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ANNUAL REPORT 2008/2009

bicc annual report 2008 2009 - reliefweb.intreliefweb.int/.../6839C018ECA87603492575D3001E04F8-bicc-may2009.… · 4 BICC Annual Report 2008/2009 Preface This year, the Bonn International

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ANNUAL REPORT 2008/2009

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3

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Contents

Preface 4

Foreword 5

Nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation: Chances for a new consensus? 6

Global trends in military expenditure and armed violence 12

The BICC Global Militarization Index (GMI) 18

Project reportsReintegrating guerilla and paramilitaries in Colombia: Monitoring and evaluating its progress 26

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)�����&�7����������������&��������,������� 3���� :�

www.here-there.org: Online communication of and with diaspora organizations 40

A photo exhibition explains: Resources for a fairer world 42

Côte d’Ivoire: Cocoa, oil and diamonds between war and peace 44

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Annual business report 50

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4

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Preface

This year, the Bonn International Center for Conver-sion (BICC) is celebrating its 15th anniversary. This

is an excellent opportunity for me to express my sin-������������������&���7�&�����������33��%/��3�����������3��<����������$���&&��&���to development and peace. Furthermore, it is also an �0�����������������(����������

BICC was founded at the end of the Cold War. The international community of states was undergoing � ����� �3 ��������� +���� ����7� <��� ���-ing place, both with regard to established structures and in people’s minds—and there was a need for an academic appraisal of this situation. The govern-ment of North Rhine-Westphalia used this opportunity to establish BICC. It was not simply by chance that it ���� %��� � �� �������� %/�� �0�&���D�� %���E��<���D��<�������������������0����<������;���������������#������������<����������������organizations, science and research.

BICC soon developed to become one of the leading German and internationally recognized peace and ���9������������������ /����������������to its strong contacts with national and international partners. The importance of such strategic partner-ships in a fast-moving age was demonstrated when BICC and the Philosophical Faculty of Bonn University agreed to cooperate at the end of last year. The two institutions are conducting joint research projects, ex-����7��7������D��0������������7���������Einfrastructures. They are transferring research results to practical teaching in a close dialogue and are sup-porting students at bachelor, master’s and doctoral ��$�� �� ����� D��� �3 ������� 5�� ��& � �� 3���������7������������&�����D���3��������������

Meanwhile, considerable progress has been made ��<��� �����������7 ��� .��,2�� ���9��� ������&�������%/��������&�����9���=;����all: on the contrary. The Center has succeeded in po-sitioning itself for the future. Unfortunately, the hopes for a more peaceful world have not been realized. The struggle for peace has become a constant fac-tor in our day and age. We are living in a globalized world, many areas of which are characterized by new ���������7���������7�����7�3����F�������(#

weapons and wars, violence and terrorism, injustice and wrongs. The precautionary study of new ques-tions is not only a political necessity, but also a huge �������7�#<����%/����������7<���7������&&��-ment. For example, BICC has earned itself a prominent position in the relatively new topic area of migration research. The discussion on international migration is often shrouded in diverse fears and catastrophe sce-�����#&����7 ����3D���� ��������� ���7����� ���objectively. BICC sees its role in this context as an ini-������<������<,��<����������������������������?��������7�����<�������������

5��������3G�������������9���H3��&�3������3����3%/��E<��� 5����$��$��������������(�of the problems resulting from the shortage of natu-��� ����������� 3����������7( ����%/�� �not only gaining new insights, but is also developing recommendations for political action in the practical �����0� 5���%/��E�����&��� ;�#%/����������compared with other university research institutions, research centers associated with ministries, or private ���������(D�& /���������?������������������-�����������������9���������� 2�����������that such a research institution is located in North Rhine-Westphalia.

/<���� ������<��%/����������������������������3 ��� ���������������� ���7�� �������������E���������<���

Professor Dr. Andreas Pinkwart!������3�� /���$�����#�������#����������5���-nology of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia

5

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Foreword

BICC (Bonn International Center for Conversion) will be 15 years old in 2009. It was founded in 1994 on

the initiative of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW).

With our Annual Report 2008/2009, we want to inform (�������%/��E�����������$���������D����3��-plied research, advisory services and training at the nexus between peace and development worldwide.

Unfortunately, many of the hopes, which were placed in the term ‘conversion’ 15 years ago have not been realized. This is demonstrated in the data part of the Annual Report, which shows worldwide trends in de-3����0���������#��&�����9������&�������"����� +�������(������7#<���$������������������"�and structure of a state’s military apparatus can have ��������������9�����������&����������&��development, as well as on violent internal and ex-���������9��� 5��+�����!�������"�����/���06+!/8#<�����������������3�����D����&�#����������an aid to all those who wish to study this nexus more closely.

I� C ���� ����# J� �������� %����� I��&� ��-������� �� ���7 G &�����E ��&&��&��� �� ���the peace and security of a world without nuclear <�����H 2�����.��������#�� '�(������������-��#3��&�������(J;��������(,+���������&�&���of BICC’s International Board considers whether and how the Obama Administration can ring in a new era of disarmament.

“When old concepts are no longer effective, it is all ���&��� �&������� ����$������< ����H<� '�-hannes Rau’s, Germany’s former Bundespräsident,advice on the occasion of BICC’s tenth anniversary. The projects which we are presenting in this Annual Report are evidence that we have heeded his words.

5��.J,3������/ ��. �.���/;)I�I;����������devoted to the topic of migration and the diaspora—new territory for BICC. An international conference ����������������,�����&�7�����������,�������Africa, with special focus on migration and security.

5�� ������������� G��77��7 3�� �����H ���3������#which was organized by BICC in cooperation with the

Fatal Transactions (FT) campaign, a study on the situ-ation in Côte d’Ivoire, and the exhibition “Natural Re-�����3���)�����2����H���������������������-tween the extraction of natural resources and armed ���9�������������������������

An academic project on ethnic federalism studied ���������������������������3���������(������9���resolution. A further research project analyzed how the societal and democratic control of private sol-diers can function in a war region.

But the ‘classical’ topics of conversion, such as de-mobilization and reintegration, small arms control and �����������&�&�����&�������$���������������with ‘new ideas’. For example, one project studies <����&�����������33�����������,���9�����-riod. A further project sets out to help to supervise and evaluate the reintegration of thousands of demobi-lized ex-combatants in Colombia.

The Annual Report also presents BICC’s projects on small arms control in Ghana and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as well as in cooperation with ��� .�� 3����� ��&&����( 6. �8 � �������������conference discussed new opportunities for a com-promise in the nuclear dispute with Iran following the �������������J����������

The message remains—disarmament releases funds which can be used to combat poverty. Conversion ensures that these resources can be redirected and used to the best possible advantage. In a time when ��� <��� G����7�H �� ����� �� � ��< &�����7#shouldn’t we address the term ‘conversion’ all the more courageously? After all, the problems of peace and development cannot be solved without conver-sion—conversion with regard to policies and with re-gard to thoughts and actions.

2��� ��� ����� ������ ��������� <� <���� ���� ��present our activities and new ideas and to invite you to enter into the discussion.

Peter J. CrollDirector of BICC

6

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Nuclear disarmament andnon-proliferation:Chances for a new consensus?

It was the Winter of discontent for the disarmament ��&&����( %���3�����<��2�������������7��

far behind?

The eight years of the Bush-Cheney Administration in ���J�����������<����(�������������������-ular in recent times. More importantly for the world, it was one of the most negative in recent history as far as nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation is con-cerned. On nuclear disarmament, it rejected the con-cept of negotiated disarmament agreements with $���D������K����7���� ��� ���%�������!����6 %!85����( �����������(K ��3��� �� ����&�� ��� ��&���-����$�;������5��%��5����(6�5%58�����������3�� ����D������K ��$���� ���������������(�3����-structive dialogue with the Democratic People’s Re-�������31����6���18���/���K�77���$��(��������� %������� !���� ��3��� 6%!�8 (��& ���$����7��������)���������#���<������������C;����-ar Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference ensuring also that no agreed language could go into ������CJ;��&&������&���������������

Moreover, the de-emphasis on nuclear weapons in the security doctrines of the major powers after the Cold War was replaced by a fresh salience for these <����� 5��<��$��������������J����������-ture review and the attempts by the Bush-Cheney �&���������� �� ��$���� ��� ����� ;������ .�������������� 6�;.�8L� ��< ������� M������ �����Eweapon—and the Reliable Replacement Warhead 6��28�����3<����<�����<������( ���J����-gress. China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom continue to modernize their nuclear arsenals while paying lip service to nuclear disarmament. Israel, In-���������������������<���������������<�����development.

��������&��,F���# �������$���������������&������ �� ������,�����3�������D����<��� 5��F��> 7����)��&�<�������3��"�������1E��-clear program was inadequately implemented, and as the Bush-Cheney Administration adopted a trucu-lent attitude toward Pyongyang, the DPRK withdrew from the NPT and tested a nuclear weapon. Through renewed diplomatic engagement rather late in the

Bush Presidency, the DPRK again halted its weapons ���7��&���������������3$���D���(�������7��capabilities.

/���E $�������� �3 �� /������������ ��&�� .���7( 7���(6/ . 8�3�7�����7���&���������������7�������$����������&������������������D�����3�������(������� �����������$�������������that its plans for nuclear power may lead to nuclear weapons. There is no doubt that the problem cannot be solved unilaterally and requires a political and dip-lomatic process in which all sides must cooperate and compromise. The attitude of the Bush-Cheney Admin-istration to Iran was hardly conducive for this.

5����<��������$� ��$����&���# ��������7 *��(�Eannouncement that it has abandoned its weapons of mass destruction programs. The continuing progress of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program, the ��$����&��� �3 ��� �����3������� �������( /�������$�#and the Additional Protocol also contribute to greater nuclear security. Yet they cannot, separately or to-gether, stem the tide of proliferation that arises from the political and military value attached to nuclear weapons.

Time for renewed action on nuclear disarmament

The time for renewed action on nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation has come. Now more than ever, it is apparent that these are inhumane weapons of terror—weapons in fact intended most of all to in-timidate those who do not possess them. Their actual use—predicated in the nuclear doctrines of the Unit-�������������;���� �������5����(I�7���"�����(NATO)—will entail unprecedented destruction of hu-man lives and ecological damage with genetic con-sequences.

The Obama Administration has been elected decisively �����J�����������������3��&�3����7� 5����been universally welcomed. The change we need must now come in the vital security area of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons must be devalued as the ultimate currency of power. This can be achieved only by their elimination. There are no safe hands for weapons as destructive as nuclear weapons.

7

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

“There are no safe hands for weapons ���������$���������<����� H

5�7������������������# �� �������(�������international community reestablish a consensus on a balanced and aggressive program of action on non-proliferation and disarmament and muster the politi-cal will necessary to implement it.

In response to the challenges facing the non-prolif-eration and disarmament system, based on a pro-����&����(&���&(D���(����J�����;�����J����,��������(,+������3������&�&��� 33���#����<���� 7�$���&��� ���� �� ��� ��� �3 ��7���"��7a 14-member Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) ��&&���� /� <� ������� �( �� ��� %��0 ���Canberra Commission, in which I served, said in 1996:

“Nuclear weapons are held by a handful of states which insist that these weapons ���$��� ���?�� ������( ����D� ��� (��reserve uniquely to themselves the right to own them. This situation is highly discrimina-���( ��� ��� �������K �� ������ �� �-tained. The possession of nuclear weapons by any state is a constant stimulus to other ��������?�������& H1

The WMD Commission reiterates this adding that “so long as any such weapons remain in any state’s ar-����# ����� � � ��7� ��� ���� ���( <��� ��� ��( ��used, by design or accident. Any such use would be ����������� H2

5��2!���&&��������$������D������������@�����D�����&&������������������(+������1�D ���� �� '��� ���@ ��� �� ��� J; )��� ��&&�����later that year.

A global consensus on disarmament and non-prolifer-ation, as utopian and elusive as it may seem to some, has been achieved in the past and can be achieved once again. To be sure, such consensus requires con-vergence of political will on the part of the most pow-erful states. There are signs that given the seriousness �3����������7�#��(������&�(����7��"��������-

1 5�� �������� ��&&���� �3 ��� .��&������� �3 ;������Weapons. Available at <http://www.ccnr.org/canberra.html>. Accessed 5 March 2009.

2 Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission. 2006. Final report: ‘Weapons of Terror: Freeing the World of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Arms E��������&#�<����#F'���

sponsibilities in helping to promote action and restore consensus about how to buttress the NPT.

Chances for a new consensus around the NPT?

5�� ����7� �� ��������� �� ��� J����� ����� <���the Obama Presidency plus the change in leader-ship in Russia, and developments elsewhere provide a ���?������������(3�������������7�������������-ing the fractured consensus around the NPT.

I��>I����������#J�����;����� 6J;8��������(,General Ban Ki-moon made an important speech on G5��J�����;���������������(���;������,2���-��,)���2����H��;�<A��� /�������������?��$�-cally that “a world free of nuclear weapons would be �7�����������7����3�����7��������H: and went ����&����D$�������������3�������������&�-ment.

���������������&��������(��3�$���37�����$���D-able action to reduce the nuclear weapons danger. Civil society organizations and leading legislators can ��� &�� <��� ���������( �� ��"� ��� ����������(ahead of the next and very pivotal NPT Review Con-ference in 2010 to ensure that the right decisions are �������������������7�����������&�&������non-proliferation bargain for this generation and for generations yet to come.

The one treaty, which attempts a combination of the disarmament and arms control aspects is the NPT, which is the world’s most widely subscribed-to arms treaty. It openly accepts two categories of states par-���L�������<���������6;2�8������,�������<���������6;;2�8 /����&�3�������&�&�����������# ;2� ��� ���( �0������ �� ��7������ ���reduction and elimination of their weapons whereas ;;2����������(3������������?�������<�������� ��� /������������ ��&��.���7( 7���( 6/ . 8is empowered to enter into arrangements with them when peaceful uses of nuclear energy are involved, to verify there is no diversion for non-peaceful purpos-� 3�����&�����������������#;2�������-

: J;��������(,+������%��1�,&���E����� ��$�������at <http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/sgsm11881.doc.htm>. Accessed on 5 March 2009.

8

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

G ���������������(������D�������3�������&�&���approach and a non-proliferation approach can save the �����( H

mitted to retain their weapons with the restraints that apply through other bilateral and multilateral treaties. ;;2����������(�����������������������������of acquiring nuclear weapons but can only have nu-���������7(��������/ . �3�7����

This discriminatory approach creating an apartheid (��&���<���;2����;;2��������������of tensions within the NPT. They have exacerbated over the 40 year history of the Treaty. At this juncture ���( � �����D������ �3 ��� ����&�&��� ��������and a non-proliferation approach can save the Treaty. This is especially important because impend-ing climate change is driving many countries towards �����������7( ��� M������� ���������E ��<�$��the technologies of peaceful uses and non-peaceful ����������7�����������������&����&��� More importantly nuclear disarmament was endorsed by President Obama in his campaign. The translation of those campaign promises into policy will lead the world into the only viable normative approach with regard to WMD—their total and universal elimination ����������$���D������

The role of the nuclear weapon in international relations

The centrality of the role of the nuclear weapon in Cold War international relations is returning almost two decades after that phase of global politics end-�� )��� 3�����&�(�� ������D��� ������7 �� ���situation.

5��D������������<7���������3����������������-rorism (as distinct from national terrorist movements) <���� �&��7�� �� FF �����&��� ���F <��� �� &�-ticulous transcontinental planning has raised the real threat of nuclear terrorism. Actual evidence of terrorist 7�������� �,N���������7����?�����������&�-��������7�����<�������������7��$��������3�� N 1���E ���<��� �3 ���������� ��������� �� &�����nuclear technology and nuclear materials gives this threat credence.

The second is that on the basis of the incontrovertible ������D� �$������ �3 ���&��� ����7� �����7� ���indiscriminate use of fossil fuels, as embodied in the

reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), there is a ‘ nuclear renaissance’ or a heightened interest in the use of nuclear energy. While the peaceful uses of nuclear energy is an ‘in-alienable right’ under Article IV of the NPT, alarm bells �������7���7���������������3���������D��-wall between peaceful and non-peaceful uses of nuclear energy. A plethora of proposals are being put forward on proliferation-resistant technology and on internationalizing the fuel cycle so as to discourage national uranium enrichment facilities or plutonium re-processing.

Third, there have been proven instances of nuclear weapon proliferation among NPT parties beginning <���/��?E����������2!����7��&#<�������/ . ��� J����� ;����� ������� ��&&���� 6J;��I!8�����(���3������D��+��32�� I��������;�5#/�-���������������$���$��������������<�����capability and it is credibly assumed that Israel has had nuclear weapons for some time.

Finally, the nuclear doctrines of some nuclear weapon states have now adopted the actual and pre-emp-tive use of nuclear weapons even against non-nu-clear weapon states and not just their political use as a weapon of deterrent value. This change occurred during the Bush-Cheney Administration and has been followed by proposals for the development of nuclear weapons designed for use. Today, in the absence of transparent declarations by nuclear weapon states, it is estimated more than 25,000 nuclear weapons ex-�� �� ���<����F�#F�:�3 ���&����7�����(��<��-heads ready to be launched. With the CTBT not in force only a brittle voluntary moratorium prevents fur-���������7�����D��&����3�������<���������-����7�� +����������3��7��(��������������&������&��������F:O����6�0������7:>@���&�����for down blending). About 500 tons of separated plu-tonium also exist. These are two essential ingredients ����7���&����������<��������<������������-duction is not prohibited by the NPT, their safe custody ������<�(����� 5������������������$��250,000 nuclear bombs in more than 40 countries.

All of the above point to a highly dangerous situation. To cope with this threat to international peace and

9

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

G 3���&�������D$��������3����#�����&�3����������7

�3�������<�������D����(�������� H

A world without nuclear weapons

P������(#/����������(���<������$������ &��-���E��&&��&�������������������������(�3a world without nuclear weapons. This goal will not �� ������� ?�����(L������ ��� �� &( ��3���&� /�<��������������������������� %����<<�#���#must ignore the voices who tell us that the world can-not change.

)���# ��� J����� ����� <��� ���� �������� ��� ��-ward a world without nuclear weapons.

