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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
LI NI U
T xa ti nay thc phm l vn quan trng i vi cuc sng con ngi
chng ta. T tin chng ta bit s dng hoa qu, tht ng vt l thc phm. cng
ngy cng c nhiu cch chbin cc loi thc phm khc nhau
Vit Nam l mt nc cn nhit i gi mua ln chng ta rt phong ph v chng
loi cy n qu v s lng cy n qu Vit Nam cng rt ln. Tuy s lng cy n
qu nhiu nhng ngi nng dn ca chng ta c thu nhp cha cao, do hoa qu nng
sn cha c quy trnh chbin v bo qun. gip nhng ngi nng dn ci thin thu
nhp, hng lot nh my, x nghip chbin v xut khu ra qu c m ra. Trong
qu trnh chbin v bo qun nng sn c s tham gia ca nhiu loi my mc m quy
trnh cng ngh c th.
Trong t thc tp nhn thc va ri ti xng ca trng em c c hi c
tip xc vi nhng my mc hin i v nhng quy trnh cng ngh chbin hoa qu v
cc sn phn t sa.Nhng ng dng c th ca tng loi my, nguyn l hot ng vcc thng s tnh ton ca tng loi my gip cho em hiu them phn no v ngnh
sinh hc v thc phm ca mnh
Sau y em xin c tng kt nhng kin thc m em hc c trong qu
trnh thc tp va qua. Bi bo co ca em gm 2 phn chnh l chbin hoa qu v ch
bin sa
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
1 RAU QU NG HP:
1.1 CNG NGH:
Quy trnh chung ch bin rau qu ng hp:
2
Nguyn liu
Thu nhn, vn
chuyn v bo qun
Phn loi
Ra ln 1
Chbin c hc
Ra ln 2
Chbin nhit
Xp bao b
Thanh trng
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
1.1.1 Ch bin rau qu ng hp:
3
Sn phm
La chn v phn loi
Nguyn liu
Vn chuyn
Thu nhn v bo qun
Ra
Chbin c hc
Chbin nhit
Rt nh lng v
a vo hp
Thanh trng
Sn phm
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
1.1.2 Ch bin nc qu c c:
4
Vn chuyn
Thu nhn v bo
qun
La chn, phn loi v x l
Ra
Nghin
Ch v, tch ht
un nng
C c
ng chai l
Thanh trng
Sn phm
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
1.2 THIT B:
1.2.1 My nghin
1: v, 2: trc quay, 3: cnh nghin trn trc quay
Hnh 1: my nghin
Tng qut: Thit b lm cho sn phm s dng d dng, nh nhng, hiu qu
hn.Thit b dng cho c sn phm t v sn phm kh
Cu to: ng c quay, ba nghin, np (c thit b cm bin), bng iu khin,
li nghin (di ba nghin, to kch thc sn phm).
Nguyn l hot ng : Nguyn liu sau khi ra sch, thi ming thch hp c
a n ca vo pha trn ca thit b nghin. Nh ng c c cnh nghin, nguyn liu
c bm v p vo m nghin. Qua cc l nh trn m nghin, nguyn liu ra ngoi
theo ca ra pha di vo phu ca thit b.
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
1.2.2 Thit b un nng trc vt
Hnh v 2: Thit b un nng trc vt
S nguyn l un nng trc vt:
1: v bo n; 2: khoang cha cht ti nhit; 3: trc vt; 4: ng dn sn phm vo
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Mc ch: gia nhit lin tc cho sn phm, ct mnh, m bo cc phn ng bt
hot enzyme, lm mm sn phm v qu trnh kn kh trc khi sn phm em i bo
qun hoc chbin tip nh nghin cc loi c chua, cam ; gia nhit s b cc loi
rau trc khi em ng kh. Thit b dung hi nng hoc nc nng.
Cu to: gm c ng c, h thng trc vt, h thng iu khin van hi ( bng
tay v t ng ), van n p, cm bin o nhit cp hi, o nhit u ra ca sn
phm. Thn thit b gm 2 khoang, khoang trong cha nguyn liu, khoang ngoi cha
hi, c thm lp v cch nhit. Ngoi ra cn c phu cho nguyn liu vo, bng iu
khin, ng h ch p sut, p lc
Nguyn l hot ng: nguyn liu sau khi c nghin s qua phu v vo
khoang trong ca thit b. Nh h thng trc vt, nguyn liu c o u,trao i
nhit vi khoang ngoi nn nguyn liu c un nng u v c a ra u kia,
trnh hin tng tc. Khoang ngoi c cp hi nn s lm nng nguyn liu khoang
trong. Do , sn phm s c lm nng u v a ra ngoi qua ca ra ca thit b.
