(hnh 3.1).

Khi :

Hay: (3.27)

0(0)dz H

0 0

0 0

s ss s

h h

d d

OBmOA

dz dz

1 1

cos sinho o

m

Biu thc (3.26)cho thy m l


103/311

cho thy m lhm ca gcthin nh ca tia

bcxm khngph thuc dyca lp khquyn.

Thc nghim cho

thy cng thc(3.26) chp dngtt cho trnghp gc thinnh ca Mt trio< 65o(hay ho>25o).

Hnh 3.1 tnh khilngquanghckh quyn

Khi Mttri gnchn tri, tiabc x b un cong nhiu (do

hin tng khc x thin vn)v cong Tri tnhhngnhiu hn, khi phi dngcng thcbn thcnghim.

dy quang hcv trong sutkh quyn: dy quang hc ca mt lp i vi tia bc x bc sng l


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dy quang hccamtlpivitia bcxbcsng lilng:

(3.28)

dy quang hc ca c kh quyn i vi tia trc x bcsng l:

(3.29)

l hm cagc thin nhcaMttri o.

Khi Mt tri thin nh (o = 0) dy quang hc ca kh

quynl:

(3.30)

w w0 0s s

s s

d k d

w w0 0( ) s s

o d k d

( )o

w w

0 0

(0) dz k dz

cao z th dy quang hc(0,z) cgi l suquang hc ca mc z (k t bin trn ca kh quyn n


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quang hccamcz (ktbin trn cakh quynncao z):

Tng tnhcng thc (3.24), do kw t thay i trong khquynnn ts:

(3.31)

Tcng thc(3.22) cvitlididng:

S= Soexp[-(0)m] (3.32)

w w(0, ) z zz dz k dz

w0 0

w

0 0

s s( )

(0)

ok d d

m

k dz dz

K hiu: (0) = exp[-(0)] (2.33)

th cng thc ca nh lut Bouger Lambert (3 32) tr thnh:


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th cng thccanhlutBouger Lambert (3.32) trthnh:

S= So (3.34)

(0) c gi l trong sutn sc ca kh quyn i vibcxbcsng . Tnhnghacatruynqua, ta thy(0) chnh l truyn

qua theo phngthngngcakh quyn.

Gia (0) v truyn qua theo phng nghing (phngtruyncatia bcx) (o) c milin h:

(o)= (3.35)

Cng thc(3.34) nginv tindng. Davo n c thtnhctrong sutkh quyntcc ilngdquan trcl Sv m. Thtvy, lylogarit hai v(3.34) ta c:

ln S= ln So+ mln(0)

(0)m

(0)m

Sv m c thxc nhqua hai quan trcngvihai gi trm1vm2khc nhau vigi thit l tnh chtquang hccakh quyn( (0)) khng i gia hai ln quan trc


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((0)) khng igiahai lnquan trc. Nhvyta c:

S1= So , S2= So T:

So= (3.36)

V (0) = (3.37)

Trcxton phnS:

(3.38)

1

2 11

1

2

m

m mSS

S

11 2

2

( )m mS

S

0 0

(0)moS S d S d

Tch phn (3.38) rtkh tnh ton, nhngc th lymt gi tr trung bnh no (0) ca cc truyn


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mtgi tr trung bnh no (0) cacc truynqua nsc(0), nhta tm chthctng

t(3.34):(3.39)

(0) gil trong sutton phnhay truynquathngngcakh quynivitia trcxangxt(c gc nghing ngvigi trm).

Cng thc(3.39) nginv dsdng.

Tuy nhin thcnghim cho thy(0) vnph thucnhvo m, tcphthucvo cao Mttriho. Trong kh quynkhng my, khi m tngt1 n10

th (0) tngtkhong0,906 n0,946.

0

(0) (0)m mo oS S d S

vnckh quyn:


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Hai nhn tbinngmnhnhtnhhngntrong sutkh quynl hincv cc sol kh.

Do c th coi kh quyn gm ba thnh phn:Khng kh kh, hincv cc sol kh.