5���������������2���������7#<�<���������the role of nuclear weapons in our national securi-�( �����7(�����7������ ���� ��� �&� !�����&������� ���7�����<������0��#<�<���maintain a safe, secure and effective arsenal to de-ter any adversary, and guarantee that defense to our allies—including the Czech Republic. But we will ��7�����<����3�������7���������

5����������<�����������������#<�<�����-gotiate a new strategic arms reduction treaty with Russia this year. President Medvedev and I began �������� ��*�����#���<��� ������<�7���-ment by the end of this year that is legally binding, ����3D������(���� 5��<����������7�3��3���������#���<�<�������������������������<�����states in this endeavor.

To achieve a global ban on nuclear testing, my Ad-ministration will immediately and aggressively pursue J�����D�������3�����&�������$�5��%��5����( 3��� &��� ���� D$� ������ �3 ����# �� � ��&� 3����������7�3�������<�������D����(��������

�� �� ��� �33 ��� �������7 ����� ������ 3�� ���&�#���J����������<���������<�����(����$���D���(��� ��������������3 D���&������� ��-tended for use in state nuclear weapons. If we are serious about stopping the spread of these weap-ons, then we should put an end to the dedicated production of weapons grade materials that create them.

������# ��7�����# <� <��� ����7���� ��� �������Non-Proliferation Treaty as a basis for cooperation.

The basic bargain is sound: countries with nuclear weapons will move toward disarmament, countries <�������������<�����<��������?�������&K���all countries can access peaceful nuclear energy. To strengthen the Treaty, we should embrace several principles. We need more resources and authority to strengthen international inspections. We need real and immediate consequences for countries caught �������7�����������(��7�����$����5����(<���-out cause.

��<� �������������< 3��&�<��� 3����$����-clear cooperation, including an international fuel ����#�������������������������3����<��<��������������7�������3�����3������� 5���&��be the right of every nation that renounces nuclear <�����#��������(��$������7���������&����-ing on peaceful programs. No approach will suc-ceed if it is based on the denial of rights to nations that play by the rules. We must harness the power of nuclear energy on behalf of our efforts to combat climate change, and to advance opportunity for all people.

Cited from the speech by US President Barack Obama

����Q��(�?����Prague, Czech Republic5 April 2009

Available at <http://prague.usembassy.gov/obama.html>. Accessed 5 March 2009.

10

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

“To cope with this threat to international peace and security and the very ��$�$���3��&����(<���$������������������$�&����������������� H

security and the very survival of humanity we have to ���������������$�&������������������������(�3-fective and durable way out of this crisis.

A Nuclear Weapons Convention in draft form is on the agenda of the UN General Assembly proposed by Costa Rica and Malaysia. It is ready for negotia-���� ��� ��� <��� ���� ��&� �� ����� ���� ��� ���-rity of all states—nuclear weapon and non-nuclear <�����L� 7��������� ��� ���� ���?���� $���D-cation procedures are put in place. The path to zero nuclear weapons must begin with the legal abolition of all nuclear weapons—as it did with biological and chemical weapons.

.0��������������I��&� �&����������

The Obama Administration has come to power amidst 7�����0��������� 5����0���������<�������D���( ��� ���D�&����� ������7 �3 ��������( �3 �����������(�������<�����&����� ����&�� ����5%5����� ������ ��� ��7�7� ��� ����� 7�$���&��� ��negotiations for new nuclear arms reduction treaties. Although the former Arms Control and Disarmament 7���( 6 �� 8 �3 ��� ������&��� �3 �����L��-mantled by the Clinton Administration in a Faustian bargain with the Republicans—has not been restored there have been some good appointments of experts ���<���7������������������&�&������

��<�$��# ����������<����� ����(��������-��$� ��������$�����������7���7�������J���-clear weapon arsenal is ageing and requires renova-����K��������0����<���<������0��������������-ing and need to be replaced with new recruitment �������J�������(������(���������(�����-ible nuclear deterrent.

The Global Zero campaign launched in Paris in De-cember 2008 with many prestigious names came out, as an anticlimax, with a road map with elimination ���7����3����:C�3���������3 �����&�������� 5��(�����3��&��7��<������������������<��-�������&���������������3(��7����5%5#������-��7�5 �5F�����3�������7���J����������������

�&������( ��� ������������� D������� ���� ���77�����33�(J�D�����������������2���������7������preoccupied Obama’s attention. But when the nu-�����<�������&���0����&���������J�RC����-�����(���6&�������<������J��������������on international diplomacy and foreign assistance) �����7�&���3���������&��������&�����

An article at the beginning of 2009 in Foreign Policy in Focus by Darwin BondGraham and Will Parish entitled G ���,�������;�������&H<�����#G5��I��&� �-&���������� � �����(����������������(����<�����‘anti-nuclear nuclearism’. Anti-nuclear nuclearism is a foreign and military policy that relies upon over-<���&��7J���<��#��������7����������������#���&�����������������$��&����������$���&&��-&���������&�&���#��<�$��$�7���(��D��� �-ti-nuclear nuclearism thrives as a school of thought in �$�������������������$����7��9������3����7������(���������������7������������3���� .$��the national nuclear weapons development labs in New Mexico and California have been avid support-��������3����3��H 4

Re-emergence of the debate over nuclear weapons

2�����&2�������������3�����/������)���S������������ /������������� 6/)�/8 <��� � �����7� 3���reasons for the re-emergence of the debate over nu-�����<��������D$����������������&�������of nuclear weapons before concluding with lowered expectations of “the international nuclear order’s ������"����� ��� ��� �$������� �3 ���( ������H5.�����D����(# 2����� ������� ���� �� ��� ��� �3 ���I��&� D�� ���& ����� <��� ��$� ���� G6P8 �� &���-tary use of nuclear weapons anywhere, no threshold-crossing by Iran, no discovery of additional clandes-tine programmes, no resumption of serious arms rac-ing among the great powers (including in space) and

4 Darwin BondGraham and Will Parrish. 2009. “Anti-nuclear Nuclearism.” Foreign Policy in Focus F�'�����( $���������T�������<<< 3��3 ��7�3��3�0��CO��U �������C!����2009.

5 2�����& 2����� ���� G��������,����� I��&� ���;����������&�&��� %��<���.��&������������������ H�����3������� ����� /������ )���S�� �� ��������/������������� $������� �� T�������<<< �3�� ��7�D�����������V��3����2�����VI��&�V�������V����&�&��� pdf>. Accessed on 5 March 2009.

11

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

7�����������7������3����������������D�����������G�����7�&���3���������&��������&����� H

�� '�(���������������3��&�������(J;��������(,+���������&�&����3%/��EInternational Board

a record of co-operation with Russia, China, France, India and the UK in pegging nuclear arsenals to low numbers of weapons (…) a reasonably successful NPT Review Conference in 2010 (…) progress in bringing the CTBT into force and negotiating the FMCT (…) a ����7������ �0���� ������� ��� / . �3�7����(��&H6 ����� �<��������&�����$��33����3���campaign for a nuclear weapon-free will end four years hence?

Meanwhile, the recent mid-Atlantic collision between nuclear-armed submarines of France and the United Kingdom remind us of the scary potential of nuclear accidents. The global disarmament community, especially in civil society, must be vigilant of this trend ��7������������������(��7���M����������(�3hope’ which brought in the Obama Administration. It will certainly not ensure the success of the NPT Review Conference of 2010, let alone prevent the feared cascade of proliferation especially to terrorist groups.

Dr. Jayantha Dhanapala

6 ibd.

12

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Global trends in military expenditureand armed violence

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defenseexpenditures

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Figure 1: Military vs. development spending in I.����������#���O#���������J�������

The overall growth of global military expenditure ��������������O#��������(���3��<������&-

�������$�����<��$������� �������7�������-���&/������������������������ /�������6�/��/81,���&�������������7�����J�RF ::��������#<�����a real-term increase of six percent in comparison to 2006 and of 45 percent since 1998.

�&�� O� ������� �3 <����<��� ��3��� ����-��7LJ� R�F�#� �������L��� �� ���������� �� ��� :�&�&��������3���I�7���������3.����&����,��������� ��� ��$����&��� 6I.��8 %( ��&����-��# ���� �&� �������� ���� J� RF�:#C ��������� �3D���� ��$����&��� ������� 6I� 8 �� ���O �����# �� �$���7� &������( ������7 �<��3�� ��-velopment expenditure by a factor of nine (see Fig-ure 1). As ODA has somewhat decreased over the last years whereas military expenditure is on the rise, the gap between resources spent on the military and resources spent on development is therefore becoming larger.

1 ����SIPRI Yearbook 2008.

Faster growth rates for threshold countries

�/��/ ����� ���# ��� ��,��7��� <��� ��� 3����7��<�������$�����������(���������.�����.�����# &����( ��� �� ��� �0������ �3 &������( ��-senals in Russia, on the one hand, as well as to mod-ernization programs within the armed forces of new NATO members, on the other. Moreover, countries with the most rapid increases in defense spending were by and large those with, simultaneously, the fastest growing economies—an observation, which we elaborated upon in last year’s Annual Report. Most relevant here are the so-called threshold coun-tries in Asia such as India, Indonesia, Malaysia and, particularly, China. By way of contrast, the regions with the lowest growth rate in military expenditure �$�� ��� ��� �<� (��� <��� 2����� .����� ���Central America.

J�&������(������7�0���������

/�����������&#��������7�����������������-ing power parity, the countries to devote most re-������������&��3����<������J����������#�����#����# /����#������J�����1��7��& ��<-�$��# �� 7����� ��&������# J� &������( ������7remains exceptional. Not only has it doubled since ���F# ��� �� J� RCO�#: ������� �� ���O �� ���������for almost 45 percent of total defense expenditure worldwide.

���������J�&������(������7���������������-����� /�����#����������3�������7���3J�R>�F�������������������������(�3J�RF����������� D����� ��� ��7���7 M7����� <�� �� ������E )��2009 the approved base budget of the Pentagon �&������J�RCF:�������#<����L<��������������9�����L������7��������������32����2��// Including the expected extra-budgetary funding for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, military spending in ����<��������3������������������#�7���#�0�������expenditure of the previous year.

;������ ��� ��<�( ������� J� �&���������� �������������%�����I��&�<�������&�����<���-draw troops from Iraq and continually emphasizes ��� ���� �3 ��� J����� ����� � � M�3� ��<��E# ���

13

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

GJ�&������(������7������<������������������#�7���#�0�������

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)�7����������7��������7��#���@B��F�#���������J���������� 7����� D������� ����#which has propelled the J� 7�$���&��� �� ������&�� J� R��� ������� ��� M��&��� �����7�E 3����� �����&(# ��� �����( ��fundamentally reverse the trend of an annually grow-��7J�&������(���7����������� ���& %����� I��&�never promised any cuts to defense spending. On the contrary: his budget pro-posal for 2010, which was �3D�����( ��������� �� �@February 2009, stipulates a base budget for the Pen-��7�� �3 J� RC::#O �������#which is an increase of four percent in comparison to 2008 (see Figure 2).

Military trends in Germany: .0�������������0����

The German military budget has grown steadily since ���@ )����<��7����������3WF O�������3��&����������#������<��������������W:F ��������L�level which is to be sustained up to at least 2012. This &������+��&����3���������&�����������largest ministry in terms of government resource allo-������6��)�7���:8 5����7�����������; 5I���-teria for military expenditure, which in addition con-siders certain allotments to other ministerial budgets, German military spending would be even higher, ef-3����$��(�&������7��W:: C�������

�������������������3 ���&������(���7��LWC :billion—is devoted to purchasing new weapons sys-tems. Indeed, investments for weapons acquisitions ��$����������(�C��������������O !����$��#the Bundeswehr have also stepped up their efforts to ‘outsource’ secondary military functions to the private sector: whereas the 2006 budget allotted €651 million to commercial contractors, in 2009 this D7����������������WF C������� 2�������������increase of the number of Bundeswehr soldiers in

37�������3��&:#C����>#C��#<����<������$��by the Parliament in October 2008, it can also be ex-pected that costs for military missions abroad—€911 &������ �� ���OL<��� 3������ 7��< �$�� ��� ��&��7years.

�������7 �� ��� ����� �& .0���� ������ 6G�--tungsexportbericht”) published by the German government, the total value of approved licenses 3�� +��&�� ��& �0���� �&������ �� W� O ������������O��������� ���������( ���7��(������-����.����������@6��)�7���>8 5������7��(���to the growing cooperation of the German arms in-����( <��� ����� .������� ��& &���3������� /�therefore particularly refers to increasing exports of single components of weapons systems, which are assembled abroad. By contrast, the direct export of &������(<�����<�$�������WF �:������������therewith slightly decreased in comparison to previ-ous years.

Marc von Boemcken

14

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

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Trends in armed violence

The report on the “Global Burden of Armed Vio-�����H#<����<���������������(����#�������study armed violence as a whole, and not only from ���������3$��<�3$������������9�����������2. The ����� ��� ��&������� ������ ���( 3��� �<���-ness on countries, which have previously not been ����������3&������������� 5��������D�������&������������������� 3�������������� &���-ca have an enormously high homicide rate although ���(��������������(�33������(����&�����9��� It illustrates how important it is to consider homicides <���� ��� ��� ����� �( ���9���# ��� � &�����and disappearances, in addition to homicides due �������(�����������(�����9����������3����<,�������9��� 5�� ������ �������� ���� ��� ��&��� �3��&����� ��� �� $������� ������ ���9��� ���� ��$������&���7���������<��������9���#<����-�( ��7�� <����� ��� ��� ���&��( ������7 �����&���used in most cases. Furthermore, armed violence is

2 The Report “Global Burden of Armed Violence” was pub-lished in May 2008 by the Geneva Declaration with the �������3�������3����&��� �&���$�( /���$�������at <http://www.genevadeclaration.org/>.

responsible for a huge loss of human capital and pro-ductivity.

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As far as political violence in 2008 was concerned, ��� ���9���%���&���� �3��� ���������7 /������� 3��/������������ ���9��� ��-�����L�//1: registered 144 $������ ���9���# D$� 3�<��than in the previous year. This suggests a turn in the trend towards an increase �� $������ ���9��� ��� ��recent years. The panora-ma continues to be domi-����� �( �������� ���9��� When considering the three �(���3$���������9�����-D����( ����//1 6����<���

������������3 �������$�������# �$�������<���the repeated and organized use of violence, and war with the regular and systematic use of violence with massive destruction) there was a shift away from cri-ses towards a slight increase in the other two types �3���9��� 5���//1 ������D���������9����<�� 5��� �������� ��.����� ���+���7���,�����<��#�� 3���� ��� ��$�� <�� �� ����# ����� 6���3��8 �����&����#�� �����<���3��������$��$��7���*55.6*���������5�7���35�&��.���&8�����*�������������9������<������&��������7�$���&��������-����#��������!�����.�������$��<���� 37����-���#/��?���5����(

This means that in 2008, too, the challenges facing the international community did not become less. In-ternational missions are active in most of the above regions, ranging from humanitarian aid and peace-������7 �� �0����$� ��&��� ��������� ��� � ��Iraq and Afghanistan. In addition to the United Na-������� ����$����������������J����������#���.�������J��������� �������� ���������

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15

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

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“International crisis prevention continues to focus primarily on military

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in international crisis regions with its own missions. Nev-ertheless, international crisis prevention continues to focus primarily on military solutions to crises and con-9��� 5�������,��������������7�3$���������9�����3����$�������� 5�������������G+�����%������3 �&��4�������H������� �������?������3armed violence, both inside and outside the context �3<��������9���#����������������<�&���-tant it is to attach more importance to this topic and ������7������$�����9����������7��������$�

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/���&&������#��&�����9�����&�����������-����.������������������3��&��((���<���������&��� ��� ��������� ���3��������� ���<���+���7�� ��� ���� �������� ���� ���� <�� ����������7# ����� ��� ���� ��������7 ������ �$�� ������$���� �3 ����� I����# <���� ��� ���� ���$��73�� ������ ����� ����� �������� +���7�� �������� �� &��$� ������ �( +���7��� ����� �������I���� �� �7�� 2������ 3�<��( ���(��-������ ����� I���� ��� ��$����� 3�� ���� +���-gian core territory. Furthermore, Russia imposed a

&�����&� �������� �� +���7�� ��� �������� ��������������<�(���$�����3 ����"�� %������claimed that the other had violated international law. Intensive crisis diplomacy managed to persuade the �<��������������������3���D$���( ��<�$��#����E����7�������3�����I������� ����"���independent states has made it virtually impossible to ��$����?�������3��������3����<�������<�(provinces. Nicaragua is the only other state to recog-nize their independence.

The war was politically explosive because the topic of Georgia’s NATO accession had been on the agen-�����(���������7 ���+���7��������(����&��member of NATO, the mutual assistance pact within ��� �������<������$��������(��$��$��.��������North America in a war with Russia. For years, Russia ������&����7���������������7���+���7��E��-cession to NATO as a threat to its security. In retrospect, �����$�������<�������������������3���.�-ropeans to fundamentally approve Georgia’s acces-sion but to defer the actual date. The war caught the .���������������(���<��������,���,����������$�����������7�I��.#.J���J;&����3����� The fact that Russia was not unprepared for the war is

demonstrated by its fast and precise coun-���,������# <���� ��� ���( �� �0�������by the preventive, mass stationing of Rus-���������������7��� .$������(#����������$��7��3D���� �����$��� �������7�����3$��������������I���� /���&������to say at the moment what consequences the stationing of large formations of Russian troops in the two provinces will have for re-7�����������(��3��.���������&���������7�&� <����� ��� 3��&�<��� �3 ��� �).��� �).�������

�������(��/��?���<����������(���terror

The situation in Iraq remains dramatic in (���D$� 3����<��7���J�,������������ ���$������<�����&�����E%������7�&� Although the security situation in 2008 had improved compared with the two previous years, according to information from “Iraq %��( �����H# �#��� ������ ��$�������

16

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Num

ber o

f bat

tle d

eath

200,000

:��#���

400,000

500,000

600,000

O��#���

800,000

100,000

)�7���C�%�������������$���������9����3��7��������(F�>@B���O

1946

1949

1952

1955

1958

1961

1964

F�@O

F�O�

F�O:

F�O@

F�O�

1982

1985

1988

1996

F��O

2000

���:

2006

1991

%����������F�>@B���Cb)

���9����3��7��������(a)

46 9449

9552

9555

9558

9661

9664

�@O@O �OO

��O 88 9985 9882 98O� 98O@ �OO: �O 9991 96 ���

O000

0���

:000

6

G5������������/��?��&������&������(���D$�3����<��7���J�,���������������$������<�����&�����E%������7�&� H

�8���9����3��7���������(����9���%���&��������#�//1 T�������<<< ���� ���������9�������&�������3�

���9���%���&����V���� ��3U

b) Battle deaths: PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset version 2.0 T�������<<< ���� ������2�������� �&��,���9����%�����,

Deaths/The-Battle-Deaths-Dataset-version-20/>

�����$����������� 5��J;�������������<����3a serious humanitarian crisis in the country. The num-ber of internally displaced persons is still estimated to be approximately 2.8 million. In addition, there are approximately two million refugees in neighboring �������� 5���������(�������E&�����������J�,led Multi-National Force (MNF-I) expired at the end of 2008 and was replaced by a stationing agreement, which provides for the withdrawal of foreign troops by ��F� '����<�����(�������������/��?�������<��������3�����7����<���&���������������7����<��� 5����� ����� �������� �� �33���$� �7����PKK positions in Northern Iraq lasting several days.

