Bao Cao đánh giá cảm quan

GVHD: L THY LINH NHM 5

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MC LC 1. TOPIC 1: ............................................................................................................ 4

1.1. Chun b th nghim: ................................................................................... 4

1.1.1. Mc ch tin hnh: .............................................................................. 4

1.1.2. Chn php th: ..................................................................................... 4

1.2. Tin hnh th nghim: ................................................................................. 4

1.2.1. Nguyn liu:........................................................................................... 4

1.2.2. i tng:.............................................................................................. 5

1.2.3. Phn cng cng vic: ............................................................................. 5

1.2.4. Trt t trnh by mu v m ha mu: ............................................... 6

1.2.5. Cch tin hnh: ..................................................................................... 6

1.2.6. Phiu hng dn: .................................................................................. 6

1.2.7. Phiu tr li:.......................................................................................... 7

1.3. Phiu chun b th nghim: ......................................................................... 7

1.4. Kt qu th nghim: ................................................................................... 10

2. TOPIC 2: .......................................................................................................... 12 2.1. Mc ch tin hnh: ................................................................................... 12

2.2. Chn php th: .......................................................................................... 12

2.3. Tin Hnh th nghim: .............................................................................. 12

2.3.1. Nguyn liu:......................................................................................... 12

2.3.2. i tng:............................................................................................ 13

2.3.3. Phn cng cng vic: ........................................................................... 13

2.3.4. Chun b mu, dng c: ..................................................................... 14

2.3.5. Quy cch, trnh t: .............................................................................. 15

2.3.6. Trt t trnh by mu v m ha mu: ............................................. 15

2.3.7. Tin hnh: ........................................................................................... 15


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2.3.8. Phiu hng dn: ................................................................................ 16

2.3.9. Phiu tr li:........................................................................................ 16

2.4. Phiu chun b th nghim : ...................................................................... 16

2.5. Kt qu thc hnh: .................................................................................... 20

3. TOPIC 3: .......................................................................................................... 21 3.1. Xc nh v phn loi mu trn th trng:............................................. 21

3.2. La chn php th: ................................................................................... 22

3.3. Ngi th: .................................................................................................. 23

3.4. Phn cng nhim v: ................................................................................. 23

3.5. Chun b nguyn liu v dng c: ............................................................ 23

3.6. Quy trnh thc hin: .................................................................................. 24

3.7. Phiu hng dn: ...................................................................................... 26

3.8. Phiu tr li: .............................................................................................. 26

3.9. Phiu chun b th nghim: ....................................................................... 27

3.10. Kt qu thc hnh: ................................................................................ 31

4. TOPIC 4: .......................................................................................................... 32

4.1. L do: ......................................................................................................... 32

4.2. Phn cng nhim v: ................................................................................. 33

4.3. Chun b nguyn liu v dng c: ............................................................ 33

4.4. Chun b mu: ........................................................................................... 34

4.5. Quy trnh nh gi mu: ........................................................................... 35

4.6. Phiu nh gi: .......................................................................................... 36

4.7. Kt qu nh gi: ...................................................................................... 36

CC BNG TRA ................................................................................................... 44


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DANH MC HNH

Hnh 1: Sn phm bnh qu..................................................................................... 5 Hnh 2. Hai mu sn phm A v not A .................................................................. 13

Hnh 3. Trnh by mu ........................................................................................... 14 Hnh 4: Nm sn phm sa ti tit trng............................................................ 22

Hnh 5: Qu trnh ong v rt mu ....................................................................... 25

Hnh 6: pht mu cho ngi th ............................................................................ 25

Hnh 7: nm sn phm sa ti tit trng ............................................................ 33

Hnh 8: Qu trnh ong v rt mu. ...................................................................... 34


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1. TOPIC 1: Mt nh my sn xut bnh qu gp s c mt in trong 2 gi khi ang sn

xut. khu ng gi, mt m bnh ang trong tnh trng mt na s lng bnh

c ng gi trong khi na cn li cha c ng gi.

Ban lnh o yu cu kim tra cht lng cm quan ca mt s bnh cha

c ng gi trong 2 gi. Phng th nghim cm quan hy tin hnh mt th nghim

gii quyt vn trn.

1.1. Chun b th nghim: 1.1.1. Mc ch tin hnh:

nh gi v xc nh s khc bit gia loi bnh qu ca cng ty.

1.1.2. Chn php th: C 2 php th thch hp:

A-not A

Php th 2-3

Tuy nhin, php th A-not A c chn. V y l php th nh hng cho

php so snh sn phm mi vi sn phm chun, cho php xc nh liu sn phm

mi c khc vi mu chun A hay khng?

Php th A-notA ch cn 2 mu th v 1 cu tr li nn n gin hn.

1.2. Tin hnh th nghim: 1.2.1. Nguyn liu:

Hai loi mu bnh qu cng nh sn xut, cng ngy sn xut.

Mu bnh qu va c ly t hp bnh ng gi, k hiu : mu A.

Mu bnh qu ngoi khng kh khong 2h, k hiu : mu B.


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Hnh 1: Sn phm bnh qu 1.2.2. i tng: - S lng gm 32 ngi

- tui : 18 tui tr ln

- Gii tnh : N v Nam

- l nhng ngi s dng v nhn bit c mu A. Ngi th s phi th 1

dy cc mu c m ha bao gm c mu A v not A. Xc nh mu no l A v

mu no l not A.

1.2.3. Phn cng cng vic: S lng: 5 ngi

- M ha mu, code: 1 ngi

- Chun b v rt mu: 2 ngi

- Phc v th nghim, hng dn: 2 ngi

- Thu mu v v tng hp kt qu: 2 ngi

- Bo co: 5 ngi kt hp

Ch n qu trnh thc nghim (c k hng dn th nghim v tr li).

Ch tin hnh th nghim khi tt c cc thc nghim vin hiu r cch tin

hnh th nghim.

iu kin phng th nghim: Khu chun b mu nm gc khut trnh ngi th nhn thy.

Khu th mu m bo cc iu kin nh sng v nhit . Cn m bo s c

lp gia nhng ngi th, m bo tnh khch quan ca cc cu tr li.


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1.2.4. Trt t trnh by mu v m ha mu: Trnh t sp xp mu ngu nhin ca mi mu c trnh by ng nht v

hnh dng, kch thc v c m ha. Th nghim gm 4 t hp mu l:

A-A, Not A-Not A, A-Not A, Not A-A.

1.2.5. Cch tin hnh: Ngi th s c gii thiu, cho lm quen vi mu chun A v hc mu

chun. Qu trnh ny khng mt nhiu thi gian nu ngi th c kinh nghim vi sn

phm.

Sau , ct mu chun i. Bt u tin hnh th nghim, chia thnh nhiu t th,

mi t 14 ngi. Ngi th s tip tc c gii thiu ln lt 2 b mu m ha

v xc nh cc mu c phi l mu A hay khng.

Sau khi th mu, ngi th phi in vo phiu tr li.

Ngi thu phiu s thu li phiu tr li v tng hp kt qu.

1.2.6. Phiu hng dn:

PHIU HNG DN

Mt chui cc mu bnh qu s c ln lt gii thiu vi bn. Hy xc nh

tng mu nh gi c phi l mu m bn c hc cch nhn bit u bui

th (A) hay l mt loi bnh qu khc (not A).

Hy a ra cu tr li cho mi trng hp ngay c khi bn khng chc chn v

nhng tnh cht cm quan ca mu.

Ch : ngh sc ming vi nc trc khi bt u thc hin php th.

C th a s xc xch heo c gii thiu cho bn tng ng vi loi A hoc

notA. Thc ra, cch sp xp mu c thc hin mt cch ngu nhin v khc nhau

i vi tng ngi th. V th bn khng phi bn tm v cu tr li trc ca bn.

Bn s s sng mt phiu tr li cho mt mu, v phi a ngay cho ngi iu

khin th nghim khi bn in xong cu tr li.


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1.2.7. Phiu tr li: PHIU TR LI

M s ca ngi th: Ngy th:

Bnh qu c m sl bnh qu :

A

not A

nh du cu tr li ca bn vo v tr thch hp

1.3. Phiu chun b th nghim: PHIU CHUN B THC HNH NH GI CM QUAN

Nhm thc hin: nhm 5

Tnh hung: Mt nh my sn xut bnh qu gp s c mt in trong 2 gi khi ang sn

xut. khu ng gi, mt m bnh ang trong tnh trng mt na s lng bnh

c ng gi trong khi na cn li cha c ng gi.

Ban lnh o yu cu kim tra cht lng cm quan ca mt s bnh cha

c ng gi trong 2 gi. Phng th nghim cm quan hy tin hnh mt th nghim

gii quyt vn trn.

Php th: A Khng A

Gii thiu: Hai loi mu bnh qu cng nh sn xut, cng ngy sn xut.

Mu bnh qu va c ly t hp bnh ng gi, k hiu : mu A.

Mu bnh qu ngoi khng kh khong 2h, k hiu : mu B.