Khi dy quang hccakh quync thcoi ltngcaba thnh phn:

(0) = (3.40)

Vi: kwl hssuy yukhinscl mt

Cc chsd, n, s l chcc ilngtngngchokhng kh, hincv sol kh.

w w w0 0 0

d d n n s sk dz k dz k dz

vncnsccnhnghal: 0

T


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(3.41)

T(3.30) v (3.31) ta thyT

lun lnhnnv.

Vi nh ngha T

ta c th vit li nh lut Bouger Lambert(3.32) didng:

S

= (3.42)

S

= (3.43)

Trong :(3.44)

l trong sutnsccakh quynl tng(kh v sch).

w

0

d d

T

k dz

w

0

ex (o d dS p mT k dz

(0)T m

o dS

w0

(0) exp( ) exp (0)d d d d k dz

Tch phn (3.43) theo ton bkhongsng ta cmtthnglngtrcxton phn:


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K hiu d(0) l gi tr trung bnh trong sut ca kh quyn ltngv T l vncton phn, ta c:

(3.45)

Tsuy ra: (3.46)

Do S = Som

(0) v (0) = exp[- (0)], nn:(3.47)

Vi(0) v d(0) l dy quang hc trung bnh (hay ton phn)

cakh quynthcv kh quynl tng, tngng. T ph thucnhvo m tng tnh(0) v d(0) nhng t hn

nhiu, do T ctrngcho trong sutcakh quyntthn.

Thcnghimcho thyT ccitrong ngy vo thigian sau buitra, trong nmvo ma h.

(0)mTo dS S

0

1ln

ln (0)d

ST

m S

ln (0)

ln (0)dT

3.5.3 Hpthbcxv khuchtn bcxtrong kh quyn

Kh quyn hp th tng i t bc x Mt tri, hp th ca kh


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Kh quynhp thtngi t bcxMt tri, hpthcakhquynchyunmtrong vng phtngoiv hngngoi.

Tnh trung bnh, hpthcakh quynvo khong18 % bc

xsng ngnticaMttriv 62 % bcxsng di camttpht ra.

iu ny lm cho nhit ca Tri t cao hn so vi trnghpkhng c kh quyn.

Cc cht c vai tr ch yu trong s hp th bc x ca khquynl cc kh O2, O3, CO2, hincv cc sol kh.

Cc chtny hp thc tnh chn lc, ngha l mi loikh chhpthbcxtrong mtkhongphxc nh.

Shpthbcxcacc sol kh trong kh quynrtphctp,n phthucnhiuyutnhthnh phn, kch thc, nng,cacc sol kh.

Lng sol kh trong kh quyn tngs lm suy gim dng trcx.

Cc htnc lnghocbng tuyt trong my v sngm c cng dihpthnhhinc, nhngnhhng


113/311

g g glncachng tichnhitTri tkhng phido hpthm chyudo sphnxv khuchtn cachng.

Tnh trung bnh trn ton b Tri t, my ch hp thkhong3 %, nhngphnxti21 % nnglngbcxcaMttri.

Khuch tn bc x l nhn t quan trng lm suy gimbcxtrong kh quyn. Khuchtn xyra khi mi trngm tia bcxiqua c sbtngnhtvquang hcmi trngc nhngphntngoilaic tnh chtkhcvi tnh cht ca mi trng, hoc mi trng c s

thngging vmt. V vy, s khuch tn bc x Mt tri trong kh quyn

chnh l ngunbcxkhuchtn timtttmiimtrn vm tri.

nhlutRayleigh vtn xphn t: L thuytvkhuch tn nh sng cRayleigh a ra


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t uyt uc t s g c ay e g a a giithch mu scbutri. N cxc nhnngcivikh quynthckhi butritrong sng, c t cc ht l lng(sol

kh kch thc ln). H s khuch tn n sc theo hng cxc nhbibiuthc:

(3.48)

vi: n l chitsutcakhng kh kh

l gc tobihngkhuchtn v hngtia sng ti

N l sphnttrong mtnvthtch

Hstn xnscthtch ctnh bnglytch phn(3.48) trong ton bkhng gian, ktqul:

(3.49)

2 22

4

( 1)(1 cos )

2

R n

N

R

3 2 2 2 2

4 4

8 ( 1) 32 ( 1)

3 3

R n n

N N

t gil hm chthRayleigh, kthp23( ) (1 cos )4

H


115/311

hai biuthc(3.49) v (3.48) ta c:

(3.50)

Tktqucal thuytReileigh ta rt ra mtsnhnxt:

- Hskhuch tn t lnghchvi lu thabcbncabc

sng nn khi iqua kh quyn, dng trcxbkhuchtn mnhivicc tia bcxsng ngn.