The stabilization of Iraq thus plays an important role in stabilizing the entire region. The streams of refugees both within and out of Iraq are the biggest in the re-gion since the 1948 Israeli-Arab war and are having

a destabilizing effect on neighboring countries. The continued presence of Islamic terrorism in Iraq in the 3��&�3 �,N������� �������������������7����poses not only a danger to regional stability but per-����$����������������(�3.����� ��������������������7������&�����!�����.��#3���0�&-ple the question of uranium enrichment in Iran and the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, are ���&���������(������9�����/��? 5��.�������must therefore be all the more interested in forcing the pace of a solution in conjunction with the United �����������/��?�7�$���&���#���<�����������-��7���J����������3��&�������������(3��������-sequences of its anti-regime war. A peaceful Middle .�������$���7����������������������( ��.�����

17

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

G5�����9������<������!�0����drug cartels and the Mexican

state has now developed into a ��������� H

�������(:����7<����!�0���

Mexico has been subjected to a very eventful history �������������3�0��������<���$���������9����$���������������(��� ��������!�0������$���-tion in the 1920s, diverse guerrilla groups have repeat-edly fought against the state and for revolutionary change in various regions. No one would have ex-����������������9���<���������7������#<����use Mexico as a transit country for smuggling drugs ���� ��� J����� �����# <���� ��$���� ���� � ��������� ��������3���O#�����<�(�������!�0����President Filipe Caldéron called for a war against the ���7&�D�������������>C#������������C#��������� �3D��� !��� ���� C#��� ������ ���� �� ������9��������� 5��$����&�����������7�(����������$�����<�������� ������7&�D�E&���������-sciously accept or who are the ‘collateral damage’ of excessive military operations.

5�� ���9��� <��� ��� ���7 ������ � ����7 ����&-panied by a steady deterioration in public security. ���7 <��� ��&�� ����# ���������7 ��< ��� ���greatest security problem today, affecting almost all societal groups. The ransoms demanded are often as ��<�C��J������� 5��D7��� 9����������<���@C���C�����������7���&���� /�&�������������� ��� ��� ����D�� � ������ �� ���7�� �����$�that the state is able to solve the problems. This is also demonstrated by the high level of crime—over 95 per-cent—which go unpunished. A further expression of the poor security situation is the large number of jour-nalists who have been murdered. Most of them have lost their lives because of their research into drug &�77���7���&�D�,����������&� 2�������������-��&�������������#!�0������������������������������������/��?

5�����9������<��� ���!�0�������7���������the Mexican state has now developed into a serious crisis, if not even into war. This is suggested, on the one hand, by the high number of victims and, on the other, by the heavy weapons used by the drug car-tels and the huge number of soldiers which Mexico �����<��7���������� ��&�������&<����3���������9���#�����&�����(#�������������������&�-chinery, and rural poverty are homemade and en-

demic to the Mexican system. Other problems come from outside, such as the great demand for drugs in ���J���������������&�77���7�3<������������!�0����,J� &������������ *�������&������Afghanistan, Mexico is facing the question of whether ��������������������&����������D7���7������� ���7 ������ /� )������( ����# ��� *���� &���-can Commission on Drugs and Democracy, which ������� 3��&��*���� &�����������3����� ���� .����� X������ ��� �����?�� ������# ��������the war on drugs as failed and called for a search for <����������������$�

Felix Koltermann

18

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

The BICC Global Militarization Index (GMI)

The method of the GMI

In order to increase the compatibility between dif-ferent indicators and preventing extreme values from creating distortions when normalizing data, ���D������$��(���������<����������������7�����&<������3�����F� ������#�������<�normalized using the formula x = (y-Min)/(Max-Min), with Min and Max representing, respectively, the lowest and the highest value of the logarithm. In a third step, every indicator was weighted in accor-���������������$�3�����#��9�����7���������$�importance attributed to it by BICC researchers 6��5����F8 /��������������������D�������#the weighted indicators were added together and then normalized one a last time on a scale ranging from 0 to 1,000.

For the past 15 years, the main focus of BICC has been on conducting applied research with regard to milita-ry capacities, structures and resources. In general, we have found that the size and composition of a state’s military apparatus may have a major impact on its hu-man and economic development as well as on over-�����$���3$���������$���������9���L�������������(and externally. The Global Militarization Index (GMI), ������������3�����D�� ��&�#<���������3�� �����those who wish to explore this relation further.

Most fundamentally, it represents the relative weight and importance of the military appara-

tus of a state in relation to society as a whole. Milita-��"����� � �����D���# ��������<���#� ��� ��-sources and capacities available to a state’s armed 3���� 5��<��7���3 �����&�� 3���� ���D��� ��terms of six indicators, which may be, in turn, grouped into three overarching categories: military expendi-ture, military personnel, and military weapons (see Table 1).

Military spending in relation to GDP and health services

An important question for determining the size and capacity of a country’s armed forces concerns the to-tal amount of resources devoted by the government to the military or defense budget. The GMI employs two basic indicators to describe this factor as a rela-tive value. On the one hand, this is public spending on the military as percentage of gross domestic product (GDP)—a description, which has become commonly used in various assessments of military capacities. It has therefore received a comparatively high weight-ing in the GMI.

��<�$��#���$�����������������������(��9���the relative importance attributed to the military sec-tor in relation to overall public resource allocations. In ����� �� ���� ��� 3����� �����������# ���+!/��an additional indicator, which compares the total military budget to government expenditure on health services.

We compiled all data on military expenditure from the 2008 SIPRI Yearbook !��D7�����3�������(������O ��<�$��# �� ��� <���� ��,��,���� ��3��&�-����<�&���7#<�����������������$�������D7-���#���$�������(<������������������� ������this be the case, the year to which military data refers �7�$�� ������������������������(��&� �� ���Index.

�������� 3�� <���� �/��/ ��� ��� ���$��� ��( ���-rent data on military expenditure have not been in-cluded in the GMI. This applies, for example, to Cuba, Vietnam or North Korea. Moreover, it is important to ���� ����������7��/��/&�(��������(�� ��7�����as the most reliable source, data on military expendi-ture has to be treated with extreme caution. For many ��������#��������(�������$������7<����#���D7-ures are but rough estimates. If, based on our own re-�����#<�3�����������/��/&������(����3������D�countries was inaccurate, those countries were also not considered in the Index. This holds particularly true 3�� � 3�< ���� �� ������� ��# ��&��( J"�������#5�����������5���&������

������7����&�����������<������3��&���2���� %���# �� ������ �0��������� 3��& ��� 2����������I�7���"�����

19

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

The ratio of (para)military personnel, reserve forces, and physicians

Besides military expenditure, the second major cat-egory considered in the GMI concerns military per-sonnel, which we have divided into three separate ��������� 5��D�����&�� �&������������3�� ��the number of military and paramilitary forces in rela-tion to total population. Paramilitary personnel were included here, since in many countries the regular mil-����(��������������?�����(��9������������"�of the armed forces. The main criterion for coding an organizational entity as either military or paramilitary is that the forces in question are under the direct control of the government in addition to being armed, uni-formed and garrisoned.

To the extent that the relative militarization of society does not simply express itself in the size of active forces, ������������������������������������������-age of reserve forces in total population. This factor is ����$���3��<�����&���������#�����<��"������#have a comparably small standing army, the amount of avail-able reserves within society may be all the more substantial.

The third indicator compares the total amount of military and paramilitary forces with the number of physi-cians in a country. In doing so, the GMI does not only consider the overall density of sol-diers (or reserves) in a population, but—more ����D����(L��� �0-amines the proportion between military and ���,&������( ���� <�����a society, which is ex-pressed here as relation

between military expertise and (non-military) health expertise.

All data on military, paramilitary, and reserve per-sonnel was compiled from the Military Balance 2008,�������� �( ��� /������������ /������� 3�� ������7�������� 6//��8 �� *����� ���������� �"� D7��� <��������3��&���&���������Vital Statistics Report of the United Nations, data on the number of physicians 3��&���2����������I�7���"�����

���$(<��������<&��(��&����$������#��������(#��&���������3����&����D7����7���=

Finally, degrees of militarization may also be expressed in terms of the amount of heavy weaponry available �������&��3�����3�������( ��&��(�������&���-tary does not only consist of resources and personnel �������3����D��(���3<��,D7����7�?���&��� 5��+!/�����3������� ���������������������&-ber of an armed forces’ heavy weapons in relation �������������������� ���$(<����������D���

Table 1: GMI indicators and weighting factors

Category Indicator GMI Weighting Factor

.0���������

Military spending as percentage of GDP 5

Military spending in relation to health spending :

Personnel

Military and paramilitary personnel in relation to population 4

Military reserves in relation to population 2

Military and paramilitary personnel in relation to physicians 2

Arms ���$(<��������������������������� 4

20

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

���� � ��( ����� �3 &������( �?���&��� <���� D�into either one of four categories: armored vehicles 6��&���� �������� �������# ��7�� ����# &��� ����������8# ��������( 6&������� ������ ��������# ��3,���-pelled artillery, towed artillery) above 100mm caliber, ��&���������3�6����������������#D0��,<��7D7����������3�8#���&����D7����7���6��&�����#&����surface combatants above corvette size).

All data on weapons holdings was collected by BICC from different sources, mainly the Military Balance 3��& //�� ������(,����D� ���� �� ��� �&���� �3&�����&�����7��<�����6� *28��0���&��(��3-D��������&��(���#&����3����������#$��(����-������ �����#��<�����������������+!/

The GMI as a tool for creating policy-relevant country evaluations

It is important to realize that the GMI does not indi-���������$���3$���������9���<������������(6�3���0�&������+����������/���0�(4�����3��-&����(8������7����3��$����&���6������&��Development Index by the United Nation Develop-ment Programme, UNDP). Neither does it consider the overall level of militarization of society as a whole, an important indicator of which might be the relative dis-����������3� *2�����7��������������������� A��#precisely this limited focus of the GMI on the armed forces of the state also contributes to its potential use-fulness. For it may be employed to identify possible correlations between degrees of state militarization, on the one hand, and—for example—the type of po-������� (��&#$���������9��������$����&��� ��$-els, on the other.

!����$��# ������ &�� ����� 7�$������� ������LTransparency International’s Corruption Perception Index, Bertelsmann’s Transformation Index or the 2���� %���E M+��� +�$�������E /��������L���+!/������������������&���$�������7�3���� That is to say: a comparably high degree of militariza-tion may not necessarily always be ‘bad’. Indeed, al-����7����+!/������7�����#3���0�&���#/������the third-highest position, the relatively large amount of economic and human resources devoted to its mili-tary sector may arguably be considered as legitimate

and necessary given the threats with which it sees it-self confronted.

Conversely, low levels of militarization could also be highly problematic. As is apparent from the GMI, &��(��������<������<��������,������<���or fragile states, unable or unwilling to successfully enforce and uphold a monopoly of violence within ��������������� <���������������(�����&�(<���prompt non-state armed groups to pursue economic objectives by violent means or even directly chal-lenge the regime for political power. Indeed, it seems ���� &��( �������� <��� � ��< ������7 �� ��� +!/experience high levels of internal unrest and violence.

In and by itself, militarization is therefore neither ‘good’ ���M���E ��<�$��#���7����������+!/���#�3course, still point to serious governance shortcomings. �����������.������L�(���&������&��&���-tarized country in the world, spending more than 20 percent of its GDP on the armed forces and, by way �3��&������#���(: O�����������������������-$��� +�$������0���&���$���(�3.������#��9�����in its low level of human development, this dispropor-tionate relation between military and social expendi-tures can be considered highly problematic. Indeed, ������� ��$���� �� ��� .������� ��3��� �����ought to be urgently shifted to other areas. This would not only go some way in improving the overall living conditions of the populace, but also de-escalate the ���7������& �������<���.���������.�������#which still contributes to a high degree of regional in-�������(����������3 3����

It is thus that we hope the GMI, in combination with ����� �������<����������(,����D� ��3��&�����#will be of valuable assistance to both policy-relevant ������(��&������3������������������D���of security governance.

Marc von Boemcken

21

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

G/�����#����&����&��(��������<������<������7�����+!/�0����������7���$���3����������������$������� H

The Global Militarization Index (GMI)

No. Country Index

1 .������6���:8 10002 �(��� �OO: Israel �:O4 ���7����� O@�5 '����� O�C6 Oman O�>O Kuwait 6648 ����� ����� @:O9 Bahrain @�:

10 Korea, Rep. 61911 Brunei @FO12 *������ 616F: Russian Federation @F:14 Taiwan 61215 Angola C�O16 Bulgaria 591FO Greece 58818 Belarus 56919 Djibouti (2002) 56120 Algeria 55821 Azerbaijan 54922 Burundi C:O�: .7(�� 52624 Morocco 52525 *��(� 524

Cyprus (2006) 524�O J����� ���.&�����6���C8 CFO28 Macedonia C�O29 Chile 504:� Iran >�O:F Guinea-Bissau (2005) >�::� Mauritania (2006) 492:: Georgia 488:> J������ 484

No. Country Index

:C Armenia >O�:@ Namibia >O>:O Croatia >OF:� J���������� 468

5����( 46840 Finland >@O41 ���*���� >CO

Yemen >CO������� >CO

44 .������ 45645 Mongolia (2006) 44446 Montenegro 442>O Botswana >:O48 Colombia >:>49 *��#��6���F8 42950 Malaysia 42851 Romania 425

Portugal 425C: Kyrgyz Republic >FO54 ���&��� 40855 .����� 40456 Fiji >�:CO Thailand 40158 ������ :��59 Poland :�>60 ���$���� :�:61 �����6���C8 :��62 ��(������ :�C@: Peru :��64 Cambodia :�F65 Italy :O�

Norway :O�United Kingdom :O�

68 France :OC

22

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

No. Country Index

69 *��$�� :O�O� Albania :@OOF Tonga :@�O� ���7��( :COO: *�������� :>�O> �<���� :>OOC ���$���������� :>>O@ Congo, Rep. (2006) :>FOO ����� ::OO� Austria ::CO� 1�"������ ::�80 �<��"������ ::�81 Gabon :�O82 China :�:�: Australia :�F84 India :FC85 Rwanda :F�

Afghanistan :F��O Brazil :��

Zimbabwe (2006) :��89 Uruguay :�C90 Netherlands :�>91 Bolivia :�:92 Tunisia (2006) :���: Czech Republic ��O94 Germany 29295 Indonesia 29096 ������*���� 288�O *����� ��O98 .������� 28099 %����������"�7�$��� �OF

100 Chad �O�101 Canada 269102 �<�"�����6���>8 266F�: Guinea (2004) 259

No. Country Index

104 Togo (2005) 256����� 3���� 256

106 Uganda 252F�O Mali 250108 Belgium 246109 Paraguay 245110 Congo, DR �:�111 Nepal �:>112 Bahamas 228FF: ����7�� ��O114 Barbados (2006) 224115 .����$���� 214116 Tanzania ��O

Malta ��O118 ������� 205119 Nicaragua ��:120 Moldova 202

Venezuela 202122 *�0�&����7 200F�: '���� 198124 Côte d’Ivoire 196125 Cameroon 195126 New Zealand 192F�O Guatemala 189128 %������)�� 186129 Dominican Republic 181F:� Bangladesh (2006) 180F:F Zambia FO�F:� Central African Republic

(2005)FO@

F:: Philippines F@OBenin (2006) F@O

F:C Kenya 166F:@ Panama (2000) 164F:O Argentina 154

23

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

No. Country Index

F:� Ireland FC:F:� Cape Verde 148140 Mozambique 146141 Madagascar F:�142 Mexico 106F>: '�&���� 96144 Niger (2005) 95145 Nigeria 91146 Ghana 81F>O Malawi 52148 *������ ::149 Gambia, The (2005) 16

Papua New Guinea 16151 Mauritius 0

5�����������$������3������������(���3��<����D7��� �� &������( �0��������� <��� �$������� /3 ��$��������������#���(�������O

24

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

25

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Project reports

26

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Reintegrating guerilla and paramilitaries in Colombia: Monitoring and evaluating its progress

Reintegration has never been, even at the best of ��&�#����(���K ������7�����������7����7���7���9����������$��3�������������7� %(���7��-sons learned from both prior domestic processes and efforts from other corners of the globe, Colombia is trying to succeed in this endeavor. With reintegra-���� � �� ������� ����# ��� I3D�� �3 ��� ��7� ��&-missioner for Reintegration (ACR) was established in 2006. At present the ACR attempts to reintegrate �����:F#�����&������#����$�����������( /���-port of this Colombian initiative, the German Federal !�����(3��.����&������������������$����&���(BMZ), through the German Development Coopera-����6+5X8�3�����7%/��E<�������$���7��� �� %/��E���������������(3�������D����7�<�(��both monitor and evaluate the reintegration of thou-sands of demobilized Colombian ex-combatants.

The question of reintegration is not a simple one: Once having decided what reintegration should

��&����#���?�����D�������3�����$���3������7��-������&������(�������7� 3��������3D����(����������D�������3�����������&�������������3the effort. What parameters should be used to identify such indicators? What services should be included in an effort to reintegrate? Many other questions need �������������<���������������������-cessful reintegration effort.