K hiu trt t mu: 1.AA 2.BB 3.AB 4.BA


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Bng nh gi cm quan:

STT

M

trt t

mu

Trt t

mu

M ha Tr li Nhn xt

Mu

th 1

Mu

th 2

Mu

th 1

Mu

th 2

Mu th

1 Mu th 2

01 4 BA 792 228 Not A A ng Sai

02 1 AA 468 732 Not A A Sai ng

03 2 BB 977 805 A A Sai Sai

04 3 AB 564 852 A Not A ng ng

05 2 BB 497 605 Not A Not A ng ng


07 3 AB 763 813 Not A A Sai Sai

08 4 BA 020 147 Not A A ng ng


10 3 AB 917 953 A A ng Sai

11 4 BA 490 516 Not A A ng ng

12 2 BB 457 566 Not A A ng Sai


14 2 BB 562 645 A A Sai Sai

15 4 BA 825 493 Not A Not A ng Sai

16 1 AA 326 894 A Not A ng Sai



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18 2 BB 766 553 A Not A Sai ng

19 4 BA 306 733 Not A Not A ng Sai



22 3 AB 477 307 A Not A ng ng

23 2 BB 091 978 Not A A ng Sai

24 4 BA 563 413 Not A A ng ng

25 1 AA 320 172 A A ng ng

26 2 BB 697 298 A Not A Sai ng

27 3 AB 712 865 A Not A ng ng

28 4 BA 068 764 A A Sai ng

29 3 AB 771 197 Not A A Sai ng

30 2 BB 364 387 Not A Not A ng ng

31 1 AA 223 176 A A ng ng

32 4 BA 195 234 A Not A Sai Sai


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1.4. Kt qu th nghim: BNG TNG KT:

Cu tr li ca ngi th Sn phm nhn c

Tng A Khng A

A 19 13 32

Khng A 15 17 32

Tng 34 30 64

X l s liu :

Tng s cu tr li l mu A v Khng A c m v kim nh 2 c s dng

so snh gia tn s quan st v tn s mong i.

2es

1

( )i it t

i i

O EE

vi

O1= 19

O2= 13

O3= 15

O4= 17

E1 = . = 17

E2 = . = 15

E3 = .

= 17

E4 = . = 15

2es

1

( )i it t

i i

O EE

: tn s quan st ca tng nhm( s cu tr li nhn c t ngi th)

:l tn s mong i ca tng nhm( c tnh bng t l gia tng s cu tr li ca ngi th nhn vi tng s thc t nhn c trn tng s mu)

= 1.004 < 2=0,05 = 3,87


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Kt lun Hai loi bnh qu c tnh cht cm quan khc nhau.

Th nghim trn c tin hnh ging vi tnh hung a ra. Nh vy,

ngh nh sn xut khng nn ng gi s bnh qu ngoi khng kh 2 gi

ging vi ng gi na s ng gi trc , c th dng mt phng php no

cho 2 loi bnh qu c tnh cht cm quan nh nhau ri hy ng gi, hoc l ng

gi nhng bao b khc trnh khch hng mua 2 bch bnh qu cng loi nhng tnh

cht cm quan khc nhau.


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2. TOPIC 2: Mt cng ty sn xut xc xch heo mun a ra th trng mt sn phm mi

v h mun bit sn phm ca h c khc vi sn phm cng loi ca mt cng ty

khc ang c lu thng rng ri trn th trng. Cng ty ngh nhm nh gi

cm quan tin hnh mt php th cm quan tr li cu hi trn.

2.1. Mc ch tin hnh: nh gi v xc nh s khc bit gia loi sn phm xc xch heo mi ca

cng ty vi sn phm xc xch cng loi ca 1 cng ty khc ang c a chung v

tiu th rng ri trn th trng.

2.2. Chn php th: C 2 php th thch hp:

A-not A

Php th 2-3

Tuy nhin, php th A-not A c chn. V y l php th nh hng cho

php so snh sn phm mi vi sn phm chun, cho php xc nh liu sn phm

mi c khc vi mu chun A ang c bn trn th trng hay khng?

Php th A-notA ch cn 2 mu th v 1 cu tr li nn n gin hn.

2.3. Tin Hnh th nghim: 2.3.1. Nguyn liu: A : sn phm xc xch heo mi ca cng ty A.

Not A : sn phm xc xch heo cng loi ca cng ty khc trn th th trng.

Vi A l mu chun i chng v not A l mu cn c kim chng, so snh.

Nguyn liu: l sn phm xc xch heo.


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Hnh 2. Hai mu sn phm A v not A

2.3.2. i tng: - S lng gm 32 ngi

- tui : 18 tui tr ln

- Gii tnh : N v Nam

- l nhng ngi s dng v nhn bit c mu A. Ngi th s phi th 1

dy cc mu c m ha bao gm c mu A v not A. Xc nh mu no l A v

mu no l not A.

2.3.3. Phn cng cng vic: S lng: 5 ngi

- M ha mu, code: 1 ngi

- Chun b v rt mu: 2 ngi

- Phc v th nghim, hng dn: 2 ngi

- Thu mu v v tng hp kt qu: 2 ngi

- Bo co: 5 ngi kt hp

Ch n qu trnh thc nghim (c k hng dn th nghim v tr li).


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Ch tin hnh th nghim khi tt c cc thc nghim vin hiu r cch tin

hnh th nghim.

iu kin phng th nghim: Khu chun b mu nm gc khut trnh ngi th nhn thy.

Khu th mu m bo cc iu kin nh sng v nhit . Cn m bo s c

lp gia nhng ngi th, m bo tnh khch quan ca cc cu tr li.

2.3.4. Chun b mu, dng c: K hoch v mu:

Loi mu Mu xc xch i chng A Mu xc xch kim chng (not A)

S mu trnh by 64 32

Lng mu/a 1 khoanh xc xch ng knh

12 mm

1 khoanh xc xch ng knh

12 mm

Tng lng mu 64 khoanh xc xch ng knh

12 mm

32 khoanh xc xch ng knh

12 mm

Hnh 3. Trnh by mu


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Dng c:

Stt Loi dng c S lng

1 a nha

Ly nha

96 ci

35 ci

2 Khn giy 32 t

3 Bt ch 14 cy

4 Phiu hng dn 14 t

5 Phiu tr li 70 t ( trong 2 t

gc, 4 t d tr)

6 Thc o ct mu 2 ci

7 Dao ct mu 2 ci

2.3.5. Quy cch, trnh t: Mu xc xch c trnh by trong a nha, mi a cha 1 khoanh xc xch

ng knh 12 mm. Mu xc xch c s dng nh gi nhit thng.

Nc thanh v l nc lc c ng trong trong ly nha.

Mi ngi th c km theo 1 khn giy, mt cy vit.

2.3.6. Trt t trnh by mu v m ha mu: Trnh t sp xp mu ngu nhin ca mi mu c trnh by ng nht v hnh

dng, kch thc v c m ha. Th nghim gm 4 t hp mu l:

A-A, Not A-Not A, A-Not A, Not A-A.

2.3.7. Tin hnh: Ngi th s c gii thiu, cho lm quen vi mu chun A v hc mu chun.

Qu trnh ny khng mt nhiu thi gian nu ngi th c kinh nghim vi sn phm.

Sau , ct mu chun i. Bt u tin hnh th nghim, chia thnh nhiu t th,

mi t 14 ngi. Ngi th s tip tc c gii thiu ln lt 2 b mu m ha

v xc nh cc mu c phi l mu A hay khng.

Sau khi th mu, ngi th phi in vo phiu tr li.

Ngi thu phiu s thu li phiu tr li v tng hp kt qu.


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2.3.8. Phiu hng dn: PHIU HNG DN

Mt chui cc mu xc xch heo s c ln lt gii thiu vi bn. Hy xc

nh tng mu nh gi c phi l mu m bn c hc cch nhn bit u

bui th (A) hay l mt loi xc xch khc (not A).

Hy a ra cu tr li cho mi trng hp ngay c khi bn khng chc chn

v nhng tnh cht cm quan ca mu.

Ch : ngh sc ming vi nc trc khi bt u thc hin php th.

C th a s xc xch heo c gii thiu cho bn tng ng vi loi A hoc

notA. Thc ra, cch sp xp mu c thc hin mt cch ngu nhin v khc nhau

i vi tng ngi th. V th bn khng phi bn tm v cu tr li trc ca bn.

Bn s s sng mt phiu tr li cho mt mu, v phi a ngay cho ngi iu

khin th nghim khi bn in xong cu tr li.

2.3.9. Phiu tr li: PHIU TR LI

M s ca ngi th: Ngy th:

Xc xch tit trng c m sl xc xch :

A

not A

nh du cu tr li ca bn vo v tr thch hp

2.4. Phiu chun b th nghim : PHIU CHUN B THC HNH NH GI CM QUAN

Nhm thc hin: nhm 5

Tnh hung: Cng ty A sn xut xc xch heo gn y khng bn chy sn phm v trn th

trng c mt cng ty sn xut ra xc xch heo gn ging vi cng ty A. Gim c

cng ty A yu cu phng nh gi cm quan diu tra xem c s ging nhau hay khng

gia 2 sn phm ca 2 cng ty.


