BAO CAO DO HOP

8/2/2019 BAO CAO DO HOP

1/30

B GIO DUC V O TO

TRNG I HC NHA TRANGKHOA CNG NGH THC PHM*********&********

BO CO THC HNH

GVHD : ThS. L Th Tng

NHM: 03

LP : 51CBTP-1

Khnh Ha, ngy 17 thng 04 nm 2012


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DANH SCH NHM 03- 51CBTP1

STT H V TN MSSV

1 Phm Th Bch Nhi 51131068

2 ng Th Phng 50131219

3 Cai Th L Qunh 51131304

4 Phng Th Huyn Son 51131331

5 Hong Vn Thnh 51131469

6 Bi Th Tho 51131493

7 Nguyn Thi Thanh Tho 51131509

8 Phan Th Hng Th 51131445

9 Trn Th Thu 51131416

10 Trn Ngc Anh Tuyt 51131833

11 Bi Thanh Thy 51131606

12 ng Th Thy 51131604

13 Trn Th Thu Thy 51131600

14 Nguyn Th M Thng 51131464

15 Trng Th Tin 51131639

16 V Th Tn 51131944

17 Thi Th Trang 51131696

18 Nguyn Th Trinh 51131716

19 Hong Th Thanh Tr 51131794

20 V Quang Trung 51131750

21 Nguyn Hu Tun 51131851

22 Ng Tun T 51131974

23 Trn nh T 5113197824 Ng Hng Vn 5113204025 Trn Th V 51132056

MC LC

LI M U4

A. HP MT NHUYN (B - CHANH DY)5

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1. Thit lp v thuyt minh quy trnh sn xut hp mt nhuyn6

2. nh gi cm quan...12

3. xut kin...15

B. HP THT XU MI..161. Thit lp v thuyt minh quy trnh sn xut hp tht xu mi.

2. nh gi cm quan18

3. xut kin20

C.. GII THIU THIT B GHP M V THIT B THANH

TRNG

A. Thit b ghp m bn t ng21

1. Quy phm vn hnh my ghp m 4 con ln

2. Nguyn tc, cu to v hot ng ca my ghp m 4 con ln

B. Thit b thanh trng...23

1. Quy phm vn hnh thit b thanh trng

2. Cu to, hot ng

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LI M U

hp thc phm ra i t thi xa xa, khi con ngi i xa thm him

hay v mc ch chin tranh, mun m bo lng thc n qua thi gian di m

khng b h hng, khng phi qua ch bin nn ngi ta nghin cu v phtminh ra hp thc phm vo nm 1804 do Nicolas Appert. Tuy nhin vi iu

kin k thut cha cao nn sn phm khng thi gian di v th ngi ta tip tc

nghin cu v sn phm hp n ngy nay c hon chnh. Sn phm

hp rt a dng v phong ph v ngun nguyn liu lun di do t rau qu, tht

gia sc, gia cm cho n nguyn liu thy sn tt c hu nh u ch bin ra sn

phm hp. Khng ch n thun l mt loi nguyn liu m ngi ta bit phi

trn nhiu nguyn liu khc nhau lm tng thm hng v, cht lng v gi tr

cm quan.

Vi s hng dn tn tnh ca c v s thng nht ca cc thnh vin trong

nhm, chng em thy rng sn phm hp tht xu mi ang c nhu cu s dng

cao v c gi tr v mt dinh dng ln, v c th n km vi nhiu sn phm

khc khng cn qua ch bin. Ngoi ra nhm cn lm sn phm mt nhuyn b

hng chanh dy y l mt sn phm mi, c s ha quyn gia hng thm dchu v v ngt hi ha ca b to nn hng v mi l, cung cp nhiu cht

dinh dng nhu A, C, v cc vitamin khc. Hai sn phm ny va m bo dinh

dng va m bo an ton sc khe cho ngi tiu dng v to nn mt ba n

ngon ming.

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A . SN PHM MT NHUYN B HNG CHANH DY

GII THIU

Nc ta c kh hu nhit i nn tri cy v c qu ht sc phong ph:

chanh dy, b , u , xoi, Ngun nguyn liu cy nh l vn nn mn

mt l mn n quen thuc ca ngi Vit Nam. Khng ch tr nh thch mt m

ngi ln cng b hp dn bi v ngt ngo v hng thm c trng ca chng.