Reintegration efforts in Colombia today primarily ca-ter to the thousands of paramilitaries who formally belonged to the Autodefensas Unidas de Colom-���L��� J����� ���3,��3��� )���� �3 ����&���6 J�8<��<�����(���(�� �� �������&�������-9��� 5���7������$�������&�����������������with the Colombian government. Whilst originally they shared a common goal, the defeat of the guerrillas, and hence were tolerated by the governmental se-curity apparatus, in later years these militias became increasingly problematic to the government. The AUC presented a growing challenge for the government as with their brutal tactics, they were terrorizing the ���������� �( <����( $�������7 ��&�� ��7��# ���D-�����7�����������������������#������3D����7��������K���3��������$�������D��3����������� The latter posed a particular challenge to the national government as they could not, on the one hand, be seen to openly accept the involvement of paramili-

taries in the drug trade and, on the other hand, align ���&��$�<������J����������E�33���������������7����(3��&�����7��� ��(���������&����-��7�������&������(������&<� ������>����D��declaration by the AUC leader Carlos Castana. The ����D��<����&���(3����<���(����������7��3how to ensure that the ex-paramilitaries are reinte-grated into peacetime society. This challenge led to the creation of the ACR in 2006.

Reintegration: Meeting the challenges

Whilst the disarmament process was by no means straightforward, it managed to successfully disarm and demobilize a huge proportion of the armed ����&������(������7��� ��<�$��# ���<����( ���D�� ��� �� ������7 ���� �0,��&������ ����&�valuable members of society.

������� ������������ ����������&���������-vice centers around the country. Their efforts have come to include psycho-social support, and activi-ties as well as services aimed to strengthen the edu-�����������$��������� �������7 ����#�<���� ���employability of ex-combatants. Whilst the program is holistic in its conceptualization, whether the goals have been met by the tools used remains a partially open question. At the global level, the ACR provides services and organizes activities within the different subject areas, which are aimed at ensuring that ex-combatants progress in their psycho-social behavior, and are able to secure a reliable economic livelihood. ��<�$��#�������������0�������������������-alize. The psycho-social efforts, for example, have no data on individuals who are not ex-combatants, nor do they have data on individuals prior to their par-������������������9��� 5����3���#���7����3����-�����7<�������(���,�����������7������������������ ���������7 ��� �����������(<�������$���������D���M����,�����E�����$��(<������&������that exhibited by members of the population who have never been combatants. The less evident chal-lenges include, for example, the self-perception that ex-combatants have in relation to their psycho-social wellbeing and reintegration. In the area of education ��� ��������� �������7 ����� �������7� �0�� ��<can expectations mirror reality? The time investment �� ��������3 ����$������������7�K ����������

27

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

������������� �$���7�����7���&&������for Reintegration in Colombia

��������� �����'�������

���������(� +5X6+��&����$����&���Cooperation)

������������� �� ������ !������

Project leader: Wolf-Christian Paes

Collaboration: Nathalie Gendre

������������ �3 G*���3�����������H

<�����7��0������������������3�����������7�3the economic realities can lead to disillusionment. This disillusionment can be almost expected when train-ing does not immediately lead to reliable employ-ment. While efforts are continually made by the ACR to ensure employability of ex-combatants, unsurpris-��7�(�&���(��3�$��������������<���������9���,related records. In tandem with this, self-employment initiatives may not yield as expected. The economic compensation given to participants, on the other hand, may ensure participation in efforts which are ���������$�������D�����(�����������������&-selves other than the immediate personal economic gains. On the whole, the efforts by the ACR are un-doubtedly well intended and far reaching. Yet their ability to measure their support for any one category �3����D������������������$���&�����3��(���service or activity remains elusive. As an example: The question of how many conjugal partners and children of ex-combatants are being provided with education services at any given time is highly cumbersome to answer. The ability to measure how participants per-ceive any one type of activity in relation to the suc-cess of their reintegration, or perceive their progress in their own reintegration, is currently impossible given the available data and the way it is managed.

2�����7<������ ��

The reintegration of combatants and the measure-&����3��������3���������������7��� 2���-ing on behalf of the German Government, BICC has been advising the ACR on how to put in place a sys-tem that ensures they are able to measure not only the progress made by any one individual, but also the perception of success of any one service or activity conducted by the ACR.

The principal goals of the projects are threefold:

1. The development of one common data system to manage information. When using this data system, the ACR will be able to monitor progress made by any individual currently being reintegrated. This in-��������<��7<��������3��$�����$��������$�������������$�����#<��������3����$����the individuals have participated in, and how the individual is progressing through the stages of rein-��7������������D���(��� ��

2. The ability to measure the perception of the services provided and activities organized. This component of the endeavor includes a series of anonymous perception surveys amongst ex-com-batants, their families and communities, which is ������������������������������������$�(#���will not associate responses to any one individual. Thus, ACR hopes to generate data that is reliable and accurate and which will be used to measure the perceived impact of services provided and activities organized by the ACR.

: *���(#����33�����&������<3��?�������������-���������7�������(��3������������� 5��<���permit the ACR to measure the number of indivi-duals who have at any given time received any service or participated in any activity. In turn, this data can be analyzed to determine which acti-vities appear to be more or less successful in sup-porting the reintegration of ex-combatants.

The project is still in its infancy, with the pilot phase of the new tools starting as this report goes to print. Thus far the cooperation progress made in designing the system is very encouraging. The current aim is to pro-vide the ACR with the tools and support necessary to allow them to incorporate the new monitoring and evaluation mechanisms into their daily operations. The project aspires to successfully conclude in end- 2010.

Dr. Ananda S. Millard

28

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

2����&�����������,���9������������.����$�������%����������"�7�$���

“I was, in one way or another, involved in the guer-rilla movement since I was seven years old. When I was about 14, I was captured by the armed forces and raped while in custody. I never saw who raped &�#/<����������3����������������<����time I was in custody. This is how I discovered that I could be used sexually. Before they released me they made me swear I would not tell anyone about ��� ���� 5��( ���������� �� ���� &( &����� ���one of my sisters if I did not follow their orders. (…)

When I returned to the guerrilla I denied having ���� �����K ��� 7�������� ���< <��� ���( ��� ��captured women, so they didn’t believe me and were afraid I had given information to the opposi-tion (…) then the guerrilla commander (…) put his D�7�� ����&($�7�����������3 /<�������7�������� /�<���������7������7���6P8��<����of the barbarities they committed against women in those days.

After I returned to the guerrilla, I had a boyfriend 6P8# � ����������<���� ����� ���� / ���&($��-7����(����& ����������3���#���������7���death saddens me, at the time a part of me was 7����3����������������&(���������7��$� (…)

I had lied, but I lied because I was scared and ���&��Y�3<����������������&�Z /����&(�����3��&�$��(���3��&F��O�����C 5���#�����C#/<�������&D����<���<�&��<������&���������#���3�����D����&�/����&���6P8��<������<��7���33&(�������6P8 /��$��������������3&(�<������( H

Compiled from an oral history interview with Cayatana dal Transito Lopez Ascancio by Elvan Isikozlu and Ananda S. Millard, San Salvador, El Sal-vador, 6 February 2009.

��0��� $������� �� ��&�� ���9��� �� ������� ���-��&�� ���������� .$������ 3��&���9����$�� ���last decade shows that, in some cases, war allows for sexual violence within armed groups to remain hid-den in the shadows of history, which can translate into the acceptance of post-war sexual violence and its impunity. In other cases, sexual violence has been deliberately and systematically used as a method of warfare. From November 2008 to April 2009, BICC has �������������(#<����<�D�������(���+��-&��)������!�����(3��.����&����������������Development (BMZ), on the effects of wartime rape ������,���9��������3$����&����������&&�-����� 5������������&���������D���<�����.����-$�������%����������"�7�$���

Wartime rape is nothing new, nor is it used or per-petrated in the same way or for the same pur-

pose in all cases. In some cases, rape is used to further the war effort, while in other cases, rape is opportu-����� ��&���&�# ���� � ���7���� ��<��� ��$�����#<������������&�#���������<������������#��against members of opposing armed groups.

���� �3 ��� ��������7 ������( <� �����<���7�������7������&��������6F���8#����7�����'���2008 with the unanimous adoption of the United Na-�����������(����������������F���#<������&���a complete halt of all acts of sexual violence against ��$���������&�����9���L��������������33�&�����D7����73����#��<�$��#�����0�������(��$����

��<$����&��������#�(<��&#3��<���������#in what way, and who is a victim are by no means universal. Therefore it should not be assumed that wartime rape always has the same implications and ����?�������������,���9��������� /��������better understand this disturbing phenomenon, it is ������� �� D�� ������3( ��� ��33����� �(�� �3 <����&�rape and examine their implications separately.

���������������,���9����&���������of wartime rape

)��& ;�$�&��� ����B ���� ����# %/�� ��������� �������� ���( �� ��� ���,���9��� �&��������� �3wartime rape. First, this study aimed to construct apreliminary ‘typology’ of wartime rape committed by

��&�� 7���� .��&��� ��� � ��� �������������of raped individuals, perpetrators, perpetrator moti-vations and the manner in which rape is perpetrated were considered.

29

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

������������� �������<�����0����"��violence against women in ��&�����9���

��������� �����;�$�&�������

���������(� +��&��)������!�����(3��.����&����������������Development (BMZ)

�������������� .�$��/���"��

�������������� �� ������ !������

������������ �3 G*���3�����������H

������# �� ������D� characteristics of the conse-quences of each ‘type’ of wartime rape, and what these consequences mean for the political, social, ��� �����&�� ������������� ��� ���,���9��� ��-velopment of individuals raped in wartime and their communities.

Third, it is to present ����������D����7������ ��-form the design and prioritization of development pol-��( ��� ���7��&&��7 �� ��� ���,���9��� ���� �3women and men who have been raped during war and their communities.

����������<����&�������.����$����#���%����������"�7�$���

5����������0�&�����<�����3<����&������.����$����#���%����������"�7�$��� 5������were selected because they each represent at least one particular type of wartime rape perpetrated by ����&��7���������������3����33����(���7��

/� �������3.����$����#�����7�����$��<��# ����was perpetrated both by one party against the other, but also by male guerrillas against their female coun-������� /����<�� ��%����������"�7�$���# ����was mainly (but not exclusively) perpetrated by male soldiers against civilians of a different ethnicity. The nature of and motivation for rape also differed in both cases.

5�� ���,���9��� ������ �� ���� �������� �0����10 years, allowing an appropriate amount of time to consider the longer-term consequences and effects of wartime rape on the social, cultural and economic development of individuals who have been raped and their communities.

2���� ��� ��� �3 %���� ��� ���"�7�$��� � &�����&�������$��(����&�����#�������3.����$�-dor offers the opportunity to examine multiple types, ��������7 � ����,���<� �(�� �3 <����&� ���� �������7��7��������&��(����������(�������D��a major gap in the understanding of wartime rape.

Research questions to improve support of the victims

.��� ��� �3 ���� � �� �?��� ��� 7�� $�������� �3human rights and international law. The effects of these violations, however, should not be considered as one and the same. This study supports the need to examine the type of rape in war in order to better promote the recovery of individuals raped in war and their communities.

5�� ���( �� ��� ������D�� � ��&��� �3 ��< �$�-nues of research that have important policy implica-tions. For example, more research is needed in order to examine the relationship between wartime and �������&�����K���<�(7�������0�����(�3��&�������7 ���9��� ��� ��< ��� �33��� 7����� ���� ��������,���9���������K�����<��&&����(��$��-opment is affected by the victimization, shaming and isolation of individuals who were raped.

BICC plans to continue to engage in this and other research on wartime rape. Only with greater under-standing of this phenomenon can we hope to end its ��$������7��7��(�����,���9����������������-vent such atrocities in the future.

Elvan Isikozlu

30

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

�&�����&������������+����*�����7���

The widespread proliferation of small arms and light <����� ����� 3�����+����*�����7�����7�����(������$���������9��� 5��J�����;�������$����-ment Programme (UNDP) has commissioned BICC to conduct a broad survey of the possession and prolife-ration of small arms in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in association with the Belgian research institute GRIP (Groupe de recherche et d’information �������0����[�����[8 )������&���#%/���<�����7on behalf of GTZ in providing support for a study by ���������������3���.�� 3�������&&����(6. �8on the small arms situation in its member states.

It seems to be a never-ending story: In October 2008, ������3���������<�(5���+������*������;���-

da threatened the provincial capital Goma and set off a new wave of plundering, expulsion and rape in eastern Congo. A local peace agreement had only �����������������3�<&�����������L��'�����(of the same year—providing, among other things, for ��� ����&�&��� �3 ���� ���� &������# <���� 7�$�;���������0�����&������+�&� 5������������� ��� �����������������3$���������9��� ����� +���� *��� ��7��� ��� ��� ���( ��� ����E �����������3&���������������������#���D�����foremost the uncontrolled proliferation of small arms and light weapons.

��&����3.�� 3���������#��������7�����&�-cratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and its neighbors Burundi, Tanzania and Uganda, already agreed on extensive measures to control arms trading and the ������ �3 <����� <����� ��� 3��&�<��� �3 ���G;��������������H ��!�(���@ &��7���������7#this agreement bans the private possession of auto-matic and semi-automatic weapons, and demands the registration of all weapons in the hands of civilians as well as common standards for the production, stor-age and tracing of small arms. Furthermore, a United ;������������(��������&���7�������"��7�&����of weapons and ammunition by non-state armed 7��������������������3�����������:

Despite these measures, there appears to be no short-�7��3����7��<����������+����*�����7���L��the hands of both militias and civilians. The fact that ���������&����0��������������<�����������of the eastern DRC was demonstrated not least by

the serious clashes between different ethnic groups following the Kenyan parliamentary elections in De-��&������O#<�������&�������F#�����$� !��-���D����&���(�����&�������������������9�����addition to traditional weapons such as spears. Many observers were surprised that criminal political groups �������1���(�Mungiki militia appeared to have such a large arsenal of weapons at their disposal. The Kenyan press reported that politicians and security forces supply these militias with weapons and money.

�&�����&���(��������������

BICC was commissioned by UNDP to conduct a broad survey of the possession and proliferation of small ��&���������3���7��7�����������7������3�������<�����������3$��������������3������ Approximately 10,000 representatively selected Con-golese men and women are to be questioned about ���������������D����&�����������3����������#which BICC is performing in association with the Bel-gian research institute GRIP. Furthermore, 50 focus group interviews will be conducted, for example with representatives of women’s and youth organizations.

The study is based on the hypothesis that the long-term disarmament of the civilian population is only possible if state forces are in the position to effectively protect the security of the people in the eastern DRC. Furthermore, the study will also deal with small arms legislation, cross-border transfers and the effects of the violence on economic development and human security. Geographically, the study is concentrating �� /����# ;���� ��� ����� 1�$�# !����&� ��� 5��7-��(��� 5��&�3���7������33������������3�����������7 ��� ���( �� ���� �3 ���� D$� ��7��� The project has begun with a training event on data ������������%���$��� �������� 5��������������ready for presentation towards the end of the year.

�����������<������.�� 3�������&&����(

Apart from the states parties to the Nairobi Protocol, ��� ��<�( 3������ .�� 3����� ��&&����( 6. �8has also become involved in standardizing small arms legislation and combating cross-border transfers since ���O 5����&&����(#<���������� ����#5��"����#consists of Burundi, Kenya, Ruanda, Uganda and Tan-

31

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

������������� �&�����&��$�(�����Democratic Republic of the Congo/ Further consultancy in ���D����3&�����&

��������� �����;�$�&�������

���������(� J�����;�������$����&���Programme (UNDP) and GTZ (German Development Cooperation)

Coordination: Wolf-Christian Paes

�������������� *���+�����#.�$��/���"������� ������ !������

������������ �3 G*���3�����������H

zania, and sees itself primarily as an economic com-munity. All the member states are affected to vari-ous extents by the proliferation of illegal small arms, <�����(������������7���9�����������#��&�����������������������7��D�����(�����&�7������of the problem. On the other hand, Mombasa and ���������&��� �&������������3����( 3�� ��7���������7��7����������3�����+����*�����7���

7���� ��� ����7�����# %/�� � <�����7 �� �����3�3+5X �� ��������7� ���(�( ���. �����������������&�����&�������������&�&������� *�-��� ���&�3 ���������<������<��� ������3D$�country reports based on standardized criteria in the D����3��7�������#����������#������#�33�����economic development, and human security. These ��������������<�����������������. ��&&��#together with an overview of supra-regional devel-opments—e.g. the smuggling of weapons from the . �E���7������7�������� 5���&&��<���������-cuss the development of joint efforts to combat the problem of small arms.

Wolf-Christian Paes

32

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

A practical education and trainingmanual on small arms control

�������������3���1�D ����/�����������������-������75������7������#1 /�5�# ���.�I2 ��&���Arms Unit, the German Development Cooperation (GTZ) and BICC has elaborated a training manual on small arms control. It offers practical assistance for civil �����(����������7���"���������$������D���

.�I2 � �� ���7 3���� ��� ��$������7 ����-quences of the uncontrolled and illicit proliferation

�3&�����&�����7��<�����6� *28�������,��-7��� ����7��"��7�������3���&�����D����$���-proach to reducing the threat posed by these weap-��#���.�I2 ����$���������&��� �&���*�7��Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Mate-����<��7�����F>'������@

The Convention is a legally-binding instrument that ���$��� � ��&�������$� 3��&�<��� �� �33����$��(��������������&�3� *2#������&&���������������&���������2�� 3���� ����?���������7��-����#���.�I2 ��&��� �&���7��&&�6.�I� �8<����������3����������3D$�(�������������capacity of member states to implement the Con-vention to its fullest.

A manual supporting small arms control

This manual evolved from the need to adopt a more practical approach towards realizing the objectives ����� �� ���.�I2 ����$������ /� � ���������3������������$��33������<������1�D ���� /����-�������������������75������7������61 /�5�8#���.�I2 ��&��� �&J���#���+��&����$����&���Cooperation (GTZ) and BICC, and was validated at �� �0���� <������ �� � *2 �� ��� 1 /�5� �� �������� 5��<������<����������(�����������$��3 .�I2 �# ��$�� �����( ��7���"����� ��� 7�$���-ment agencies from across West Africa and beyond.

The purpose of this manual is to help strengthen the capacity of the West African community to deal with the devastating consequences of the uncontrolled �����3��������3&�����&�����7��<�����6� *28 It is intended as a primer for those with little or no ex-����������� *2������#������aide memoire forthose well versed in these issues.