Ch : hi nng c cp 2 ung lm nng u sn phm. Thnh thong
kim tra nhit v p sut. Nu nhit tng cao ta phi gim nhit trnh lm
hng hoc bin i mt s cht trong sn phm. Nu p sut tng qu cao ta c th lm
gim p sut bng van x p.
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
1.2.3 My ch:
Hnh v 3: My ch
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
S nguyn l my ch
Mc ch: Lm cho khi nguyn liu ng nht. C tc dng loi b nhng phn
khng c gi tr dinh dng, khng mong mun nh v c, qu.
Cu to: Gm 1 ng c gn lin vi trc c 3 cnh ch lm bng thp khng r.
Li ch c c cc l nh, kch thc cc l nh,vi kch thc :0,5;0,75;1;1,5mm
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
to mn mong mun, h thng ra, khung bng thp.
Ch : kch thc l li ch c th thay i ph thuc vo tng loi sn phm:
+ sn xut nc qu c, ngi ta dung l li c ng knh:0,50-0,75mm
+ sn xut c chua c c, ngi ta dng l li c ng knh :1,0-1,5mm
Ngoi ra cn c cc b phn khc nh phu di dn bt ch, phu trn dn v
b i, bng iu khin, ng dn nc v sinh thit b, van cm bin ng
m ca my ch.
Nguyn l hot ng : Nguyn liu qua un nng (c b sung thm nc
trnh dnh bt vo li ch v tng nng sut ch) c a qua phu vo khoang
ch. Khi ng c hot ng, nguyn liu c quay u, cc cnh ch c tc dng xit,
p nguyn liu vo li ch. Phn v, x, ht nm trong li theo phu trn ra ngoi.
Phn bt ch qua cc l nh trn li chy ra theo phu di ra ngoi.
1.2.4 Thit b ni hai v:
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Hnh 4: Thit b ni 2 v
Mc ch: gi mu v to u, mn cho sn phm, un nng nhit thp50-60oC.
Cu to: gm c ng c cnh khuy, h thng ng h ch p sut, nhit ; h
thng van x hi, n p, cn rt Thn thit b gm 2 khoang: khoang trong cha sn
phm, khoang ngoi cha hi.
Nguyn l hot ng: Sn phm sau khi ch c a vo thit b ni 2 v. Khi
thit b hot ng, khoang hi s c cp hi nng lm nng sn phm, kt hp vi s
hot ng ca ng c cnh khuy, sn phm s c nng u. Tin hnh rt sn
phm ra ngoi bng cn rt.
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Ch : nu nhit gim ta tng cng lng hi bng cch m van hi cp vo.
Nu nhit tng qu cao, ta phi x p bng cc van x p.
1.2.5 Thit b c c mng, c c chn khng:
1.2.5.1 Thit b c c mng:
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Hnh 5.1: thit b c c mng
S c c mng:
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
S nguyn l
Mc ch: lm gim lng nc trong sn phm nh sa, nc tri cy, dch ng v
dch khoai ty.
Cu to: Gm c bnh cha nguyn liu v bnh cha thnh phm, phn thit b
c c gm 2 khoang : khoang ngoi cha hi nng, khoang trong cha sn phm, 2
bm pittng, 1 bm chn khng, ng c to mng, bnh nc ngng,ng thy. Ngoi
ra phu cht thm, bng iu khin v h thng cc van hi, van nc, van iu chnh
chn khnh, bm chn khng loi vng nc, h thng iu khin p sut v nhit
Nguyn l hot ng: nguyn liu c bm t thung cha, ri bm ln trn
thit b v c phun t trn xung. Hi nng s c bm di ln khoang ngoi.
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Khi ng c quay s to lc lm bn sn phm ln thnh trong ca thit b to thnh
nhng mng mng. Khoang ngoi ca thit b cha hi nng s thc hin qu trnh trao
i nhit qua thnh trong v lm sn phm c c li. Hi th c ht chn khng ra
bnh ngng. Khi sn phm c c c li s c bm ra khoang cha kim tra:
nu sn phm t yu cu cho sang cng on tip theo, nu sn phm khng t tip
tc lp li qu trnh c c ti khi sn phm t yu cu. Qu trnh c c c kim
sot cht ch p sut, thi gian, nhit , chn khng. Ngoi ra thit b cn c lc kh
lm gim s nghim khun.
Qu trnh c c c th lin tc, bn lin tc hoc tng bc mt.
1.2.5.2 Thit b c c chn khng:
Hnh v 5.2: Thit b c c chn khng
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
S nguyn l:
Mc ch: lm gim lng nc trong sn phm.
