Bitkilerin Fiziksel Çevreyle Olan İlişkileri

•İklim faktörleri

•Toprak faktörleri

•Topoğrafik faktörler

Bitkilerin Ekolojik Hoşgörürlüğü

•Geniş ekolojik toleranslı

•Dar ekolojik toleranslı

Bitkilerin Ekolojik Başarısı

Rumex scutatus Schild

Astragalus microcephalus

Düz ve derin topraklı yerlerde

Lolium perenne (rye grass)

Bitkilerin Ekolojik Başarısı (devam)

Rumex scutatus

Dağ yamaçalarında

Rumex > Lolium perenne

Bitkilerin Guruplaşması

Stipa spp.

Bitkilerin Guruplaşması (devam)

Artemisia spp.

Bitkilerin Guruplaşması (devam)

Birçok liken, yosun ve alçak boylu otların

yetişmesine engel olur.

Cladonia alpestris

Bitkilerin Guruplaşmasını Sağlayan Faktörler

1. Toprak faktörleri

2. Türlerin Ekolojik hoşgörürlüğü

3. Türlerin beraber yaşama kapasitesi

4. Türlerin saldırganlık derecesi

5. Türlerin rekabet güçleri

6. Fazla tohum ve spor oluşumu, vejetatif organlarla üreme kapasitesi

7. Tohumların çimlenme güçleri

8. Bitki göçleri

9. Topografik faktörler (yükseklik, eğim, yön vs.)

Florida scrub vejetasyonu- Juniper Prairie Wilderness, Ocala National Forest Florida scrub is an endangered temperate coniferous forest ecoregion of the state of Florida in the United States.[4] It is found on coastal and inland sand ridges and is characterized by a xeromorphic plant community dominated by shrubs and dwarf oaks. Scrub soils, a type of entisol, are derived from quartz and are low in organic matter, silt, and clay.[5] Because the low-nutrient sandy soils do not retain moisture, the ecosystem is effectively an arid one. Wildfires infrequently occur in the Florida scrub. Most of the annual rainfall (about 135 cm/53 in) falls in summer

Contents[hide] •1 Shrubland as a botanical structural form

•2 Shrubland as a biome plant group

•3 See also•4 Notes and references

Shrubland, scrubland, scrub or brush is a plant community characterized by vegetation dominated by shrubs, often also including grasses, herbs, and geophytes. Shrubland may either occur naturally or be the result of human activity. It may be the mature vegetation type in a particular region and remain stable over time, or a transitional community that occurs temporarily as the result of a disturbance, such as fire. A stable state may be maintained by regular natural disturbance such as fire or browsing. Shrubland may be unsuitable for human habitation because of the danger of fire. The term "shrubland" was first coined in 1903.1

Shrubland species generally show a wide range of adaptations to fire, such as heavy seed production, lignotubers, and fire-induced germination.2

In botany and ecology a shrub is defined as a much-branched woody plant less than 8 m high and usually with many stems. Tall shrubs are mostly 2–8 m high; small shrubs 1–2 m high: subshrubs less than 1 m high.3

A descriptive system widely adopted in Australia to describe different types of vegetation is based on structural characteristics based on plant life-form, plus the height and foliage cover of the tallest stratum or dominant species.4

For shrubs 2–8 m high the following structural forms result:dense foliage cover (70–100%) — closed-scrubmid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — open-scrubsparse foliage cover (10–30%) — tall shrublandvery sparse foliage cover (<10%) — tall open shrubland

For shrubs <2 m high the following structural forms result:dense foliage cover (70–100%) — closed-heathmid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — open-heathsparse foliage cover (10–30%) — low shrublandvery sparse foliage cover (<10%) — low open shrubland

Similarly, shrubland is a category used to describe a type of biome plant group. In this context, shrublands are dense thickets of evergreen sclerophyll shrubs and small trees,[5] called:Chaparral in CaliforniaMatorral in Chile and SpainMaquis in France and elsewhere around the MediterraneanMacchia in ItalyFynbos in South AfricaKwongan in Southwest AustraliaIn some places shrubland is the mature vegetation type, and in other places the result of degradation of former forest or woodland by logging or overgrazing, or disturbance by major fires.[citation needed]

A number of World Wildlife Fund biomes are characterized as shrublands, including

A descriptive system widely adopted in Australia to describe different types of vegetation is based on structural characteristics based on plant life-form, plus the height and foliage cover of the tallest stratum or dominant species.4       

Prince Edward County bird observatory shrubland.For shrubs 2–8 m high the following structural forms result:For shrubs <2 m high the following structural forms result:

A number of World Wildlife Fund biomes are characterized as shrublands, including

Desert scrublandsXeric or desert scrublands occur in the world's deserts and xeric shrublands ecoregions, or in areas of fast-draining sandy soils in more humid regions. These scrublands are characterized by plants with adaptations to the dry climate, which include small leaves to limit water loss, thorns to protect them from grazing animals, succulent leaves or stems, storage organs to store water, and long taproots to reach groundwater.6

Mediterranean scrublandsMediterranean scrublands occur naturally in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biomes, located in the five Mediterranean climate regions of the world. Scrublands are most common near the seacoast, and have often adapted to the wind and salt air of the ocean. Low, soft-leaved scrublands around the Mediterranean Basin are known as garrigue in France, phrygana in Greece, tomillares in Spain, and batha in Israel. Northern coastal scrub and coastal sage scrub occur along the California coast, strandveld in the Western Cape of South Africa, coastal matorral in central Chile, and sand-heath and kwongan in Southwest Australia.7

Interior scrublandsInterior scrublands occur naturally in semi-arid areas where soils are nutrient-poor, such as on the matas of Portugal which are underlain by Cambrian and Silurian schists. Florida scrub is another example of interior scrublands.