V vynh sng khuchtn c mu xanh.

iuny gii thch mu xanh cabu tri, cn tia bcx trc

tiphay aMt tric mu cam , nhtl khi Mt trignchn tri, cc tia trctipphiiqua mtchngngdi tronglpkh quyn thp, cc tia mu bcsng ngnbkhuch tnmnhchcn litai ithngdo t bkhuchtn.

( )4

R RH

Hskhuchtn phthuchng.R


116/311

Sph thucny cgi l ch thkhuch tn,

n cthhinqua hm H(). Theo phngnh sng ti, gi tr tn xgphailn gi tr theo phng vung gc vi nh sngti.

- Tn xtlthunvimtphntkhuchtn. i vi kh quyn c nhiu cc ht l lng kch

thcln(biv cc htnc), hskhuchtncbiuthbngbiuthcphctphnnhiu.

Vcbn, n lm dchchuynv tr ccicachi bcxkhuchtn vpha sng di, ngthichi tngkhi kch thccc httngln.

2.5.4 Phnxcacc bmttnhin phn x i vi bc x sng ngn c tnh khuch tn (nh


117/311

phnxivibcx sng ngnc tnh khuch tn (nhtng x (tng ca trc x v tn x) hoc tn x) c gi lanbe.

phnx l thutngtngqut dng cho ctrcxv bcxsng di.

phnxcacc bmttnhin phthucbcsng. V vy, ngoi gi tr phn x ton phn i vi ton b

qung ph, ngita cn dng cc gi trphnxtrong tngvng phkhc nhau. phnxlun nhhn1 v thngcqui ira %. phnxivibcxMttri(sng ngn) phthuctrng

thi bmtvt, cao Mttri, mt,

ivibmtphtuyt, phnxtrung bnh khong60 %,ivituyttikh l 90 %.

ivibngphnxnmtrong khong3040 %. fx camttgimkhi mv cao Mttritng.

fx ca mt nc ph thuc mnh vo gc tica bx v trng thi b mt (sng nc)


118/311

cabx v trngthi bmt(sng nc). Khi khng c sng, khi cao Mt triho> 50 %

phnxcancivitrcxl nhnht~2 %. Khi cao Mt tri gim phn x tng rt

nhanh:

- Khi ho= 10o

, = 35 %;- Khi ho= 4o, = 65 %.Ni chung cancnhhncamtt.

phnxcamtbin thay i mnh ph thucphn bcamy trn vm triv ctrngcamy, nthay itrong khong418 %, trung bnh l 10 %.

Do sph thucca vo cao Mt trinn n cbintrnh ngy mvicctiuvo giabuitra.

vng v trung bnh v cao, tng t ma


119/311

g g , gnng sang ma lnh.

phnxcamy tngtheo bdy can. Ngoi ra cn phthucdngv loimy.

lnnhtivimy trung tnh hoctngtch camy kh ln, vibdy 300 m, c thtti4673 % tuthcloiv dngmy.

Nhc phnx lnm my c tc dngiuho kh hu.

Thcnghimcho thyanbeT l 31 %, trongmy chim21 %, cc chtkh cakh quynl6 %, mtmchchim4 %.

3.5.4 Bcxsng di camttv kh quyn


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Trcxv tn x l ngunnhitduy nht tiTri t, sng dicamttv kh quynl nguyn nhn mtnhitcaTri t

vo khng gian vtr. Vicpht xsng di cn dnnstrao inhitgiamtt

vikh quyn..

Bcxcamtt:

Nhit mt t v kh quyn nm trong khong 200 330 Knn phn ln nng lng pht x ca vt en tuyt i (99%)nmtrong khonghngngoibcsng 440 m.

Mttc thcoi l vtxm, nghal trngbcxcan chkhc trngcavten tuytimths theo nh lutStefan-Boltzmann:

M = T4 (3.51)

cgi l pht xcabmtangxt. c gi tr t0n1.