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Php th : A Khng A

Gii thiu :

Mu xc xch ca cng ty A, k hiu :mu A.

Mu xc xch ca cng ty khc, k hiu : mu B

K hiu trt t mu : 1.AA 2.BB 3.AB 4.BA

Bng nh gi cm quan:

STT M trt t mu

Trt t mu

M ha Tr li Nhn xt

Mu

th 1

Mu

th 2

Mu

th 1

Mu

th 2

Mu

th 1

Mu

th 2

01 4 BA 792 228 Khng

A

Khng

A ng Sai

02 1 AA 468 732 Khng

A

Khng

A Sai Sai

03 2 BB 977 805 Khng

A

Khng

A ng ng

04 3 AB 564 852 Khng

A

Khng

A Sai ng

05 2 BB 497 605 Khng

A

Khng

A ng Sai

06 1 AA 151 607 A Khng

A ng ng

07 3 AB 763 813 Khng

A

Khng

A Sai ng

08 4 BA 119 147 Khng

A A ng Sai


18

09 1 AA 550 227 A Khng

A ng ng

10 3 AB 917 953 A Khng

A ng Sai

11 4 BA 490 516 A Khng

A Sai ng

12 2 BB 457 566 Khng

A

Khng

A ng ng

13 3 AB 501 261 Khng

A

Khng

A Sai ng

14 2 BB 562 645 Khng

A

Khng

A ng Sai

15 4 BA 825 493 Khng

A

Khng

A ng Sai

16 1 AA 326 894 Khng

A

Khng

A Sai Sai

17 1 AA 335 415 A Khng

A ng Sai

18 2 BB 766 553 A Khng

A Sai ng

19 4 BA 306 733 A Khng

A Sai Sai

20 3 AB 561 754

A A ng Sai


19

21 1 AA 532 980 A Khng

A ng Sai

22 3 AB 477 307 A Khng

A ng ng

23 2 BB 869 978 Khng

A

Khng

A ng ng

24 4 BA 563 413 A Khng

A Sai Sai

25 1 AA 320 172 A Khng

A ng Sai

26 2 BB 697 298 Khng

A

Khng

A Sai ng

27 3 AB 712 865 Khng

A A Sai Sai

28 4 BA 068 764 Khng

A

Khng

A ng

Sai

29 3 AB 771 197 A Khng

A ng ng

30 2 BB 364 387 A Khng

A

Sai

ng

31 1 AA 223 176 A Khng

A ng Sai

32 4 BA 195 234 Khng

A

Khng

A ng Sai


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2.5. Kt qu thc hnh: BNG TNG KT:

SN PHM NHN C Cu tr li ca ngi th

TNG A Khng A

A 11 21 32

Khng A 12 20 32

Tng 23 41 64

X l s liu :

Tng s cu tr li l mu A v Khng A c m v kim nh 2 c s dng

so snh gia tn s quan st v tn s mong i.

2es

1

( )i it t

i i

O EE

vi

E1 = . = 11.5 E2 = . = 11.5

E3 = .

= 20.5 E4 = . = 20.5

2es

1

( )i it t

i i

O EE

= 0.341

: tn s quan st ca tng nhm( s cu tr li nhn c t ngi th)

:l tn s mong i ca tng nhm( c tnh bng t l gia tng s cu tr li ca ngi th nhn vi tng s thc t nhn c trn tng s mu)

Tra bng ph lc vi mc ngha 5% v bc t do n = 1 ta

c:

2tra bng = 3.84 > test2 = 0.341 nn ta kt lun hai sn phm

khng khc nhau ti mc ngha c chn.


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3. TOPIC 3: Mt cng ty mun bit th hiu ca ngi tiu dng i vi cc sn phm sa

ti tit trng trn th trng,yu cu nhm nh gi cm quan thc hin php th th

hiu i vi mt s dng sn phm sa ti tit trng ang c mt trn th trng.

3.1. Xc nh v phn loi mu trn th trng: L do chn mu : sa ti tit trng xut hin trn th trng ngy cng nhiu

v nhanh chng pht trin tr thnh mt trong nhng loi thc c yu thch nht

ca nhiu ngi.

STT Tn sn phm Tn cng ty Th tch 1 bch

1 Lovein farm

Tng cng ty c

phn sa quc t

IDP

200 ml

2 Vixumilk Cng Ty CP SX Tn

Vit Xun 220 ml

3 Vinamilk Cng ty C phn

Sa Vit Nam 220 ml

4 Hanoi milk Cng ty C phn

Sa Vit Nam 200 ml

5 Dutch lady Cng ty Dutch lady

Vit Nam 220 ml


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Hnh 4: Nm sn phm sa ti tit trng

3.2. La chn php th: nh gi mc a thch ca ngi tiu dng Vit Nam i vi cc loi sn

phm sa ti tit trng ta nn dng php th cho im trn thang 9 im:

1- Cc k ght

2- Rt ght

3- Ght

4- Hi ght

5- Khng thch, khng ght

6- Hi thch

7- Thch

8- Rt thch

9- Cc k thch


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3.3. Ngi th: - Chn 60 ngi, l ngi tng s dng sa ti tit trng.

- i tng ngi tham gia t 18 tui tr ln.

- Ngi tham gia th nghim c sc khe bnh thng.

3.4. Phn cng nhim v: S lng 5 ngi:

- 2 ngi ph trch pha ch 5 mu v dn tem m ha mu vo sn phm m mnh

ph trch trnh nhm ln.

- 2 ngi mang mu c m ha ln cho ngi th, 1 ngi hng dn v a

cc phiu thng tin, phiu nh gi im, ng thi thu li kt qu khi ngi th

hon thnh.

- Tng hp v bo co: 5 ngi cng lm.

3.5. Chun b nguyn liu v dng c: Chun b nguyn liu:

Loi mu A B C D E

S mu trnh by 60 mu 60 mu 60 mu 60 mu 60 mu

Lng mu trn 1 ly 15 ml 15 ml 15 ml 15 ml 15 ml

Tng lng mu 900 ml 900 ml 900 ml 900 ml 900 ml

Chun b dng c:

STT LOI DNG C S LNG

1 Ly nha 305 ci

2 Khn giy 60 ci

3 Bt ch 14 ci

4 Cc ty 14 ci

5 Ly nha cha nc thanh v 60 ci

6 Phiu hng dn 20 ( 6 phiu d phng)

7 Phiu tr li 305 (5 phiu d phng)


24

Chun b mu: - Mu c pha v ng trong ly nha. Mi ly dung tch 100 ml.

- Mu c nhit thng.

- Cc mu sa c trnh by ng nht v th tch v c m ha.

- Cc mu phi sch s v khng c mi l.

- Php th c tin hnh trong phng th nghim cm quan.

Trt t v m ha mu: Trnh t sp xp mu ngu nhin ca mi mu c trnh by ng nht v th tch

v c m ha. Th nghim gm 10 t hp mu l:

1. ABCED 2. BCADE 3. CDBEA 4. DECAB

5. EADBC 6. DCEBA 7. EDACB 8. AEDBC

9. BACED 10. CBDAE

Trt t mu c xo trn sao cho mi b mu c mt trt t ring, khng trng

lp nhau. C 60 ngi th vy ta s c 60 trt t mu tt c.

3.6. Quy trnh thc hin: Mi ln th l 14 ngi, ln lt cho tng nhm vo phng th.

Phiu hng dn c dn trn 14 bn th v pht cho mi ngi th 1 phiu

nh gi.

Trc ht hng dn tht k ri sau mi tin hnh th mu.

Mu c mang ln ln lt cng vi phiu tr li.

Sau mi ln th, ngi th cho kt qu vo phiu tr li, nhn vin s thu li mu

cng phiu tr li, ng thi mang mu th cng phiu tr li cho ln th tip theo. Thc

hin tng t cho n khi ht b mu.

Ngi th cn thanh v bng nc lc sau mi ln th. Thc nghim vin s thu

li phiu tr li v mu.


25

Hnh 5: Qu trnh ong v rt mu

Hnh 6: pht mu cho ngi th


26

3.7. Phiu hng dn:

PHIU HNG DN TH NGHIM

Anh/ch s nhn c ln lt 5 mu sa ti c gn m s gm 3 ch s.

Hy th nm tng mu v nh gi mc a thch ca anh/ch i vi mu ny bng

cch cho im trn thang di y. Ghi nhn cu tr li ca anh/ch vo phiu nh

gi.

Lu : mi mu th ng vi mt phiu nh gi v a li cho thc nghim vin

ngay khi anh/ch tr li xong. Anh/ch sc ming bng nc lc trc khi th mu v

bt c khi no anh/ch thy cn thit.

1. Cc k ght. 6. Hi thch.

2. Rt ght. 7. Thch.

3. Ght. 8. Rt thch.

4. Hi ght. 9. Cc k thch.

5. Khng thch, khng ght.

3.8. Phiu tr li:

PHIU TR LI

H tn ngi th:........................................ Ngy th:.................