Cu to: gm khoang un nng nguyn liu, khoang nc ngng, bm chn
khng, ng c cnh khuy. Ngoi ra cn c phu cht thm, bng iu khin, h thng
van v ng dn hi, dn nc, ng h o p sut, nhit , chn khng
Nguyn l hot ng: nguyn liu c a vo trong khoang un nng v c
o trn nh ng c cnh khuy. Hi c cp vo khoang un nng, lm si nguyn
liu v xy ra hin tng bc hi. Phn hi nc s c chuyn sang khoang ngng,
sau c lm mt v ngng t. tng hiu sut bc hi ta dung bm ht chn
khng bm ht hi, kh v to chn khng. Qu trnh bc hi s lm nguyn liu
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
dn c c c. Ly mu sn phm qua ca th v kim tra c c bng thit b
chuyn dng. C th b sung cc cht phu gia qua phu cht thm. Nc ngng bnh
c thc o ta d dng kim tra v tho nc trnh tnh trng nc trn.
1.2.6 Mychit chai:
Hnh v 6: My rt nh lng
S nguyn l:
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
1: Piston; 2: Phu rt sn phm; 3: L thong kh; 4: Xi lanh.
Mc ch: rt lng sn phm nht nh vo trong bao b.
Cu to: Gm c phu a sn phm vo, bm pittng nh lng hot ng
nh h thng nn kh. Ngoi ra cn c cc b phn khc nh bng iu khin, van nh
lng t ng, ng dn nn kh, bng iu khin (iu khin ch rt t ng-lin
tc, ch rt bn t ng-khng lin tc)
Nguyn l hot ng: Thit b da trn nguyn l hot ng ca pittng kh nn,to 1 khong cch (c th iu chnh c nh tay quay iu khin). Sn phm c rt
nh lng nh h thng iu chnh khong gia ca pittng (khong cch ny chnh l
th tch ca chai cn ng). H thng van nh lng ng m t ng iu khin s
u n ca qu trnh ny.
Nguyn tc hot ng van kh nn v ch m van rt:
Qu trnh np nguyn liu: kh nn i vo 4, i ra 1.Van 2, 3 ng pittong
dich chuyn t phi sang tri v van c bit chuyn ng nh (1), sn
phm c lp vo khoang cha.
Qu trnh rt nguyn liu: kh nn i vo 2, i ra 3, Van 1,4 ng pittong
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
dch chuyn t tri qua phi, van c bit chuyn ng nh (2), sn phm
c y ra v rt vo bao b.
Ch :
- Ta c th iu chnh th tch rt ca sn phm nh h thng trc vt quay iuchnh pittong.
- Qu trnh rt c th t ng hoc bn t ng.
1.2.7 Thit b p nt chai:
Mc ch: trong qu trnh chbin hp, qu trnh dp nt chai ngn khng
cho sn phm thc phm vi mi trng khng kh v vi sinh bn ngoi, l 1 qu trnh
quan trng, c nh hng ti thi gian bo qun lu di ca thc phm . Np chai
phi c ng tht kn, chc chn.
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Hnh v 7: My dp nt chai
Cu to: gm c phn dp v phn chp np chai, phn nh v v tr chai. Ngoi
ra cn c pittng cp kh nn c lo xo y ln, thit b iu khin bng tay, ng dnkh nn.
Nguyn l hot ng: Nt chai c dp da trn nguyn l ca thit b nn kh.
Khi dp xung th kh nn s c cp, nt chai s c dp xung khit cht vo chai.
Sau lo xo y pitong ln tip tc cho qu trnh dp tip theo m khng cn cp kh
nn t pha di.
1.2.8 Thit b thanh trng lin tc, thanh trng cao p:
1.2.8.1 Thit b thanh trng lin tc:
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Hnh 8.1: Thit b thanh trng lin tc
Mc ch: thanh trng sn phm sau khi ng chai, chng li s xm nhp ca vi
sinh vt c hai v bo qun sn phm c lu.
Cu to: gm 2 khoang cha nc: khoang nng thanh trng v khoang lnh
gim nhit, ng c ca bng ti sn phm, h thng vi phun, bm, ng h ch nhit
, p sut. Ngoi ra cn c h thng ng dy dn, ng x, bng iu khin, van x
t ng v van cp hi, gile t ngt.
Nguyn l hot ng: Sn phm sau khi ng chai c t trn b mt bng ti.
Qu trnh din ra ba bc sau:
1. Thanh trng : Nc nng c lm nng ti 95-980 C bng hi nc.
Nc c cha trong bn v c bm phun bng my bm ly tm. Qu
trnh c kim sot bng h thng iu khin.