Theo nhlutKirchhoff trong iukincn bngnhitngth thi l h th b t i i t di


121/311

cngngthil hpthcabmtivicng mtdisng.

Trong thctt khi tntiscn bngnhitnghon ton nnc thvit:

= 1 (3.52)

Ngita tnh c:

= 12 (3.53)

Vil gc giatia bcxtiv php tuyncamtphnx.

ivimttv cc lpphtnhin khc nhau, pht xthay itrong khong0,850,99 v c thlytrung bnh l 0,95.

pht x(hay hpth) lnnhtl ivituytschmiri.

pht xcamttph thuc lu thabc4 canhitmttv trngpht xtngmnhkhi nhittng, n xyra lin tckhng phthuctrctipvo bcxMttri.

/2

0( )sin cos d

Bcxnghchcakhquyn:

Ph hp th (hay pht x) ca kh quyn trong min hng


122/311

Phhpth(hay pht x) cakh quyntrong minhngngoirtphctp, v n phthucnhiuyutnhhp

thcahinc, CO2, O3, v cc thnh phnkhc cakh quyn.

Do vic tnh ton gp nhiu kh khn, trong thc tthngdng cc cng thcthcnghim.

Mtphnbcxdo kh quynpht xvpha mttgil bcxnghchcakh quynviritrn mttl Ek.

Hiu gia phn bc x do mt t pht i (c c

trngbng trngM) viphnn hp thccabcxdo kh quynpht xungcgil bcxhiudngFocamtt:

Fo= MEk= T4- Ek= (T4- Ek) (3.54)


123/311

Gi tr bc x nghch ca kh quyn khi tri quang my vo


124/311

Gi trbcxnghchcakh quynkhi triquang my vokhong280350, ikhi ti490 W/m2, chngtkh quynpht xxungmttkh mnh, n c tc dngduy tr nhitmttvban m.

My c nh hng ln n Fo, khi c my bc x nghchtng, cn Fo gimv bcxsng di camttbmy phnx v hp th mnh ri li pht x tr li mt t gn nh

nguyn vn. Do vo nhngmkhng my, nhitmttv khng

kh gimnhanh, cn nhngmnhiumy th ngcli.

Bi, khi v sng m cng c nh hng tng t nhmy, chng c thlm F

o

gimti7080 %.

iuny cngdngtrong nng nghipchngrt chocy bngphngphp tokhi trong kh quyn.


125/311

Ni chung, cn cn Bx cc thng ma h dngv ma ngm. Cng xungvthp, sthng c cn cn bcxdngcng tng.

Nhn chung cn cn bc x nm tng khi v gim


126/311

Nhn chung, cn cn bcxnmtngkhi vgim.

Nucng vth gi trcan trn tlinnhhntrn bin.

miv, cn cn bcxnmtrung bnh udng, chngtmtmnhncnhiunnglngbcxhnl pht i.

Tuy nhin, mttkhng bnng ln do phnnng lngdctruynvo kh quynnhstruynnhitv sbay hicanctrnbmtrilingngkttrong kh quyn.

Cn cn bcxcakh quyn: phnhp thbao gmhpthbcxsng ngn(trcxv tn x) v hpthbcxsng di tmtm.

Phnpht xgmpht xcakh quynbmtmhpthv phnikhigiihntrn cakh quyn.

Cn cn bcxcahmttkh quynkhc nhau ivimikhu

vctrn Tri t, nhngxt vton bTri tl nnh. N dngvng t xch onkhong35ov, m vng v

cao hn.

Do phic svnchuynnhit tvng xch ovvng cc, chyunhcc dng khng kh v hilu.

3.6 Quang hckh quyn3 6 1 Kh h t h hi t


127/311

3.6.1 Khuchtn nh sng v cc hintngquang Trong kh quyn lun tntihincv cc ht l lngnn sphn

b chi ca bu tri theo cc hng l khc nhau, nht l khi cmy.

Cc ktququan trcvchi cabutrikhng my kh ph hpvitnh ton l thuyt:

1- Nabu trichaMt tri chi hnna cn li v khu vc xung

quanh Mttric chi lnnht. 2- Khu vcnmgnngchn trichi tngln.

3- Mt tricng ln cao, chi cabu tricng gim, nht l phaidinviMttri.