Mc a thch ca anh/ch i vi mu c m s.............l:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


27

3.9. Phiu chun b th nghim: PHIU CHUN B THC HNH NH GI CM QUAN

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 5 Mt cng ty mun bit th hiu ca ngi tiu dng i vi cc sn phm sa ti

tit trng trn th trng,yu cu nhm nh gi cm quan thc hin php th th hiu i

vi mt s dng sn phm sa ti tit trng ang c mt trn th trng.

Tnh hung: Mt cng ty mun bit th hiu ca ngi tiu dng i vi cc sn phm sa ti

tit trng trn th trng,yu cu nhm nh gi cm quan thc hin php th th hiu i

vi mt s dng sn phm sa ti tit trng ang c mt trn th trng.

Phng php: Dng php th m t nh lng (QDA)

Gii thiu: Mu th l 5 loi sa ti tit trng hng vani trn th trng.

Mu sa ti tit trng Hanoi milk K hiu: mu A

Mu sa ti tit trng Dutch lady K hiu: mu B

Mu sa ti tit trng vinamilk K hiu: mu C

Mu sa ti tit trng vixumilk K hiu: mu D

Mu sa ti tit trng lovein farm K hiu: mu E

K hiu trt t mu:



9. BACED 10. CBDAE

Thang im: 1- Cc k ght

2- Rt ght

3- Ght

4- Hi ght

5- Khng thch, khng ght


28

6- Hi thch

7- Thch

8- Rt thch

9- Cc k thch

Bng nh gi cm quan:

STT

M

TT

mu

TT

mu

M ha Kt qu

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5

01 5 EADBC 164 904 220 379 127 5 6 4 3 8

02 6 DCEBA 215 273 255 195 779 6 5 7 6 7

03 9 BACED 438 806 364 588 167 4 4 6 4 5

04 2 BCADE 792 401 272 220 975 7 7 4 5 6

05 1 ABCED 944 265 839 929 812 6 4 7 4 6

06 3 CDBEA 563 918 547 771 603 6 4 7 8 9

07 4 DECAB 208 609 712 532 941 6 7 9 7 7

08 7 EDACB 486 903 233 024 412 6 7 6 8 5

09 8 AEDBC 756 044 715 326 994 8 7 7 7 6

10 10 CBDAE 325 759 754 501 834 8 7 3 4 7

11 7 EDACB 285 130 029 457 402 7 5 4 3 6

12 5 EADBC 264 808 984 917 299 4 8 6 5 4

13 2 BCADE 639 301 728 479 684 7 5 8 2 6

14 6 DCEBA 137 907 989 868 990 6 8 7 5 7

15 4 DECAB 490 971 598 763 381 7 7 9 9 6

16 1 ABCED 216 341 245 564 458 6 5 7 4 5


29

17 3 CDBEA 975 117 457 977 722 7 8 6 5 3

18 9 BACED 138 104 912 806 188 7 8 7 8 6

19 10 CBDAE 478 649 510 852 893 4 5 3 2 4

20 8 AEDBC 155 674 177 813 186 5 4 5 6 7

21 3 CBDEA 621 558 225 227 026 6 4 7 8 4

22 5 EADBC 639 032 841 516 070 6 8 3 6 1

23 9 BACED 544 063 368 645 737 5 1 5 5 7

24 7 EDABC 403 701 381 415 278 5 6 7 4 6

25 8 AEDBC 642 605 749 553 259 5 6 6 6 8

26 2 BCADE 041 516 242 446 102 7 7 3 5 6

27 6 DCEBA 048 015 384 932 448 5 5 8 5 7

28 4 DECBA 039 224 881 494 346 7 4 6 8 4

29 10 CBDAE 244 199 882 865 048 8 6 8 7 4

30 1 ABCED 990 689 687 816 298 4 6 9 8 7

31 10 CBDAE 119 987 870 981 948 4 6 6 5 8

32 3 CBDEA 492 283 717 976 152 6 7 3 7 5

33 9 BACED 433 226 151 412 375 6 5 7 6 6

34 5 EADBC 011 168 985 355 608 7 6 8 7 6

35 8 AEDBC 420 414 147 923 920 6 7 7 5 6

36 4 DECBA 542 966 153 388 108 8 6 9 7 5

37 7 EDABC 595 020 733 635 570 3 8 6 6 6


30

38 6 DCEBA 318 714 817 159 442 3 5 7 7 6

39 1 ABCED 791 834 074 477 627 7 5 6 7 8

40 2 BCADE 482 697 403 620 267 8 6 4 5 8

41 5 EADBC 236 610 753 274 095 3 8 4 3 7

42 10 CBDAE 773 795 289 556 392 4 5 3 4 5

43 8 AEDBC 872 607 660 293 983 6 8 4 5 5

44 9 BACED 237 303 102 061 313 5 7 4 6 6

45 6 DCEBA 875 589 022 940 778 5 7 4 6 3

46 4 DECBA 360 729 844 067 863 6 7 9 8 4

47 1 ABCED 217 320 161 539 650 5 8 7 8 5

48 7 EDABC 198 054 176 780 211 5 6 8 7 4

49 2 BCADE 327 530 234 692 799 8 7 5 8 6

50 3 CBDEA 754 304 713 141 055 5 4 6 4 9

51 7 EDABC 404 552 251 602 511 5 5 8 7 6

52 6 DCEBA 768 247 819 933 916 6 7 6 8 7

53 10 CBDAE 428 865 551 048 299 6 8 6 4 5

54 3 CBDEA 542 431 652 709 446 7 7 5 5 6

55 8 AEDBC 652 172 629 810 780 5 5 7 4 7

56 1 ABCED 583 594 014 418 445 6 4 6 5 6

57 9 BACED 291 803 250 249 245 5 5 7 3 7

58 5 EADBC 134 392 211 049 625 4 8 6 8 7


31

59 4 DECBA 827 416 967 835 708 8 9 4 5 4

60 2 BCADE 204 523 092 976 830 7 5 3 6 7

3.10. Kt qu thc hnh: Kt qu tnh:

Df SS MS F

Sn phm (A) 4 10.35 2.5883 1.0769

Ngi th (S) 59 175.77 2.9792

Phn d (A-1)(S-1) 236 567.25 2.4036

Tng 299 753.37

Tra bng 12, vi bc t do ca sn phm = 4, bc t do ca sai s = 236.

Ta c Ftra bng=2.45

V Ftnh < Ftra bng nn khng c s khc bit gia cc mu th.


32

4. TOPIC 4: S dng php phn tch m t nh lng (QDA- Quantitative Descriptive

Analysis) phn tch cc tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm sa ti tit trng.

4.1. L do: Trn th trng c nhiu loi sa ti tit trng, nhng mu sc, hng v ca cc

loi sa ny c khc nhau hay khng? Sau y nhm 5 tin hnh phn tch cc tnh cht

cm quan bng php phn tch m t nh lng (QDA).

STT Tn sn phm Tn cng ty Th tch 1 bch

1 Lovein farm

Tng cng ty c

phn sa quc t

IDP

200 ml

2 Vixumilk Cng Ty CP SX Tn

Vit Xun 220 ml

3 Vinamilk Cng ty C phn

Sa Vit Nam 220 ml

4 Hanoi milk Cng ty C phn

Sa Vit Nam 200 ml

5 Dutch lady Cng ty Dutch lady

Vit Nam 220 ml


33

Hnh 7: nm sn phm sa ti tit trng

4.2. Phn cng nhim v: S lng 5 ngi:

- 3 ngi ph trch dn tem m ha vo ly, rt sa vo ly.

- 2 ngi chn v hng dn, pht phiu nh gi, mang mu sa ln cho hi ng

th; thu phiu nh gi.

- Tng hp v bo co: c 5 ngi.

4.3. Chun b nguyn liu v dng c: Chun b nguyn liu:

Loi mu A B C D E

S mu trnh by 30 mu 30 mu 30 mu 30 mu 30 mu

Lng mu trn 1 ly 15 ml 15 ml 15 ml 15 ml 15 ml


34

Tng lng mu 450 ml 450 ml 450 ml 450 ml 450 ml

Chun b dng c:

STT LOI DNG C S LNG

1 Ly nha nh 155 ci

2 Khn giy 30 ci

3 Bt ch 10 ci

4 Cc ty 10 ci

5 Ly nha cha nc thanh v 30 ci

6 Phiu tr li 100 phiu (5 phiu d

phng)

4.4. Chun b mu: Chun b mu: - Cc mu c ng trong ly nha (ly sch). Mi ly dung tch 100 ml.

- Mu c nhit thng.

- Cc mu sa c trnh by ng nht v th tch v c m ha.

- Cc mu phi sch s v khng c mi l.

- Php th c tin hnh trong phng th nghim cm quan.

Hnh 8: Qu trnh ong v rt mu.


35

Trt t v m ha mu: Trnh t sp xp mu ngu nhin ca mi mu c trnh by ng nht v th tch v

c m ha. Th nghim gm 10 t hp mu l:



9. BACED 10. CBDAE

Trong : - Mu sa ti tit trng lovein farm K hiu: mu A.