Mt nhuyn tri l loi thc phm ngt c ch bin t ngun nguyn liu l tri

cy hoc mt s loi c v ng vi tc dng ca pectin to nn snh cho sn

phm

B l ngun cung cp vitamin A, tt cho th gic, tng trng xng v

s sinh sn, iu ha h min dch v gp phn dinh dng, bo v cho da. Ngoi

ra n cn bi dng thn kinh, gip cc phn ng chuyn ha cc t bo thn

kinh v no v nhiu nguyn t vi lng khc. Chanh dy l loi qu mi rt c

a chung nc ta trong nhng nm gn y, tri chanh dy cha nhiu loi

vitamin cng nhng nguyn t vi lng khc c ch cho tim mch, khng cha

cholesterol, giu vitamin A v vitamin C, l ngun cung cp kali, cht st di do,

ngun cht x tuyt ho v gip lm du cc c ang b cng cng. c bit mi

v ca dch qu rt c bit.

Tuy nhin mt chanh dy hin nay cha ph bin nn y c xem l sn

phm mi v cng v nhng hiu qu, tc dng ca n , chng ti la chn v

thc hin quy trnh Mt nhuyn b hng chanh dy ng hp. Mt lm t

nguyn liu b cng vi hng chanh dy b sung vo to hng v rt ngon,

hp dn v nhm tn dng c ngun nguyn liu phong ph v gp phn lm a

dng sn phm ch bin t rau qu, nhm tha mn nhu cu ngy cng cao ca

ngi.

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I. QUY TRNH SN XUT HP MT B

HNG CHANH DY

1. S quy trnh cng ngh

6

B

X l

Luc chn

Ct khc

Ra

Xay mn Phi trn

p ly dch

Dch chanh dy

Bng

X l

Chanh dy

Gia nhit

Rt hp

Bi kh

Ghp m

Thanh trng

Lm ngui

Bo n

Snphm


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2. Thuyt minh quy trnh

2.1 Nguyn liu

Nguyn liu c vai tr quyt nh n cht lng ca sn phm. Nguyn

liu c s dng sn xut hp mt b hng chanh dy gm hai nguynliu chnh l b v chanh dy:

+ B : 2kg

+ Chanh dy: 1kg

Yu cu ca nguyn liu l phi t chn k thut, b gi, dy cm,

chanh dy c mu tm, b mt hi nhn, khi ct i c mi thm t trng, dch

mu vng ti, nguyn liu khng bm dp, ng thi, su bnh

2.2 X l

Nguyn liu sau khi mua v c ra di vi nc chy loi b ht ct

sn, tp cht dnh trn qu, ng thi loi b c mt phn vi sinh vt bm trn

b mt qu, sau ro nc, sau tip tc x l c hc: i vi b : Sau khi ra sch, tin hnh gt sch v, b i qu b,

ly ht ht trong qu, sau ra li ln th hai. Sau khi ra ln hai, ct

b thnh tng khc nh.

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i vi chanh dy: Sau khi ra sch, dng dao b i qu, tch b v,

ch ly phn cm v dch. Qu trnh x l cn din ra nhanh trnh

hin tng oxy ha dch qu.

2.3. Luc chn, xay mn b

Sau khi ct nh, tin hnh luc chn b. Sau xay mn v dng ry lc tch x

b.

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Yu cu sau khi xay v lc tch x, b dng st, mn, khng cn st x

khng nh hng n cht lng thnh phm sau ny, sn phm khng vn cc,

d tao gel.

2.4 p ly dch chanh dyCm v dch chanh dy sau khi tch khi v c p loi b ht.

Mc ch: lm gim chua ca chanh dy.

Yu cu: khng c st ht trong nc dch.

Sau khi p dch xong, tin hnh b sung ng, to v ngt, gim chua ca

chanh dy.

2.5 Phi trn

Trn chung b sau khi xay v lc tch x vi dch chanh dy sau b sung

ng n v ngt thch hp. (Nhm s dng 1kg ng tinh luyn).

2.6Gia nhit.

Yu cu

Thi gian gia nhit: gia nhit n khi t snh thch hp

Trong qu trnh gia nhit, thng xuyn khuy o trnh hin tng

chy kht di y ni, gip cho sn phm mt sau ny c ng u

v mu sc v mi v.

2.7 Rt hp

2.7.1 Chun b hp

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Loi bao b c chn lm bao b cho sn phm l bao b thy tinh. Cc l

thy tinh c kim tra k lng, loi b cc l b nt, m, st mingcc l sau

khi c kim tra s c ra bng dung dch ra, sau ra li bng nc lnh.

Sau khi ra ta em i thanh trng, thy tinh l loi vt liu d v do s thay inhit nn ch dng nc nng c nhit 75- 850C m khng dng nc si v

thi gian thanh trng bao b trong nc nng ko di t 5 n 7 pht.