4- Khu vcc chi yunhtl khu vcnmcch MT mtcung 90o.

5-chi caMttritngln khi albecamtttngln.

Cc ktqu2, 3 v 5 l do khnngphnxv khuchtn mnhcacc htsol kh c nhiutrong cc lpkh quynthpivinh sngMttri(trcxv khuchtn) cngnhnh sng phnxtmtt.

Do skhuch tn nh sng MT trong iukinkh quync trong sutthay im tngvng cabutrihoccbutric


128/311

th c mu sckhc nhau: trngc, xanh l, xanh thmhoctm ngt,

Nhngmu scny cabu trido t l thnh phncacc tiasng khuchtn qui nh.

Theo l thuytRayleigh, trong kh quynsch, hs tn x t lvi lu thabc 4 cabc sng, do cc tia c bc sng

ngn(tm, lam) bkhuchtn mnhgpnhiulncc tia c bcsng di (, cam).

Mtkhc, nh sng MT c phpht xcciivitia lam.

Kt qu l nh sng khuch tn cha nhiu tia xanh v tm, thpcachng tora mu xanh lam ctrngcabutritrong

nhngngy khng my. Nukh quync nhiuvtcht l lngnhbi, my v sng

m th mckhuch tn ca cc tia tngi ngu nnbutric mu trngc.

Hintngkhuchtn cnglm mu sccaMttrithay i theo thi gian trong ngy


129/311

thay itheo thigian trong ngy. Lc sng smv chiuti, nukh quyntrong schta

sthyMttric mu rc. V khi nh sng Mttriphixuyn qua kh quyn

trn mtchngngdi nmtngiquan st,do dc theo ng truyn, cc tia c bc sng

ngnb tn xdnv suy yugnnhhon ton, chc tia t bsuy yunmtngiquan st. Vo giatra, lc Mttrivtr cao nht, ngi

trong kh quyncanh sng Mttril ngnnht, cc

tia sng ngn b suy yu t hn nn Mt tri c musng rc. Mu sclc ny chnh l mu sctnghpcaquang

phMttri.

l hin tng bu trivnsng khi Mttridi h t i


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ngchn tri.

Hin tng hong hn v

bnh minh hon ton gingnhau vbncht, chng chdin bin ngc nhau vthigian.

C th gii thch bng hnh3.2.

M l v tr ngi quan stngtrn mtt.

ng thngHH tip tuyn

vibmtTri t tiimM l ngchn tri.

Mttrivtr S.

Hnh 3.2

Theo nguyn l truyn thngca nh sng th phn B cabutrinmbn phitia sngtip tuyn vi mt t STkhng c Mt tri chiusng trctip

Cc tia sng Mttrichiutrctipln phnA cabutribkhuchtn theo miphngnn schiusng mtvng


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caB v imM trn mttnhncnh sng khuchtn tcphnA v B cabutrichiun.

ritiM phthuckhongcch giaM v tia sng ST.

Khi Mt tri cng su di ng chn tri th khongcch ny cng tngln v nh sng ktn tiM cng yu.

Khi Mt tri nm su di ng chn tri mt gc ho =18o th nh sng khuch tn ti M mt hon ton v M lmti.

yl thiimktthc giai onhong hn thin vnhaybtugiai onbnh minh thin vn.

Giai onngvihot0 n7onh sng khuch tn nM kh mnh, c th c sch c nn gi l giai onhong hn (bnh minh) thnghay dn dng

Hintngrng:Khi Mt t i l h t i th


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Khi Mt trign lnxungngchn tri th n c muvng hoc, ngthimtphnbutrixung quanh Mt

triv bn pha chn triidinnghngln. Cc mmy cngct mu: my tngthpc mu ,

my tnggiac mu vng v my tngcao c mu trng.

Mttricng gnngchn trin cng .

TithiimMT ln, khi tingchn trichcn limtmmu vng hocth trn nntritora hai pha caimMT lnxuthinnhngdisng c mu vng hoc, cc disng ny cgil rng.

Nguyn nhn xut hin rng l do khi Mt tri ln xungdingchn tri, cc tia sng can chiuln butriphixuyn qua lpkh quynkh dy.

Cc tia sng ngnbsuy yunhiudo bkhuchtn.