- Mu sa ti tit trng vixumilk K hiu: mu B.

- Mu sa ti tit trng vinamilk K hiu: mu C.

- Mu sa ti tit trng Hanoi milk K hiu: mu D.

- Mu sa ti tit trng Dutch lady K hiu: mu E.

Trt t mu c xo trn sao cho mi b mu c mt trt t ring, khng trng

lp nhau. C 10 ngi th vy ta s c 10 trt t mu tt c. Nhng ta thc hin lp li 2

ln nn nhng trnh t trn c thc hin 2 ln.

4.5. Quy trnh nh gi mu: - Mi hi ng th vo phng th (10 ngi).

- Mang ng thi 5 mu th ln cho hi ng th mu. Sau mi ln th thanh v

bng nc lc.

- Sau khi th xong, hp hi ng thng nht a ra nhng khi nim chung

chnh xc v nhng tnh cht cm quan ca sa ti tit trng.

- Tip tc mi hi ng vo phng th ln 2 nh gi mc ca cc tnh cht

cm quan theo mu phiu nh gi (c ngi chun b pht) bng cch nh

du trn thang o.

- Lp li bc 4 mt ln na ly gi tr trung bnh gia 2 ln nh gi.


36

4.6. Phiu nh gi: Phiu nh gi QDA cho sn phm sa ti

Tn ngi th: Ngy th: Hng dn: bn hy th cc mu sa ti c a ra t tri sang phi v nh gi cc

tnh cht cm quan bng cch nh du trn thang o cho mi tnh cht c thng

nht trong phn pht trin ngn ng. Gia cc ln th mu, bn hy thanh v bng nc

lc.

M s mu: ......... V ngt

V bo

Mi sa

Mi vani

Mu trng

4.7. Kt qu nh gi: Bng m ha mu:

STT M TT

mu TT mu

M ha

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5

1 5 EADBC 858 618 235 757 290

2 6 DCEBA 406 161 832 373 987

3 9 BACED 394 160 142 893 307

4 2 BCADE 432 126 181 846 940

5 1 ABCED 407 863 484 652 912

6 3 CDBEA 961 643 741 936 92

7 4 DECAB 709 626 356 726 230

8 7 EDACB 409 535 699 609 710

9 8 AEDBC 735 834 559 179 114


37

10 10 CBDAE 579 767 546 485 786

11 7 EDACB 905 845 539 647 851

12 5 EADBC 402 803 472 401 698

13 2 BCADE 824 151 768 860 479

14 6 DCEBA 247 397 809 766 327

15 4 DECAB 370 329 248 128 746

16 1 ABCED 459 453 548 779 411

17 3 CDBEA 988 590 564 193 649

18 9 BACED 493 398 122 576 886

19 10 CBDAE 332 355 545 87 562

20 8 AEDBC 226 347 257 270 135

Kt qu thu c:

MU M

HA

V

NGT V BO

MI

SA

MI

VANI

MU

TRNG

A 92 6.1 10.1 7.4 10.3 11.9

A 987 6.4 10.2 7.3 9.3 9.1

A 699 2.8 11.2 11.1 4.8 11

A 181 3.5 8.1 8 6.2 11.1

A 160 6.6 4.8 6.1 3.3 9.9

A 485 8.4 6 5.8 8.3 9.3

A 407 10.8 11.8 11.2 7.7 7.4

A 735 6.9 9.4 7.5 6.1 11.2

A 618 2 3.6 1.3 0.4 3.2

A 726 4.2 5.5 6.5 3 8.6


38

A 539 1 6.3 7.4 7.5 6.3

A 803 2 0.9 0.6 0.5 5.5

A 768 10.2 11.9 12 7.2 6.9

A 327 7.9 9.2 9.5 5.6 7.3

A 128 5.9 5.4 6.5 3.3 7.7

A 459 3 8.3 8.5 4.6 11.7

A 649 9.3 8.1 6.9 7.3 11.1

A 398 7.5 10 11.2 9.6 11.6

A 87 6.5 7.5 6 5.6 7.5

A 226 4.9 3.8 7 8.2 10.4

B 766 8.2 5.2 7.6 5.4 7.3

B 179 6.8 9.3 9.8 7.5 6.5

B 230 5.5 11.8 3.9 5.6 10.7

B 270 3.4 5.6 5.7 7.2 5.7

B 355 5.8 6.1 5.5 6 7.2

B 373 6.5 5.8 7.7 3.9 10.1

B 394 4.1 5.1 8.1 9.2 4.8

B 401 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.2 3.5

B 432 2.8 8.8 11.6 2.3 10.1

B 453 11 3.8 4.6 6.9 4.9

B 493 8 9.8 10.2 7.6 8.3

B 564 9.7 8.8 6.6 5.9 9.9

B 710 6.4 10.6 11.7 0.4 6.2

B 741 9.9 6.4 10.4 3.7 3


39

B 746 5.5 4 4.1 4.1 5.5

B 757 4.6 0.6 1.8 0.6 6.7

B 767 9.5 5.3 7.5 5.8 7.7

B 824 10 11.2 11.3 7.1 10

B 851 3.8 11.9 11.6 2.4 5.9

B 863 11.3 11.8 11.9 10.8 8.9

C 961 11.2 5.3 11.1 11.5 11.6

C 161 10.4 8.4 6.8 9.8 11.4

C 609 4.7 10.4 8.3 11.3 6.4

C 126 9.3 6.2 10.6 11.6 11.2

C 142 8.6 6.8 7.6 11 7.4

C 579 5 6.2 8.3 6.8 8.1

C 484 9.7 11.2 11.2 9.4 10.9

C 114 7.5 8.6 10.5 11.8 9.3

C 290 0.9 1.8 1.2 2.2 9.5

C 356 2.9 6.6 4.7 4.6 8.4

C 647 6.3 9 10 10.2 6.5

C 698 4.1 0.3 0.9 1.8 5.1

C 151 9.5 11.6 11.2 6.2 10.2

C 397 8.8 7.3 8 9.2 8.3

C 248 6.2 2.7 4.7 2.6 5.7

C 548 7.6 8.5 7.6 8.8 7.9

C 988 9.5 7.9 11.1 11.1 10.3

C 122 11.1 10.5 10.9 9.4 7.8


40

C 332 6.4 7.2 5.6 5.5 5.2

C 135 5 6.2 4.3 6.3 8.9

D 643 11.8 5 11 11.7 2.3

D 406 4.5 10.1 7.2 10.8 10.2

D 535 11.3 5 8.7 6.5 5.6

D 846 11.8 2.5 4.8 11.6 4.2

D 307 2.9 5.3 8.5 8.6 11.3

D 546 8.1 7 9.5 6.9 8.4

D 912 11.2 8.6 7.3 5.4 11.7

D 559 10.8 11.7 9.2 10.1 6.7

D 235 3.8 0.5 4.3 0.7 4.8

D 709 11.7 1.4 11.3 1.3 1.3

D 845 11.2 5 4.9 9.4 11

D 472 8.3 0.5 0.5 1.1 3.5

D 860 11.6 9.2 8 7.3 11

D 247 7.7 8.9 9.4 6.9 7.7

D 370 9.6 3.1 4.4 3.2 1.9

D 411 11.8 2.5 2.4 9 1.1

D 590 10 8.3 8.7 9.8 8.3

D 886 11.8 10.5 11 10.1 7.3

D 545 4.5 4.3 5.8 6.7 8.8

D 257 4 5.4 7.6 7.8 2.8

E 936 7.8 11.4 6.1 10.4 9.8

E 832 1.8 6.4 8.4 6.5 7.7


41

E 409 5 9.5 7.2 7.2 11.3

E 940 4.2 12 10.3 10.3 12

E 893 4.8 3.1 5 3.5 6.5

E 786 1.9 4.9 6.8 8.6 8.6

E 652 9.1 8.8 7.3 8 5.6

E 834 7.1 7.8 10.3 8.4 11.7

E 858 2.7 3.3 3.5 5 6.5

E 626 2.8 2.9 10.9 4.1 11.2

E 905 4.6 6.4 6.4 4.6 7.6

E 402 0.9 1.8 2.7 0.6 8.7

E 479 7.5 11.5 9.7 7 5.5

E 809 7.9 9.4 5.6 7 8

E 329 6.1 4.8 5.6 5.8 10.4

E 779 0.7 8.3 9 7.9 11.7

E 193 10.9 9.3 10.6 8.5 7.9

E 576 7.5 7.7 11.1 9.6 11.6

E 562 8 7.2 5.6 6.2 7.5

E 347 2.9 4.2 1.4 3 4.5

X l s liu:

V NGT V BO MI SA MI VANI MU TRNG

A 5.795 7.605 7.39 5.94 8.935

B 6.705 7.12 7.61 5.13 7.145

C 7.235 7.135 7.73 8.055 8.505

D 8.92 5.74 7.225 7.245 6.495

E 5.21 7.035 7.175 6.61 8.715


42

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9V NGT

V BO

MI SAMI

VANI

MU TRNG

A

B

C

D

E

Hi ng: 10 ngi

S ln lp: 2

= + + + + + + 20

th:

Vi:

A: Lovein farm

B: Vixumilk

C: Vinamilk

D: Hanoi milk

E: Dutch lady

Nhn xt:

V ngt:

Sn phm Dutch lady c v ngt t nht.