.7.2 Rt thc phm vo hp

Cng on ny c tin hnh th cng. Dng mung mc tng mung ln

cho vo hp. d cho vo hp, nhit thc phm phi khong 60- 700C, v

vy, vic chun b hp phi c tin hnh trc khi gia nhit hn hp b v

dch chanh dy, sau khi gia nhit xong, c th tin hnh rt hp ngay, gip hiu

qu bi kh tt, tiu dit mt phn vi sinh vt, gim nh ch thanh trng , m

bo cht lng ca sn phm, gim bt s bin i v mu v mi ca sn phm.

Cn phi cha khong khng nh hp, bao b s dng l bao b thy tinh nn

khong khng ny chim 6- 10% th tch ton b hp.

Yu cu: rt hp khng dnh mp m bo qu trnh ghp m, m ghp khng

b h.2.8 Bi kh, ghp m

Thc phm c rt vo hp trong tnh trng c nng nhit n nhit

cao, nh vy ui c phn ln khng kh trn khong khng nh hp. Sau

khi rt thc phm vo hp, dng khn sch lau quanh mp hp, m bo khng

cn dnh ra bn ngoi, nhanh chng vn cht np hp.

2.9 Thanh trng

Mc ch thanh trng: Tiu dit h vi sinh vt, v hiu ha enzym trong sn

phm hp t v trng thng phm

Chn ch thanh trng:

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Chn nhit thanh trng da vo acid: y l sn phm mt qu nn thuc

nhm sn phm chua c pH < 4,2 c thanh trng nhit di 100 0C nhng

khng nh hn 75-800C. Chn nhit thanh trng l 900C

S dng phng php thanh trng hiu kin thanh trng:

Thanh trng trong ni c cha nc.

Mc nc cao hn sn phm 10 15cm

Cng thc thanh trng cho sn phm:(15 20 15)/ 90

+ Thi gian nng nhit: 15 pht

+ Thi gian gi nhit: 20 pht

+ Thi gian h nhit: 15 pht

2.10 : Lm ngui

Sn phm sau khi thanh trng s c em i lm ngui. Lm ngui nhm h

nhit sn phm chun b cho cng on tip theo.

2.11 : Bo n

Thng sn phm hp bo n trong 2 tun kim tra cht lng, nhngdo trong qu trnh lm sn phm cha m bo cc yu cu k thut nn bo n

trong 1 tun.

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BNG NH GI CM QUAN

MT NHUYN HNG CHANH DY THEO TCVN 3215-79

Cc chtiu H squan trng im nh gi

Mu sc 0.9

5 Mu vng ti, sng c trng ca b .4 Mu vng ti ca b .3 Mu vng hi thm.2 Mu vng thm.1 Mu vng hi nu.0 Mu nu.

Trng thi 1.3

5 snh keo c trng ca mt nhuyn,khng c bt kh.

4 snh va, khng c bt kh.3 snh va, xut hin 1 vi bt kh.2 snh t, xut hin 1 vi bt kh1 snh rt t, xut hin nhiu bt kh.0 Khng c snh, xut hin nhiu bt kh.

Mi 1.1

5 Mi thm c trng ca chanh dy.

4 Mi thm ca chanh dy.3 Mi thm nh ca chanh dy.2 Mi thm nh ca chanh dy, hi c mi

chua1 Mi thm rt nh ca chanh dy ln mi

hi chua0 Khng c mi thm, c mi l, mi chua.

V 0.7

5 V ngt c trng, hi ha ca ng v b, c v chua nh ca chanh dy

4 V ngt hi ha, c v chua nh ca chanhdy

3 V ngt nh, c v chua nh ca chanh dy2 V ngt nh v c v chua gt1 C v ngt rt nh, c v l, c v chua gt0 Khng c v ngt, c v chua gt.

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BNG CHO IM MT NHUYN B HNG CHANH DY

THEO TIU CHUN VCTN 3215-79

Thnh vin

Ch tiuMu Mi V Trng

thi

ng Th Phng 4 4 3 4Phm Th Bch Nhi 4 3 4 4Cai Th L Qunh 4 4 4 5Phng Th Huyn Son 4 4 3 5