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
2. Tin lm mt. Nc nng tm 600C c phun vo sn phm sau bc 1,
nhm trnh lm rn nt thy tinh do s thay i nhit qu nhanh. Qu
trnh c th iu khin bng tay.
3. Lm mt: Sn phm sau bc hai c lm mt bng nc lnh.
1.2.8.2 Thit b thanh trng cao p:
Hnh 8.2: Ni thanh trng cao p
Mc ch: v trung cc sn phm, tiu dit cc vi sinh vt gy bnh, c bit cc
sn phm c pH cao nh sa, cc loi u trng thi t nhin, tht, c hoc cc
dng, dng c trong phng th nghim nhit ln hn 1000C. Qu trnh tin hnh
trong p sut cao nhit 116 hoc 1210C.
Cu to: gm khoang cha sn phm cn v trng, h thng ng h o p sut,
nhit , h thng van hi, van x an ton. Thit b c lm bng thp khng r, chu
c nhit v p sut cao. Trong thn thit b c cc gi trn v gi di sn
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
phm. Ngoi ra cn c h thng vt ng, m np thit b, h thng dy dn
Nguyn l hot ng: sn phn cn thanh trng c xp vo cc gi trong
khoang cha ri y np li. Hi c cp vo tron thit b ti mt p sut nht nh(tng ng vi nhit ta cn v trng). My ngng cp hi v cp nhit cho
mi trng bn trong ti nhit yu cu. Nhit v thi gian v trng cn ph
thuc tng loi sn phm nh: rau qu thanh trng 90- 105C ; tht c thanh trng
121CThng thng th nhit cng cao, thi gian thanh trng cng ngn v ngc
li. Sau khi thanh trng xong, ta h nhit t t trnh lm hng bao b, trnh lm v
sn phm. C th lm ngui bng cch cho nc ngui vo trong thit b.
1.2.9 My p:
Hnh v : My p
Trong sn xut nc rau qu,p l phng php cha ch yu tch dch bo ra
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
khi nguyn liu. Trong qu trnh p, hiu sut p ph thuc vo cc yu t:
Phm cht nguyn liu.
Phng php s ch.
Cu to,chiu dy, chc ca khi nguyn liu.
p sut p.
Mc ch: p ly nc hoa qu, loi b v,ht v x
Cu to: Gm bng chuyn v trc khuu dn hoa qu p. H thng pittng iu
chnh trc p trn chuyn ng v trc p di c nh (dng bm thy lc-bm du).
Ngoi ra cn c bng iu khin,ng dn nc p ra ngoi, khay v b i
Nguyn l hot ng: Hoa qu cn p c a vo qua phu, theo h thng
bng ti i vo, v trc khuu s ln lt a tng qu mt vo phn m p di. M p
trn nh hot ng ca pittng s p xung, 2 m p va kht kch thc loi qu p. S
dch chuyn ca trc p l do s chuyn ng ca pittong. Khi van 1 m, van2 dong duc bm vo v y trc p xung. Sau du c bm ht ngc tr li y
trc p ln v tip tc qu trnh p. Lng v th c loi b ra ngoi, ri xung khay
cha. Nc qu p c ly ra theo ng dn tip tc nhng cng on sau.
Nhng b, x nh c y ra khi trc p nh 1 trc gia trc p trn. Cn gt qu
v hm qu c chuyn chuyn ng t trc p ti trc khuu.
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
1.2.10 Thit b lc khung bn:
Hnh : Thit b lc khung bn
S nguyn l:
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Cu to khung bn
1: bn; 2: khung; 3: dn huyn ph vo; 4: ca ra; 5: vi lc
Mc ch: lc sn phm lng, nh nc hoa qu, du, sa th, dch hoa qu ln
men.. Qu trnh lc loi cht rn cn b ra khi sn phm.
Cu to: gm c h thng bng nha c nhng tm vi lc, thit b bm, khay
hng, trc vt. Ngoi ra cn c thng cha, h thng dy dn. van, thit b o p sut,
nhit , h thng iu khin p sut.
Nguyn l hot ng: nguyn liu c a t thng cha sang thit b lc nh
h thng bm. Huyn ph di tc ng ca p sut c a qua rnh 3 ri vo khon
rng ca khung, cht lng chui qua vi lc sang cc rnh ca bn ri theo van ra ngoi,
cn b b gi li trong khung.
ra b, ta ngng cho huyn ph v cho nc ra vo. Nc ra chui qua lp vi
lc, qua ton b b dy lp b ko theo cht lng cn li trong b qua lp vi lc th hai
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
sang bn bn cnh ri theong ra ngoi. Khi ra xong, ngi ta m tay quay, khung v
bn tch xa nhau, b s ri xung mng di ri ly ra ngoi.