Sn phm Hanoi milk c v mnh nht.

V ngt ca cc loi sa kh khc xa nhau.

V bo:


43

Sn phm c v bo t nht l Hanoi milk.

Sn phm c v bo nhiu nht l Lovein farm.

Ta cng thy v bo ca cc sn phm vina vixu dutch cng c s chnh lch rt t.

Mi sa:

Mi sa ca Vinamilk l m nht.

Mi sa ca Dutch lady l nht nht.

Mi sa ca 5 loi sa khng khc bit nhau nhiu.

Mi vani:

m nht l ca Vinamilk.

Nht nht l ca Vixumilk.

Mi vani ca cc loi sa kh khc xa nhau.

Mu trng:

Trng nht l Lovein farm.

Trng t nht l Hanoi milk.

Mu trng ca Lovein farm, Vinamilk, Dutch lady khng khc nhau bao nhiu.


44

CC BNG TRA Bng 1 - S cu tr li ng ti thiu cn thit c th kt lun hai sn phm khc

nhau, i vi php th so snh cp 1 pha.1 2

n n 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.01 0.001

10 11 12 13 14 15

7 8 8 9 10 10

8 9 9 10 10 11

9 9 10 10 11 12

10 10 11 12 12 13

10 11 12 13 13 14

36 37 38 39 40

22 22 23 23 24

23 23 24 24 25

24 24 25 26 26

26 27 27 28 28

28 29 29 30 31

44 48 52 56 60

26 28 30 32 34

27 29 32 34 36

28 31 33 35 37

31 33 35 38 40

33 36 38 40 43

16 17 18 19 20

11 11 12 12 13

12 12 13 13 14

12 13 13 14 15

14 14 15 15 16

15 16 16 17 18 64

68 72

36 38 41

38 40 42

40 42 44

42 45 47

45 48 50

21 22

13 14

14 15

15 16

17 17

18 19

23 24 25

15 15 16

16 16 17

16 17 18

18 19 19

20 20 21

76 80

43 45

45 47

46 48

49 51

52 55

84 88 92 96 100

47 49 51 53 55

49 51 53 55 57

51 53 55 57 59

54 56 58 60 63

57 59 62 64 66

26 27 28 29 30

16 17 17 18 18

17 18 18 19 20

18 19 19 20 20

20 20 21 22 22

22 22 23 24 24 104

108 112 116 120

57 59 61 64 66

60 62 64 66 68

61 64 66 68 70

65 67 69 71 74

69 71 73 76 78

31 32 33 34 35

19 19 20 20 21

20 21 21 22 22

21 22 22 23 23

23 24 24 25 25

25 26 26 27 27


45

Bng 2 - S cu tr li ng ti thiu cn thit kt lun hai sn phm khc nhau i vi php th so snh cp 2 pha 2) 3)

n n 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.01 0.001 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

8 9 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 20 20 21 21 22 22

9 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 23

9 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 20 20 21 21 22 23 23 24 24

10 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 17 17 18 19 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 24 24 25 25 26

11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 19 20 21 21 22 23 23 24 25 25 26 27 27 28

36 37 38 39 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 120

23 23 24 24 25 27 29 32 34 36 38 40 42 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 60 62 64 66 68

24 24 25 26 26 28 31 33 35 37 40 42 44 46 48 51 53 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70

25 25 26 27 27 29 32 34 36 39 41 43 45 48 50 52 54 56 59 61 63 65 67 70 72

27 27 28 28 29 31 34 36 39 41 43 46 48 50 52 55 57 59 62 64 66 68 71 73 75

29 29 30 31 31 34 36 39 41 44 46 48 51 53 56 58 60 63 65 67 70 72 74 77 79


46

Bng 3 S cu tr li ng ti thiu cn thit kt lun rng c s khc bit c th nhn bit c trn c s php th 2 3

n

n

0,20 0,10 0,05 0,01 0,001 0,20 0,10 0,05 0,01 0,001

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

5

6

6

7

7

8

8

9

10

10

11

11

12

12

13

13

13

15

15

16

6

6

7

7

8

9

9

10

10

11

12

12

13

13

14

14

14

16

16

17

6

7

7

8

9

9

10

10

11

12

12

13

13

14

15

15

15

16

17

18

_

7

8

9

10

10

11

12

12

13

14

14

15

15

16

17

17

18

19

19

_

_

_

_

10

11

12

13

13

14

15

16

16

17

18

18

19

20

20

21

26

27

28

29

30

32

36

40

44

48

52

56

60

64

68

72

76

80

84

88

16

17

17

18

18

19

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

41

43

45

47

49

17

18

18

19

20

21

23

25

27

29

32

34

36

38

40

42

45

47

49

51

18

19

19

20

20

22

24

26

28

31

33

35

37

40

42

44

46

48

51

53

20

20

21

22

22

24

26

28

31

33

35

38

40

42

45

47

49

51

54

56

22

22

23

24

24

26

28

31

33

36

38

40

43

45

48

50

52

55

57

59


47


48

Bng 4 - S cu tr li ng ti a kt lun hai mu th l ging nhau trn c s php th 2 3

n pd

n pd

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

20 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

3

5

6

7

8

4

6

7

8

9

5

7

8

9

10

6

8

10

10

11

8

9

11

11

12

52 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

17

19

22

23

25

19

22

24

26

27

22

25

27

28

30

25

27

30

31

33

28

30

33

34

35

24 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

5

7

8

9

10

6

8

9

10

11

7

9

11

12

13

9

10

12

13

14

10

12

13

14

15

56 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

18

21

24

25

27

21

24

27

28

30

24

27

29

31

32

27

30

32

34

35

30

33

36

37

38

28 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

6

8

10

11

12

8

10

12

12

14

9

11

13

14

15

11

13

15

15

17

12

14

16

17

18

60 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

20

23

26

27

29

23

26

29

30

32

26

29

32

33

35

30

33

35

36

38

33

36

38

40

41

32 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

8

10

12

13

14

10

12

14

15

16

11

13

15

16

18

13

15

17

18

19

15

17

19

20

21

64 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

22

25

28

29

31

25

28

31

32

34

29

32

34

36

37

32

35

38

39

41

36

39

41

43

44

36 0,001 10 11 13 15 17 68 0,001 24 27 31 34 38


49

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

12

14

15

16

14

16

17

18

16

18

19

20

18

20

21

22

20

22

23

24

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

27

30

31

33

30

33

35

36

34

37

38

40

38

40

42

43

41

44

45

47

40 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

11

14

16

17

18

13

16

18

19

20

15

18

20

21

22

18

20

22

23

25

20

22

24

25

27

72 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

26

29

32

33

35

29

32

35

37

39

33

36

39

41

42

37

40

43

44

46

41

44

47

48

50

44 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

13

16

18

19

20

15

18

20

21

23

18

20

22

24

25

20

23

25

26

27

23

25

27

28

30

76 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

27

31

34

35

37

31

35

38

39

41

35

39

41

43

45

39

43

45

47

49

44

47

50

51

53

48 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

15

17

20

21

23

17

20

22

23

25

20

22

25

26

27

22

25

27

28

30

25

28

30

31

33

80 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

29

33

36

37

39

33

37

40

41

43

38

41

44

46

47

42

45

48

50

52

46

50

53

54

56

84 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

31

35

38

39

41

35

39

42

44

46

40

43

46

48

50

44

48

51

52

54

49

52

55

57

59

100 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

39

42

46

48

50

44

47

51

53

55

49

53

56

58

60

54

58

61

63

65

60

64

67

68

70

88 0,001

0,01

33

37

37

41

42

46

47

50

52

55

104 0,001

0,01

40

44

46

50

51

55

57

61

63

66


50

0,05

0,10

0,20

40

41

43

44

46

48

49

50

52

53

55

57

58

60

62

0,05

0,10

0,20

48

50

52

53

55

57

59

60

63

64

66

68

70

71

73

92 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

35

38

42

43

46

40

43

46

48

50

44

48

51

53

55

49

53

56

58

60

55

58

61

63

65

108 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

42

46

50

52

54

48

52

55

57

60

54

57

61

63

65

59

63

67

68

71

65

69

72

74

76

96 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

37

40

44

46

48

42

45

49

50

53

47

50

54

55

57

52

56

59

60

62

57

61

64

66

67

112 0,001

0,01

0,05

0,10

0,20

44

48

52

54

56

50

54

58

60

62

56

60

63

65

68

62

66

69

71

73

68

72

75

77

79


51

Bng 5- S cu tr li ng ti thiu cn thit kt lun rng hai sn phm khc nhau Php th tam gic.