Trong thnh phn ca tia i tip ch cn li ch yu


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Trong thnh phncatia itipchcn lichyul cc tia sng di mu vng, da cam v .

Nhngtia sng di ny khi gp lpkh quynnhiutro bihoccc snphmngngktsbphnxv khuch tn nn n lm phn bu tri pha Mt

tri lnc mu vng, da cam hay tuzthucbncht ca cc ht trn ng truyn ca tia sng iqua.

V vy, mu sccarng c lin quan niukinthititvng cch niquan st khng xa nn nc thpht trinnniquan st.

nh sng butriban m:


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g ricamttvo nhngmkhng Trngt10-

4 n 5.10-4 lux, trong nh sng n t cc ngisao chchimkhong20 30 %, cn liphn ln lnh sng pht ra tvm tri.

rimtttrong nhngmtrngtrn khong0,2

lux, gpkhong1000 lnso vimkhng trng. nh sng t vm tri chiu xung mt t gm hai

phn:

- Mtphnl nh sng khuchtn nhiulncacc

tia Mttritbn cubn kia truynti.- Mtphndo kh quyntpht sng cc tngcaocakh quynlin quan vicc qu trnh l ho .

3.6.2 Khc xnh sng v cc hintngquang

Hi t


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Hintngkhc xth in vn:

Kh quyn l mi trng khng ng nht theo phngthngng, mtkh quynthay itheo cao, do khi cc tia sng tvtrivo giihntrn cakh quynsbkhxlin tiptlpny qua lpkhc cho timtt.

Ktqul quocacc tia sng khng thngm l mtngcong lin tc.

Khi quan st cc thin thtrn butrita snhn thyvtrbiu kin ca chng (v tr theo hng tip tuyn vi tiasng tiv tr quan st), v tr ny thngnmcao hnso

vivtr thc. Hin tngny cgi l hin tngkhc x thin vn.

N gy ra nhnghqusau:

- Khi Mttrngv Mttrinmst ngchn tridng a ca chng b mo i do ng knh theo


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g g gchiu thngngbko ngn li so vi theo chiu

ngang. - Khi thi tit bin ng, cc v sao c hin tngnhpnhy do chitsutkh quynbinngtheo sbinngcakh quynlm nhhngnquocngnhtruynqua cacc tia sng.

Khcxtrn Tri t: L hintngtia sng pht ra tcc vt th trong

kh quynTri tblchkhihngtruynthng.

Khi truyntrong mi trngkh quyn, quocacc tia sng bcong inn khi nhn cc vtxa skhng thyngvtr thccan m thyvtcnng ln cao hocbhthpxung.

Numtkhng kh phn bbnh thng(gimtheo cao)th s thy v tr ca vt c nng ln cao hn so vi v tr


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thc.

iu ny cn ch trong k thut bn sng, mun bn trngchcc mctiu xa phitnh nnhhngcayutkhcxny.

Hintngkhc xtrn Tri tcn gy ra mtshqusau:

Smrngv thu hpcangchn tri Do Tri thnh cunn khi ta ngtrn mtttiM nhn

ra xung quanh ch thy mt b mt gii hn bi hnh nn cngsinhABl tiptuynvchtmtA nmtcucaTrit(hnh 3.3).

cao camtivimttl h = MA. Mtphngngang HHqua A l chn triton hc.

ng trn giao cahnh nn viTri tBBgi l chn tritrca.

Ngita CM chthc:

2= d2+ 2a(ho) (3.54)


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o

l gc gia HH v tip tuyn

ti A vi tia sng t A ti B bcong i.

d l gcAOB

a l hstl

h

v o

l mtkhng kh ticao h (A) v mtt(M).

T biu thc (3.54) ta c nhnxt:

- Nu mt khng kh tng

theo cao (h > o) th > dlm cho chn tri nhn thy bthu hpli(do cc tia sng quaylm xung).

Hnh 3.3

- Nuh= o= const (kh quynngnht) th = d chn tri nhn thy trng vi chn tri trc


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= d, chn tri nhn thy trng vi chn tri trca.