Hong Vn Thnh 4 3 3 4Bi Th Tho 4 4 4 5Nguyn Thi Thanh Tho 3 4 4 4

Phan Th Hng Th 4 4 4 4

Trn Th Thu 4 4 4 4

Trn Ngc Anh Tuyt 4 4 4 4

Bi Thanh Thy 5 4 4 5

ng Th Thy 4 5 4 4Trn Th Thu Thy 4 4 3 4Nguyn Th M Thng 4 4 4 4Trng Th Tin 4 4 4 5V Th Tn 4 3 4 4Thi Th Trang 4 4 4 5Nguyn Th Trinh 3 3 4 4Hong Th Thanh Tr 4 4 3 5V Quang Trung 3 3 3 4

Nguyn Hu Tun 4 3 3 5Ng Tun T 4 3 3 4Trn nh T 4 4 3 4Ng Hng Vn 5 5 4 4Trn Th V 4 3 4 4

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KT QU NH GI CM QUAN

Sau khi x l kt qu thu c, tng im sn phm t c l 16.3. Tra

bng phn loi cht lng:

im cht lng ca sn phm h p tht xu mi l 15.87 thuc khong

[ 15,2 18,5]. Vy cht lng ca sn phm trn t loi kh.

Ch tiu Mu Mi V Trng thi

Tng 99 94 91 108

TB cha c trnglng

3.96 3.76 3.64 4.32

H s trng lng 0.9 1.1 0.7 1.3

TB c trng lng 3.56 4.14 2.55 5.62

im cht lng : 15.87

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III/ XUT KIN

V sn phm mt nhuyn b hng chanh dy l mt sn phm mi nn

vn cha hon thin v cht lng cng nh gi tr cm quan:- Vi sn phm mt nhuyn yu cu v snh, st rt cao nn ngoi lng

pectin c sn trong nguyn liu ta nn b sung thm pectin vo tng gi tr cm

quan v mt trng thi cho sn phm

- Nguyn liu b phi c chn k thut v khi sn phm s c mu

vng, sng c trng, mu sc ti sng, lm tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.

- Chanh dy khng b dp nt, khng qu xanh khi p dch ta c th thu c

lng dch ln nht, v c mi thm ca chanh dy

- Khi thanh trng h th thanh trng khng ko di thi gian v nhit thanh

trng khng qu cao( phi ng yu cu thanh trng ) trnh gy ra phn ng

caramen lm mu sc ca sn phm thm v mt i mu vng sng c trng.

- Lng ng cho vo phi ph hp vi th hiu ca ngi sn phm khng

qu ngt, khng qu nht.

- Ngoi ra vi hng chanh dy ta c th to ra vi nhiu loi mt nhuyn khcnhau lm phong ph thm sn phm.

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I/ QUY TRNH SN XUT HP

THT XU MI

16

Tht heo

C chuaPhn loi ,lm sch

Xay nh

Hp chn

V hp

Bi kh, vn np

Lm ngui

Thanh trng

Bo n

Sn phm

Phn loi, ra

Chn

Xay nhuyn

Lc

Dch lc

un nng

Phi trn

Rt st nng

Bm nh

Nguyn liu ph(hnh,ti)

Mui tiu b t

Hp

Kim tra

Ra

un si

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II/ THUYT MINH QUY TRNH

T 2 kg nguyn liu tht em i lm sch ri ro sau tin hnh xay 2

ln tht nhuyn v ng nht, to iu kin cho qu trnh to gel v bin tnh

protein, d dng cho cc cng on sau.Sau khi xay nhuyn ly 15% tht chun b dch st, tin hnh nh sau:

cho du vo cho ri kh hnh, cho tht vo tao n khi chin cho gia v vo.

Tip theo l cng on p gia v( phi trn ph gia) gm c: ng 540g,

mui 500g, bt ngt 200g,bt m 600g, hnh 100g, ti 120g, 4 tha caf du n sau

nho trn u gia v thm u trong tht, to hng thm v v hi ha cho

tht sau ny. nh hnh bng cch ti vin trn, kch thc va phi d dng

cho qu trnh x l nhit.

Trong qu trnh hp th i chun b bao b, kim tra mp mo, r xt,

xc try ca hp, hp em i xp thc phm vo phi m bo cc iu kin, v

s dung bao b thy tinh nn cn: khng nt, khng m ming. Ri em i ra

bng dung dch ra, thanh trng bao b c than v np bng cch cho bao b vo

ni inox, cho nc vo sau un ln 80 C sau ly bao b ra v cho vo

r,p ngc.X l nhit bng cch hp ri em i xp hp, khi xp hp phi ch : khi

lng tnh l 180g/hp, t l ci nc ci 60%, nc 40%, rt st nng 80-90

C.

Bi kh, ghp m: y kn hp.

Thanh trng nhit 105=121 C tiu dit vi sinh vt trong thi gian

75 pht.