.����3�����7���������3���&��������������on its own or in a different order than presented here. The manual is designed to be used by a diverse audi-ence and easily adaptable to a variety of contexts.

/�D���33����������������������������������7������ ?������� G2��� � &��� ��& �������=H �(presenting an overview of international agreements on small arms control, such as the UN Firearms Proto-col, the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat ���.�����������/������5�������&��� �&���*�7��Weapons in All Its Aspects (UN Programme of Action) ������.�I2 � 7���&���

5������������&��� �&��2�� 3������� ��7��on interdependencies of small arms with drugs, eth-nicity and local artisanal arms production. The section G��$��������(����&��� �&H�������7��������-eration with the government, the relation to security forces as well as the organization and management of civil society. It demands a strengthening of public awareness and also involves the media presenting participation in weapons collection programs.

In important political dimension is shown in the chap-��������� *2,��\�,���,�/!/���0�#<��������with disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, security sector reform and civil-military cooperation.

Finally, the manual postulates more research on small ��& ��� .��� �3 ��� ������� �� �� ����0 ��which more useful resources and a selected bibliog-raphy can be found.

Training and capacity-building

The initial target group for this manual was civil society ����������7���"�������7�7�������� *2��� ��<�$��#����0����<������&�����������������������������(# ����������D��������<��������( ����� ��$��$�� �� ��� ��� .��� ������ <�therefore written with all three actors in mind. More ����D����(#�������0����$����������������-tion between civil society, security service personnel ��� 7�$���&��� �7����� �� � *2 ������� ���#and identify entry points for better coordination and cooperation.

33

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

������������� ���������7�����$����&���and implementation of a ��$������ *2�������7���7��&in West Africa

��������� J���������&�������

���������(� +5X6+��&��5��������Cooperation) and KAIPTC 61�D ����/�����������������������75������7������8

������������� �� 4�����)�����

�������������� �� !������ �����"�

�������������� .�$��/���"��#������������

������������ �3 G*���3�����������H

5��7����3���&������������(����$�������-7�������3��� *2�����2�� 3����#��������capacity-building tool. With this in mind, several fea-tures appear throughout the manual to facilitate edu-����������������7������ *2��� )���0�&���#readers are provided with reminders, additional re-�����#������������������3�����������������������������7 %�0������������3� *2�������in various West African countries.

Finally, trainer notes are included where they can fa-cilitate the structure and delivery of the issue at hand. 5�����������7��(���������#&���D�������9�0����&����� �� � *2 ������� 3�� 2�� 3����� ���������-���#�����(&���������������������

Dr. Michael Ashkenazi / Elvan Isikozlu

34

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

New chances for a compromise in the nuclear dispute with Iran?

On 4 December 2008, BICC and the Deutsche Welle��$���� ������������� �0���� 3��& ��� J����� �����#/���#�<�������+��&��(������3,��(���3�������������� G 3��� ��� J� ��������� ;�< ������ 3�� ���&���&��������������������<���/���=H 4����was the Deutsche Welle in Bonn. The discussions fo-cused on the interdependence of international poli-tics and Iran’s internal development.

The West’s policy towards Iran had reached a ����,��� ������ �$���� ����� �3 J; ��� .J

sanctions, there was still no sign of a solution to the dispute over the Iranian nuclear program. Meeting ��� � 3�< <��� �3��� ��� J� ��������# ��� �������-tional conference set out to analyze in how far military threats, sanctions and preconditions for negotiations, such as those demanded from Iran by the six powers (France, Great Britain, Germany, China, Russia, and J����� �����8# 3���������� �� ��&����� � �����3�����������������9���

The conference was particularly interested in what new approaches can be expected from President I��&� ��<�$��#�������������������������3-ten ignored effects of Western policies on Iran’s eco-nomic development and political power relationships inside the country, where a new President is to be ���������F�'�������

International experts conduct discussions in Bonn

/������������&������������#�����������32��-ern policy towards Iran in the past, and put forward possible alternatives, BICC and the Deutsche Welle in-$����D$������&�&���<����0�������������-ground promised an across-the-board analysis of this ����� �� ���%��0#��������&# is former Director of the /������������ ��&�� .���7( 7���( �� 4����� ���is now Chairman of the International Commission on 2������3!����������� �� .�����&A�"��#5��-ran, was Iran’s Foreign Minister in F�O�������������(��������(,+�������3����������������(G)�����&!�$�&��� �3 /���H �� '�&� 2���# %����# 3��&����������(���������7��&�3���!��������/�-stitute of Technology was one of the authors of the ��7��( ������&�� ����� G �������� 3�� ��� J�B/���;������������33H /���������#J������&�������-���&�����������3�$���3����<��7/������������

�������&������&��������������������( ��<�$��#this should be owned by an international consortium and be operated under strict international controls. 5��+��&�������������9��������������<�represented by Dr. Bernd Kubbig, Project Director for Ballistic Missile Defense Research at the Peace Re-�����/�������#)����3����!���6��)18#���'���(��&-mer, Research Associate BICC.

/� ��� <����&��7 �����# �(����� +����,����]���#�����3 �����$����3���Deutsche Welle#D����-scribed the social-political situation in Iran today. Al-most two-thirds of the country’s population are under thirty years of age. The results of an Internet survey show that the majority of the population between 20 and 29 years of age is against the politics of the Is-lamic Republic, and only six percent share the views of the government. The majority of this young sector �3�������������������D�����3<���/���E�����������culture and civilization—but not with religious or eth-nic topics.

This effort to provide a differentiated assessment of the situation in Iran and a balanced analysis of the threat potential with regard to the country’s nuclear program was characteristic of all the discussions be-tween the members of the panel.

Negotiations without preconditions

In his statement, the former Director of the Interna-������ ��&��.���7( 7���(#�� ���%��0#�0��������$��<���������������������7����3���$���-��7���3��&�3������&������&��������!�����.��while preconditions for negotiations with Iran, were a &�����#�������(�7�����������7����� %��0�������������J��������������������<�33����/��� “In return for Iran not pursuing sensitive nuclear pro-7��&# ��� J����� ����� ����� �33�� 7���������7���� ������ ��� ����&���� ��7�&� ����7� ���diplomatic relations—as it does in the case of North 1���� H

/� �� ������������# ��������� ���������� �� .�����&A�"���0�������<�(3��&��/��������������3��-mocracy and the violation of human rights by the ruling forces is considered to be a greater danger than Iran’s nuclear program. ��������3�����&���-

35

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

������������� 3������J���������Lbefore the elections in Iran: On the interdependency of international politics and the internal development of Iran—New chances for a compromise in the nuclear dispute with Iran?

Duration: October 2008 to April 2009

���������(� )���������3��/������������Dialogue of the Sparkasse in Bonn

�������������� ������������

�������������� '���(��&&��

������������ �3 G*���3�����������H

hensive and strategic dialogue and warned against negative consequences of sanctions. “These sanc-tions are actually hurting ordinary Iranians, not the au-thorities. Furthermore, the overall climate of confron-��������������(J���&�������������$����0���to Iranian authorities to put more pressure on political activists and is thus hurting the cause of democracy ��/��� H

J� �����&�� �� '�&� 2��� invited President Obama to abandon his predecessor’s unrealistic goal of zero-enrichment in Iran. As the new target of negotiations, he suggested transferring uranium en-richment activities in Iran to a multilateral consortium. “Multinationalization would reduce the chances that /���<�����$�����������<����� H2�������("������0��������<J������(��<���/�����������-ed for a real change, as “the ‘steady as she goes’ ap-������&�(�������<����������������������&������(���9�����3����������3I��&�E������H

5��)����3��������������9������������#�� %����W. 1����7# ����("�� ����&��� �( %����� I��&�on Iran before he was elected President. “What is ������7�����#<�������0��������3�0������7�����-tion of a high-level dialogue with Iran, the elements �3���������(������$�����7 H �����&���&�#1��-��7��&�����������<J�7�$���&���<�����<�(good for a surprise—and hoped that this could be a �����$�������������3%�����I��&�

BICC ������� ������'���(��&&���������"����-bious ‘certainties’ put forward by politicians and the media—such as “Iran wants the bomb“, “Iran wants ��<��� /�����33 ���&��HL����,������� ��� G.0�77������ ������(���� ������ ������� ���E����� �� &����7 ���� �����( ������� H ;�< M���lines’, which focus on the international control of Iranian nuclear plants and a new fundamental ap-proach are necessary. “A policy of détente towards Iran could probably yield much better results than a �����(�3���3�������������������� H

��������73��M�������E

%/�������������7������������������/���Enuclear program since 2006 with various events, con-ferences and publications. BICC also presented the

results of the conference with the Deutsche Welle in the form of a publication funded by the Foundation for International Dialogue of the Sparkasse in Bonn and documenting the contributions of the panel &�&��� G.0�77������� ��� ��&���"����� ��� ���the way to develop good policies. It is hoped that BICC’s documentation with articles by international �0���� <��� �� ���� �� ���� �� &��� ��� �������more objective and show a way out of the dead-���H#�������������#%/��E��������#���������-sion of the publication of “New Chances for a Com-���&�������;������������<���/���=H

Susanne Heinke

36

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Mercenary identities: The self-imageof employees of private military-security companies in Iraq

The involvement of private contractors in Western mili-���(&�����������$����� ��<��������������social and democratic control of private soldiers in war regions? A BICC project funded by the German )���������3��������������6��)8 � ������7<���������(�� ���&��$��������7 ���&����� ����������$����������& .&���(���3���&�����-&�����������(��&�����<�����7��/��?��������7part in an Internet-based survey.

NATO forces are relying increasingly on the services of private military and security companies in order

to be able to perform the progressively more complex ��� ��������7 <����� ��� 3��&�<��� �3 ������� &���-tary operations. These do not merely involve logistical ������������ ������ ��$�����������&�����with regard to property and personal security. Iraq in ������������&�������(D����3����$��(3�����military security sector, which employs an estimated ��#�����:�#�����&���&���(��<�����7�������3of the Pentagon, large industrial concerns and aid or-7���"����� 5���������������3�7������7�������-lines and military bases, mobile convoy protection, and the protection of diplomatic and humanitarian personnel.

5�� ������������� �3 ���$��� D�& �� 2����� &������(operations has been the subject of controversial discussion in recent years. Critics deplore in particu-��� ��� �����3��������� ��7������� �����7��������international institutions, as well as legal grey areas. Advocates of the privatization of military functions, ��������������#�&����"�����������������3D-�����(#���3�������&#�33����$������9�0������(�3the armed forces, which seems to go hand-in-hand with privatization.

“There’s only a few things in this world I can do really, really well. War is one”1

The debate on the advantages and disadvantages of employing private military and security companies in war operations revolves largely around the control of violence. In the past, little attention has been paid

1 �����&����(����$���������(������������/��?

to the question of social or democratic control. Mili-tary sociology has studied the social control of regu-lar soldiers in Western armed forces in detail and how these are integrated in society’s system of norms and values. In the case of the Bundeswehr#������9�����#3���0�&���#�(�������������3M/�������*��������E��#���������3���J�&������(#�(������&M����"���������E %(�������#������������������3��3��&�-tion regarding the norms and values of employees of ���$���&������(D�&

Admittedly, the majority of private soldiers were originally socialized in the Western armed forces. But whether individual concepts of values and norms change when soldiers move from the regular armed forces to private contractors has yet to be studied. The International Peace Operations Association 6/�I 8#���&��������7���"������3���$���J�&������(contractors, has drawn up a code of conduct for its members, which, for example, emphasizes respect for ��&�� ��7�� � �� D�� ��������� /� ��&��� ���� �to how far individual members of staff actually under-stand these values as an element of their professional ��3,�&�7� ���D�&���$�����������per se excludethe possibility of social control, as the discussions on corporate social responsibility have shown in other ������� %���������$���&������(�������������D�directly from war and insecurity, it is certainly possible that the scope for developing certain concepts of norms and values is considerably more limited in this sector.

.&���������$�(�3���$�����������/��?

The aim of BICC’s project, which is funded by the Ger-&��)��������� 3�������������� 6��)8# � �����-fore to systematically assess the self-concept of pri-vate soldiers as well as to study in how far this group has an occupational image which lends it an identity.

The BICC researchers plan to study the following ques-tions:

^ In how far can one assume the development of $�������,����D� 3��& �3 �������( 3��& ��� ��-havior and the self-evaluation of employees of ���$���&������(���������(D�&��/��?=

37

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

^ Is there such a thing as a ‘mercenary identity’? What characteristics depict this identity? What �������# $����# ��D������ ��� ������� � ��������=��<��� �������7��� ����3 3��&���identity and self-image of professional soldiers?

The second phase of the study will involve more de-tailed research into the connection between the pro-fessional identity and the social control of employees of military security contractors:

^ In how far do the vocational identities of em-���(���3&������(������(��&�������9������norms of a democratic community of values?

^ ������3��&������3�����D�$�������������-���(������<�����������7���������������-trol of private military companies?

BICC is conducting an Internet-based survey on em-ployees of the most prominent security companies <�����7 �� /��? �� ����� �� ������� ���� ��� ��<��its research questions. The BICC experts are using a number of established instruments and scales and are supplementing these with individual questions. These ��$��$��������D������0��3MI��������/��?�)���-dom’.

To enable an initial comparison between the self-im-age of private soldiers and that of professional soldiers, the study is considering value concepts which play a decisive role in determining military identity. These in-clude conservatism, patriotism and the willingness to go to war as well as support for multilateral operations, �����������������������#�����&����7&��������civil-military cooperation. BICC will evaluate these at-���������������3����D�&�����<������$�������(���������<��������3��&�<����3��&��-���&�������������������3,�&�7��3J��3D���

Marc von Boemcken

Project title: Mercenary identities: The self-image of employees of private military-security companies in Iraq

��������� ����������&�������

����������(� +��&��)���������3��������������6��)8

�������������� !���$��%��&����#�� 4�����)�����

������������ '��+����

������������ �3 G*���3�����������H

38

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Forced migration and displacement�����,������� 3����

BICC organized the international conference on “Mi-7����������������&��������,������� 3���� 5���������(,!�7������;�0�//H<���������������%�����F:���F>)������(���� 5���$���<���������(���+��&��)������!�����(3��.����&�������-ration and Development (BMZ) and was devoted to �����,�����&�7������<����3������������&��� .0���������������������������3�������7�$��7examples of case studies, considered aspects of fu-ture studies and discussed concrete political approa-ches.

C������(������������������#�����,�����&�7��-���� �� ���,������� 3���� 3�� �0���� �����,

North migration. More than two-thirds of international &�7������3��&�������� �����,������� 3��������place within the region. Displacement accounts for a large share of these population movements. Ap-proximately 20 percent of all refugees worldwide (ap-���0 � :&������81 and around half of all internally dis-�����������6/��KF� O&������82 live in Africa. Apart from refugees and internally displaced persons due �����9���# ��������7��&����3�����������$�to leave their homes as a result of environmental ca-tastrophes, the destruction of their environment, and development projects.

����0�&����(FC������������ 3��& ���D����3 ��-search, politics, and civil society came to Bonn at BICC’s invitation to discuss the causes and types of displacement as well as strategies for migration gov-������� ��� ��&��������� ��� ������� �����������&����������������$��3���D����3�������#���relevant ministries, and African regional organizations as well as local and international humanitarian orga-nizations.

1 J;��� ���� ���O +����� 5����� ��3�7��# (��&�����# ��������# /��������( �������� ��� �������Persons. Available at <http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/ �5 5/�5/���>�C�:@@3� ��3U

2 IDMC. 2008. Internal Displacement. Global Overview of 5���� ��� ��$����&��� �� ���O $������� �� T�������<<< ��������,�������&��� ��7����CO��)��>%.:%F�6��-��/�3�)���8�%��:F@) %C��>F>��F�CO>�.��::F��%�RD���/�!�V/�������V�������&���V+�����VI$��$��<V���O ��3U

Causes and effects of displacement

/��������������(�����������#�� '���I����#J��-$����(�32��<���#��$����(#�&����"�����������3-D�����������7������<���&�7����������������-ment, particularly because of the complexity of the causes of migration, Academic concepts cannot al-ways be applied in practice.

According to the research results of Dr. Wim Naudé 6J;J,2/�.�#�������8���9���������&���&�������3����� ������ ����& �3 ��3�7�� �� 1��� 2�����6J;J,.��#%���8����������&���0�������������-tween environmental change and migration in West Africa.

The conference also discussed the humanitarian, le-gal, and social consequences of displacement for the people affected. It considered the effects of in-voluntary immigration and emigration, resettlement and return on the social, political, and economic conditions of the countries of origin, transit countries �������������� /�������#'����������7�6 3����/��4����# *����8�0�&���� ��� �����$�����������(�3��3�7�����/�� ;���!���&���������3���Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) in Geneva concentrated on the special situation and needs of internally displaced persons, describing the progress made and the obstacles encountered in implementing the “Guiding Principles on Internal �������&���H �����$�� ��� (��� �7� ��� ?���-��7 ��� �0�&��� �3 ��&���� ��� 1��(� �� ������������3���������3�����������/������������!�7���������.������������� 6�./)I8 �� ��������&������������������# �������&���#���������7��-�����3.���������3�7���������

The panel discussion on the nexus between migration and security dealt with the special aspect of human security as well as the role of, and the limits to, interna-tional legal standards.

Approaches to and instruments of “migration 7�$�������H

But precisely what concrete approaches and “mi-7������7�$�������H �����&���&�������(&����#civil society and international organizations develop?

39

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

The panel discussed inter alia the refugee integration �����7(��$�������( ������������3 ����� 3����and the Ugandan legislation on refugees and IDPs, which was introduced several years ago. The confer-ence also reviewed approaches and initiatives devel-�����( ���.����&����&&����(I32��, 3����������6.�I2 �8������ 3�����J����6 J83������-��7<���9�7������������&������&����7&�7��-tion voluntary and legal.

/� �� ����# �� *���� % *����� 6J��$����( �3 2��<�-�������#'���������78�������������3�����-��� �������&���# ���&��� ����7�# ��&�� ���3D��-��7#�����&�����������3��&������������������������������3���������������������������������

�����������$��3���J;���#���/��������������&-mittee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the Norwegian Refu-gee Council (NRC), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the Consortium for Refugees and Mi-7����������� 3����6���!� 8������132Entwick-lungsbank����0����������$��<#������7�����favor of a fair distribution of the burden between the countries hosting refugees and the international com-munity.

