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Meteorologa Sistemtica

Geologa Gentica

Hidrologa Fisiologa

Biogeoqumica

Ecologa de Ecosistemas

Ecologa del Paisaje

Ecologa Qumica

Ecologa de Comunidades

Ecologa de Poblaciones

Fisiologa Ecolgica

Ecologa Conductual

Ecologa Evolutiva

Foco Bitico

ECOLOGA Foco Abitico

Evolucin

Cambio global

Biological invasions

Habitat loss

Climate impacts

Over-exploitations

Pollution

Cambio global es ms que cambio climtico: comprende mltiples impactos de las actividades humanas sobre el medio ambiente global

Muchos efectos se retroalimentan e interactan unos con otros

Source: Millennium Ecosystems Assessment

Los ltimos 150 aos

Este aumento de temperatura es de origen antropognico?

Cul es la variabilidad climtica natural del sistema terrestre?

Cul es la variabilidad natural de los GEI?

Anomalas de temperatura de los ltimos 1.300 aos elaborado a partir de mltiples indicadores paleoclimticos

El aumento actual de las temperaturas superan en 0,5C las temperaturas de los ltimos 1.300 aos para el HN

Consecuencias en los ecosistemas

Our planet has warmed by 0.13 C per decade since 1956 and will

likely warm more rapidily in the decades to come (IPCC, 2007)

It's Official !!! ... Last Year Was One of the Warmest on Record

1. Last year, the globe sweltered through one of the hottest years on record.

2. Global average temperature was 14.47C, or about 0.57C above the 20th century average

(National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration @ www.sciencemag.org)

Fisiologa Ecolgica y Evolutiva en un Planeta que se Calienta

The science of the interrelationships between the physiology of organisms and their environment. Physiological ecologists address ecological and evolutionary questions about the controls over the growth, reproduction, survival, abundance, and geographical distribution, as these processes are affected by interactions between organism with their current and future physical, chemical, and biotic environment McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Adapt

Mitigate

Forecast

Climate

change

impacts

Monitor

The study of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms

that set the limits for environmental tolerance,

is an active area of investigation that has gained

importance in the current era of climate change

(American Physiological Society 2010)

Diversidad Fisiolgica.. ...es la variabilidad en caracteres fisiolgicos entre animales y plantas.

La variabilidad fisiolgica son las herramientas de regulacin, rendimiento y tolerancia

Internal

Parasites

Disease

Genetics

Age

Size

Developmental

stage

Sex hormones

Cycles

(e.g. diel, tidal, seasonal)

Developmental

noise

Oxygen

CO2/H+

Other gases

Atmospheric

pressure

Salinity

Solar radiation

Humidity

Photoperiod

Water

Wind

Gravity

Hydrostatic

pressure

Environmental

temperature

Anthropogenic

External abiotic

Diet

Behaviour

(innate and learned)

Competition

Predators

External biotic

http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=7357959&size=md

Confronting the Physiological Bottleneck Denny M & B Helmuth (2010) Integrative & Comparative Biology 49: 197-201

A lack of physiological insight is the primary impediment to

the successful prediction of the ecological effects of climate

change

Without a better mechanistic understanding of how plants and

animals work, we can never be assured of an accurate warning

of what lies ahead for life on earth

1. Cmo y en que espacio/tiempo la fisiologa ecolgica y evolutiva converge con la biologa del cambio global? 2.- Tenemos algo que decir?

Vulnerabilidad de los

organismos

al cambio climtico

Atributos que promueven la vulnerabilidad de los organismos

al cambio climtico

1. Sensibilidad al cambio ambiental

2. Exposicin al cambio

3. Resiliencia o habilidad para recuperarse de las

perturbaciones

4. Potencial de adaptacin al cambio

Lmites de Tolerancia Trmica

Qu especies o poblaciones estn mas afectadas (amenazadas) por el cambio climtico? Por qu?, Cul es el impacto de

cambios trmicos en media y variabilidad?