Lm ngui: h nhit xung di 40C.Bo n nhit phng trong vng 15

ngy ta c sn phm hp tht (xu mi).

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BNG NH GI CM QUAN HP THT XU MI THEO

TCVN 3215-79

H squantrng

Ch tiu im nh gi

1,3 Mau sc 5 Mau cam c trng ca st c chua4 Mau cam nht ca st c chua3 Dich st c mu cam2 Dich st c mu cam nht1 Dich st c mu nht nht, nhng vn xc nh c0 Dich st c mu nht nht, kh xc nh

0,9 Mui 5 Co mi thm c trng ca gia v v tht4 Co mi thm ca gia v v tht3 Co mi thm nh2 Mui ca gia v nhiu hn ln t mi thm t nhin ca tht1 Co mi hng ca ti, bt u xut hin mi chua0 Co mi l, mi chua h hng

0,6 Vi 5 vi hi ha c trng ca tht v gia v4 Co v hi ha ca tht v gia v3 Vi km hi ha gia tht v gia v2 Vi khng hi ha nhng khng c v l1 Co v l nhng cha h hng0 Co v l h hng (v chua)

1,2 Trangthi

5 Cu trc vin tht nguyn vn, dai, dch st c snh vaphi t yu cu.

4 Cu trc vin tht nguyn vn, dai, dch st c snhkm

3 Cu trc vin tht nguyn vn, t dai, dch st c snhkm

2 Vin thit b v 1 phn, cu trc lng lo, dch st khng

snh1 Vin thit b v nhiu, dch st hi lng0 Vin thit b nt, dch st lng, c bt kh

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BNG CHO IM CA CC THNH VIN

Tin hnh nh gi cm quan sn phm h p tht xu mi, s lng thnh

vin hi ng nh gi cm quan gm 25 ngi, vi cng iu kin nh gi nh

nhau, th thu c bng kt qu nh sau:

S H V TN Musc Mui Vi Trang thai

1 Phm Th Bch Nhi 4 4 3 42 ng Th Phng 5 3 4 53 Cai Th L Qunh 4 4 4 34 Phng Th Huyn Son 5 4 4 45 Hong Vn Thnh 4 4 3 46 Bi Th Tho 5 4 4 37 Nguyn Thi Thanh Tho 4 4 4 58 Phan Th Hng Th 5 4 4 49 Trn Th Thu 4 5 4 410 Trn Ngc Anh Tuyt 4 3 4 411 Bi Thanh Thy 5 3 4 412 ng Th Thy 4 4 4 413 Trn Th Thu Thy 4 5 4 414 Nguyn Th M Thng 4 4 5 5

15 Trng Th Tin 4 4 5 416 V Th Tn 5 4 3 417 Thi Th Trang 4 5 4 418 Nguyn Th Trinh 5 3 4 319 Hong Th Thanh Tr 4 3 4 420 V Quang Trung 5 3 4 421 Nguyn Hu Tun 4 4 4 322 Ng Tun T 5 3 4 423 Trn nh T 4 4 4 424 Ng Hng Vn 4 5 4 425 Trn Th V 4 4 3 4

TB cha co HSQT 4.4 3.9 3.9 4HSQT 1.3 0.9 0.6 1.2

TB co HSQT 5.7 3.5 2.3 4.8Tng 16.3

Sau khi x l kt qu thu c, tng im sn phm t c l 16.3. Tra

bng phn loi cht lng:

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im cht lng ca sn phm h p tht xu mi l 16,3 thuc khong

[ 15,2 18,5]. Vy cht lng ca sn phm trn t loi kh.

III/ KIN XUT: nng cao cht lng sn phm hp tht xu mi, nhm em xin xut mt

s kin sau:

- La chn nguyn liu ti cha b bin tnh bi nhit v lnh sn phm c

kt dnh tt.

- S dng nguyn liu c c nc v m tng bo ngy cho sn phm, tng

gi tr cm quan, ( t l nc/ m l 7:3).

- m bo thc hin ng quy trnh cng ngh, k thut v iu kin v sinh

nng cao cht lng sn phm.

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C. GII THIU THIT B GHP M

V THIT B THANH TRNG

I/ THIT B GHP M

QUY PHM VN HNH MY GHP M 4 CON LN

1. Bt cu dao in( chuyn v v tr on).

2. Khi ng my nn kh cho n khi t c 4-5 bar.

3. M np bo v.

4. Kim tra v iu chnh khong cch gia a p trn v a p di cho ph

hp vi hp cn ghp.5. Kim tra v iu chnh khe h gia cc con ln vi a p trn .