���3����������&&���������������<���research and politics

As one conclusion of the conference, Baffour Amoa �3 ��� 2�� 3����� ����� ;��<��� �� �&��� �&62 ;� 8# ����# ��&����� ���� ������� �� &�-7������ �� 3���� �� ������ �� ��� ������ &���closely with politics. This also called for improvements in the collection of data in Africa.

A legal basis for preventing persecution and forced �������&����0������&����� 3��������� .0����7national and international law as well as local struc-tures must be strengthened in order to develop a sus-�������� �����7( 3�� ���$�����7 9�7�� ��� �������-ment. The conference called for a paradigm change in development cooperation—the international com-munity should focus its attention more on issues of pre-$�����������������39�7��

The conference is to be the starting point for estab-�����7����<����3 ������������������������ ��

���&����0����7��������������� �� ���D����3migration and displacement. BICC also plans to hold 3������<�����������������3&�7������������-���(�<�����3����<,�����3������<�����������place in 2010, if possible in Africa.

Clara Fischer / Ruth Vollmer

Project title: Migration and displacement in ���,������� 3����

Duration: Until May 2009

���������(� +��&��)������!�����(3��.����&����������������Development (BMZ)

Project leader: Clara Fischer

Cooperation: Ruth Vollmer, Andrea 2�������#�����2���#������X�������#������������#������2������

������������ �3 G*���3�����������H

40

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

www.here-there.org:Online communication of and with diaspora organizations

�/ ��. �.

�/ ��. �.����3��G�������3���������������#5�����������������3*��7,��������������/�$��$�&��������9������-���7 ��������3��&��������3 3����H /� �����,�������#�����&����������������D�������(���.�������J������-��������$����)��&�<������7��&&�#������7�����������and challenges of diaspora involvement in countries of origin, in ������.������#.�������#�����&����

5�� �/ ��. �. ��������� ��&� 3��& ��7�� ��33����� ���$���-ties, independent research institutes and NGOs. The University �3'($_�(�_6)������8#%���/������������������3�����$�����������!�0������/�������3�������� ���������7(6+��&��(8#the Peace Research Institute of Oslo (Norway), the African Dias-���������(������6���;���������8#�������������������/����-��"������6/���(8#���)���&3��������������6.�������8������ ����&(3������������$����&���6��&����8

www.diaspeace.org

5�� ������� ������� �/ ��. �. ��� /;)I�I; 6��boxes) have developed a joint online-forum, which is 7����� �� ��� ����D� ���� �3 ������������ ��&-munities. It aims at supporting migrant organizations to actively contribute to integration, cultural dialogue, ��&�� ��7�� ���#���9��� ��������������$����-ment. At the same time, www.here-there.org intends to be a platform for non-governmental organizations (NGOs), researchers and governments through which they can interact and cooperate more directly with transnational community organizations.

M�7���� ���<��� 3��& � $������ ��� �������-���� ���� �3 .������� ��$�� �����( �������-

ally, many of them have also become transnational actors who contribute substantially to development and peacebuilding in their regions of origin, or are en-7�7�������<���7�����3��������������0����7� Their websites and online communities provide infor-mation and, most importantly, facilitate communi-cation both between scattered transnational com-munities, and between these communities and their respective places of origin.

On the pragmatic level, the Internet can help facili-tate contacts between diaspora organizations trying

��D��������������������3������������$����-&��������������������������3���7�� ������#���even more importantly, the Internet allows for a con-tinual exchange of views and information between diaspora groups and other actors in the country of ori-gin, thereby allowing diasporas to stay in close touch with political, social and cultural developments ‘at home’.

;�<�������������������

!���3���&�7�������3�7��7�����������(�/ �,�. �. ��� /;)I�I; ��������� &�7�� <��� �� ��-beled transnational communities (TCs). Many of them ��$� ��������7�� ��$���������9������ �����&�&-bers are facing obstacles establishing themselves in their new homes. But in spite—or because—of this two-fold challenge, TCs have become actors build-��7 ��� &���������7 &������� ���� ���<��� G����H���G�����H

In an effort to narrow the gap between transnational &�7���� ��7���"����� ��� .�������������������������������# ��� � ;+I# ��$�� �����( ��7���"�-���� 6��I8 ��� ���� �����# ��� �<� ������� ����-���3�������������O��.J)��&�<������7��&&�#

have pooled their resources to develop a joint online tool geared towards the ����D������3��������������&&���-ties. The tool strives to empower migrant ��7���"�������������������������<�-edge related to challenges faced by their communities, be they integration or cultural dialogue, human rights issues, ���9��� ���������# �� ��$����&��� �the same time, www.here-there.org also��������$��������3��&3��;+I#��-searchers and government organizations to engage more directly with transnation-�� ��&&����( ��7���"����� ��� ����D�from each other’s expertise.

Being aware that several of the commu-nities studied are already well connected ������# ��� ������� �3 M���� ��5����E���������7�����3�����������<����#and possibilities, rather than duplicating �0����7���<��� *���<��#�����33�����

41

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

������������� �/ ��. �.L�������3��Peace: Patterns, trends and potentials of long-distance ���������$��$�&��������9���settings. Case studies from the �����3 3����

��������� �����!��������

���������(� O��.J�������3��&�<���programme

������������� �����' �����

�������������� �����2�������

Cooperation: Bettina Conrad, Clara Fischer

������������ �3 G*���3�����������H

INFOCON

INFOCON aims to promote a better understand-ing of how civil society organizations representing ��������������&&���������<��������$�����7�������$��7���9�����.��������<����<��� )�-�������(���.�������J��������������$����)��&�<��� ���7��&&�# ��� �����,(��� �������project was launched in April 2008. Coordinated by the Internationalist Foundation, INFOCON is a joint endeavor of several research institutes such as the J��$����[�������?����*��$��� 6������������-����8#J��$����(�31���#J��$����_�������7,.��#/�������E`����������?����*����#��������71����-�����J��$�������#J��$����[��*�a7�#J��$����[*�-$��6N�[���8�����I���������;���������#Kosovo, Belgium, United Kingdom and Germany.

www.infocon-project.org

����� � ��7� ���<��� ��(��� ����� �<� ��7������(#����������(�������<����D���������#���������-pecially been devised as a space that can be used in a both exclusive and inclusive manner, thereby giving the user a sense of control and ownership.

�����# M���� ��5����E �� ���� ���7��� �� �����9�0���(�������������������(����������$�����more exclusive way—depending on the user’s prefer-ences. The design of the website allows users to both create exclusive spaces only accessible to registered members while at the same time providing easy-to-use, state-of-the-art technology to present one’s or-ganization and activities to a larger public, engage in �����������������3������,&��������������7�-nizations through an array of discussion fora, messag-ing functions and databases. Ultimately, the goal of M���� ��5����E � �������<�0����7��&&���������gaps and facilitate contacts between various TCs, as <�����&��75������������������������D���of migration, peacebuilding and development. Thus,we aim to contribute to the empowerment of groups that have so far operated in relative isolation, and ���$������&<���������������(������D�3��&���participate in ongoing discussions around the topic of migration.

The overall website will eventually hold a huge col-lection of organized data and will appear as a portal that has several uses:

^ An interactive publication database, where one ���D�������#��������������&����������an intelligent search engine.

^ A participative media portal, gathering news, events, articles and media content published by the users of the website. An intelligent search en-7���<������&�����������(D��<������(���������73��

^ An organization directory, allowing users to easily D�����7�����$��$��<�������7���"�������-gistered, each of which has its own virtual space.

^ A platform of cooperation where the different ����������������������<���

Andrea Warnecke

42

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

A photo exhibition explains:Resources for a fairer world

G�������3���)�����2����H����������3���<�0��-bition project, which BICC has organized in conjunc-����<���%���� 3�� ���2����# ./�.;.# )���� 5�����-����# )/ ;# ��� �������� %]�� )���������# &����� ��-�����������#!/�.�.I����J�7�<��� 5���0��������#<���� ���������( /�2.��6/�������������2�����-������7���.��<������78<���3�����73��&���+��-&��)������!�����(3��.����&����������������Development (BMZ), examines the consequences of �0�������7��������������3��������������������#�����<���2���������&��������������greater justice.

What does cocoa have to do with war and child �����=��<�������&�����7�7�&������7��

�&����ED�7�������������������� 3����=2�(is biodiesel made from soya not a blessing for the cli-mate, but often a curse for the rainforests and small farmers?

The world economy is dependent on exports of large quantities of natural resources from over 50 devel-����7 �������� ��<�$��# ����� ������ �� �������resources is not the source of improved welfare for &��(�3����������������������#���������� /�frequently undermines the regular economy, leads to wars and the violation of human rights.

Africa’s richest country in natural resources, the Dem-ocratic Republic of the Congo, has been suffering ������ �3 ���9��� M�����E �� �� <����� �3 �������resources such as gold, diamonds, tropical timber ������������6������8 M%�������&���E��$����D-��������$��<���� �7������������*���� ������structures are collapsing in the oil-rich regions of Nige-���#������������ 2������7�������33������(destruction and despair.

5�� G������� 3�� � )����� 2����H ����� �0��������presents the examples of diamonds, gold, crude oil, uranium, tropical timber, soya and cocoa. It provides information on the individual natural resource and de-scribes the problems associated with its exploitation. !���&��������(#��<�$��#����<�������7����be made, and how consumers can help to ensure a 3���&����������7��������������7�������

.0�&��������

Three million tons of cocoa are produced worldwide every year. Côte d’Ivoire in West Africa is the world’s ��77���0�������3�����#<���������3:O�������

Civil war has been smoldering in the north and west of ���������( ���������&������� 5��7�$���&���used tax revenue from cocoa production to pay for weapons and deploy foreign mercenaries. The rebel movement Forces Nouvelles also D�����������77��with cocoa smuggling.

Despite its position as the leading exporter of cocoa, Côte d’Ivoire is one of the world’s twenty poorest �������� �������7 �� ��� J����� ;����� ��&����$����&���/���0#������F@@�������6����3FOO8 Child labor—particularly involving child migrants from neighboring countries—is widespread in the Ivorian cocoa sector.

What can be done? Companies should introduce an independent and reliable supervision and control (��&������������<������������,.�7����������1to ensure that their suppliers do not use child labor. In addition, they should establish reliable programs to assist the rehabilitation of the children affected and provide compensation.

5�� J����� �����# +��&��(# +���� %������# )�����#and Russia are the world’s biggest consumers of co-coa. The per capita consumption of chocolate in +��&��(�����������������(��� 5��?�������3G2������������=H�������������&&�������(��the consumer.

The alternative is chocolate which is produced and traded fairly, such as that offered by gepa (the Fair 5������&���(8<������5���)������ �����D��3���trade cocoa and chocolate must be produced and processed under strictly controlled conditions. These include environmentally friendly production methods and the elimination of child labor.

1 A voluntary protocol agreed to by the chocolate industry �������J���������������������E�&������7����7��child labor.

43

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

An exhibition organized by NGOs to provide information on development policy

The exhibition is a further joint activity of the “Resourc-�3���)�����2����H��������#<����#�����3��&%/��#����������%����3�����2����#./�.;.#)����5���-������# )/ ;# ��� �������� %]�� )���������# &������������������#!/�.�.I�#���J�7�<���

These organizations are acting to encourage chang-es in the conditions surrounding the extraction of ������������������������ 5��(�����������&-mitment, capacity to act and initiatives of the peo-ple affected. They voice criticism because very of-��� ������� ������� �0�������� ��� ������ �� ����D�economic development in the respective country. Powerful international companies, which can dictate their own conditions, often have sole responsibility for �0�������7����������� *������<����������to extract them—at the expense of the population. ������ ���9��� ����� ������ ��� ������ <�� ���directly affected do not have a say when projects are planned. The extraction, transport of and trade with ����������������7�����(��$��$�������7�3D������local, regional and national level, corruption and the misappropriation of large sums of money.

5����������D��7����7����������+��&�������-���� ������ ���7�� �� ����7�� �� ���O# <���� ��organized a joint stand. It will also be present at the Church Congress in Bremen in May 2009.

The 25 photos in the exhibition and a map showing the ����������3��������������������9����� 3����illustrate the problems, inform and provide food for ����7�� 5���������D����&�����%/����<�����with the international photo agency laif, whose pho-tographs stand for informative and committed pho-tojournalism.

The practical format of the photographs (40 cm x 60 cm) means that it is easy for NGOs, schools, univer-sities and other groups to present the exhibition on ��������&�� ��3��#�����������inter alia at MI-�.�.I�E������(�� �����#��J;��(���<��������3��&�<����3����������������)����5���������conference in Bonn, at a conference on natural re-

�������7���"���(.����� ��;��<���#����� �����7�����7 �3 !/�.�.I�E 3����7 ��&���7� �� �����-gart.

5�����������������$��3�7�����3���������(��7I�����,'�������&�����&����J��$����(6�V��8#����0��������E��&���7�<<< �����337�������7���� ��provides useful information on the exhibition. A video shows the opening of the Fatal Transactions confer-ence in Bonn.

Susanne Heinke

Project title: Resources for a Fairer World—Photo exhibition

��������� ����� ��������

���������(� /�2.��6InternationaleWeiterbildung und Entwicklung)with funding from the German )������!�����(3��.����&��Cooperation and Development (BMZ)

�������������� ������������

������������ �3 G*���3�����������H <<< �����337�������7���� ��

44

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Côte d’Ivoire: Cocoa, oil and diamonds between war and peace

/����3��&�<����3���.�������)����5������������<���# � %/�� ���& ���$���� �� �b�� �E/$���� ���������D���������� 5��3����3����������<����?��������<����������������9������������-sition from war to peace. For this purpose, the project team interviewed government and company repre-sentatives, members of civil society and international organizations, a group of peasants as well as mem-bers of the rebel movement Force Nouvelles and other militia groups.

The case of Côte d’Ivoire is a good example of how natural resources have contributed to violent con-

9��� � ����&���&�# ������������ ��������� ��which way the wealth in natural resources can be harnessed to contribute to peace and development.

*�����������7��3�3+�����������7������7*���-���#+�����#!���#%������)�����!���#3��������#many considered Côte d’Ivoire to be the ‘West Af-����� �<��"������E J���� ��� ���������� �������������c�,%��7�(# ��� ������( ����&� ��� ����-ing economic powerhouse of the region during the F�@����O� 5���������<�&����(���������production of coffee and cocoa. Up until today, co-������������7�(����(J�R���������������/$�����economy.

2���������������<����&����������3����&&���-��������F���������������3�������c�,%��7�(��F��:#���������(�������������3������������economic turmoil and instability, which found its trag-ic climax in the civil war and division of the country in 2002.

5��$���������9�����7��<���������&���������E[��� �( ���� �3 ��� ��&�� 3���� �� �����&���2002. As a result of the failed uprising in Abidjan, the country disintegrated into two parts—the north led by rebels and the south controlled by the government. The warring parties were separated by a corridor, the so-called ‘zone of trust’ (����� ��� �������8 *����#the rebels regrouped themselves under the name of the Forces Nouvelles6);8�������&����D7��3����end of discrimination against the inhabitants of the north of the country.

���������#���<�� ���I��7����7������� 7���&���6I� 8#���<���/$�������������*������+��7�� ��� ); ����� ������ +������&� ���� <����������!�������O %������7����,���������D-cation of the country is still ongoing, and the country faces serious challenges, such as the disarmament, ��&�����"����� ��� ������7������ 6��\�8 �3 �����and pro-government militia, the preparation of elec-tions, and the reinstatement of administrative and economic unity.

;������������������9���

Côte d’Ivoire is the biggest producer of cocoa world-wide and the income from cocoa exports has long been the most important source of income. For a long time, the thus created revenues have been the most important source of income for the country—which �����������3�����D������7�3���<�����7������

On the side of the rebels, the control of cocoa exports from their territory translated into an estimated yearly ����&��3J�R:�&������3��&���>��<���1: The co-coa produced in the area under control of the FN was smuggled mainly to Ghana and Togo.

�������7 �� ��� J����� ;����� +���� �3 .0����Ereport of 20052, the Ivorian government mainly relied on revenues from cocoa for its military expenditure. /����:�����#��0�3��&�������������<����J�R� :�������#���7�������������$�������������-tor, went into the increasing war expenditure.

In addition to cocoa, the government is suspected of having used revenues from the newly emerging ��������&������(G����3��(&������(�0����H:. This resource was unavailable to the rebels, as Ivorian oil is located off-shore (thus in the south).

1 +�����2���� ���O G������������ ��<�����3������������9������b���E/$���� H������ '���

2 J�����;����� J�����;�����+�����3.0�������b���E/$���� ���C G�������3���+�����3.0������&�����������������<�������7����O�3���������FC�>6���C8 �����C�@��

: J�����;�����#J�����;�����+�����3.0�������b���E/$���� ���O G�������3���+�����3.0������&������� ���������� <��� ����7���� O 6�8 �3 ��������� FO�O6���@8 H�����O�:>� � :

45

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

On the other hand, the FN was able to gain money in illegal diamond trade, as the diamond deposits of the northern and central region had fallen into their hands. In reaction and in order to cut the FN off this ������3��$����#���J;�������(�����������������&���7����b���E/$����3������0�����3���9���diamonds in December 2005. Nevertheless, the FN was able to continue illegal exploration and export of ���&���<�������<���J�R����J�R�: C&�������year4. According to an expert mission of the Kimberley Process ( in which a BICC staff member participated), �������&���������������������7�����&�����via neighboring states of Côte d’Ivoire.

Good resource governance for peace and development

When reinstating unity in Côte d’Ivoire, the econom-ic integration of both parts of the country is one of the major challenges. FN leaders in the North have greater interest in retaining the control over all eco-nomic activities, as this is their most important source of income. Under the Peace Agreement (OPA) the redeployment of state authority is foreseen and small ����������7�������<�����7�����7�����������over trade and taxes in the north.

5���<�����������������������������������-��7�����������������7�3����������������\�of all ex-combatants. At the heart of the violent con-9��� ��( ����& �3 �����&������� ����7 �������( ����#and the preparation of elections touch upon this sen-sitive topic. For the FN, elections have to come before ��\�<��������7�$���&���<�����\��3���);to be completed before elections are held. To hold ��������������&���&�����\��&���������(L�is foreseen in the OPA—is thus a cautious balancing act, and in consequence a slow process.