1.2.11 Thit b n nhit c o trn:
S nguyn l
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Hnh 11: Thng n nhit c o trn
Mc ch: gin inh sn phm ti nhit nht nh, lm ng u cc thnh
phn trong sn phm, khuy trn vi gia v.
Cu to: bn cha c 2 khoang: khoang ngoi dn cht ti nhit, khoang trong
cha sn phm, c h thng ng c cnh khuy pha trn thit b. Ngoi ra cn c h
thng van t ng, bnh ngng, thit b bm, bng iu khin, dy dn, ng h o
nhit , p sut.
Nguyn l hot ng: nguyn liu c a vo trong thit b ri lm nng nhphn nc nng (nc c lm nng bng hi nng). Nc nng s c tun hon
m bo cung cp nht cho nguyn liu. Nhit ca nc nng s c iu
chnh nh van ng m t ng. ng c cnh khuy hot ng c tc dng lm sn
phm nng u ti mi im. Ty theo yu cu m c th cho thm cc loi gia v khc
nhau. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh, sn phm c ly ra ngoi theo ng ng dn.Thi
gian thc hin qu trnh ny ty thuc tng loi sn phm.
Tng t ta c th thay hi nng bng hi lnh gi lnh sn phm.
1.2.12 Thit b sy hng ngoi:
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Hnh v : thit b sy hng ngoi
S nguyn l:
1: ng c; 2: h thng s pht tia hng ngoi; 3: canh o trn; 4: sng; 5: thitb trc vt thu bi.
Cu to:
+ V ngoi cch nhit bng inox, phu dn nguyn liu, ca thong kh. Bn
trong khoang sy: pha trn l h thng x hng ngoi, gia l lp sng c
nh o trn, di y l b phn lm thng thong. C ng c trc vt y
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
phn cn.
+ Ngoi ra c cc thit b i km: sng v qut ht ly tm ht v v cn.
Nguyn l hot ng: sn phm qua phu nhn, c a vo khoang sy. Dy
in tr t trongng s bng cht liu c bit, chng to thnh in tr. Khi c tcdng ca dng in mt chiu, in tr c nung nng, bc x tia hng ngoi. Nhit
lng do bc x hng ngoi gia nhit v sy kh sn phm. Tia hng ngoi c kh
nng lm nng u sn phm . Sn phm c o trn nh ng c v cnh khuy,
lm cho sn phm c sy u hn. Sn phm sau 1 thi gian, tin hnh kim tra
cht lng, nu t th c a ra ngoi, tip tc tin hnh cng on ch v ht v
1.2.13 Thit b ghp np hp
Cu to:
(1): nng hn. Quay ra trc n dt phn np hp xung
(2): su hn. Dng sau, c tc dng lm cun mp hp li cho gn v p, an ton
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
cho ngi s dng
My lm vic bn t ng
1.2.14 H thng CIP
Mc ch: lm sch cc thit b ti ch.
Cu to: gm cc thng cha dung dch, bm, thit b trao i nhit tm bn, h
thng cc van, ngng dn hi, nguyn liu...
Nguyn l hot ng: khi ta mun ra thit b no bng mt dung dch. Bm dung
dch ln trao i nhit vi hi nng, qu trnh ra nhanh v sch. Dung dch ra
c ng ng dn n thit b cn ra. Qu trnh ra xong dung dch c dn v
thit b, vo thng cha dung dch (qu tnh hi lu).
Qu trnh ra din ra: vi mi yu cu khc nhau th c cc cch ra khc nhau,
nhng thao tc chung cho tt c thit b l nc c a i ra u tin, sau axit,
sau nc, tip l dng baz v nc c em i ra ln cui lm sch thit b.
Sau cc qu trnh ra bng cc loi dung dch trn c th dng hi nng lm sch
hon ton thit b.
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
H thng CIP c dng cho cc thit b c ng ng cng knh, di m khng
th thc hin cc thao tc ra th cng. Nhng v h thng CIP l h thng dng axit v
baz lm v sinh thit b nn cng phi trnh trng hp thit b b oxy ha.
2 CH BIN SA:
2.1 Ch bin cc sn phm t sa:
2.1.1 Ch bin sa:
32
Sa nguyn liu
Thu nhn, vn chuyn v bo qun
Ly tm
M sa Sa bt bo
Sa gy
B un nng C c
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
2.1.2 Sn xut phomat:
33
Sa nguyn liu
Thanh trng
Ln men, ng t
Tch whey
p bnh
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
2.2 Cc thit b v nguyn l hot ng:
2.2.1 Thit b bo qun sa:
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Mc ch: bo qun sa nguyn liu 4oC khi mi thu mua v m cha chbin.