6. Kha np bo v.

7. n cng tc khi ng my ghp m.

8. t hp ln a p di.

9. Dng chn p vo van cp kh nn iu chnh a p di nng hp ln.

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10. Sau khi hp c ghp xong nhc chn ln khi van cp kh nn h a

p di ly hp ra.

11. Tip tc a hp khc vo , lp li thao tc t 8 n 10 .

12. Khi ton b hp ghp xong, n cng tt my ghp m (nt ).13. Tc cu dao in (chuyn v v tr off).

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II. H THNG NI THANH TRNG

1. M t ni thanh trng

Ni thanh trng c trang b cho phng th nghim l ni thanh trng theo

m. Khng rung, c dng ng c s dng thanh trng thc phm ng

trong hp ghp kn. Mt cch tng qut, cc hp dc xp vo st c a

vo hoc ly ra khi ni thanh trng d dng. Cc ni thanh trng tnh dng hi

nc l dng ni thanh trng c s dng rng ri nht trong ngnh sn xut

hp

Do ni thanh trng l loi ni dng p sut nn chng c ch to bng

cc tm thp dy inch tr ln, un thnh hnh ni v c hn li vi nhau. Cccnh ca hoc np c lm bng st c hoc cc tm thp dy. Ca c tay nm

v kha m bo an ton cho ca. Nhng b phn ny u quan trng i vi

s an ton cho cng nhn (sinh vin) v phi lun trong tnh trng vn hnh tt

ngn nga tay nm hoc ca khng b long ra trong qu trnh vn hnh ni p

sut bn trong ni l rt ln.

2. Lp t v vn hnh ni thanh trng

Ngun cung cp hi phi y ni thanh trng t n nhit x l

trong mt khong thi gian hp l. Hp c lm ngui ngay trong ni, ngun

nc cung cp phi lm ngui hon ton v ng nht trong mt khong

thi gian ph hp. Thit k, lp t v vn hnh h thng ui kh phi m bo

loi c khng kh ra khi ni trc khi bt u qu trnh x l nhit.

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2.1 Trang b dng c

Cc v bao ngoi ca bu nhit k hoc u d ca dng c o nhit ( nhit k

thy ngn) c lp vo ng bn ngoi gn ni. Ming ng ny phi c ni vi ni

v c ng knh t nht l inch, l thot hi c ng knh 1/16 inch tr ln cung

cp dng hi lin tc thi qua ton b chiu di ca dng nhit k hoc u d. L thothi ca ng ny lin tc cho hi thot ra trong sut qu trnh x l nhit.

2.2. Cung cp hi v ng cp hi nc

Hi phi c cp cho bung x l thng qua ng cp hi ln cung cp hi

ni thanh trng ang s dng. Vic cung cp hi khng th hin qua vic p ng cc

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yu cu ui kh, thi gian t nhit x l lu hn , nhit dao ng trong ni khi

cc ni thanh trng ang c ui kh..

2.3. u cp hi:

u cp hi ca mi ni phi ln cung cp hi cho hot ng vn hnh nithanh trng v c gn ti v tr sao cho thun li cho vic loi b khng kh trong qu

trnh ui kh. Mc d hi c th vo t y ni hoc t trn nh ni nhng u cp hi

phi nm i din vi l ui kh.

2.4. Van kim sot hi vo ni:

Phi trang b cho ni thanh trng tnh b kim sot hi t ng duy tr nhit ni

thanh trng. Vic s dng mt van kim sot c kch thc nh hn u cp hi c li

th hn trong vic kim sot nhit , qu trnh x l do nhit t dao dng hn so vi

khi s dng van kim sot c kch thc ln. Tuy nhin, van kim sot c cng kch

thc vi u cp hi l mt c tnh an ton cho ni khi mt nhn vin vn hnh phi

theo di nhiu ni v nhit trong ni c th ln rt nhanh khi khng s dng b kim

sot hi t ng.

Khi s dng b kim sot hi bng van kim sot hi vo ni, ngi vn hnh nn

ni thanh trng trong sut thi gian nng nhit ngn nga hnh thnh p sut qu lntrong ni. Khi ni thanh trng t n nhit x l, van kim sot hi c ng li t

t trnh gim nhit t ngt. Ni thanh trng c trang b b kim sot hi vn

hnh bng tay. Ngi vn hnh phi bit cch vn hnh ni bng tay.

2.5 ng cp hi:

c ni vi ng ng dn hi bn trong ni cung cp ng u hi trong ni

thanh trng.

Ni thanh trng dng ng c th c ui kh tt m khng cn c ng cp hi khi

hi i vo qua mt l cp hi t nh ni hay t di y ni.