The BICC study concludes that improved resource governance is an important factor in the develop-ment and the peace process in Côte d’Ivoire.

4 J�����;�����#J�����;�����+�����3.0�������b���E/$���� ���@ G�������3���+�����3.0������&�����������������<�������7������3���������FO��6���@8 H�����@��@>

Resource governance describes the way in which governments regulate and manage the use of natu-ral resources as well as the redistribution of costs and revenues deriving from those resources. Good re-source governance implies transparency in the entire management of natural resources—from the award-ing of concessions and contracts to the revenues generated in each sector. This has to be combined with accountability of the government towards soci-ety—especially with regard to the way in which rev-enues from natural resources are spent.

After analyzing the current situation in Côte d’Ivoire it becomes obvious that the country is still far from such ����� ���� %�� D�� ��� ��<��� 7������ �������-���(����������������(�����������D���������<for some hope.

Lena Guesnet

������������� .J;+IL ���$�����������"�the public for development ��������3��&�<����3���Fatal Transactions campaign

��������� �����'�����(���O

���������(� .���������&&����6.J8

Project leader: Wolf-Christian Paes

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������������ �3 G*���3�����������H

46

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Digging for peace:���$�����&����������9���"���

%/��#�����������<������.�������)����5�����-�������<���#�����������������������3������G��7-ging for Peace: Private companies and emerging �����&����"����3���9���H�����Deutsche Wellein Bonn on 21 and 22 November 2008. Representa-tives of civil society, companies and politics discussed ��������3���$�����&����������9���"���

W��� ���� �� ���$��� ��&����� ���( �� ���9���zones? What are the consequences of their be-

��$���=2��������$�������������������(&�����peace and development in the sense of corporate social responsibility? BICC invited representatives of ��&�����#<�����������$������9���"�����%���to analyze these questions together with representa-tives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and governments. The conference also devoted particular attention to aspiring companies from threshold coun-tries, especially China. The aim of the conference was to conduct an exchange between representatives of ������( ��� ��$�� �����(# ��������� ���������� ���academics.

I�����3��������<�������������D����������of experience with attempts to regulate the diamond trade (Kimberly Process) and encourage transparen-�(������0������$������6.0������$�/�������5���-������(/�������$�#./5/8 �����.�7��#�����&���3���./5/ ��� 3������ �3 5���������( /������������ <�patron and chaired the conference.

Festus Mogae, former President of Botswana ex-plained how good resource management can con-tribute towards peace and development.

.0�������7�������������������9���"����

.0�&���3��& 3����

The conference discussed the problems of extracting �������������������9���"���#?�����7����0�&-����3*������#�b���E/$������������

�3���%��<�����3���*�������;+I+���� �$�����explained how the extraction of natural resources in *������# ��������( <���# �77��$��� ���9��� �$��land possession.

'����� ������# %/��# �������� ��� ��� �3 �b��d’Ivoire. Revenue from the cocoa industry and dia-&��������3��������$���������9��� ������ 5��aim must be to administer revenue wisely and to use it to help the country’s development. Companies, ;+I ��� ����&�� ��� �0����� � �����$� ��9�-ence in this respect and demand good resource gov-ernance.

'�&� ;����<# .0�����$� �������� �3 ��� ;+I �-�����!����3�� 3����#������������������<���war, the extraction of natural resources and negative ����?����� 3�� ��� ���������� �� ���,���� ����� Forced evictions, for which the victims had received no compensation, were a particular problem.

The responsibility of Western companies

Representatives of international companies consid-��������������������(�����9���"��� ����������were the security of investments, human rights and codes of conduct. Andrew Bone, Director for Interna-tional Relations at De Beers made it clear that invest-ments and security go hand-in-hand. Development ������(���������<�������

'���IE�����(#3��&��������4�����������3��.0������Affairs at British Petroleum, demanded that compa-nies must respect human rights. There were opportuni-���3��&����3D����������3������������3����� Binding regulations were still a long way off, however.

������ ��7��(# �������� +������ �3 ��� )��������� �3Cocoa Commerce (FCC), presented the FCC’s con-cept for communal infrastructure development on a public-private partnership basis.

�����5�������#�����������( �$�����/������������ ����#�������3��&�����3,��9�������(��&����������-9���"��� 5����������$������7�������������#�����<�(����������� ��&�������������their decisions on this awareness.

The issue of China: Who is the better investor in Africa?

The complex relationship between Africa, China and .�����<��3������������������������3������

47

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Ana Cristina Alves, Researcher, China in Africa Project �� ��� ����� 3����� /������� �3 /������������ 33���#� // # �0������� ��� G �7���,!����H ����� <����China provides credits for infrastructure development ���0����7� 3��&������ �����E D���������7�7�-&����� 3�����3����7������������3���2����%���#)�����������J������������&�����

%� 1��7# �������� +����� .���7( ��� .�$����&���Initiative, dismissed claims that Chinese companies are the new colonialists, operating as puppets of their government, who merely wanted to outdo the West and encouraged corruption and instability.

)[������!����(�#+ .�;6+������E ������0.0����-tants des Ressources Naturelles), discussed Chinese investments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). There was a tremendous need for investments, �����������( �����D����3������� ������� ;�������and international human and labor rights as well as environmental and transparency standards should apply for all investors. The government of the DRC was <���# ��<�$��# ��� ����� <� ����� �� 3��� ���������� ��$����# ������������#���������3D���������������������7������������������

���� *��7�����#��������������#��������� ���West’s criticism of China to be unfair. For example, the .�������/�$��&���%���#�����3������7�����-��������<����<���#�����������������.JE����������$����&����� ������� ������������.���-pean consumers to demand responsible behavior on the part of their institutions.

'������� �����7# %/��� 6%���� /������� �3 ���-��&�����(�����������8#�0���������������������������( ���.�������J����<���������7<���China in Africa. There had initially been ambitious pro-posals for constructive cooperation and ownership on the part of the African states, but these proposals had failed inter alia due to the different interests of the $�����.J&�&�������

)�����(#2�����'���76�����/�������#J��$����(�3 �-berta) and Alfred Brownell warned against hypocrisy and double standards with regard to China. Ultimate-ly, it had to be the sovereign decision of the African states whether they wanted to do business with China or not.

Fatal Transactions supports the dialogue

The conference provided a platform for a dialogue ���<�����$�� �����( 3��&���;������� ��������#private companies and politicians. This type of ex-����7����<����������$������������� ����&-portant aspect of the Fatal Transactions campaign, providing an opportunity to name and discuss prob-��&<�������0������7 ����$��������(�� �������-alogue is necessary to ensure that the extraction of natural resources serves the interests of peace and development in Africa, instead of encouraging war and destruction.

One conclusion drawn at the conference is that initia-��$��������./5/������1�&�����(�������$�established the right approaches to solving these problems. It is now a matter of learning from these ini-tiatives and broadening their basis. BICC will continue to support Fatal Transactions through its applied re-����������D���

Lena Guesnet

Project title: Digging for Peace: Private companies and emerging �����&����"����3���9��� International Fatal Transactions conference 2008

��������� �����&��������� ��������

���������(� )���������3��/������������Dialogue of the Sparkasse in %���#I03�&;�$��#.���������&&����6.J8

Project leader: Wolf-Christian Paes

������������ *���+�����#'�����������

������������ �3 G*���3�����������Hwww.fataltransactions.dewww.fataltransactions.org

48

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

A�������3�����9���&���7�&�����multiethnic federations

In the period 2005 to 2008, a project funded by the +��&��)��������� 3�������������� 6��)8 ���-ied ethnic federalism and considered the institutional ������������3���������(������9��������&��� )���multiethnic federations—Russia, India, Nigeria and �����L��$����0�&��� �����������������in 2009.

The coexistence of ethnic groups within a state fre-?�����( ���� �� ���9��� 5�� ������� ���������

���������(�3&����������3�������������������9��� /�������(���������&������������������3���-��3�������&3����,��������7�����$�����7���9���������������3������������������������("��

Discourses on multinationality

The policy of recognition with public discourses on multinationality and multiculturalism is probably the ���,���<� �������� �� ��������������& .����3��-eralism gives both territorially concentrated groups and dispersed groups a feeling of security. Multiethnic (&����&�����3��#���#������(����3#����3D�����3��������7���9���

Democracy and rule of law

.�����3�������������������&�����������������-cies when certain ethnic groups appropriate the ap-paratus of state for themselves. Once available, eth-nic federalism becomes a means for the exclusive dis-tribution of power and resources, encouraging group protectionism and ethnic clientelism. There is abun-dant evidence of such ethnic patronage in India and ;�7����# � <��� � �� ���� .����� M���������(E# ���protection of patriarchalist orders, denigration and in-tolerance towards ‘minorities in the minority’ are to be seen particularly in some regions in Russia and Nigeria. 5���&�������D����7��<�����������0����$��(�����������������������&������(�������$� .��������-9��� �����&��� �����3��� ���� ��&�������� <�����ethnic and religious groups, not between them.

Barriers to centralism and ethnic hegemony

The central government in multiethnic states is often ��&�������0���� �� ��9���������� ��7���#���-ticularly when the ruling party fears loss of power. In

return, regional elites are tempted to emphasize their �7���� ��� �� <����� �������� ������� �������-ist tendencies can be offset by the division of power <������������7�$���&��� ��������/����������-tive examples in this context. Participation in power and thus the potential limitation of power is at least possible in Nigeria on the basis of the country’s ‘fed-eral character’. Russia scores lowest in this context.

Negotiating arenas

The assumption of a fundamental contradiction be-�<����������������7��������������� � ����&-������ ������# ���� 3��& ������ �����# ����� ���always incentives to cooperate. Arenas for execu-��$�3�������&������3���3���������,D����7 /����#�����������������A�����<��������$��0�&���in the sense of open and unbiased inter-governmen-tal negotiating arenas. The situation in Nigeria, on the other hand, is rather negative.

Neutral arbitrators

�����&��������������������������������0���-sion of central government providing that they are in-������������������� /����#��������#����������extent, Nigeria are positive examples of the possibil-ity of judicial limitations on central government. The Constitutional Court in Russia, on the other hand, has shown itself to be dependent, opportunist and com-pliant to the wishes of the president in fundamental decisions.

Fragmentation and segmentation

There is a widespread view that the best solution is to draw regional borders in such a way that minorities ����&����7�����&������( ��<�$��#�����3�����the price of ethnic expulsion. Multiethnicity in the re-gions can enhance the opportunity to forge regional identities instead of ethnic-exclusive identities.

Flexibility

The more the ethnic groups differ in their character, the more distinct their institutional character should �� ����������� �������� �����3�����������the rhetoric of ethnopoliticians but on actual needs and democratic representation.

49

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Cross-ethnic interests within the party system

The comparison between Russia, India, Nigeria, and �������<�����������((��&���(������$�����for the involvement of regional elites. Politicians are all ���&��� �����( ����&�������&��������������$���the less they can expect to gain absolute ethnic ma-jorities and the more they can compensate for losses in their own camps by winning votes from people in other groups.

Public assets

In some cases, the establishment of ethnic regions has �7��D�����(�������7����$����&��� )����������-��������� �# ��<�$��# 3��?�����( ���9����$� ������it is not transparent, and is based instead on politi-cal opportunism. Asset redistribution in Nigeria is ex-���&��(���9���,����� 5����������������<������remain obscure and depend on opportunist consid-erations. The highest level of predictability was to be 3�����������

Timely action

A������33����9�0������(������&&��������������regions in the early 1990s. This was an alternative to ������ ��������������������9�0������������to federalization immediately after Franco. The Indian Union government, however, usually only reacted to escalations of violence. Nigeria demonstrates paral-lels with India in this respect: the system frequently only reacts when discontent is expressed violently.

;��������������7%����(����&������)����������

Under ideal circumstances, ethnofederalism leads to a regional identity which protects linguistic and cul-������3D��������������������#������������$������&������&�������((�������3�����������������-�( ��3��#��<�$��#������3�������&�������(�������� �� �33�� ������� �� ������� ���9��� �������� These include in particular situations of tension caused by migration. Furthermore, granting autonomy regu-larly leads to more extensive demands. Finally, feder-alism does not have an answer to the problem that

secular nationalism can transform itself into religious fundamentalism which cannot be appeased by ter-ritorial autonomy.

.�����3�������&������3����������������7%����(��� � &������ )���������� /� &�� ��$� ��� ��-port of federal values, constitutionalism, democratic �������,&����7������#���������7����$�����(system.

Dr. Andreas Heinemann-Grüder

������������� .����3�������&�/�����������preconditions for stability and ���9���&���7�&���

��������� ���CB����

���������(� +��&��)���������3��������������6��)8

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50

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Annual business report

BICC, the Bonn International Center for Conversion, <� 3������ �� F��> � � ���,���D� ���$��� ��&-

������&���(�������������$��3'���������#���Premier of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) �������&�#������;�2!�����(�3������� )��FCyears now, BICC has been conducting research and ��$���7�����������7���J�����;�����#���.���-pean Union, governments, local authorities, and so-cietal groups on all questions of disarmament at the nexus of peace and development.

2��� �33��� 3��& ;�$�&��� ����# %/�� +&�� ��<has only two trustees—the Land of NRW and the Land�3%���������7 5�������3���*.+*�������<���-���77�������3� ;�2 +&�� ��� ;�2 % ;1 <���������$���( ���Land of NRW when the two con-cerns were restructured. As BICC’s principal trustee, the Land of NRW is thus demonstrating its long-term commitment to development and peace.

%/����������$���(%����<������$�����5���-ees and oversees the Center’s management. It con-sists of seven members who are appointed by the %�����35����� 5�������$���(%��������������inter alia3�������$��7���������E������<������-7��&���D�����������

BICC and its management are advised by an Inter-national Board on all questions concerning research, policy and project acquisition. The International Board puts forward suggestions concerning the Cen-���E<������7��&#��&&�����%/����������������&������������7�����7�����������3%/��E<��� /� &�&��� ��� ��������� �( ��� %���� �3Trustees.

BICC relies on an international team of staff in order �� ���3��& �� ��$��� ��� ��� ���$��� ��$��� �����D����3������� �������#��$���( ��$������capacity-building. In 2008, the Center employed an �$���7� �3 :> &�&��� �3 ��33 F� �3 ���� <���employed on a full-time and 22 on a part-time basis 6��������7D$�������������#��������������-tants and two people in marginal employment).

%/������33�� ������������������(��<�������������������� ������ ��� %/��E �<� ������� <����3��� ����D� 7�����( 3��& ��� ����������� !�������F�������3��&�0��������<�������%/����-�<���'�����(�������!��������

/�������������1��$�����"�����&%���BBonn International Center for Conversion (BICC) +&�� ����.��������������C#C:FF:%���#Phone: +49-228 911 96-0, Fax: +49-228 241215,.,&��������d���� ��#/��������<<< ���� ����������������' �����Authorized representative (Prokurist8�!�������������&&��������7�����%�����%@OFO5�0/�;� �C����CO�:��>�:4 5/�;� ��.�FF�F::��

BICC Trustees:*����3;���������,2��������#�������3� �Ce*����3%���������7#�����&� FCe

!�&����3���%/�������$���(%������ ���������

1. �� !������ ��-������# ����� �3 ��� �����$���(%����# ��������(�3 �����#!�����(�3 /���$�����#�������# ������� ��� 5�������7( �3 ��� Landof North Rhine-Westphalia, Dusseldorf

2. !����������&��#!�����(�3.����&�� 33������.���7( �3 ��� Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, Dusseldorf

: 5���+�f���#��������#;�2 %���#�������34. )���" !����# ��������# *.+ ��������<������7

+&��\�� 1+#�������35. 2��3���� !��7����&�# !�����( 3�� /����7�����-

tional Affairs, Family, Women and Integration of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, Dusseldorf

6. ���������&����#!�����(�3.����&���3���Landof Brandenburg, Potsdam

O ���&�� �����# )������ !�����( �3 ��� Land ofNorth Rhine-Westphalia, Dusseldorf

51

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Financial development

%/��ED����������,���D� ��&������&���(����������<��������5��D������Land of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), which provides the Center with basic funding as Principal Trustee. This enables BICC to acquire orders and funding from other donors within ���3��&�<����3�,���������������(��������� 5�����# <���� ��� ������ <��� ��� 3�����7 ���7� 3��&research to advisory services, training and capacity-building, to other services. BICC is constantly endeav-oring to increase the volume of third party funding. In ����#%/��<��������������������(3�����7���constant level so that it once again almost equaled the funds provided by the Land of NRW.

The increased acquisition of third party funding and the further consolidation of all cost categories were �������3����������&����7��������������(%/��Emanagement in 2008. It was essential to cushion a fur-ther reduction in funds from the Principal Trustee (minus > @�������8 5��7���<���&�������$���������a considerable effort. Although BICC’s performance was slightly below that of the previous year (minus 0.9 �������8#���������<���&��������&�����3��this drop by reducing its operating expenses by 1.1 per-����������(��<���&�����D���

5��&��������%/��<�������&�����3�������-newed reduction in support from the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia by increasing the average contri-bution of third party projects. This was due inter aliato the fact that the Center was able to acquire more application-oriented projects, which, in addition to D������7����������������#������$����������-bution to covering the Center’s overheads. BICC will continue its efforts to acquire such projects in future. This gives the Center the chance to improve its earn-ings-related situation in individual projects.

To a certain extent the trend towards application-����������������������0�����3�������<���#where funding is often only provided to cover direct individual project costs (e.g. direct personnel costs, traveling expenses), but not overheads (e.g. infra-structure).