Cu to: mt thng hai v c np y, m t cnh khuy, bng iu khin nhit
v thi gian, thanh o mc sa v chng hin tng sa chy ra ngoi qu nhiu,
gin lnh. Ngoi ra cn c my bm ht sa.
Nguyn l hot ng: sa sau khi thu mua v s cho vo thng bo qun (dung
tich 200l). Gin lnh cp hi lnh bao quanh lp ngoi gi nhit 4oC bo
qun sa. M t cnh khuy quay nhit bn trong lng sa bng bn ngoi. Khi
cn s dng sa ta m my bm ht sa.
Ch :
Thi gian bo qun sa: Sa cha thanh trng: 1 ngy.
Sa thanh trng: 7-10 ngy.
2.2.2 Thit b thanh trung sa:
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
2.2.2.1 Thit b trao i nhit dng tm bn:
Hnh nh 2.1: thit b trao i nhit tm bn
Khu vc I: lm nng nguyn liu cho vo.
Khu vc II: lm nng li.
Khu vc III: lm mt nguyn liu.
Khu vc IV: lm lnh.
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Mc ch: Nh qu trnh bin i nhit t ngt, lin tc tiu dit bt cc
VSV gy hi cho sn phm hoc lm hng sn phm. Thit b do s dng trao i dng
tm nn c hiu qu khi thanh trng cc sn phm c nht thp nh sa, nc hoa
qu.
Cu to:
Thng cha nguyn liu.
Bm ht sa, ng h o p sut, o lu lng sa.
Thit b trao i nhit c 4 khoang: cp nhit, ti cp nhit, lm mt,
lm lnh.
Van iu chnh sa ra vo. Van iu chnh cp hi.
H thng diu khin t ng
Nguyn l hot ng:
Sa sau khi c bo qun s c chuyn vo thng cha sa ca thit b thanh
trng. My bm ht sa s iu chnh tc sa i vo. Sa i vo vo (4oC) trao i
nhit vi sa nng i ra (78oC) khoang 3. Sau khi trao i nhit xong sa c nhit
khong 35-40oC. Sau sa s c i my ng ha ri quay tr li trao i nhit vi
nc nng nhit sa l 78-80oC khoang 4, sa s c cho i qua mt on
ng di tng thi gian thanh trng (lu nhit), ri trao i nhit vi sa i vo
nhit gim cn 35-40oC khoang 3, sau trao i nhit vi nc thng khoang
2 v nhit gim xung 20oC, tip tc trao i nhit vi nc lnh v nhit cui
cng sau khi thanh trung l 4oC.
Cm bin nhit: cp nhit cho nc thng n nhit 80-82oC. Gi nhit
n dnh thanh trng sa. Khi nhit tng cao hn 80-82oC th cm bin nhit s
y van xung lm gim lng hi i vo, lm gim nhit .
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
2.2.2.2 Thit b thanh trng ng lng ng:
Hnh : Thit b thanh trngng lngng
S nguyn l:
38
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Mc ch: lm nng sn phm nh hin tng trao i nhit, thanh trng sn
phm. C kh nng thanh trng cc sn phm c nht cao hn thanh trng bn mng
nh dch hoa qu, dch c chua Sn phm ra c nhit nng, ti 920C, c th lm
mt sn phm nu ta gn thm h thng lm mt.
Cu to: h thngng lngng gm 2 lp: lp ngoi cha cht ti nhit l nc
nng hoc nc lnh, bn trong l nguyn liu. H thng bm trc vt, bm nc, thng
cha nguyn liu, thit b cp hi vo trong nc. Ngoi ra cn c bng iu khin,
ng h o nhit , p sut, cc van an ton v van t ng, bn cha.
Nguyn l hot ng: nguyn liu c a vo thng cha ri c bm vo h
thng ng lng ng. Bao gm 3 qu trnh: trao i nhit vi nc nng 8 ng, lu
nhit, trao i nhit vi nc thng 2ng. Qu trnh nguyn liu chuyn ng trong
h thng ny, m van hi cung cp nhit. S thay i nhit gia 2 khoang thng qua b
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
mt lp vng s xy ra. Sn phm thu nhit cho ti khi t nng cn thit s c
ly ra cui ng ng. Nu sn phm cha t yu cu s c hi lu vo thng
cha tin hnh lm nng li. Nh qu trnh thay i nhit t ngt v qu trnh
lu sn phm trong thi gian di nhit nng nn nhiu vi sinh vt c hi, vi sinh vt
gy bnh s b tiu dit.