2.6 : ui kh:

ui kh qua cc l c van kim sot trn ni thanh trng, c s dng loi b kh

trong giai on ui kh. Chng c t trong ni thanh trng i din vi u cp hi

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v c thit k, lp t v vn hnh sao cho khng kh c loi b hon ton ra khi

ni trc khi bt u qu trnh x l nhit.

Vic ui kh c kim sot bng van cng, van hnh cu hoc van mt chiu tng

t, l nhng loi van c m hon ton cho php khng k nhanh chng thot rakhi ni trong qu trnh ui kh. Khng nn dng van hnh cu c cng kch c vi ng

ui kh v chng lm gim hiu qu ui kh do c s i khng gia hi v khng kh

i qua van.

Van ui kh c ni trc tip vi h thng thot nc m khng c b ngt khng kh

trong ng. Khi cc ng gp kh i vi ng ui kh ca ni thanh trng tnh, n s c

kim sot bng van tng, van hnh cu hoc van mt chiu khc. ng gp ca ni phi

c kch thc sao cho din tch mt ct ca ng gp kh ln hn tng din tch mt ct

ca tt c cc ng ui kh. ng gp khng c ni trc tip vi h thng thot nc

m khng c b ngt khng kh trong ng dn.

2.7. Cc l thot hi

L thot hi v cc l nh trn ni thanh trng c dng loi khng kh v to ra s

tun hon hi trong ni. L thot hi phi m rng hi thot ra ngoi lin tc trong

sut qu trnh x l k c thi gian nng nhit. Cc l thot hi c kch thc >=1/16 inch c dng ch lp nhit k v cc l c kch thc ln hn hoc bng 1/8

inch c dng trn ni thanh trng.

Tt c cc l thot hi phi c b tr sao cho ngi vn hnh c th quan st thy hi

ang thot ra trong qu trnh x ly nhit. Ni thanh trng c u cp hi nm trn nh

hoc pha trn mt ca hp thp nht, th cc l thot hi c ng knh t 1/8 inch tr

ln phi c lp y ni loi b hon ton nc ngng t. Tt c cc l thot hi

gm c l dnh cho hi ngng t phi c b tr sao cho ngi vn hnh c th quan

st chng ang hot ng tt. ngi vn hnh phi kim tra tnh trng cc l thot hi tn

sut m bo rng chng ang hot ng tt hoc hi ngng t c loi b hon

ton. Nn kim tra bng mt v ghi li kt qu 15pht mt ln.

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i vi ni thanh trng tnh dng nm ngang phi c t nht mt l thot hi nm cch

u ni khong 1 foot v nu c nhiu l th khong cch gia cc l khng qu 8 foot.

i vi ni thanh trng tnh dng ng t nht phi c mt l thot hi nm i din vi

l cp hi. Cc l thot hi c th b tr ti cc v tr khc vi nhng v tr ny min l cs liu v phn b nhit hoc c ti liu chng minh rng chng loi b c hon

ton khng kh v m bo tun hon tt hi bn trong ni. Nh my phi lu tr ton b

thng tin ny v phi lun sn sang cung cp cho c quan c thm quyn khi c

yu cu.

2.8. Cung cp nc

a s cc ni thanh trng c trang b ng dn nc lm ngui mt phn hoc

hon ton hp sau qu trnh x l nhit. Theo quy nh, ni thanh trng s dng nc

ngn nga s r r khng kh vo ni trong qu trnh x l nhit.

2.9 Kt cu gi:

Cc gi lm bng thp di, tm kim loi c l hoc cc vt liu ph hp khc. Khi s

dng tm kim loi lm y, cc l c c ng knh 1 inch v khong cch gia tm

2 l l 2 inch.

3. Nhng vn lin quan n x l nhit:

Khi vn hnh ni thanh trng tnh lin quan n hi nc c mt s vn

quan trng lin quan n quy trnh x l nhit y . Nhng vn ny bao

gm:

3.1. ui kh:

Khng c mt phng php ui kh no p dng cho tt c cc ni thanh trng

tnh, do tt c cc quy trnh ui kh u phi do c quan c thm quyn v x

l nhit thit lp. m bo loi b hon ton khng kh, thi gian, nhit v

cc yu t khc trong quy trnh ui kh ca tng ni c th u phi c tun

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th. Khng c bt u thi gian x l nhit cho ni thanh trng nu cha ui

kh y v cha t n nhit x l v cha duy tr nhit d .