Hintngocnh L hin tngmt c thnhn thynhngcnh

vttuy trn mttnhng lic vtr l lng

trn khng hoc nhn thy nhng vt ngoiphmvi giihnnhn thycamt. Hin tngocnh lin quan visphnxv

khc xnh sng trong mi trngkh quynkhic sbininhanh camtkh quyntheocao. C hai trnghpocnh: trn v di.


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o cnh trn: xy ra khi mtkhng kh gimnhanhtheo cao, khi c nghch nhit mnh lp kh quyn st


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theo cao, khi c nghchnhitmnh lp kh quyn stt.

Cnh vt c nng cao ln trong khng kh nhng khnglnngc. Cc tia sng truyntvttimtbcong ln pha trn. Hin

tng ny i khi xy ra i vi ngi dn vng bin thynhnghn onh cao ln hnso vingy thng.

ikhi trong kh quynhnh thnh mtlpc mtgimtheo cao xen kgiahai lpc mttngtheo cao,khi tia sng trong lp gia c th truyn i rt xa nhphnxqua li lin tcgiahai lpbn, n to thnh mt

lpdnsng. Khi c thnhn thycc mctiu rtxa trong phmvi

lpdnsng, nhnglikhng nhn thycc mctiu gn.

3.6.3 Phn x, khc x v nhiu x nh sng v hintngquang trong my


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Khi nh sng MT chiuqua cc mmy trong kh quyn, cchtmy gy ra sphnx, khc xv nhiuxnh sng, huqul tora cc hintngquang cbitnhcuvng, qungv tn.

Cuvng: l mt cung trn by mu sccbnvch trnnntrivpha cc mmy angmaidinviMT.

Thngbao gmmtcuvngchnh v mtcuvngphngtm vinhau.

Cuvngchnh l cung nhc mu scmhn, cuvngphl cung lnc mu scnhthn.

Tm l im i nht, tc l im nm trn cng mt ngthngvivtr Mttriv mtngiquan st v ngcpha viMttri.

Bn knh gc cacuvngchnh xpx41o, cacuvngphxpx52o.

Mu sc ca cu vng chnh c phn b: ng vin phatrong mu tm, pha ngoi mu , cn cuvngph th phn


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g , p g , g p pbngcli.

ikhi bn dicuvngchnh cn xuthinnhngcung byscmnhthn, chnh l cc vn giao thoa thcp.

Khi Mttricao 41otrn chn trita skhng nhn thycuvngchnh v cao 52ota khng nhn thycuvngph,

V khi iminhtca tm cc cuvngnmsu dingchn trimtgc 41ov 52otngng.

Vng cung bysccacuvngchnh l ktqucaskhc xv phnxnh sng Mttrichiuqua mmy angma, quamigitncbphnx, khc xril ra ngoi

Cc tia bphn tch thnh cc tia nscc gc lchkhc nhauiviphngtia sng ban u.

V vy, c tia timtngiquan st, c tia pha ngoi.

Tnh ton cho thyiukin to thnh cuvng chnh lcc tia sng chphnxv khc xmt lntrong mi trng


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g p g ggitncriivo kh quyntimtngiquan st, khi

nh sng bsuy yut hnnn cuvngchnh mnt hn. Tng ng, to thnh cu vng ph th cc tia sng phi

phnxv khc xhai lnv nh sng b suy yunhiuhnnn c mu nhthn.

Giacuvngchnh v cuvngphl khongtihn. ikhi trong khongtiny c nhngvchnh, thanh mnh

c mu sc, chng l ktqucasnhiuxv giao thoa nhsng.

Trong thc t, mn my ang ma thng ch tn ti trongmt vng ca khng gian nn cu vng b ct c gi lmng.

Qung: khi c my tm trung hoccao thngquan st thyvng trn sng bao bcxung quanh Mttrngv Mttri.

K h th t t l 22o


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Kch thcgc cavng trn sng trong cng l 22o, cavngtiptheo l 46o, ra ngoi c mu tm, ra trong c mu .

Shnh thnh qungphctphnso vicuvng, n l do skhc xnh sng trong cc tinh thbng, cc tinh thbngrtadngm khng ixngnhcc gitnccamy ma.

Thng gp nht l bng hnh lng tr u 6 mt c nh

hngkhc nhau trong khng gian. Khi nh sng chiuqua chng c vai tr nhmt lngknh lm

tn scnh sng. Nhngtia tothnh qungl nhngtia blngtrlm lcht nhtnn c sng nht.