2.2.3 My ly tm cht bo sa
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Hnh 3: Thit b ly tm
S nguyn l:
My ly tm cao tc loi a v cu to m phng h thng a
Mc ch: phn tch hai pha lng trong huyn ph rn. Nng sut my thay i
41
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
ty theo loi sn phm (sa l 500l/gi, lc nc hoa qu l 150l/ gi). Thit b cng c
th lm tch cn b trong nc chanh.
Cu to: Gm ng c ly tm c tc cao (7200-10000 vng/pht), h thng
phu trn cha sa, di l cc phu mng gm nhiu lp xp xen vo nhau hnh
chp ct. phn gia ca thit b l trc ca ng c ly tm. Bng iu khin cng sut
ca vng quay, rnh chy ca m sa v sa bt bo. Tt cae u c lm vt liu
chng g nh thp chng g, thp trng men.
Nguyn l hot ng: Sa c a qua phu cha ca thit b ly tm ri xung
h thng l phu nh di. ng c ly tm hot ng s to ra p lc v gia tc cho
cc ht sa tch ring, sa bo i ra theo ca trn, sa gy i ra theo ca di. Nng
sut ly tm ph thuc vo ng c ly tm v lng sa qua cc l phu.
Ch :
i vi sa thng iu chnh vng quay: 4000-4500v/p.
c kt qu mong mun c th da vo sn phm thu c iu
chnh s vng quay cho hp l.
Nhit khng nh hng nhiu n cht lng sn phm.
2.2.4 My ng ha
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
My ng ha trong xng c ni vi thit b thanh trng bn mng.
My hot ng da theo nguyn l lm tng tc ca cu m ca cac khe hp lmgim kch thc ca cu m nhanh chng.
2.2.5 Thng ln men phomat:
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
S nguyn l:
1: Ni nhn nguyn liu; 2: Ni ly casein; 3: Cnh khuy ; 4: Ni hai v
Mc ch: thng ln men phomat lm ng t sa.
Cu to: thng hai v c np y, ng c cnh khuy, van cp nhit, cp nc
lnh,ng x nc tch whey.
Nguyn l hot ng: sa sau khi c thanh trung s cho vo thung ln men v
c un nng 60-65oC sau h nhit xung khoang 40-45oC. Qu trnh cp nhit
v h nhit c iu chnh bng lng hi nng v lng nc i vo v ngoi ca
thng. B sung nm men, vi sinh vt, enzyme ln men sa. Qu trnh ln men ca
nm men trong iu kin hiu kh nn ng c cnh khuy lun c khuy trn. Sau
c th b sung thm rennin tng s ng t ca casein trong sa. Phn whey
trn, phn casein ng t di. Kt thc qu trnh ln men ta m vanng x, thu c
casein c ng t.
44
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
2.2.6 My dp p phomat:
S nguyn l:
45
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Mc ch: dp p to hnh dng cho phomat, loi nc ra khi phomat
Cu to: mm nn, pittong kh nn, trc hn c nh gi thng bng mm nn.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Khi van bt ln trn: kh nn i vo (1), i ra (2), ko pittong ln trn.
Khi van gia: my s dng.
Khi van bt xung di: kh nn i vo (2), i ra (1), pittong di
chuyn xung di, mm c dp xung di v p nc trong
phomat ra.
2.2.7 My o trn b:
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
S nguyn l:
1: Ca nguyn liu vo; 2: V thit b; 3: Trc cng cnh khut; 4: Ca nc ra.
47
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Mc ch: lm ng t m sa lm b.
Cu to: gm trc ng c c cnh o trn, 1 khoang cha b v nc, h
thng van m loi nc v cc ngng dn,van x trn, thit b cm bin.
Nguyn l hot ng: c 2 phng php hot ng nh sau :
S dng mui : Cho 1 lng mui nht nh ph hp vi lng b cn
nc vo thit b o trn. ng c hot ng s lm mui tan dn vo b
v ht nc trong b, to b kh .
S dng lnh : Cho lnh v b vo thit b, nh ng c o trn
b v nc lnh s xy ra s ng t. Do b nh hn nn ni ln trn, pha
di l nc lnh. Thao tc tho van di x nc, lng b s dnh li
trn b mt ca thit b v cnh khuy.
Co b t cc cnh khuy trong thit b.
3 PHN BI TP:Cu 1: Tnh din tch b mt trao i nhit ca cc thit b:
1. Thit b un nng ng lng ng:
Din tch b mt trao i nhit: F= C.l.n
Trong : C:chu ving; l: chiu di, n: sng
o bng thc nghim ta c:
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
C= 6 cm, l= 195 cm, n=10ng
Ta c: F= 6x195x10= 11700 cm2.