Trc khi bt u qu trnh x l nhit, trong ni c sn mt lng kh.

ni thanh trng dng ng, khng kh chim ti 60% khng gian bn trong ni khic xp y hp. iu quan trng l khi khng kh phi c loi b khi ni

trc khi qu trnh x l nhit. i vi bt k ni thanh trng no s dng hi

nc lm mi trng truyn nhit, th th nghim phn b nhit hoc cc th

nghim khc ph hp c tin hnh thit lp quy trnh ui kh ph hp.

3.2. Nhit ban u:

Phi xc nh nhit ban u ca hp lnh nht trong ni thanh trng vo thi

im bt u chu trnh thanh trng. Trong thc hnh khi rt hp chng ta tin

hnh rt st nng, v vy hp lnh nht l hp c rt st v ghp kn u tin.

Cn xc nh nhit tm ca hp xc nh nhit ban u.

3.3. Thi gian x l nhit:

Thi gian x l nhit khng c tnh khi quy trnh ui kh cha hon tt v

nhit ni thanh trng hin th trn dng c o nhit ( nhit k thy ngn)

cha t ti nhit x l yu cu. Phi s dng thit b o thi gian chnh xc o quy trnh ui kh v x l nhit.

3.4. Lm ngui hp:

Chng ta lm ngui mt phn hp trong ni thanh trng. Trong qu trnh lm

ngui hp bng p sut, p sut trong ni c duy tr trong khi cc hp c lm

ngui gim p sut bn trong hp n mc an ton. Sau c th nhng hp

ny p sut kh quyn m khng s hp b cong vnh hoc bin dng m ghp.

Cc hp c ngui hon ton khi nhit bn trong hp gim xung cn

khong 100oF (38oC). C th lm ngui bng cch x nc ngp hon ton hp

bn trong ni thanh trng v khi lm ngui hp bng cch phun, cc hp s khng

c lm ngui ng u

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CC TH TC THANH TRNG NHIT

I. THANH TRNG TRONG NC C GIA NHIT BNG

HI NNG DNG KHNG KH NN LM P SUT I KHNG

Bc 1: Chun b

1. Bt cu dao tng

2. M van cp nc chnh

3. Bt cng tt bm v v tr 1

4. ng tt c cc van ca ni hi

5. Bt cng tt my nn v v tr ON

6. Bt cng tt ni hi v v tr 1

- Bt cng tt s 2- n bo ni hi ang hot ng- n xanh sang

- n bo cp nc sang, khi nc c cung cp vo ni hi, n

bo cp nc tt, n bo ch un sang

- Chn ch un 1 hay 2 l xo nt 3

- Khi p lc trong ni hi t c 4,5bar, rowle t ng s t ng tt ch

unBc 2: Nng v gi nhit

1. ng van x y

2. ng van x kh

3. Cho hp vo ni thanh trng

4. M van cp nc vo ni thanh trng c ni, ng van cp nc

5. ng cht np ni thanh trng

6. Chuyn van cp hi nng trn ni hi v v tr m

7. M t t hi nng trn ni hi vo ni thanh trng, nng p sut trong ni

ln khong 0,5-0,6bar

8. M van x kh cho n khi c hi nc thong ra u van hoc p lc

trong ni gim n o,1 bar, ng van x kh

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9. Tng tc cp hi nng vo ni thanh trng. Theo di qu trnh nng

nhit, iu chnh van cp hi nng gi nhit trong ni n nh nhit

thanh trng trong sut thi gian gi nhit

10.Theo di p sut trong niBc 3: H nhit v lm ngui

1. Khi kt thc thi gian gi nhit ng van cp hi trn ni hi, ng van

cp hi trn ni thanh trng

2. Sau chuyn cng tt bm v v tr 2, a nc vo thc hin giai on

h nhit hp. M t t van cp nc vo ni thanh trng, 2-3 pht sau

m t t van x nc

3. M van cp kh nn cung cp kh nn vo ni, thng xuyn theo di p

sut trong ni, iu chnh van cp nc, van x nc, iu chnh van cp

kh nn gi p sut trong ni thanh trng n nh

4. Khi kt thc thi gian h nhit, nhit trong ni khiddos gim xung n

40-50oC, m t t van x kh gim p sut trong ni xung 0

5. Khi p sut trong ni gim xung o, m np ni thanh trng, tip tc cp

nc h nhit hp xung 40-500C, ly hp ra, lau sch6. Tt ni hi( chuyn cng tt v v tr 0)

7. Tt my bm (v tr 0)

8. ng van cp nc chnh, X ht nc trong ni thanh trng

9. Tt cu dao tng

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