Sxuthincaqunggnlinvisc mtcacc dngmytm trung hoccao do c cc nhiung trn cc tng trung vcao cakh quyn(bo chnghn),

nutheo di sxuthincaqungc thdbo cthititxusxyra.

Tn: l thuytquang hnh hcvsphnxv khc xnhsng ph hpvicc gitncln.


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Khi kch thccc htncnhhn0,05 mm th LT khng cnthch hpnav khi phitnh nsnhiuxnh sng.

Tn chnh l kt qu ca s nhiu x nh sng Mt trng hayMttritrn cc gitncnh.

Tn l nhngvnh ho quang trn c dim trn tru hocnhamnhbao quanh Mttrngv Mttrikhi chng bcc tngmy

mngtngilutrung bnh cakh quynche lp. Tn gmvnh khuyn sng trnggn linviaMt trngv

Mttri, vnh ngoi c mu vng hocda cam, l tn cp1.

i khi ngoi vnh khuyn sng th nht l mt khong ti ri

tip n vnh khuyn sng th hai, tip din n vnh khuynthba.

gi l tn cp 2 v cp 3, chng mnht hn v c muphn b: ra pha trong c mu xanh da tri, ra pha ngoi cmu nht.

Cc htbngtrong kh quynngvai tr nhng


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khe hp khng trong sut, cn cc ht nc l

cc mn chntrn nhgy nn hintngnhiuxnh sng. Nuchc mtloihtkch thcnhnhau lm

nhiuxth squan st thynhnhiuxr nt

cc mu nhcuvng. Do trong thc t cc git nc v bng c kch

thc khc nhau, ng thi Mt trng v Mttricngc kch thcgc nn hnh nhv musc tn bnho i, aMttrnghay Mttrigiatn vnsng.


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- Do cc tia v tr: bao gm cc ht proton, , ht nhn ccnguyn tnh, trung bnh v nngtmipha cavtrtiT.


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Nlngcacc htnmtrong phrtrngt109n1020eV.

Cc httia vtrva chmvicc ft kh quynv ion ho chng,ngthitora cc htthcpkhc nh, , mezon, electron,pozitron, Cc htthcpny cngc khnngion ho.

- Do in trngmnh: khi c in trngmnh (gnv trongcc mmy ging, ), cc ion cgia tcmnhsva chmvicc phn tkhc v lm ion ho chng.

- Do nhitcao: ni laphun, thin thchbcchy trong khquynutora nhitrtcao, nhcc phn tkh chuynng vi vn tc rt ln v chm nhau c kh nng lm bt

electron ra khiphn tgy nn sion ho. - Do bcxMt tri: Cc tia bcx, X, tngoicaMt tri

uc khnngion ho huhtcc loikh cakh quyntrncao, lpkh quynthpchng btngozon ngncn.

3.7.2 Sdnincakh quynD t t i i kh d i


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Do stnticacc ion m kh quync dninnhtnh, n phthucvo nngv linh ngcacc ion.

Cc loiion utham gia vicdnin; tuy nhin, ivikh quyntrong thctchc cc ion nh l nggp ng k, cn ng gp ca cc loi ion khc lkhng ngk.

Trn lcadnincakh quynthay inhiutheo khu vc, ph thucnhiu vo lngchtphngxc trong tv lngsol kh trong kh quyn.

Trn bin n tng dn theo v a t, ph thucmnhvo thigian nht l khi c binngthitit,tnh trung bnh vban mthnglnhnban ngy.

3.7.3 intrngkh quyn Trong kh quyn lun tn ti mt in trng c c trng

bng vecto cng in trng E


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bngvecto cngintrng .

Gia v inthV c milin h:

= - gradV

Trong vng thititp(khng c dng hay nhiungthitit,lng my trn bu tri < 3/10, cao v xa ni quan trc gidicp3), trn mintbngphng hng t trn xung

div cc mtngthtrong kh quynsong song vinhau. Mtttch inm so vikh quynpha trn.

nhngnimttnh cao (ini, nh ,cy ci, ) cc mtngthbcong iv dy xt libiuth lnhnchkh

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