n n

0.20 0.10 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.01 0.001

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

4

4

5

5

6

6

6

7

7

8

8

8

9

9

9

10

10

11

5

5

5

6

6

7

7

8

8

8

9

9

10

10

10

11

11

12

5

5

6

6

7

7

8

8

9

9

9

10

10

11

11

12

12

12

6

6

7

7

8

8

9

9

10

10

11

11

12

12

13

13

14

14

--

7

8

8

9

10

10

11

11

12

12

13

13

14

14

15

15

16

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

42

48

54

60

66

72

78

84

12

12

13

13

14

14

14

15

15

15

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

33

13

14

14

14

15

15

15

16

16

17

19

21

23

26

28

30

32

35

14

15

15

15

16

16

17

17

17

18

20

22

25

27

29

32

34

36

16

16

17

17

18

18

18

19

19

20

22

25

27

30

32

34

37

39

18

18

19

19

20

20

21

21

22

22

25

27

30

33

35

38

40

43


52

24

25

26

11

11

12

12

12

13

13

13

14

15

15

15

16

17

17

90

96

102

35

37

39

37

39

41

38

41

43

42

44

46

45

48

50

Bng 6-S cu tr li ng ti a c th kt lun rng hai sn phm ging nhau - trng hp php th tam gic.

n pd

n pd

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

18

0.001

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

0

2

3

4

4

1

3

4

5

6

2

4

5

6

7

3

5

6

7

8

5

6

8

8

9

66

0.001

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

14

16

19

20

22

18

20

23

25

26

22

25

28

29

31

26

29

32

33

35

31

34

37

38

40

24

0.001

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

2

3

5

6

7

3

5

6

7

8

4

6

8

9

10

6

8

9

10

11

8

9

11

12

13

72

0.001

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

15

18

21

22

24

20

23

26

27

29

24

28

30

32

34

29

32

35

37

39

34

38

40

42

44

30

0.001

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

3

5

7

8

9

5

7

9

10

11

7

9

11

11

13

9

11

13

14

15

11

13

15

16

17

78

0.001

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

17

20

23

25

27

22

25

28

30

32

27

30

33

35

37

32

36

39

40

42

38

41

44

46

48

36 0.001

0.01

5

7

7

9

9

11

11

14

14

16 84

0.001

0.01

19

22

24

28

30

33

35

39

41

45


53

0.05

0.1

0.2

9

10

11

11

12

13

13

14

16

16

17

18

18

19

21

0.05

0.1

0.2

25

27

29

31

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

48

49

51

42

0.001

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

6

9

11

12

13

9

11

13

14

16

11

14

16

17

19

14

17

19

20

22

17

20

22

23

24

90

0.001

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

21

24

27

29

31

27

30

33

35

37

32

36

39

41

43

38

42

45

47

49

45

48

52

53

55

48

0.001

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

8

11

13

14

15

11

13

16

17

18

14

17

19

20

22

17

20

22

23

25

21

23

26

27

28

96

0.001

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

23

26

30

31

33

29

33

36

38

40

35

39

42

44

46

42

45

49

50

53

48

52

55

57

59

54

0.001

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

10

12

15

16

18

13

16

18

20

21

17

19

22

23

25

20

23

25

27

28

24

27

29

31

32

102

0.001

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

25

28

32

33

36

31

35

38

40

42

38

42

45

47

49

45

49

52

54

56

52

56

59

61

63

60

0.001

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

12

14

17

18

20

15

18

21

22

24

19

22

25

26

28

23

26

29

30

32

27

30

33

34

36

108

0.001

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

27

31

34

36

38

34

37

41

43

45

41

45

48

50

52

48

52

55

57

60

55

59

63

65

67


54

Bng 7 Gi tr ti hn (F) ca phng php Friedman ( ri ro 0.05 v 0.01)

S ngi th

j

3 4 5 6 7 3 4 5 6 7

Mc ngha ()

= 0,05

Mc ngha ()

= 0,01

7 7.143 7.8 9.11 10.62 12.07 8.857 10.371 11.97 13.69 15.35

8 6.250 7.65 9.19 1068 12.14 9.000 10.35 12.14 13.87 15.53

9 6.222 7.66 9.22 1073 12.19 9.667 1044 12.27 14.01 15.68

10 6.200 7.67 9.25 1076 12.23 9.600 10.53 12.38 14.12 15.79

11 6.545 7.68 9.27 1079 12.27 9.455 10.60 12.46 14.21 15.98

12 6.167 7.70 9.29 10.81 12.29 9.500 10.68 12.53 14.28 15.96

13 6.000 7.70 9.30 10.83 12.37 9.385 10.72 12.58 14.34 16.03

14 6.143 7.71 9.32 10.85 12.34 9.000 10.76 12.64 14.40 16.09

15 6.400 7.72 9.33 10.87 12.35 8.933 10.80 12.68 14.44 16.14

16 5.99 7.73 9.34 10.89 12.37 8.79 10.84 12.72 14.48 16.18

17 5.99 7.73 9.34 10.90 12.38 8.81 10.87 12.74 14.52 16.22

18 5.99 7.73 9.36 10.90 12.39 8.84 10.90 12.78 14.56 16.25

19 5.99 7.74 9.36 10.91 12.40 8.86 10.92 12.81 14.58 16.27

20 5.99 7.74 9.37 10.92 12.41 8.87 10.94 12.83 14.60 16.30

5.99 7.81 9.49 10.07 12.59 9.21 11.34 13.28 15.09 16.81


55

Bng 8 - Gi tr ti hn ca s khc bit gia cc tng th hng, p= 0.05

S S sn phm 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

20 8.8 14.8 21.0 273 33.7 40.3 47.0 53.7 60.621 9.0 152 21.5 28.0 34.6 41.3 48.1 55.1 62.122 9.2 15.5 22.0 28.6 35.4 42.3 49.2 56.4 63.523 9.4 15.9 22.5 29.3 362 43.2 50.3 57.6 65.024 9.6 16.2 23.0 29.9 36.9 44.1 51.4 58.9 66.425 9.8 16.6 23.5 30.5 37.7 45.0 52.5 60.1 67.726 10.0 16.9 23.9 31.1 38.4 45.9 53.5 61.3 69.127 10.2 17.2 24.4 31.7 39.2 46.8 54.6 62.4 70.428 10.4 17.5 24.8 32.3 39.9 47.7 55.6 63.6 71..729 10.6 17.8 25.3 32.8 40.6 48.5 56.5 64.7 72.930 10.7 18.2 25.7 33.4 41.3 49.3 57.5 65.8 74.231 10.9 18.5 26.1 34.0 42.0 50.2 58.5 66.9 75.432 11.1 18.7 26.5 34.5 42.6 51.0 59.4 68.0 76.633 11.3 19.0 26.9 35.0 43.3 51.7 60.3 69.0 77.834 11.4 19.3 27.3 35.6 44.0 52.5 61.2 70.1 79.035 11.6 19.6 27.7 36.1 44.6 53.3 62.1 71.1 80.136 11.8 19.9 28.1 36.6 45.2 54.0 63.0 72.1 81.337 11.9 20.2 28.5 37.1 45.9 54.8 63.9 73.1 82.438 12.1 20.4 28.9 37.6 46.5 55.5 64.7 74.1 83.539 12.2 20.7 29.3 38.1 47.1 56.3 65.6 75.0 84.640 12.4 21.0 29.7 38.6 47.7 57.0 66.4 76.0 85.741 12.6 21.2 30.0 39.1 48.3 57.7 67.2 76.9 86.742 12.7 21.5 30.4 39.5 48.9 58.4 68.0 77.9 87.843 12.9 21.7 30.8 40.0 49.4 59.1 68.8 78.8 88.844 13.0 22.0 31.1 40.5 50.0 59.8 69.6 79.7 89.945 13.1 22.2 31.5 40.9 50.6 60.4 70.4 80.6 90.946 13.3 22.5 31.8 41.4 51.1 61.1 71.2 81.5 91.947 13.4 22.7 32.2 41.8 51.7 61.8 72.0 82.4 92.948 13.6 23.0 32.5 42.3 52.2 62.4 72.7 83.2 93.849 13.7 23.2 32.8 42.7 52.8 63.1 73.5 84.1 94.850 13.9 23.4 33.2 43.1 53.3 63.7 74.2 85.0 95.855 14.5 24.6 34.8 45.2 55.9 66.8 77.9 89.1 100.560 15.2 25.7 36.3 47.3 58.4 69.8 81.3 93.1 104.965 15.8 26.7 37.8 49.2 60.8 72.6 84.6 96.9 109.270 16.4 27.7 39.2 51.0 63.1 75.4 87.8 100.5 113.380 17.5 29.6 42.0 54.6 67.4 80.6 93.9 107.5 121.290 18.6 31.4 44.5 57.9 71.5 85.5 99.6 1.14.0 128.5

100 19.6 33.1 46.9 61.0 75.4 90.1 105.0 120.1 135.5110 20.6 34.8 49.2 64.0 79.1 94.5 110.1 126.0 142.1120 21.5 36.3 51.4 66.8 82.6 98.7 115.0 131.6 148.4

Trch dn t D. Basket, Critical values of differences among rank sums for multiple comparisons, Food Technology, 42: 79, 1988. In li vi s cho php ca Institute of Food Technologists.