Causas prximas

Consecuencias ltimas

http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=7557990&size=lg

Ecologa y Evolucin de la Fisiologa Trmica

Escuela Termodinmica Escuela Biolgica

http://www.abdn.ac.uk/dsb/about.shtml

Climate change is altering phenology and distributions of many species and further changes are projected for the 21st century.

Can species physiologically adapt to climate warming?

MACROPHYSIOLOGICAL

PATTERNS

Temperature

Perf

orm

ance

CTmax CTmin

Curva de rendimiento trmico para ectotermos

Temperatura del habitat

Ren

dim

ien

to

Summarizing

1. We analyzed thermal tolerances of a large number of terrestrial ectotherm (n=1037), endotherm (n=227), and plant species (n=1816) across the world, and show that tolerance to heat is largely conserved across lineages.

2. In contrast, tolerance to cold varies markedly between and within species.

3. We argue that hard physiological boundaries exist that constrain evolution of tolerances of terrestrial organisms to high temperatures. In contrast, evolution of tolerances to cold should be more frequent.

4. In contrast, species whose climatic preferences are close to their upper thermal limits will unlikely evolve physiological tolerances to increased heat, thereby being predictably more affected by warming.

Lecciones desde

el oceano

Biogeografa y estructura-funcin de malato deshidrogenasa en Lottia digitalis y L. austrodigitalis

Somero GN (2010) Journal of Experimental Biology 213:912-920

Cambio climtico y desertificacin

Summer Winter

Summer Winter

Pre

cip

itati

on (

mm

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Summer Winter

Wate

r F

lux (

ml/

day)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

water influx

water efflux

(9)

(6)

Summer Winter

Uri

ne O

smola

lity

(m

Osm

/kg)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

(19)

(11)

A)

B)

C)

Plants water content (%)

Vulpea sp.

70.6

5.7

Erodium sp.

76.9

2.8

winter winter

summer summer

Protenas Lpidos + O2 Carbohidratos

CO182 + H2O18

Tiempo

t = 0 t = t

H*

O18 CO2

}

*H2O

Summer Winter

Pre

cip

itati

on (

mm

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Summer Winter

Wate

r F

lux (

ml/

day)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

water influx

water efflux

(9)

(6)

Summer Winter

Uri

ne O

smola

lity

(m

Osm

/kg)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

(19)

(11)

A)

B)

C)

Summer Winter

Pre

cip

itati

on (

mm

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Summer WinterW

ate

r F

lux (

ml/

day)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

water influx

water efflux

(9)

(6)

Summer Winter

Uri

ne O

smola

lity

(m

Osm

/kg)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

(19)

(11)

A)

B)

C)

Aquaporins in the Kidney

A B

A B

Summer Winter

Uosm

/Posm

0

2

4

6

8

10Summer Winter

Osm

ola

lity

(m

Osm

/kg)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500 (3)

(3)

Urine

Plasma

Aclimatacin 2Ta

a regime with an increased variability in temperatures (in addition to increases in mean temperature) may be able to account for pronounced

warming during the past 150 years

Schr et al (2004), Nature 427

Aclimatacin a variabilidad trmica

Atributos fisiolgicos Atributos de historia de vida (Fitness)

Rendimiento trmico

Metabolic costs

The effect of thermal variability () on metabolic costs was observed when = 8

Expresin molecular: protenas de shock trmico Hsp70

Los genes codificantes de miembros de la familia de protenas son sobreexpresados

en presencia de estrs trmico

Historia de vida (Fitness)

Physiological thermotolerance may

evolve during constant global warming,

but ..

1.- What about the impact of climatic variability?

2.- What are the life history and demographic costs?

The role of increasing temperature variability

a regime with an increased variability in temperatures (in addition to increases in mean temperature) may be able to account for

pronounced warming during the past 150 years

Schr et al (2004), Nature 427

8 C

3 C

0 C

highland

lowland

Porcellium laevis from different populations and local population through ontogeny

Acclimation

Survival

Body mass change

Thermal performance

Acclimation at temperature variabilty of 0, 3 and 8 C @ mean Ta = 24C

Rendimiento trmico

Pmax muestra un efecto significativo de la poblacin

El efecto poblacional fue significativo sobre Topt

Las diferencias entre variabilidad trmica () no fueron significativa sobre Pmax ni Topt

La amplitud trmica afecta de manera similar a las poblaciones de altura y de nivel del mar.