BICC’s International Board in April 2009:

1. �� �$����*��7����6;��<�(8#������3���/����-national Board, former Director of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI)

2. ��� %��0 6�<����8# ����� �3 ��� /������������Commission on Weapons of Mass Destruction

: ���%����6+��&��(8# 3��&��!������#!�&���of Parliament of the Land of North Rhine-West-phalia

4. '�(����� ��������� 6��� *����8# 3��&�� J����,��������(,+������# J����� ;����� ������&���for Disarmament Affairs (UNDDA)

5. ���3 �� 2��3��&���"6+��&��(8#���3����3�����-�����������#/��������3���������������������-�����7(# ��������� )��������,2�����&,J��$����_�Bonn

6. 1���� 1���&��� 6+��&��(8# ������&�����( ���-�����(�3�����#+��&��)������!�����( 3��.��-nomic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)

O �� ��������*�<�6+����%������8#�����(��������#'�&�!����������� 3��;�������3�������������6�;�8

8. ���3 �� 4������������7�� 6+��&��(8#�.I#+��-&��)���������3��������������6��)8

9. �� !������ ��-������ 6+��&��(8# ��������( �3�����# !�����( �3 /���$�����# �������# �������and Technology of the Land of North Rhine-West-phalia

10. ���3 ��&��5�����6������8#�����7�����)��-low, Centre for International Governance Innova-����6�/+/8������3����3����������������#J��-versity of Waterloo

11. �� ��������2���6+��&��(8#�.I#%�����,%���-������7��)�_�������<������7+&��

12. �� 5������2������6�<��"������8#��������#+���-va Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF)

52

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

An overview of the most important projects in 2008/2009

Applied Research ����������3��������3������information

�/ ��. �.L�������3���������������#trends and potentials of long-distance diaspora ��$��$�&��������9��������7 ��������3��&��������3 3����

since March 2008

�������<��������O��.J�������3��&�<������7��&&�#cf. www.diaspeace.org

The role of the security sector for the (de)stabilization of the (semi-)authoritarian regimes in Central Asia

����'��(2006

Research project funded by the 4���<�7��)���������

Mercenary identities: The self-image of employees of private military-security companies in Iraq

since�����&���2008

.0�������$�����������(#3������(the German Foundation for Peace �������6��)8

5�������������9������������&������&���&���weapons as a factor for development

sinceNovember2008

Case studies on Ghana, Uganda and .��5�&��#3������(���+��&��)������!�����(3��.����&��Cooperation and Development (BMZ)

2����&��������0����"��$��������7����<�&������&�����9���

sinceNovem-ber2008

��������(<���D������������.����$�������%����#�������3�3���+��&��)������!�����(3��.����&��Cooperation and Development (BMZ)

Transportation infrastructure in Germany and its relevance to security technologies and employment

untilNovember2008

�����������������3�3������,%]�����)���������

Involvement of BICC in the Friedensgutachten6������3�����������8

since 1999 %���������������cf. www.friedensgutachten.de

Consultancy

�������(#��&�&��������$����&�������������receiving German arms exports

since May 2002

Data bases and country reports with basic data on armaments, military, security, human rights and 7�$���������FO���������cf. www.ruestungsexport.info

�&�����&��$�(�������&����������������3���Congo

sinceNovember2008

���$�(����$�������������������with GRIP, Belgium, on behalf of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

53

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

���������7�����$����&�������&���&���������3���$������ *2�������7���7��&��2�� 3����

until�����&���2008

Consultancy for a pilot training ���&������1�D ����/�����������������������75������7Centre (KAIPTC)

)���������������(�����D����3&�����& since�����&���2008

e.g. advising the GTZ (German Development Cooperation) on &�����&������������.�� 3�������&&����(6. �8

�$���7�����7���&&������3��������7��������Colombia

����'���2008

���������7���������3demobilization and reintegration in Colombia by advising the relevant government authorities on behalf of GTZ (German Development Cooperation)

Capacity-building

Capacity-building on small arms control and disarmament, demobilization and reintegration 6��\�8���������������

until March 2008

In cooperation with local partners, members of civil society and the 7�$���&����3��������������cf. www.bicc.de/sudan

Participation in the Fatal Transactions (FT) ���<���#����(������������<������������������9���#��7���"������3������� �����Conference “Digging for Peace—Private ��&��������.&��7��7.����&����X����3���9���H#��B�F;�$�&�������

since'�����(���O

Research support, events, website, ��������������<���#�0��������#�0���������cf. www.fataltransactions.de

G�������3���)�����2����HL������0�������� since April 2008

Contribution to development policy education, funded by InWent (Internationale Weiterbildung und .��<������78#�3 ���<<< �����337�������7���� ��

/���������������3�������G5���������(B!�7������Nexus I: Challenges and Opportunities of African !�7��������.J��������H���G!�7����������������&��������,������� 3���� 5���������(,!�7������;�0�//H

until May 2009

��B�:)������(�������F:BF>February 2009 in Bonn, funded by the +��&��)������!�����(3��.����&��Cooperation and Development (BMZ)

Documentation for the Deutsche Welle Global !����)���&#��7���"������3�<������G�������#���9��������������3���!����H#�B>'�������

until August 2008

I�7���"������3�<������#�3 ����<,7&3 ��������$�������FFO> ���

54

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

5��?�������3D���������������������.J���������� ��&��� ������&������ )�� �0�&���# ��� .���-������&&����E.����� ��I3D��3��.0��������-operation deals with areas which are attractive for BICC. Unfortunately, however, its project guidelines ���( ���$��� 3�� 3�����7 �� ��$�� ��� OC ������� �3individual costs. This means that each of these proj-�����?������7��D��������(3��&����������of revenue. The drop in funding from BICC’s Principal Trustee thus also means that the Center has less scope for acquiring projects. This shows that BICC’s ability to

perform such projects is limited without further support from the Land of NRW or other partners.

BICC’s sources of funding are as varied as the Cen-���E <��� ���7� �3 ��� ��� ������� ������������������ ���+��&��)������+�$���&���# ���.���-pean Union, the United Nations Development Pro-gramme (UNDP), as well as foundations, companies, and other corporate bodies.

Michael Dedek

���D�������������3�����D�������(���3��&F'�����(������:F����&�������

Actual 2008

Revenues

a) !���3�����73��&���!�����(�3/���$�����#�������#����������5�������7(�3the Land NRW

980,600

b) Revenue from completed projects 896,451

c) Reimbursement of costs and other income �F#C:�

����7�����������������3��D������������ 40,621

Other operating income FO#:F@

Operating Performance F#�C@#CFO

Material costs of projects :�F#���

���33��� F#�:C#F:>

Planned depreciation FF#OF�

!������������������7�0����6�3D������#��� 8 ::�#:�@

I�������7.0���� F#�O@#�CF

Financial result FF#O��

���������D��� ,O#�:C

55

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

*���3�����������6'�����(����B ��������8

Briefs

brief 39. Fischer, Clara and Ruth Vollmer, eds. 2009. G!�7����������������&��������,������� 3���� 5���������(,!�7������;�0�// Hbrief 39. Bonn: BICC.

brief 38. +�����#*���#'��������������2��3,Christian Paes, eds. 2009. “Digging For Peace: Private ��&��������.&��7��7.����&����X����3���9��� Hbrief 38. Bonn: BICC.

brief 37. 2����#*�����4���&��#����#�� ���� G!��������7.�$����&��� ����������( Integrating������������������7&��������7�� Hbrief 37.Bonn: BICC.

brief 36. ��&&��#'���(��� �����2������#�� ���� G5���������(,!�7������;�0���������7����I������������3 3�����!�7��������.J�������� Hbrief 36. Bonn: BICC.

Bulletins

BICC bulletin, No. 49, January–March 2009 )�������FC(���%/��#�����' ��������������������

BICC bulletin, No. 48, October–December 2008 Feature: A Development-oriented Approach—Re-�����+�$���������%��<���#� .)���!�7��

BICC bulletin, No. 47, July–September 2008 )������� ��7�����������3���������=#�����' �����

BICC bulletin, No. 46, April–June 2008 )����������9������4��������5��*�&��������3Northern Academic Perspectives, Kevin Clements.

BICC bulletin, No. 45, January–March 2008 )�������5���������(,!�7������;�0�# �����2��-�����

BICC-Focus

BICC Focus 8. ����� ����������������������������� ���������������� ���������� �� ��������������paix en Côte d’Ivoire. )����5���������#'�������

BICC Focus 7. ‘Yellow Imperialism’ or ‘successful wealth creation formula’? How the trade in natural resources is changing Chinese-African relations.�����' �����# �����*��"������2��3,��������Paes, May 2008.

BICC Papers

���["#����� ���� G5���������(�3*�������&���� ;��������������������������������&������-9��� HOccasional Paper III. Bonn: BICC, April.

������#����� ���� g������*�����!����������������7���2���=.���X<����������"�����&������-����)������������������7 GOccasional Paper II.Bonn: BICC, April.

��&&��#'���(#�� ���� G;�<������3�����&-���&�������;������������<���/���=HOccasio-nal Paper I. Bonn: BICC, March.

����"�#!����,�������� ���� g���������������7��&-&�������4��������;������� .��+���������-��3-�den Frieden?“ Konzeptpapier. Bonn, BICC, March.

Newsletter Diaspora

Newsletter No. 2��������B!�7������B����������-��7 %/��#)������(����6.�7���8

Newsletter No.1��������B!�7������B����������-��7 %/��#I����������6+��&�����.�7���8

Newsletter Fatal Transactions

Newsletter No. 3, December 2008.

Newsletter No. 2, March 2008.

Newsletter No. 1#'�����(����

Other BICC publications

/���"��#.�$��# �����!�����������������+������ ���� G2����&�����������,���9���������� %/��������� H�������I$��$��< %����%/��#!����

�����"�#!������#��������%����#.�$��/���"��#eds. 2008. TRESA-Module. !�����7���5�����7�&��� �&���*�7��2����� %����%/��

1-����#����&�� ���� g1�������/�3����������������-������������7����*]��7��"�&�����"���%���-�]3�$�� ����_7�������� ���������"�����"��� G.���������#%���#%/��#I������

56

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

1-����#����&�� ���� g����_3����������7����X���������������/�3��������� ������������������-7����*]��7����� �������_�"��&%����������&���7����3�� G.��������� %���#%/��#!�(

���������� �����;��<������&��� �&6�� ;� 8Newsletter Update, March 2008.

1-����#����&�� ���� g/���$�������"�&�����"��������)��7�_3��$�� ����_7�� ����������-��������7������ �������_�"��&%���������-�����3��)��7��3�� G.��������� %���#%/��#February.

Newsletter: Capacity-building on small arms control �����\���������������� 2��3,�����������#'�����(����

Further publications

Ashkenazi, Michael ���� G1�"�������<�����������&�������������& HContemporary Security Policy.*�����#�� ����#� F��,FC�

________ ���� g!����������$������2���������-�����#)���3��7���+�3�&-������&����+�<_��� G/�'���������������� #�� Friedensgutachten2009 %�����#!-�����*��4����763������&��78

Böge, Volker ���� g%��7���$�����1���7#)������-������������7��������������7 G;���������������"�D�,/�3��&����������#� FO#*�� 6��������"�D�,/�3��&����������K;� �>8

VVVVVVVV ���� G5����������(2����+�$�����������7����32������������ H/�*���( �<�������*��2����#�� Transboundary Water Governance in Southern Africa: Examining Underexplored Dimen-sions. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

Croll, Peter J.���� g+��������.��<������7 .���4���_��������&&��7$��.��<������7,���������-������������������������������$� GI�����,5�0�����.$��7������� ����&��%��%��� $���������T�������<<< �$,�����&��,���� ���D����&��������7�@O�F��,����� ��3U 4��<����� ��������

VVVVVVVV ���� I�����7�������������������3the opening of the exhibition “Resources for a Fairer 2����H���F;�$�&������������Deutsche Welle,Bonn (in German). Available at <http://www.rohstoff-7�������7���� ���<�,��������������������FF�����,croll.pdf>. Viewed on 8 April 2009.

VVVVVVVV ���� G)�$�A����3�(���7(#!�����J����-������7���/���$���$������������ H2003-2008.Five Years UNU in Bonn. Bonn: UNU.

VVVVVVVV ���� :)��7�� G2����"�� ��-���73���� Hloyal, No. 6, p. 19.

VVVVVVVV ���� g*�����&.�����5�����=GAfricaPositive;� :F#� F>BFC

Heinemann-Grüder, Andreas. 2008. “Federal Dis-�����#!������(��7��#������9���5���3��&����� HIn Cameron Ross and Adrian Campbell, eds. Feder-alism and Local Politics in Russia.*�����#;�<A����Routledge.

VVVVVVVV ���� g;��������-���7�J��������� ��������$�� G/� ����������&���,+�-������� #eds. Friedensgutachten 2008 !-�����*��4����7

VVVVVVVV ���� G ��������_�"����%����<���B ���������2�����������G/����,'�����&+��-&������+]�";������#�� Streitkräfte zähmen, Sicherheit schaffen, Frieden gewinnen. Baden-Ba-den: Nomos.

VVVVVVVV ���� g ��������_�"����%����<��� G/�����������<�����#�� Welche Sicherheit, für wen und mit welchen Mitteln?������7,*����&�*����&������������O@��@

VVVVVVVV ���� G��&������"����7���.�������J�����2�����2���������������$����7��(=H/�'��Ciprut, ed. Democratizations. Comparisons, Confron-tations, and Contrasts. Cambridge: MIT Press.

VVVVVVVV ���� g2�������1���7�=G/����' +��f-mann, ed. Armee im Einsatz - Grundlagen, Strategien und Ergebnisse einer Beteiligung der Bundeswehr. %����,%�����;�&� 6��&�������#����������#)���-���K%� F�F8

57

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

VVVVVVVV ���� G)�������&����9���!���7�&��� H/�!������%�"������ 0��1����#�� SecuringPeace in a Globalized World *�����63������&��78

VVVVVVVV ���� g!��J;I,.��_�"��"�&)������=G/�'���������������� #�� Friedensgutachten 2009.%�����#!-�����*��4����763������&��78

VVVVVVVV ���� g)]������&���;�7���� G/�.�-���_����X�����&3-�)]������&�3������7#�� Jahrbuch des Föderalismus 2009. Baden-Baden: No-mos (forthcoming).

Heinemann-Grüder, Andreas, Bruno Schoch, Jochen Hippler, Reinhard Mutz and Markus Weingardt, eds. Friedensgutachten 2008 %�����#!-�����*��4����7

Heinemann-Grüder, Andreas and Irina Busygina, eds. 2009. Föderalismus und Multiethnizität in Russland.!����������6�������8

VVVVVVVV ���� GJ���(�����$����(������E)������-�& H/�)���&�3)���������#�� Unity and Diversity in Multiethnic Federations I���<��!�+���,N����EUniversity Press (forthcoming).

Hippler, Jochen, Christiane Fröhlich, Margret Johann-sen, Bruno Schoch, Andreas Heinemann-Grüder, eds. Friedensgutachten 2009 %�����#!-�����*��4����7(forthcoming).

Kantel, Verena and Wolf-Christian Paes ���� g���-���B���)������g��<��"��+���� G/�!��3��������"#�� Entwicklungsträger in der DR Kongo – Ent-wicklungen in Politik, Wirtschaft, Religion, Zivilgesell-schaft und Kultur.�������&F�� *�� %������������"�+�������3�#2������3�������������.��<������7�_�-dern.

Küchle, Hartmut ���� G���$������3!������(���� *������������+��&��( H���������������-����3���O��2��������!������(%�����$�����#Zagreb.

VVVVVVVV ���� g�-���7��������&���&�������7�-���� �f��������� G������������C!����������������+�������3�3-� �<_���7��������6�+ �8 Berlin.

VVVVVVVV ���� g%�������7����������"��������-����/�3������������_3��#)��7�_3�����%���-�]3�� GZeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik6X3 �8#;� F

VVVVVVVV ���� g1��$�����&����_������ ���7���������������B����-������� G������������������<�����������.$��7�������1����������7���g���<�����"��9�7������B�-���7�0��������-���7���$�����G �����7���#�F ����

Küchle, Hartmut and Peter Schaaf ���� g5�������-7����� ���������"�����"�����.���D7���� GStra-tegie & Technik, February.

Millard, Ananda S. 2009. “Children of War and ������5���&�����3&�����&���*�7��2���-�� H/�J�����;����� UNODA Occasional Papers. No. 14. ����� ������ ���� ����������������������Zones of Instability. Panel discussion at the United Nations FC��'��( ;�<A����J�����;�����

Schmidt, Christoph, Wilfried Solbach and Marc von Boemcken, eds. 2008. Media in Peacebuilding and ����� ������� ���. Bonn: Deutsche Welle.

Sommer, Jerry ���� g���.0����$�� ��&���3�<��-���,�������"�2�����$���������7$��;������<�3-3��=G;���������������3���#������7g��������_3�����������7���G$�&F ;�$�&��� $���������<http://www.ndrinfo.de/programm/sendungen/���������3������&��������F�� ��3U 4��<�����April 2009.

VVVVVVVV ���� g ��&���9���&����&/���B/����-nationalisierung der Urananreicherung als Kompro-&�=G;���������������3���#������7g������-��_3�����������7���G$�&F� '����� $�������at <http://www.ndrinfo.de/programm/sendungen/���������3������&��������F:� ��3U 4��<�����April 2009.

VVVVVVVV ���� g1���������������������������� GTageszeitung, Berlin, 19 March.

VVVVVVVV ���� g; 5I����-���7���������� �-�-���7 �-����������F@.&�3�����7��3-����� ��-���7����������; 5I G)������&��7��T<<< paulschaefer.info>.

58

BICC Annual Report 2008/2009

Swatuk, Larry A. and Lars Wirkus. 2009. “Transbound-��(2����+�$����������������� 3����� �/����������� H/�*���( �<�������*��2����#eds. Transboundary Water Governance in Southern Africa: Examining Underexplored Dimensions. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

VVVVVVVV ���� G5����������(2����+�$����������������� 3�����%�(�����������=H/�*���( �<�������*��2����#�� Transboundary Water Governance in Southern Africa: Examining Underex-plored Dimensions. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

VVVVVVVV �� ���� Transboundary Water Govern-ance in Southern Africa: Examining Underexplored Dimensions %����,%�����;�&� 6������������������+������������(+�$�������K4�� �8

von Boemcken, Marc ���� g;��<����������2��-3���������� ���&��������7��1���7� G/�;�������]���7���'�����&�7#�� Die Transformation der Streitkräfte im 21. Jahrhundert )����3����!������&-pus Verlag.

VVVVVVVV ���� g�����-���7����&���������=��3-3����"�����7$���-���7�(��&������ 3����-�������������� G/� ���������&���,+�-������� #eds. Friedensgutachten 2008 !-�����*��4����7

VVVVVVVV ���� g�����$���!����_�7�<�����J��-chen, Typen und Probleme.“ In Walter Feichtinger, 2��37��7%���&�������;��$�,.�"����1����(#eds. ���� ����������� �!�����"��� #������$�%��'�����-ten – Partner – Totengräber?2����%]����4����7

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