56

Bng 9 _ Xc sut tch ly ca phn b chun vi gi tr tra bng l 1- nm di ng cong chun t - n z(1- )

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09

.0 .5000 .5040 .5080 .5120 .5160 .5199 .5239 .5279 .5319 .5359

.1 .5398 .5438 .5478 .5527 .5557 .5596 .5636 .5675 .5714 .5753

.2 .5793 .5832 .5871 .5910 .5948 .5987 .6026 .6064 .6103 .6141

.3 .6179 .6217 .6255 .6293 .6331 .6368 .6406 .6443 .6480 .6517

.4 .6554 .6591 .6628 .6664 .6700 .6736 .6772 .6808 .6844 .6879

.5 .6915 .6950 .6985 .7019 .7054 .7088 .7123 .7157 .7190 .7224

.6 .7257 .7291 .7324 .7357 .7389 .7422 .7454 .7486 .7517 .7549

.7 .7580 .7611 .7642 .7673 .7704 .7734 .7764 .7794 .7823 .7852

.8 .7881 .7910 .7939 .7967 .7995 .8023 .8051 .8078 .8106 .8133

.9 .8159 .8186 .8212 .8238 .8264 .8289 .8315 .8340 .8365 .8389

1.0 .8413 .8438 .8461 .8485 .8508 .8531 .8554 .8577 .8599 .8621

1.1 .8643 .8665 .8686 .8708 .8729 .8749 .8770 .8790 .8810 .8830

1.2 .8849 .8869 .8888 .8907 .8925 .8944 .8962 .8980 .8997 .9015

1.3 .9032 .9049 .9066 .9082 .9099 .9115 .9131 .9147 .9162 .9177

1.4 .9192 .9207 .9222 .9236 .9251 .9265 .9279 .9292 .9306 .9319

1.5 .9332 .9345 .9357 .9370 .9382 .9394 .9406 .9418 .9429 .9441

1.6 .9452 .9463 .9474 .9484 .9495 .9505 .9515 .9525 .9535 .9545

1.7 .9554 .9564 .9573 .9582 .9591 .9599 .9608 .9616 .9625 .9633

1.8 .9641 .9649 .9656 .9664 .9671 .9678 .9686 .9693 .9699 .9706


57

1.9 .9713 .9719 .9726 .9732 .9738 .9744 .9750 .9756 .9761 .9767

2.0 .9772 .9778 .9783 .9788 .9793 .9798 .9803 .9808 .9812 .9817

2.1 .9891 .9826 .9830 .9834 .9838 .9842 .9846 .9850 .9854 .9857

2.2 .9861 .9864 .9868 .9871 .9875 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890

2.3 .9893 .9896 .9898 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .9911 .9913 .9916

2.4 .9918 .9920 .9922 .9925 .9927 .9929 .9931 .9932 .9934 .9936

2.5 .9938 .9940 .9941 .9943 .9945 .9946 .9948 .9949 .9951 .9952

2.6 .9938 .9940 .9941 .9943 .9945 .9946 .9948 .9949 .9951 .9952

2.7 .9965 .9966 .9967 .9968 .9969 .9970 .9971 .9972 .9973 .9974

2.8 .9974 .9975 .9976 .9977 .9977 .9978 .9979 .9979 .9980 .9981

2.9 .9981 .9982 .9982 .9983 .9984 .9984 .9985 .9985 .9986 .9986

Selected Percentiles

Xc sut tch ly (1- ) : .90 .95 .975 .98 .99 .995 .999

Z(1- ) : 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.054 2.326 2.576 3.090

In li t J. Neter v W. Wasserman, Applied Linear Statistical Models,1974, c s cho php ca Richard D. Irwin, Homewood, IL.


58

Bng 10 - Bng cc gi tr ti hn ca t

Bc t do

Mc ngha ca kim nh mt pha (1 ui-One-Tailed Test)

.10 .05 .025 .01 .005 .0005

Mc ngha ca kim nh hai pha (2 ui-Two-Tailed Test)

.20 .10 .05 .02 .01 .001

1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 656.619

2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 31.598

3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 12.941

4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.610

5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 6.859

6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.959

7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 5.405

8 1.3977 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 5.041

9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.781

10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.587

11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.437

12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 4.318

13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 4.221

14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 4.140

15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 4.073

16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 4.015

17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.965


59

18 1.330 1.734 2.10 2.552 2.878 3.922

19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.883

20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.850

21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.819

22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.792

23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 5.767

24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.745

25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.725

26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.707

27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 5.690

28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.674

29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.659

30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.646

40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.551

60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 1.460

120 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.373

1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 1.291

In li t E.S. Pearson v H.O. Hartley, Biometrika Tables for Statisticians Vol. I, 3d ed., 1966, c s cho php ca Trustees of Biometrika


60

Bng 11 - Bng cc gi tr ti hn ca Khi-bnh phng

Xc sut di iu kin H0 x2 Khi-bnh phng

Bc t do .20 .10 .05 .02 .01 .001

1 1.64 2.71 3.84 5.41 6.64 10.83

2 3.22 4.60 5.99 7.82 9.21 13.82

3 4.64 6.25 7.82 9.84 11.34 16.27

4 5.99 7.78 9.49 11.67 13.28 18.46

5 7.29 9.24 11.07 13.39 15.09 20.52

6 8.56 10.64 12.59 15.03 16.81 22.46

7 9.80 12.02 14.07 16.62 18.48 24.32

8 11.03 13.36 15.51 18.17 20.09 26.12

9 12.24 14.68 16.92 19.68 21.67 28.88

10 13.44 15.99 18.31 21.16 23.21 29.59

11 14.63 17.28 19.68 22.62 24.72 31.26

12 15.81 18.55 21.03 24.05 26.22 32.91

13 16.98 19.81 22.36 25.47 27.69 34.53

14 18.15 21.06 23.68 26.87 29.14 36.12

15 19.31 22.31 25.00 28.26 30.58 37.70

16 20.46 23.54 26.30 29.63 32.00 39.29

17 21.62 24.77 27.59 31.00 33.41 40.75

18 22.76 25.99 28.87 32.35 34,80 42.31

19 23.90 27.20 30.14 33.69 36.19 43.82


61

20 25.04 28.41 31.41 35.02 37.57 45.32

21 26.17 29.62 32.67 36.34 38.93 46.80

22 27.30 30.81 33.92 37.66 40.29 48.27

23 28.43 32.01 35.17 38.97 41.64 49.73

24 29.55 33.20 36.42 40.27 42.98 51.18

25 30.68 34.38 37.65 41.57 44.31 52.62

26 31.80 35.56 38.88 42.86 45.64 54.05

27 32.91 36.74 40.11 44.14 46.96 55.48

28 34.03 37.92 41.34 45.42 48.28 56.89

29 35.14 39.09 42.56 46.69 49.59 58.30

30 36.25 40.26 43.77 47.96 50.89 59.70

In li t E.S. Pearson and C. M. Thompson, Table of percentage points of the chi-square distribution, Biometrika, Vol. 32, 1941, c s cho php ca Biomenika Trustees.


62

Bng 12 - Cc im ti hn ca Phn b F

1 1 2 3 4 5 10 20

2 Nhng im trn 5%

5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.74 4.56

6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.06 3.87

7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.64 3.44

8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.35 3.15

9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.14 2.94

10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 2.98 2.77

11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 2.85 2.65

12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 2.75 2.54

13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.67 2.46

14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.60 2.39

15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.54 2.33

16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.49 2.28

17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.45 2.23

18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.41 2.19

19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.38 2.16

20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.35 2.12

21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.32 2.10

22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.30 2.07

23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.27 2.05

24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.25 2.03


63

25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.24 2.01

26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.22 1.99

27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.20 1.97

28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.19 1.96

29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.18 1.94

30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.16 1.93

40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.08 1.84

60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 1.99 1.75

120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 1.91 1.66

3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 1.83 1.57

Nhng im trn 1% 5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.05 9.55

6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 7.87 7.40

7 12.25 9.55 8.45 785 7.46 6.62 6.16

8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 5.81 5.36

9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.26 4.81


64

(Phn tip theo ca Bng D) Cc im ti hn ca Phn b F

1 1 2 3 4 5 10 20

2 Nhng im trn 1% 10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 4.85 4.41

11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 4.54 4.10

12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.30 3.86

13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.10 3.66

14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 3.94 3.51

15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 3.80 3.37

16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 3.69 3.26

17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 3.59 3.16

18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 3.51 3.08

19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.43 3.00

20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.37 2.94

21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.31 2.88

22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.26 2.83

23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.21 2.78

24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4,22 3.90 3.17 2.74

25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.13 2.70

26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.09 2.66


65

27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.06 2.63

28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.03 2.60

29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.00 2.57

30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 2.98 2.55

40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 2.80 2.37

60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 2.63 2.20

120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.47 2.03

6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.32 1.88

y l bng rt gn ca Bng Table 18 trong The Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Vol. 1, 3d ed., edited by E.S. Pearson and H.O. Hartley. c in li vi s cho php ca The Trustees of Biometrika.

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