0 10 20 300.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

=8

=3

=0

5th week

Ambient temperature (C)

0 10 20 300.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Highland

Lowland

Ro

ll o

ve

r sp

ee

d (

s-1

)

Life history I: body mass

0 3 8

Bo

dy m

ass b

ala

nce

(%

)

90

100

110

120

130

Lowland

Highland

Ambient temperature variability (C)

mb was consistently lower at higher thermal amplitudes (=8) than at lower and no variation (=3 and =0, respectively)

This suggests a direct relationship between variation in mb and physiological stress. A comparatively lower increase in mb may thus be seen as the inability of an adult to increase energy intake and maintain its energy budget.

Life history II: Survival

0 20 40 60 800

20

40

60

80

100

Time (d)

0 20 40 60 800

20

40

60

80

100

Highland

Lowland

0 20 40 60 80

Cu

mu

lative

Su

rviv

al (%

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

P = 0.26

P = 0.98

P= 0.02

= 0

= 3

= 8

Highland individuals exhibit higher survival

values than lowland ones under greater thermal

amplitude

Life history IV: Final body mass

Body mass P. laevis maintained during 20 wks. under different treatments of thermal amplitude (0, 4

and 8 C).

Thermal amplitude (C)

0 4 8

Bo

dy m

ass (

mg)

20

40

60

80

100

Poblacin: efectos demogrficos

2 4 8 16 parejas @ 0 C y 8 C

Nf

Ni

progenie

Diseo experimental (Tribolium confusum escarabajo de la harina)

Ecuacin de Ricker para la funcin reproductiva

o funcin-R

Donde Nt-1 es la abundancia a tiempo t-1; R es la tasa de crecimiento per capita R = log(Nt/Nt-1); Rm es la tasa maxima de crecimiento per capita; K es la densidad en equilibrio y Q es un factor de no-linealidad (Berryman 1999)

Q

1tm

K

N1R=R

Parametros estimados, intervalos de confianza y R2 para el modelo de Ricker ajustado a 1

datos experimentales de Tribolium confusum creciendo a dos regimenes trmicos de 2

variabilidad. Las diferencias significativas de muestra en rojo (tasa mxima de crecimiento 3

per capita). 4

5

Ta = 24 0 C Ta = 24 8 C

Parametro Estimado 95% CI R2 Parametro Estimado 95% CI R2

Rm 3.7 3.3-4.1 Rm 2.7 2.2-3.1

K 34.5 26.0-56.7 0.75 K 38.9 27.3-82.4 0.6

Q 0.8 0.6-1.1 Q 1.0 0.7-1.6

6

La sobrevivencia de las moscas al coma por fro o calor depende

de su historia trmica

La tasa de crecimiento poblacional de Drosophila melanogaster

depende del ambiente trmico

Organismal distribution limits and responses to climate change depend on how

physiological performance varies as the environment shifts between optimal and extreme

conditions

En Resumen Physiological ecology meets climate change

Causas prximas Tolerancias trmicas Tasa metablicas Hsp70

Consecuencias ltimas Factores demogrficos Historia de vida Distribucin

El cambio climtico afecta a los organismos en todos los biomas y ecosistemas. Se predice que

Dado un tiempo suficiente y la existencia de dispersin, las

especies podran moverse hacia condiciones climticas mas favorables

Las especies podran ajustarse a nuevos ambientes a travs de

plasticidad conductual, plasticidad fisiolgica o adaptacin

Las fallas en alguna de estas respuestas culminara en colapsos demogrficos y extinciones

Sinervo et al (2010). Science

Am

bie

nte

Genotipo

Fenotipo

Historia de Vida

Rendimiento Fisiolgico

Cam

bio

Clim

tic

o

(me

dia

y v

aria

nza

)

Respuesta Evolutiva

Respuesta Ecolgica

Muchas Gracias

Documents

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