2. Thit b thanh trng dng bn mng:
Din tch b mt trao i nhit: F= a.b.(n-2)
Trong :
a: chiu di tm bn.
b: chiu rng tm bn.
n-2: s b mt trao i nhit.
o bng thc nghim ta c:
a= 42 cm.
b= 15 cm. F= 42x15x42= 26460(cm2)
n= 44 bn
3. Thit b n nhit
Din tch b mt trao i nhit: F= Ftr + Fcu
o bng thc nghim ta c:
H= 0.81 m Ftr= .D.h= 3.14x0.4934x0.5633= 0.8727 (m2)
D= 0.4934 m Fcu= 1/2. .D2 =1/2 x 3.14 x 0.49342 =0.3822 (m2)
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
h= 0.5633 m F= 0.8727+0.3822=1.2549 (m2)
Cu 2: Tnh vn tc bng ti trong thit b thanh trng lin tc thanh trng rau qu.
Vn tc bng ti: v= L/(A+B) (m/pht)
Trong :
A: thi gian nng nhit (GV cho s liu).
B: thi gian h nhit (GV cho s liu).
o thc nghim ta c: L= 215 cm.
Cu 3: Tnh din tch b mt trao i nhit ca thit b un nng trc vt:
Din tch b mt trao i nhit: F= d.l
Trong : d: chu ving trong.
l: chiu di.
o bng thc nghim ta c:
d= 50 cm F= 50x112= 5600 (cm2)
l= 112 cm
Cu 5: Tnh s khung v s bn trong h thng my lc khung bn theo tng nguyn
liu u:
Th tch
dch lc
(l)
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
Th tch 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7
50
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
b kh
(%Vdch)
S khung
Bi lm
o thc nghim ta c:
a= 1.85 dm
b= 1.85 dm Vkhung= a.b.c= 1.85x1.85x0.13= 0.444925 (l)
c= 0.13 dm
Vbm = Vb kh /(1-w)
Trong : w= 0.85
S khung n= Vbm / (Vkhung x0.8)
S bn= n + 1
Theo cng thc tnh ton ta c bng sau:
Th tch
dch lc
(l)
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
Th tch
b kh
(%Vdch)
5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7
S khung 936 927 899 852 787 702 689 669 641 605
S bn 937 928 900 853 788 703 690 670 642 606
KT LUN
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
Trn y l ton b bo co ca em trong t thc tp va qua. Qua t thc tp
ny em c thm nhiu kin thc v my v cc quy trnh cng ngh. N l hnh trang
ban u em c th vt qua cc t thc tp tip theo. V quan trong hn l n gip
em b ng khi lm vic ti cc nh my trong tng lai
Em xin cm n cc thy c nhit tnh hng dn chng em trong t thc tp
va qua
Do y l ln u tin i thc tp v tip xc vi my t, ln bi bo co ca em
cn rt nhiu sai st. Mong thy c ch bo thm cho em.
Mc lc
1 RAU QU NG HP: 2
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
1.1 CNG NGH: 2
1.1.1 Chbin rau qu ng hp: 3
1.1.2 Chbin nc qu c c: 4
1.2 THIT B: 5
1.2.1 My nghin 5
1.2.2 Thit b un nng trc vt 6
1.2.3 My ch: 8
1.2.4 Thit b ni hai v: 10
1.2.5 Thit b c c mng, c c chn khng: 12
1.2.6 Mychit chai: 17
1.2.7 Thit b p nt chai: 19
1.2.8 Thit b thanh trng lin tc, thanh trng cao p: 20
1.2.9 My p: 23
1.2.10 Thit b lc khung bn: 25
1.2.11 Thit bn nhit c o trn: 27
1.2.12 Thit b sy hng ngoi: 28
1.2.13 Thit b ghp np hp 30
1.2.14 H thng CIP 31
2 CHBIN SA: 32
2.1 Chbin cc sn phm t sa: 32
2.1.1 Chbin sa: 32
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Bo co thc tp nhn thc
2.1.2 Sn xut phomat: 33
2.2 Cc thit b v nguyn l hot ng: 34
2.2.1 Thit b bo qun sa: 34
2.2.2 Thit b thanh trung sa: 35
2.2.3 My ly tm cht bo sa 40
2.2.4 My ng ha 42
2.2.5 Thng ln men phomat: 43
2.2.6 My dp p phomat: 45
2.2.7 My o trn b: 46
3 PHN BI TP: 48